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industrynewsupdates · 2 months ago

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Pharmaceutical Packaging Market Segmentation and Competitive Analysis Report 2024-2030

The global pharmaceutical packaging market size was valued at USD 139.37 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.7% from 2024 to 2030.

The enormous growth of the pharmaceutical sector is one of the primary growth factors for the pharmaceutical packaging sector. The pharmaceutical business has been expanding quickly in recent years due to scientific and technological advancements, and this trend is predicted to continue over the projection period, particularly in developing nations like China, India, Saudi Arabia, and Brazil.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Pharmaceutical Packaging Market

The U.S. accounted for the largest pharmaceutical market worldwide. Large healthcare system, high per capita income, and large investments in drug development in the country are some of the key factors driving the U.S. market. Furthermore, growing importance of generic drugs and access to better healthcare services are anticipated to provide lucrative opportunities for pharmaceutical packaging in the coming years. The 21st Century Cures Act (Cures Act) was signed on December 13, 2016, in the U.S. and is designed to accelerate medical product development. The law is expected to drive new innovations in product developments in pharmaceutical industry. This is expected to drive the demand for pharmaceutical packaging in U.S.

The pharmaceutical industry is primarily driven by the progress in the field of medicine and bioscience. In addition, pharmaceutical industry acts as a key asset to the European economy as it is one of the Europe’s top-performing, high-technology sectors. Pharmaceutical industry is witnessing significant transition and focus on the development of biopharmaceutical drugs has considerably grown over the past few years. Few biotechnology-driven drug therapies are unstable in liquid form and are, therefore, introduced as lyophilized or dry powder dosage forms. Lyophilized drugs demand specialized packaging for their optimal performance, resulting in new opportunities for packaging manufacturers.

Pharmaceutical drugs are majorly offered in tablet, capsule, liquid, and powder forms. Various packaging types, including rigid bottles, standup pouches, flat pouches, sachets, and blister packs, are used for their packaging. Packaging companies are increasingly focusing on the incorporation of dispensing mechanisms, administration aids, sustainable material, tamper-evident properties, and counterfeiting measures into the packaging to enhance their functionality and safety.

Companies are majorly focusing on the utilization of post-consumer recycled (PCR) material and are also developing packaging from compostable material to increase the sustainability of packaging. Gerresheimer AG, a leading pharmaceutical packaging manufacturer, has been offering glass bottles made from PCR glass since several years. In addition, the company is offering bottles made from R-PET and BIO-PET (resins made from sugarcane plants). This trend of sustainable packaging is expected to significantly gain pace in the coming years.

One key opportunity lies in developing intelligent packaging technologies that enhance safety, traceability, and patient adherence. Integrating IoT (Internet of Things) devices into packaging can provide real-time monitoring of temperature, humidity, and other critical parameters, ensuring the integrity of pharmaceutical products during storage and transportation. The rise of personalized medicine and specialty drugs also opens opportunities for customized packaging solutions, catering to unique dosages and administration methods. Pharmaceutical companies that can adapt to these trends and offer innovative packaging solutions are well-positioned to thrive in this dynamic market.

Pharmaceutical Packaging Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the Pharmaceutical Packaging market report on the basis of material, product, drug delivery mode, end-use, and region:

Material Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• Plastics & Polymers

o Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

o Polypropylene (PP)

o Homo

o Random

o Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

o Polyethylene (PE)

o HDPE

o LDPE

o LLDPE

o Polystyrene (PS)

o Others

• Paper & Paperboard

• Glass

• Aluminium Foil

• Others

Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• Primary

o Plastic Bottles

o Caps & Closures

o Parenteral Containers

o Syringes

o Vials & Ampoules

o Others

o Blister Packs

o Prefillable Inhalers

o Pouches

o Medication Tubes

o Others

• Secondary

o Prescription Containers

o Pharmaceutical Packaging Accessories

• Tertiary

Drug Delivery Mode Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• Oral Drugs

• Injectables

• Topical

• Ocular/ Ophthalmic

• Nasal

• Pulmonary

• Transdermal

• IV Drugs

• Others

End-use Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• Pharma Manufacturing

• Contract Packaging

• Retail Pharmacy

• Institutional Pharmacy

Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• North America

o U.S.

o Canada

o Mexico

• Europe

o Germany

o UK

o France

o Italy

o Spain

o Russia

o Turkey

• Asia Pacific

o China

o India

o Japan

o South Korea

o Australia

o Southeast Asia

• Central & South America

o Brazil

o Argentina

• Middle East & Africa

o Saudi Arabia

o UAE

o South Africa

o Egypt

Browse through Grand View Research's Plastics, Polymers & Resins Industry Research Reports.

• The global polycarbonate sheet market size was valued at USD 4.64 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% from 2024 to 2030.

• The global packaging wax market size was valued at USD 1.95 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% from 2024 to 2030.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

The global market is highly competitive owing to the presence of numerous players across the globe. Moreover, key players are consolidating their market positions mainly by acquisitions, which is further intensifying the competition. Key players directly compete with each other in securing agreements from large-sized pharmaceutical manufacturers. Thus, the competitive rivalry in the global market is observed to be high.

Players are focusing on offering value-added services to attract a greater number of clients. Spray painting, ultraviolet coating, and metallization are the commonly employed processes for coloring packaging containers that are used by packaging manufacturers. In addition, labeling and the incorporation of various anti-counterfeit packaging measures, including overt and covert technologies, such as barcodes, holograms, sealing tapes, and radio frequency identification devices, are often undertaken by the packaging manufacturers.

• In November 2023, Amcor Plc, a renowned global company known for its development and production of environmentally conscious packaging solutions, revealed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with NOVA Chemicals Corporate, a leading producer of sustainable polyethylene. The agreement includes the procurement of mechanically recycled polyethylene resin (rPE) from NOVA Chemicals Corporate, which will be utilized in the production of flexible packaging films. This initiative aligns with Amcor's dedication to promoting packaging circularity by increasing the utilization of rPE in flexible packaging applications.

• In July 2023, Constantia Flexibles introduced a new pharmaceutical packaging solution called REGULA CIRC, which utilizes coldform foil. The packaging replaces conventional PVC with a PE sealing layer, resulting in a reduction in plastic content while increasing the proportion of aluminum. This optimization not only enhances the sustainability of the packaging but also improves material recovery during recycling processes.

• In April 2023, Südpack introduced its PharmaGuard blister, a polypropylene-based blister packaging. This new product offers an outstanding water vapor barrier along with effective barrier resistance against UV and oxygen.

Key Pharmaceutical Packaging Companies:

• Amcor plc

• Becton, Dickinson, and Company

• AptarGroup, Inc.

• Drug Plastics Group

• Gerresheimer AG

• Schott AG

• Owens Illinois, Inc.

• West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc.

• Berry Global, Inc.

• WestRock Company

• SGD Pharma

• International Paper

• Comar, LLC

• CCL Industries, Inc.

• Vetter Pharma International

Order a free sample PDF of the Pharmaceutical Packaging Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

#Pharmaceutical Packaging Market #Pharmaceutical Packaging Industry #Pharmaceutical Packaging Market size #Pharmaceutical Packaging Market share #Pharmaceutical Packaging Market analysis

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durofillseo · 5 months ago

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From Beginner to Bonded: Mastering Glasswork with Epoxy

The allure of glass – its elegance, versatility, and ability to capture light – has captivated crafters for centuries. But working with glass can be intimidating, often overshadowed by the fear of shattering your masterpiece in the making. Enter the world of glass bond epoxy – a revolutionary material that empowers beginners and experienced crafters alike to embark on a journey of glasswork creation. With epoxy as your guide, you can transform from a nervous novice to a bonded expert, crafting stunning and durable pieces that will add a touch of magic to your surroundings glass epoxy

Unveiling the Power of Glass Bond Epoxy

Before diving into the world of glass projects, let's explore what makes epoxy such a game-changer:

Strength in Numbers: Unlike traditional adhesives, epoxy forms an incredibly strong chemical bond with glass. This translates to worry-free crafting! You can create functional pieces like coasters or decorative items like wind chimes, confident in their ability to withstand daily use.

Crystal Clear Advantage: High-quality epoxy boasts exceptional clarity, mimicking the seamless look of fused glass. This is crucial for maintaining the pristine aesthetic of your project, especially for pieces where a flawless, transparent finish is desired. Imagine a sparkling jewelry box adorned with delicate dried flowers, all held securely within the crystal-clear embrace of epoxy.

Creative Freedom Unleashed: Epoxy transcends the limitations of just working with glass. Embed various elements like colorful pebbles, shimmering metallic flakes, or even meaningful trinkets within the epoxy layers to create one-of-a-kind pieces that reflect your unique style.

Layering Like a Pro: The transparent nature of epoxy opens doors for captivating layered effects. Think of crafting a mesmerizing glass sculpture by adhering different colored or textured glass pieces together. The clear epoxy acts as a seamless binder, allowing you to create depth and dimension in your artwork.

Embrace the Versatility: Epoxy isn't picky about its glass partners! It can be used on a variety of glass types, including tempered glass, laminated glass, and even borosilicate glass (commonly used in scientific equipment). This makes epoxy a one-stop solution for most glass crafting needs.

The Beginner's Guide to Glasswork with Epoxy: A Smooth Transition

The world of glasswork with epoxy is welcoming to all! Here are some essential tips to ensure a smooth transition from curious beginner to bonded enthusiast:

Choosing the Right Weapon: Different epoxies exist, each with varying properties like curing time, viscosity (thickness), and temperature resistance. Do your research! Consider factors like the project size and complexity, the type of glass you're using, and the desired curing time. Opt for a beginner-friendly epoxy with a clear application guide for a stress-free experience.

Safety First, Creativity Follows: Always prioritize safety! Wear gloves, eye protection, and a respirator when working with epoxy, especially in poorly ventilated areas. Fumes can be irritating, so ensure a safe and comfortable crafting environment.

Surface Prep is Crucial: For optimal adhesion, thoroughly clean and dry the glass surfaces where the epoxy will be applied. You can also consider lightly roughening the surface with sandpaper to create a better grip for the epoxy.

Practice Makes Perfect: Before embarking on your masterpiece, grab some scrap glass and experiment with the epoxy. Get comfortable with its consistency and application techniques. This practice run will boost your confidence and help you achieve flawless results on your final project.

Patience is a Virtue: Remember, good things take time! Allow the epoxy to cure completely according to the manufacturer's instructions before handling or using your creation. This ensures a strong and long-lasting bond that won't come apart easily.

Beyond the Basics: Exploring Techniques to Elevate Your Glasswork

As you gain experience with epoxy, here are some exciting techniques to elevate your glasswork:

The Art of Faux Stained Glass: Create stunning faux stained glass pieces using transparent colored films and epoxy. This technique allows you to replicate the beauty of traditional stained glass without the need for complicated glass cutting tools.

Mastery of Glass Mosaics: Transform broken glass pieces, pebbles, or even ceramic shards into captivating mosaics using epoxy as your adhesive. This technique allows you to create one-of-a-kind coasters, picture frames, or even decorative wall hangings.

Glass Jewelry Design: Don't be afraid to get personal! Craft unique necklaces, earrings, or bracelets by incorporating glass pieces, metal components, and epoxy. Epoxy's versatility allows you to create jewelry that reflects your individual style and personality Glass Bond Epoxy

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raghavpolymers · 2 years ago

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Demystifying Polymers: Understanding the Building Blocks of Modern Materials

Polymers are ubiquitous in our daily lives, playing a crucial role in various applications ranging from plastics and rubber to textiles and packaging materials. Despite their wide-ranging uses, many people still have a limited understanding of what polymers are and how they are used. In this blog post, we will demystify polymers by exploring their definition, types, properties, and applications, shedding light on these fascinating materials that are an essential part of modern society.

What are Polymers?

At its simplest, a polymer is a large molecule made up of repeating units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded together to form a long chain-like structure, giving polymers their unique properties. Polymers can be natural or synthetic, and their properties can be tailored to meet specific requirements depending on their composition and structure.

Types of Polymers: Polymers can be classified into several categories based on their origin, structure, and properties.

Natural Polymers: These are polymers that occur in nature and are derived from biological sources. Examples of natural polymers include cellulose, which is found in plants and used to make paper and cotton, and proteins, which are found in animals and used in various applications such as food packaging and medical implants.

Synthetic Polymers: These are polymers that are chemically synthesized in laboratories or industries. Synthetic polymers are further divided into two main types:

a. Thermoplastics: These polymers have linear or branched structures and can be melted and reshaped multiple times without losing their original properties. Examples of thermoplastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, which are widely used in packaging, automotive parts, and consumer goods.

b. Thermosets: These polymers have a crosslinked structure that makes them rigid and heat-resistant. Once thermosets are cured, they cannot be melted or reshaped. Examples of thermosets include epoxy resins, polyester resins, and phenolic resins, which are used in applications such as coatings, adhesives, and composites.

Copolymers: These are polymers that are made up of two or more different types of monomers. Copolymers can have a wide range of properties depending on the composition and arrangement of the monomers. Examples of copolymers include acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer, which is used in manufacturing plastic pipes and automotive parts, and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, which is used in footwear and sports equipment.

Properties of Polymers: The properties of polymers depend on various factors, including their chemical structure, molecular weight, and processing conditions. Some common properties of polymers include:

Mechanical Properties: Polymers can have a wide range of mechanical properties, from flexible and elastic to rigid and brittle. These properties can be tuned by adjusting the molecular weight, degree of crystallinity, and crosslinking of the polymer. For example, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has high strength and rigidity and is used in applications where durability is important, while low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has low strength and flexibility and is used in applications where flexibility is required, such as packaging films.

Thermal Properties: Polymers can have different melting points and glass transition temperatures, which determine their ability to withstand heat. Thermoplastics have a lower melting point and can be melted and reshaped multiple times, while thermosets have a higher melting point and are heat-resistant. The thermal properties of polymers can be tailored by modifying their chemical structure

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irispublishersengineeringscience · 3 years ago

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Iris Publishers - Global Journal of Engineering Sciences (GJES)

Development of Jute Hybrid Composites for use in the Car Panels

Authored by Kazi Sirajul Islam

Abstract

The purpose of this research work is to explore the potential of jute composites to be used in side panels of a car as a lightweight biodegradable substitute to steel and other materials, which will result in better fuel efficiency and maneuvering capabilities. Various tests were carried out to determine the feasibility of using these materials to make car panels. While it has lower tensile and flexural properties than that of carbon fiber material, still it can be replaced as a cheaper alternative to carbon, since carbon is very expensive and scarce. Also, it has higher strength to weight ratio than that of steel while being cheaper than steel, which can make it a plausible option for car manufacturers to look into. But at the same time, there are some issues that are needed to be overcome.

Keywords: Jute; Epoxy resin; Composites; Tensile strength; Flexural strength; Car panels

Introduction

A car, a transport medium, is considered as one of the prime contributors to pollution and global warming due to high carbon emissions. Therefore, the popularity for low emission car such as electric cars increased rapidly. However, electric cars are very expensive comparing the fossil fuel car. There is tremendous pressure on the car industry to lower the carbon emission. One of the major ways to reduce emission is to improve the fuel efficiency of the car, which can be done variety of ways; such as improve the efficiency of engine, reduce the weight of the car panels. Other way could be by substituting synthetic materials by using biodegradable and recyclable materials [1].

Car is mostly made of heavy weight and robust materials such as stainless steel or aluminium (Figure 1). While steel is dominating the industry, brands like Mercedes and Aston Martin usually use aluminum which improves the specific energy absorption capability, allowable strength and is of lower weight and higher tensile strength [1]. Some components of the car like longitudinal front, floors, roofs, firewalls, rear walls, strut tower walls, all have low requirement of tensile properties and can substitute currently popular steel or aluminium with lighter weight natural fiber composites while maintaining the tensile and bending requirements.

Biodegradable and recyclable panel materials, the cars will not harm the environment as they would either mix with the soil or be broken into smaller bits and reused [2,3]. In recent decades, interests grew to substitute synthetic composites with green ones and few companies like Mercedes Benz, Audi, Mitsubishi, Toyota etc. use green composite. A textile reinforced composite with a combination of polymer matrix are highly useful as it leads to an improvement in the properties of both the phases that intermingle with each other [4-6].

Resin polymers are used in fiber reinforced composites, which when cured bonded with the layer of polymer matrix. When heated, over glass transition temperature, Tg, there is significant change in the mechanical property of the resin, which can be reversed by cooling below Tg. Above the glass transition temperature, stiffness drops sharply, thus decreasing the compressive and shear strength of the composite too [7].

Mercedes- Benz made a composite of jute with epoxy resin for the interior door panels of its E-class cars in 1996. Audi A2 midrange car door panels were made of polyurethane reinforced flax/ sisal composite. Toyota states that it uses the most environment friendly material which is 100% bioplastics [8]. Green composites were used in making the spare tire cover for RAUM 2003 car model. It was made of sugarcane, sweet potato and was reinforced using kenaf fibers [9]. Car interiors were also made of bamboo, plantbased resin polybutylene succinate (PBS) while floor mats of the Mitsubishi’s were made of PLA and nylon fibers. Later, around 2008, soy-based seat foams were used in the Matrix in RAV4 models of the Toyota. In 2010, Ford made its storage bin and inner lids of straw and wheat in the flax crossover, while BMW used prepregnated natural fiber resin mats and a thermoset acrylic copolymer for its lower door panels for its 7 series model of cars [10].

Jute fibers are completely biodegradable. On top of this, a hectare of jute plants, consumes about 15 tons of carbon dioxide while releasing 11 tons of oxygen [11]. In the past, multiple works have been done in understanding and analyzing the qualities of jute fibers and its advantages as a composite. In the year 2000, a study was done on the mechanical performance of jute – epoxy composites. Here jute is reinforced with epoxy resin to make a composite. The method of impregnation should be such as to improve the percentage of fiber loading. In case of this, both untreated and chemically modified slivers have been used to make a composite. When tested for tensile strength, flexural, impact and hardness properties of the composites, the chemically modified specimens showed greater tensile properties while the untreated ones had better flexural properties [12,13] (Figure 1).

In this research work, jute yarns have been handing laid and transformed into a composite preventing any form of intersection or overlap as intersecting points could be resin rich and prone to early failure and premature damage. Hence, despite being a labor-intensive process, hand laying can assure homogenous tensile and flexural properties throughout the samples, thus, allowing segregation of application with regards to properties and requirements. This research work is an attempt to make headway into the automotive industry to offer a more ecofriendly alternative to the existing car body materials.

Experimental

Materials

Jute yarns with 136.74 twists/m were used. An aluminum tool plate of 50cm x 50cm, peel ply, blue mesh fabric, a steel top plate of 35 x 35 cm, sealant tape, nylon fabric 1.5m wide, spiral tubes, PVC tubes, cotton cloth, nylon bagging film 100mm wide, a vacuum pump and connected nozzle, epoxy resin LY113, hardener XB3043, degassing chamber and infuse clamps were used. Moreover, an oven was used to cure the material.

Composite Making

Laying up: First, a steel plate tool was cleaned using a mould cleaner to prevent contamination. Then, the jute yarns from the prepared cones laid onto the tool plate using hand laying technique (Figure 2). The dimensions set for making the composite panel was 28 cm x 18 cm. The length was kept at 28 cm in accordance to ASTM D3039 standards which state that the test samples should be of the size 25cm in length and 15mm (1.5 cm) in width (Figure 2).

Vacuum Bagging: A 5x5 cm yellow sealant tape was pressed against all the sides of the plate to remove any loose fiber at the edges ensuring vacuum bagging. Now, sealant tape was put on all four sides of the 5x5 cm tool plate. A piece of blue mesh fabric which cures at or less than 120 °C used improving resin impregnation. In addition, two pieces of white breathable fabrics (20cm X 20cm) and two pink plastic tubes (10cm X 25cm) was used to make a resin trap. Finally, a piece of plastic film (70cm X 70cm) is used to cover the vacuum setup. Finally, two spiral tubes of 15cm and 32cm length were cut for the tensile and the flexural test specimens respectively. Also, three PVC tubes of 80 cm, 45 cm and 30 cm are cut.

Resin trap formation: The plastic tubes are opened, and the folded white breathable fabrics are inserted into plastic sheets (Figure 3). By doing so, when the resin flows out of the tube, the breathable fabric absorbs the resin. Hence, it is called a “resin trap”. A valve is used to apply the vacuum properly, which can be divided into 3 parts;

The base was the part which goes into the resin trap. The sill was attached to the bottom of the head. The vacuum pump is attached to the valve with a vacuum pipe through a nozzle. The nozzle and the valve connect with the rotor pump in the vacuum pump; the air from inside the setup was pulled forming a vacuum. This applies a 1 atm pressure on the material in between the plastic film and tool plate. The meter gauge was checked to see if the vacuum in effect. The spiral tubes are connected to the inlet pipe of the resin trap using cello tape (Figure 5).

These spiral tubes are attached to both sides of the plates, across the longitudinal edges of the lay -up. Then, the green peel fabric was attached on top of the lay-up followed by the blue mesh fabric (Figure 6).

The steel plate is used to give the lay-up a flat surface and also to increase the fiber volume fraction of the composite made. Finally, a vacuum pump is attached to the valve and vacuum is pulled after which it is ready for resin infusion

Resin infusion: The epoxy resin was mixed evenly with a hardener using a wooden stirrer at a ratio of 100:35. The mixture was then put into the degassing chamber to remove the bubbles. At above 40 °C, the mixture slowly started to get cured. A rotor pump pulled the air out of the chamber decreasing the inside pressure. The cup holding the mixture was kept in the chamber for about 40 minutes (Figure 9).

Curing: The resin infused setup was taking into the curing chamber. When heat is applied, the viscosity of the resin decreases making it flow further down the tube. The resin trap helps absorb this excess amount of resin preventing any damage. In the first hour, the temperature went up to 80 °C and stayed for 2 hours, while curing started to take place. Then post curing was carried out where the temperature rose to 120 °C in 1 hour 15 minutes followed by 6 hours stay at this temperature.

Specimen tensile test: Diamond cutter is used to cut 5 composite samples of 25cm x 1.5cm each as per the D3039 tensile test and 6 samples of 10cm x 1.3cm each for D790 flexural test (Figure 11) (Table 1).

Measurement of tensile strength

A hydraulic tester with 50 KN load cell was used to perform the tensile tests. An electrical 77 circuit measure the instantaneous load applied along the axis of load. A contact extensometer was used to measure the stress-strain curve and other data. Finally, the width and thickness data of the sample were input into the system and the head speed was set at 2mm/ minute. The test was initiated, and the recorder automatically calculated all the data and presented a stress strain curve [14].

Measurement of flexural test

As per ASTM D790-03 flexural test, a round cross sectional head with a diameter of 10mm is used. The specimen of 150mm x 15 mm was loaded with a span to depth ratio of 16:1. Table 2 shows the overall dimensional data for the specimens of Flexural test (Table 2).

Results and Discussions

To interpret the tensile modulus, the stress strain data was plot till the point curve obeys Hooke’s law. The slope, m, from the line equation; y= mx + c represents the young’s modulus (tensile modulus) or stiffness (Figure 12&13). (Table 3).

From the Figure 13, it is observed that, the stiffness is maintained nearly at 135.48 MPa. Considering that the stiffness describes how the panel would behave when impact will apply on to it, it can be said that the stiffness limit is much lower than carbon fiber, glass and steel; all of which have the value well above 200 MPa [15] (Figure 14).

Figure 14 represents the tensile stress and strain curves for each of the 5 sample. As seen, the curves have little variation from each other, implying that the samples have shown no abnormalities. The yield stress plays important role in understanding the basics of cars and the properties required for making a car panel. Yield stress is the point after which the material goes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation i.e. if the applied stress is higher than the composite’s yield point, it will be permanently deformed and will not regain its original shape (Figure 15).

It has been observed in Figure 15 that the stress applied on a composite is higher than the composite’s yield stress, thus it means that the composite is permanently deformed and will not regain its original shape. (Figure 16).

As seen in the Figure 16, the last two specimens show a little higher flexural strength, meaning that there might have been some minor faults while preparing the composite, though the difference is not very high. The little fluctuations seen in the graph in Figure 17 occurs when the force applied on the composite breaks the fibers on the initial layers as the material tends towards failure. It does not imply though that the material has reached failure, it only shows that the material is tending towards it (Figure 17).

As it can be seen from the tables and graph above, the tensile strength and flexural strength vary a little from each other in every case. This can be attributed to a lot of factors as the following: Non-uniform blending of jute: Different grades of fibers are blend in together to form a batch. Naturally, yarn made of various proportions of the different grades of jute intertwined each other, leads to the formation of varied properties in different parts of the cone.

Non-uniform twisting: Different sections of the yarn have different twist levels. This may lead to variation in tensile values. Since these are natural fibers with high z-direction twist, they do not settle down easily. This prevents a uniform twist formation and some areas have larger yarn diameter than others. Again, thinner the yarns are, higher the number of twists and higher tension on the yarns in those areas. Fiber alignment: Since the lay-up was done using hand, and not with any machine, some yarns, approximately 2 yarns/ layer, lose tension or alignment, which might create varied data while testing. Differences in dimensions: Since the sample was cut using manual machine, the dimensions of the samples differed slightly from each other. Though, they conferred to the standards, still it might cause the differences in data. Comparison of the weight to strength ratio in Figure 21 shows that the weight to strength ratio of composite is higher than mild steel. This means that composite materials have less weight and more strength, which could be appropriate for car panels (Figure 21).

Different parts of the car require different amounts of yield stress to maintain its safety and security. While some parts of the car play an extremely important role, others are far less affected on the event of a crash. The strength and stiffness requirement for floors and roofs are far lower than the rest of the car. Also, the sidewalls do not require high strength and stiffness, while in areas such as the rear wall, though the strength requirement is low, the stiffness requirement is high. In areas like these, the use of lower weight materials could be highly useful. The Figure 22 would justify the use of the composites on these specific parts.

As the Figure 22 shows, only in cases of high-speed crashes, the roof and floor are damaged and also the magnitude of the damage is far lower than the rest parts. While jute composites are not recommended to be used as a direct alternative to the currently popular mild steel panels, it can be used as internal body substitutes for multiple reasons. Jute composite having good flexural properties for an internal car panel, would help prevent the steel panel from bending while simultaneously preventing the excess impact, which has channeled through the steel panel, to transfer completely to the individual utilizing the car. Thus, the jute composite’s flexural and tensile properties will be extremely useful.

Lightweight design is another important aspect to consider. This will reduce the fuel consumption, since one third of the CO2 emissions occur from engine factors. Moreover, lightweight design will reduce aerodynamic drag, results in better handling and car movement. Furthermore, rolling resistance will be reduced slightly. This helps in improving the speed of the car. Other additional advantages such as optimization of auxiliary aggregates will help to cause less emission from vehicles and improve vehicle efficiency. Again, most people buy cars considering its driving dynamics, so, the lightweight design will raise the brand value [17].

Steel is far heavier than jute composites. While 118.24mm2 of jute composite weighs 0.4414N, the same area of mild steel weighs 3.375N. This means steel made cars are bulkier, slower and less fuel efficient. Jute composites could help improve movement, handling, fuel efficiency, carbon dioxide emission, and also speed of the car. Conversely, though steel production is very cheap, but requires high initial investment, especially, since steel has to be stamped out. Jute composite needs less initial capital with very low production cost, hence cheaper for the manufacturing company. Moreover, jute has a higher strength to weight ratio than that of steel. So, jute composite is a better alternative to steel especially to a certain extent.

Conclusion

This research work focused on the stiffness and the flexural data of a jute reinforced epoxy composite. An important finding includes that, while this particular jute composite cannot completely replace existing materials being used, such as steel and in some cases aluminium, but for a certain extent it can be used in cars as a replacement of these materials in some specific areas. Yet a few other important tests such as an impact test and dent resistance test is recommended to determine the use of jute composites and confirm its ability as a potential future replacement. Also, different treatments can be used in jute to improve its strength and making it stronger than it is now. Also, it can be sandwiched between layers of aluminium and tested for tensile, flexural and impact data followed by a dent resistance test. This is expected to yield values that could comfortably replace mild steel materials being used in cars and also make the cars lighter and easier to run while simultaneously making them environmentally friendly. Also, the use of natural resins can be looked into for the future. This would help improve the biodegradability of the composite. Soya resin can be one of the resins that can be looked into in the future. Emphasis can be given to manufacture jute composites as it shows great potential as a future substitute to heavier materials being used for making car panels. This study has demonstrated all the objectives and come out with some favorable outcomes and also some drawbacks that will have to be looked into in the future as the technology grows.

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supremeuppityone · 4 years ago

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Author’s note: This was written for Klaroline Bingo @klaroline-events. Prompt: Pain. As an Original, Klaus thought he understood death. But it took meeting one brave human to show him how little he actually knew.

Warning: The angst is back. This idea came to me when I had a health scare earlier this year and I wasn’t quite ready to work through it until now.

Chapter 121: Special Care

“Life is pleasant. Death is peaceful. It's the transition that's troublesome.” ― Isaac Asimov

Klaus was a selfish man. But he couldn’t be selfish about this. This was not about his pain. He watched Caroline’s blue eyes light up as she cradled the delicate blue flowers he’d given her. It was foolish, but he imagined that his gift brought color back to her cheeks. She was far too pale. Klaus had met Caroline when he was traveling through the Andes, searching for a powerful shaman to assist him with locating the final ingredients needed to break his hybrid curse. He’d been in a right strop when he tore through the mountain village, dripping blood and chunks of flesh, and it wasn’t until he’d paused at a stream to wash off some of the gore that he heard the sweetest, most sarcastic voice.

“If you keep scrubbing that hard, you’ll rub off all your glitter.”

From her impish grin, he assumed his expression was quite comical, but for the first time in centuries, he found himself at a loss for words.

“You’re a vampire, right? Seriously?! How do you not know about Twilight?”

For the first time since that half-witted shaman had betrayed him, he burst out laughing.

And that was the moment his life changed. Because Klaus had never met a human so full of life like Caroline was. But Caroline was dying. As he thought of the pain she’d endured, he could feel his temper flaring, wishing he could unleash his fury at this indifferent world.

“Stop it, Klaus,” Caroline’s melodic voice commanded, taking him by the hand and leading him out into the garden. “It’s not your job to be angry at my cancer. Trust me — I’m angry enough for both of us.”

He watched her fussily arrange the brightly colored flowers in the lopsided vase she stubbornly kept from his disastrous pottery lesson, frowning when he noticed how her knees started to shake. He guided her to the plush daybed, mindful of his supernatural strength as he felt how painfully thin she was underneath her gauzy dress. “Trust me, sweetheart, I was furious at the world ages before you came along.”

“Yeah, but I’m special. Something about beautiful and full of light, blah, blah,” she said with a wink. “And before when you were pissed off, you’d just slaughter a village until you felt better, but this is different.” Her voice took on a more serious tone, and she slid her gaze away from his. “It’s metastatic breast cancer. I have tumors throughout my body. I can’t be cured; the best I can hope for is to keep up my herbal treatments here.”

He shook his head, doing his best to quell his anger. None of this was her fault. He knew when she’d first been diagnosed in the States, she went through the conventional chemotherapy before moving to targeted therapy treatments, but each time the cancer grew back. Finally, she’d exhausted all of her options, and instead pursued a variety of alternative herbal therapies that eventually led her to Argentina. “The kenaf seed extract and aromatherapy seem to be working,” he murmured, placing a kiss to her temple.

Caroline laced their fingers together, a familiar note of caution in her voice as she gently reminded him, “It’s true in lab trials, the extracts killed cancer cells better than some of the other herbal supplements I’ve tried. But with metastasis, there’s peaks and valleys — sometimes the disease is stable, and other times it progresses.”

“But you’re stable now,” he blurted out, hating the uncertainty in his voice.

Her smile was sunshine and joy and all of the sweet promises Klaus fervently wished he’d known centuries ago. How different his life would’ve been. “It’s like I reminded my doctors when they tried to talk me about of moving down here. It’s about the quality of my life, Klaus.”

They were distracted when a vibrant blue and green hummingbird appeared, hovering over the orange and yellow bell-shaped flowers. He heard Caroline’s heart flutter in excitement, and he did his best to ignore her shortness of breath.

Turning away, he observed the hummingbird, an odd sense of peace washing over him as he observed, “Such an extraordinary thing, mercilessly beating its wings just to stay alive. I’ve never witnessed a creature with such fire in its soul, fighting to earn every moment of its life.” He glanced back at her, his gray gaze intense while his voice was barely above a harsh whisper as he said, “Except for you.”

“Are you always so charming,” she asked dryly, reaching up to poke at one of his dimples. “Or, do you normally let your dimples do all the work?”

Klaus gave her an indulgent smile. He loved her sheer cheek; the way she never backed down from him even after she saw what he was. She was glorious. His equal in every way. “Let me turn you,” he pleaded, “my blood can heal you, and then you can be with me.”

“Ask me tomorrow.” She laid her head on his chest, palm resting over his heart. “I’m always surprised that I can feel your heartbeat. It’s strong — like you.”

“And I can hear yours,” he replied gruffly, her erratic pulse sending him into a panic that he did his best to cover up with a smirk.

“Isn’t it amazing?”

Klaus found himself leaning into the warmth of her embrace, protectively draping his body against hers as they watched the hummingbird flit from one flower to another.

Amazing.

_______________________________________

“You’re going to drop me,” Caroline said with a giggle, her voice muffled against his shoulder and Klaus cradled her against him.

“Nonsense, love. Even as a lad, I carried deer that weighed more than you. Even some of our goats.” As she rolled her eyes, he hastily added, “But you smell much better.”

“And I smell bullshit.”

Her delighted giggles made his heart feel like it was breaking and healing all at once. They came to a stop at the blanket he’d spread out on the dock, and he carefully laid her among several pillows. Lake Lacár was a magnificent sapphire blue today, and Klaus knew he’d always see Caroline’s fierce gaze reflected in its still waters. Gesturing to the wicker basket, he said, “I thought you’d enjoy a picnic.”

He shyly handed her a glass, pleased that the witch’s freezing spell had kept the smoothies the perfect temperature. “This has ginger in it. I thought it would help with your nausea.”

She beamed at him, taking a sip and nodding enthusiastically, “Delicious. You’re too good to me.”

He ducked his curly head, cheeks reddening slightly. “Many things have been said about me over the centuries, but ‘good’ never was one of them. I’m not a good man, sweetheart.” Snorting derisively, he added, “I’m not even a man.”

Setting aside their smoothies, Caroline huffed impatiently. “Who the hell cares? I certainly don’t. You’re smart and tough and fiercely protective. You’re basically a Rottweiler with dimples.” She leaned forward, briefly brushing her lips to his.

Every time they touched, Klaus felt as though his soul was sinking into hers a little more, and he welcomed how his loneliness seemed to vanish. He cupped her cheek, thumb lightly grazing the sharpness he found there. “And you are a cheeky minx.”

Caroline grinned, gazing across the water at the people paddling their kayaks. “Hey, when you finally get around to breaking your curse, will you take on more wolfy characteristics?” She placed her hand over his heart, her voice endearingly curious as she questioned, “I mean...do you feel your wolf now?”

Klaus was stunned — no one ever had asked him that before. “Being cut off from my wolf is...hurtful. Sometimes I fancy I can feel it move through me, but I’m never sure. My birthright is there, trapped in my blood and bones.” He sighed heavily, “And it’s beyond my reach.”

“Nothing is beyond your reach,” she swore vehemently, “you’re Klaus Mikaelson. You’re the man who survived an unspeakable, violent childhood and now has powerful supernatural creatures as his minions.” She leaned over to kiss him on the cheek, dryly adding, “And you fearlessly attempted to teach me how to make alfajores.”

“And then generously replaced your oven and repainted your kitchen.”

Caroline playfully elbowed him in the ribs. “Okay, seriously? The first two fires were your fault. The third and fourth ones...meh, we’ll call it a draw.”

Lips curling into a devious grin, he kissed her soundly, delighting in the tiny surprised squeak she emitted as he ran his hands down her back. He winced slightly as he felt the harsh ridge of her spine. She shuddered in his arms, and at first, he was alarmed that he’d hurt her, but then she moaned against him, dominating the kiss and he was lost within her.

With a gasp, she finally pulled back, resting their foreheads together. A hitch in her voice was apparent as she said, “Just need to catch my breath.” Klaus found it endearing when she giddily told him, “I can feel my pulse. It’s racing! Isn’t that amazing?”

“Amazing,” he agreed, cursing his supernatural hearing that told him her heart was pounding far too haphazardly. Needing reassurance, he lightly touched her chest, the feel of it moving with every breath both a blessing and a curse. “Will you let me turn you?”

“Ask me tomorrow.” Caroline’s sunshine smile always filled him with warmth. He refused to see how her smile didn’t quite reach her eyes.

When a jewel-toned hummingbird briefly hovered over the blue flowers near the edge of the water, her eyes lit up excitedly. “Do you think it’s the same one from the garden? Aww, he’s alone again. I hope he finds a friend soon. Everyone needs someone.”

_______________________________________

Klaus knew something was wrong the moment Caroline didn’t answer her door. The morning felt different. Everything did. He took the spare key from the hideous ceramic frog she’d insisted on buying when they visited the village market because ‘it looked lonely.’ He loathed the panic in his voice when he called out, “Caroline?”

He found her lying in bed. And far too still. And he could smell —

No.

Cursing his supernatural senses, Klaus flashed away, unable to be in her room a moment longer. That wasn’t Caroline anymore.

Needing to feel close to her, he found himself in her garden. She loved being surrounded by flowers and once she’d grown too weak to tend them, she’d enlisted his help to keep everything blooming. Suddenly, a blue-green hummingbird flitted to the vibrant, bell-shaped flowers, and despite his sorrow, his lips quirked when he saw the hummingbird had brought a friend. Caroline would’ve liked that.

Caroline was gone. But she didn’t have to be. There was magic Klaus could use; a powerful coven was cheaper than buying an election these days. The right promises of power and protection coupled with the proper threats and even the most discerning of witches would pledge their loyalty.

He clenched his fists, trembling. She would be whole again. Ageless and beautiful. And his. Except Caroline never wanted to be anything more than what she was. Human. All she’d ever wanted was more time. He saw it in her earnest gaze and bittersweet smile every time she rebuffed his offer. ‘Ask me tomorrow’ was her way of telling him she craved another day at his side as a human.

Klaus was a selfish man. But he couldn’t be selfish about this.

#kcbingo2020 #klaroline fanfic #uppity bitch fanfic #klaroline #angsty angst #finally ready to work through my sht

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wisdomrays · 4 years ago

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TAFAKKUR: Part 276

THE MODERN MUMMIFICATION CRYONICS: SEARCH FOR IMMORTALITY CONTINUES

Throughout history, humanity has been in search of eternal life; explorations into the deep galaxy and bio-medical projects in modern science are in one way dedicated to finding a new direction for this perpetual search. Doctor Luqman, the legendary figure of Eastern literature, was gifted with unique wisdom, which led him on a search for immortality. It is not certain whether this legendary Luqman is the same as the Luqman found in the Qur’an, but what they both share is the exceptional wisdom they were given “to be grateful to God” (31:12). One thing certain is that search for immortality and the idea of an afterlife has existed through the history of humanity. Belief in the Hereafter is the only reality that satisfies this inherent feeling. Bediuzzaman explains the benefits of believing in the Hereafter as follows:

It is only with the thought of Paradise that children, who form a great deal of humanity, can endure all the deaths around them, which appear to them to be grievous and frightening, and strengthen the morale of their weak and delicate beings. . . . It is only through the life of the hereafter that the elderly, who form another considerable part of humanity, can endure the proximity of the grave, and be consoled at the thought that their lives, to which they are firmly attached, will soon be extinguished and their fine world will come to an end. . . . It is only the thought of Hell-fire that checks the turbulent emotions of youths, the most vigorous element in the life of society, and their violent excesses, restraining them from aggression, oppression, and destruction, and ensuring that the life of society continues tranquilly. (The Ninth Ray, First Point)

If a society is deprived from the above benefits of belief in the Hereafter, people will try to find other ways to satisfy this search for immortality, as in the example of ancient Egypt. The fear of death and the desire for immortality are symbolized by the ancient Egyptian practice of mummification. The word “mummification” is derived from the Latin word mumia, meaning black bitumen. Bituminous materials were used extensively in the preservation of the body from the twenty-sixth dynasty of the Pharaohs onwards.

The ancient Egyptians believed that the body of a person was to live in the afterlife, therefore, mummification was developed; the total process took seventy days. Due to the expense of the materials involved in mummification, the pharaohs of Egypt, members of the nobility, and officials were the only people to be mummified, and they were usually buried in elaborate tombs. For religious reasons, some animals, such as baboons, cats, birds, and crocodiles were also mummified.

Mummies were placed in tombs that were designed to help the deceased live in the afterworld. The tombs were filled with all the necessities of life, such as food, tools, and treasures to ensure that the soul would return to the body, enabling the mummy to live happily.

The mummification process was used by many societies in an effort to cheat death and to achieve immortality. Modern society is no different from these ancient societies with respect to the desire to reach immortality. The only difference is the modern technology that is used to achieve immortality. Cryonics, a modern mummification technique, is a term that stems from cryogenic, the more general term given to the branch of physics that deals with extremely low temperatures. Cryonics is the practice of freezing the body of a recently deceased person to preserve it for possible resuscitation in the future. The body, which is in a state of “cryonic suspension,” is cooled to the point where molecular physical decay completely ceases. When a cure for the disease that caused the death has been found, the person may be revived and restored to good health later on.

This is not a new idea. In early 1967, a California psychology professor named James H. Bedford decided to try it. When he died of cancer, he was frozen in liquid nitrogen at 321 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. After Bedford, over a period of a few years, several dozen people were frozen in liquid nitrogen. After a while, the relatives stopped the flow of money to the cemetery crypt in Chatsworth, California. By 1987, the frozen bodies, one of those being the body of Bedford, kept in liquid nitrogen had dropped to only three in the United States, due to financial reasons. By 1994, the number of frozen bodies once again had risen, climbing to about a dozen. Another two dozen had chosen the cheaper alternative of having only their heads frozen after death. They believed that future technology would be able to provide a new body by using their DNA. Cryonics organizations have been growing rapidly, with several hundred people now being legally signed up to be frozen after death.

The type of death is very important for cryonics. Real death and legal death are not the same things. When it is no longer feasible to restore the blood circulation (i.e. restart the heart), legal death occurs. Real death occurs after the cells have irreversibly deteriorated in the minutes and hours that follow. Due to the fact that so much cellular information is lost after real death, cryonics begins after legal death has been declared.

After legal death, the body is hooked to a heart-lung machine to supply oxygen to the still living tissues. At the same time the blood is drained and some chemicals are circulated to minimize the damage caused by freezing. To protect the body, all chemical reactions are stopped by hindering translational molecular motion. This motion is stopped at 130 degrees below zero Celsius, that is “glass transition” temperature. The human body is cooled to the temperature of liquid nitrogen, -196 degrees Celsius (-320 degree Fahrenheit). The bodies are then placed in a vacuum-insulated flask, head down, so that in the event of a problem it would be the feet that would thaw first. While to date no human being in cryonic suspension has been revived, it has been proven that the bones, the skin, some tissues, the red and white blood cells, the bone marrow, human embryos, and sperm survive under deep freezing and thawing.

Some special techniques are used to reduce the damage caused by freezing. Using a procedure called vitrification, a mixture of cryoprotectant (antifreeze) compounds replaces more than 60% of the water inside the cells to prevent the tissue from freezing during cooling; the tissue becomes rigid like glass, with no ice crystal damage. On the other hand, high concentrations of cryoprotectant are toxic to cell metabolism. It is hoped that this problem will be solved and reversed in the future by nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the technology that has been developed in order to work with atoms and molecules in the future. By using this technology, the damage in the cells caused by freezing will be able to be repaired. In addition to nanotechnology, therapeutic cloning developments and stem cell research discoveries will be important in making cryonics successful. Taking into account the speed of the development of these technologies, some experts have estimated that it will take 20-100 years before humans can be successfully thawed out.

Such a process requires a great deal of money; it is not cheap to freeze oneself for future life. Prices range between a fee of $28,000 to $120,000 annually. By freezing merely the head, this price can be reduced by half.

Be it the ancient mummification methods, be it the latest expensive techniques, all these point to the unchanging human nature. Cryonics try to reach immortality in “this life”; however, this is an impossibility with today’s technology and is merely speculative with future technology. But there is a way that is possible now, and does not require great expenditure or mind-boggling technology. Bediuzzaman, in his book, The Rays, explains how we can achieve such immortality:

For example, human beings have an intense desire for immortality. Only One Who has disposal over the whole universe as though it was a palace can answer this wish; only One Who can close the door of this world and open that of the hereafter, like closing the door of one room and opening that of another can do so. Humans have thousands of desires, both negative and positive, which like the desire for immortality spread throughout the world and stretch to eternity. It is only the Single One, Who through the mystery of unity holds the whole universe in His grasp, Who, by answering these desires of human beings, can cure the two gaping wounds of impotence and want.

In other words, the ability to find immortality is something that has always been with us; it resides within us. The ancient Egyptians and modern science both spent large sums of money and much time trying to attain immortality; if only they were aware that every human has the same chance. All we need to do is to just look within ourselves

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getvalentined · 4 years ago

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Okay, as a amateur doll artist... how did you do Nym’s tail? The post says medical tubing and wire (which is ingenious tbh) but how did you attach and blend the tail to the body?

So this is going to sound kind of complicated, but I’m being as thorough as possible--I’m also going to link to the products I use or something equivalent. None of these are affiliate links or anything, I just want you know exactly how I did it! First, when making the tail, I cut a length of wire slightly more than twice the length of the tubing; I doubled the wire over on itself and coiled it together for strength.

I left about 1 inch (2cm) of wire exposed at the base of the tail, and about a half inch (1cm) exposed at the end. I secured the end by squeezing hot glue into the tube and then running it out over the exposed wire, shaping it down narrower to form the tip of the tail. (In the future I’ll probably use sugru or moldable casting silicone for this, hot glue isn’t temperature stable and is really hard to get smooth, but it’s covered in fur etc on Myn so it’s less of a big deal.)

At the base of the spine, where the tailbone would be on a real person (obviously) I drilled a small hole into Myn’s back. I wanted it to be barely bigger around than the wire, which I had folded over again and coiled into a tight length that was four times the thickness of the raw wire. If you have a thicker wire then you don’t need to do this, but I was using a highly pliable jewelry wire so I felt it was necessary.

I then inserted the wire into the hole to eyeball the angle at the curve of her spine. I pulled the tail out and trimmed the tubing down bit by bit, testing between cuts, until the plastic sat flush against her back, fitting into the furrow of her spine at the top and her bum at the bottom.

That done, I put a glob of epoxy glue on the expose wire and covered the edge of the tube in CA glue/superglue, then inserted the wire again and allowed the CA glue to cure and hold the whole thing in place while the epoxy cured.

The next day, when I was sure everything had cured up, I put a flap of sculpting medium (I use apoxie sculpt but I’ve been told that milliput also works and I guess it’s cheaper or something?) over the place where the tail met the back and sculpted it down until the transition was smooth. I also worked a little bit into the underside and around the tube so that it would cover the whole thing, smoothing it down the tube a bit to make it more seamless.

Once that’s all fully cured it can be sanded (and the tubing should also be sanded until it has a sort of sheer texture all the way up, like etched glass) and painted. The result is a tail that is poseable and non-jointed, although I DO have to make sure I put my fingers at the base to keep from cracking the sculpting. It’s very thin.

As you can see, there’s still a seam in between the sculpting medium and the tubing because I have since moved the tail and acrylic paint is like that, but it’s barely noticeable.

The important thing is that it can be posed pretty much freely!

#long post #doll customizing #doll repaint #tutorial #kinda

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scato006-blog · 5 years ago

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Searching for a title and feedback.

New to this, would appreciate any feedback.

My mother’s hand squeezes around my infantile one, small, petite, and plump even for a 12-year-old. I feel the cold, hard shaft of the metal handle, the gun weighty in my hand. My mother’s breath, laced with Bacardi rum and stale Marlboro lights, coaches me to squeeze harder, my tiny fingertips biting under the pressure and turning light purple at the tips from being held so forcefully.

“You have to hold it like you mean it, steady.” She coaches.

“I don’t want to,” I whine, almost silently.

The wind kept biting my plump cheeks, and I felt my legs, bare in the November air, tingling and pocking with cold bumps.

This has become a routine, my mother getting intoxicated or high, and taking a sudden interest in her children and choosing the worst time to suddenly teach us some life skills. My brother, with his autism, is too heady a project to undertake. So, it is me, who at 11 pm is hauled from my kitten covered sheets and dragged outside for an impromptu lesson on protecting myself, undoubtably due to some loosely based on a true story Lifetime network film where a girl, most likely Tori Spelling, is victimized.

Thankfully, she loses interest surprisingly fast this time, and when she loosens her grip on my hand, I am able to wrestle past her, knocking her to one knee as she curses and I bolt back into my bed and lock the door. She staggers in and pounds for several moments, calling me names, before I hear her door shut and know she has passed out.

My mother hasn’t been quite right since my father died. I see her leaving often to doctors’ offices, complaining of ailments ranging from pains to depression and anxiety disorders. Her pills litter the tops of our 80’s style maroon kitchen counters; every consistency you can imagine from syringes to tiny multicolored capsules. In the mornings, we see her guzzling down the liquid medications, never using the tiny, clear ridged top that is supposed to serve as a barbie sized measuring cup. Instead, she uses that as a pseudo lid when she gets too inebriated to remember where she put the child proof cap the pharmacist carefully clicks into place. Her arms are littered with pock marks from needles. Some self-inflicted and some from all the blood draws ordered by her physicians. She has become obsessed with this idea of teaching us how to protect ourselves since my father passed. Which later I will realize is terribly contradictory, since the basis of most our inflictions come from her blatant negligence.

It isn’t until I start having sleepovers with girls outside my neighborhood that I will realize this isn’t a normal occurrence. I spend time with girls whose parents bake them cinnamon buns in the morning slathered with extra crystalline icing, whose mothers collect little figurines cased in glass cabinets without fingertips smeared on them and father figures who go off to work, kissing cheeks instead of backhanding them like the other dads in my neighborhood would do. It’s a foreign world to me, and oddly, it makes me surprisingly uncomfortable to be in such a serene environment. Almost mundane as wild as that may seem to some. Beige. I always notice this common color scheme in these safety net homes, everything was always varying shades of beige from the carpets to the placemats to the sheets. Beige everywhere.

In the morning, it’s as if nothing has happened, as she bustles around the kitchen getting my brother’s routine down to match the Velcro pictured descriptions that are supposed to help with his over stimulation. I can tell there is something tangible and tense in the air, the blatant ostracizing of me from our tiny family unit. I will learn later that it is due to embarrassment over her own actions, but in the moment from my young perspective, I have somehow failed her.

I gather my things, my teal Jansport backpack smeared with pen marks and patches, and dig in the back cabinet, shoving expired bags of chips and soup out of the way to find a long lost granola bar and walk out the door, pausing before turning the silver knob to look back slightly out of my peripheral at my mother to see if she pauses at the sound of me leaving. She doesn’t.

The bus stop holds a sense of comfort for me, knowing that I will be headed to the one safe institution I have in my young life, school. There are rules, teachers, consistency, and scheduled mealtimes. I know what is coming and when. I know what is expected of me and it isn’t laced with alcohol and substances, or parties in my home with strange men who grab in places they shouldn’t and burn your arms with their cigarettes when you try to yell in protest for someone who is too inebriated to come to your rescue.

Teacher’s take special interest in me, I must exude some sense of chaos at home, my behavior is mildly disruptive with chattering to my fellow neighboring classmates, often causing my desk to be moved adjacent to the teachers to curve my “social butterfly” antics.

Years later, I will run into my favorite English teacher, Ms. Mueller, and she will subtly hint at the signs of abuse she saw from my rumpled clothes to my bruised arms and vacant expression from exhaustion. She will tell me of a time she went to my mother’s store, at the height of our home tsunami during my high school years, and the words heatedly exchanged between them. From that point on, in school, before I have this knowledge, I will choose to spend an hour every day after school with her and be exposed to various forms of literature. She will bring books with her and give me deadlines throughout the year, hoping to keep me driven and expand this world I escape to through books.

Oddly enough, my thirst for books came from the very person I was trying to escape.

In fifth grade I had a teacher I absolutely loathed. It was truly, the first person I had a deep hatred and resentment for. I remember the feelings of rage and a craving for the demolition of our high-ceilinged classroom. Ms. Symzick was a small, petite woman who would prance around her classroom in various shades of loud pinks and magenta, shouting in her irritatingly shrill, chalkboard scraping screeching voice. She had a serious inclination to class favorites, and those favorites tended to be the children of affluent parents she co-vacationed with in the Bahamas and Jamaica, frequently referencing scuba diving explorations and inside jokes she had created with the kids poolside while they showed off their attempts at underwater hand stands. She accused my indifferent attitude towards her and my inability to pay attention to her reading “out loud” to the class on comprehension issues. My mother responded, in typical Tammy fashion, and greeted me that afternoon with a stack of VC Andrews books. Her philosophy was that I needed something to read that could hold my attention in a mildly traumatizing way. Make the book risqué enough for me to care, and it would cure my non attentive approach to active listening. It certainly worked.

While my classmates were reading books about bridges crossing into Terabithia to conquer exciting pretend lands, I was obsessed with mentally trying to connect the incest family trees of wealthy families stuck in attics, toiling away pasting together paper flowers to create gardens. I craved reading about these fucked up families, and was elated to find that not only where the books thick with small font which meant they lasted longer than my classmates small flirtations with literature, but they also were in series so I could follow these families for generations. I would blow through a book a day if it was the weekend, absorbing finally, every comma and black small printed letter flowing into my mind through an osmosis of obsessive reading.

I sit next to Holly and hold her hand under our jackets in solidarity. Holly has the same house as I do, which is baffling and comforting for my young mind. Her brothers shout and throw things in their drunken rages, blaming their parents for their adult failures and losses of custody over children. Her father sits on the couch, sleeps on the couch, drinks on the couch, argues from the couch, he exists on the couch, never intervening. When he would winded from yelling, he would clutch a small, metal vile necklace he always wore. I would learn later it contained a single pill that would melt under his tongue because he was prone to panic attacks from his time in the military.

Holly will sneak into my room, late in the night, when things get bad and she climbs into my bed, cold hands and feet pressed against my calves for warmth. She rustles under my sheets and presses her perfect little bud lips against my cheek and snuggles into my neck and falls asleep fast, just as our thermostat registers the drop in temperature from the window being pried open for her to come in and the furnace clicks on, as always, I fling my leg out from under the blankets, so as to not wake Holly and soak in some cool air as her body heat radiates against my own. I love her and want to protect her, as she is the only one who has ever expressed a kindred likeliness to what I experience behind closed doors. She protects me as well, when my mother opens the door slightly to see if I am awake or when she is under the influence ready for another “life lesson,” she will always close the door and slither away when she sees Holly’s body next to mine.

Holly knew about these moments, in the dead of night when my mother would make her way into the room. She was the one who saw the handprint makes in shades of black and blue, purple then fading to yellows and lime greens. She would take my arm, and lay her hot, brown palm slowly and softly on top of the blue and purple marks so gently, brushing the tops of the soft baby arm hair then would turn over, as if nothing had happened. It was the act of acknowledging, that would transition into acts of protection. She knew if she was there, those marks wouldn’t appear. Holly became an ever-present staple in my life, it was truly as if she was holding me together, fastening my frayed edges to keep them from being burned by my mother and faceless men’s lighters.

This is my day to day, and night to night. The seeking of comfort in concrete things and people outside my home and struggling to find a purpose outside of myself.

Years pass, the same abuses remain constant, even after the school nurse contacts my mother over concerns she has when she sees my bandaged fingers from a screaming hot iron. The difference is the older I get, the more I learn to fight back, slick mouthed and learning to block hands quickly with forearms. I develop the internal switch, for numbing and hardening emotions to dispel any sense of misery or hopelessness, I don’t allow myself to be vulnerable around her and show any form of pain or exaggerated anger. I treat her with complete indifference, which in her drunken, high moments causes absolute meltdowns. Her emotional levels skyrocketing due to inebriation, and my disconnect growing more profound with each outburst. I start to want more, more than these walls and house. I want to sleep peacefully, quietly, and safely. A concept I had never visualized for myself that I thought was coveted for children with two parents and yards without brown spots and littered with dog feces.

I sit, at 15, in my English class, the scared space I have carved out for myself. Ms. Mueller, walks past, having just kicked Gary out of class for shouting at her.

“Dyke gave me a F,” he rages after we are returned our midterm grades.

“Out!” Ms. Mueller declares, stunning me at how she so gracefully and passively dismisses him and his hate slurred words.

As she passes back to her desk, I feel a blue piece of paper get slid under the flesh of my forearm. I slide it under my notebook, I can tell through its delivery, she doesn’t want me to attract any attention through receiving it. She looks pointedly at me, and when the bell rings I rush out to see what it is she has slipped me.

She knows I am not happy with her today. Ms. Mueller detests Holly. There is this just under the surface acknowledgement that they don’t address one another, ever. Holly feels Ms. Mueller is trying to come between us and take time I should be spending time with her and instead am choosing to spend it reading, which is the most boring thing in Holly’s mind. Oddly enough, Holly has detention or make up tests almost every day after school, so her time wouldn’t be spent with me regardless. Holly is known to have her behavioral issues, shouting at teachers and authority figures much in the same fashion as her older brothers do to her and her parents. It is a cycle that has already began its inheritable rotation.

“She’s not good for you, you have too much inside you for that one.” Ms. Mueller had told me suddenly, interrupting me reading silently beside her while she worked on the summer reading list for the class, and my own which had easily an extra fifteen books added to it. At the time, I didn’t really understand what it was she meant.

“Too much inside me? What the hell?” I thought. I glared defiantly at the top of her head, wishing I had the nerve to reach out and rustle her short, cropped hair out of its artfully tousled with hair paste landscape just out of spite. She didn’t look up, nor acknowledge my anger filled face, and after some time I set my mouth in a taught line and kept reading. Leaving that day without saying a word when our hour was up.

I open it up and see it’s a flyer, for some summer program called Upward Bound and kids interested in colleges. I had never imagined myself being on some pristine collegiate campus. That was also reserved for the cinnamon bun kids whose parents showed up to every sporting event, cheering them on from the sidelines and pumping their fists in the air, visualizing college scouts coming with hefty scholarships and grants. Not for me, who begged for rides to and from practices, relying on my grandparents for transportation sparsely, so they wouldn’t see the state of our house. My mother would always get angry when her parents came to drop us off, always insisting on coming in to survey the

damage in the house from holes in walls to dirty dishes crawling with critters and cats licking dirty pans for burned egg pieces.

I folded the flyer in half and hastily shoved in under my stack of books on the bottom self in the locker I share with Holly. I am always the bottom shelf, to take my lacking height into consideration. She can’t see it; she will lose her mind. I know this, our codependency has blossomed into a full relationship of unhealthy proportions, two emotionally crippled humans attempting at something far too adult.

I wait, as always, for her to come meet me briefly, and she does. Angry brown eyes, jet black hair, browned skin from her native American heritage, and slanted eyebrows. I forgot she was angry with me from this morning when I pulled my hand away from hers when Kim snatched the jacket up that hid our weaved fingertips.

“Mr. Mason is such an asshole,” she huffs slamming her books in the locker, standing on her tip toes to launch them to the back where we hear them ding as they hit the metal back.

“What happened?” I ask, gauging her temperance to see where we are at. Holly drives the emotional state of our relationship; she being the more volatile of the two of us.

“He gave me detention for missing all that homework,” she huffed as she slammed the locker shut. “I just want school to be done already, I hate it.”

I watched her stalk off, wordless, now definitely wasn’t the time to broach the subject of an academic summer camp that focuses on colleges. Holly was not interested in anything remotely studious, let alone something that would separate us for an entire summer.

I watch her turn the corner of the light seafoam green colored hallways, waiting until I can be sure she is completely out of sight before slamming my elbow into the door right above the turn lock, causing it to pop open, a little trick Tommy showed me last year when he had this locker. I hop up on the toes of my sneakers and grab the flyer out from my Roman History classes textbook.

It is in that moment; I realize I don’t want to stay closeted with Holly and hide holding hands. I don’t want to stay in a home I feel constantly threatened in, showing all the scars on my skin and inside of my flesh. I don’t want to be stuck slinging burgers at the diner down the street, or as a cashier at the grocers. I don’t want to struggle against the New England seasonal depression of grey skies to salt crusted and frost heaved roads. I don’t want to be tied to this place where I feel like a hamster on a spinning wheel, never moving forward and back, just in one constant place.

The flyer announces the meeting is today, in Ms. Mueller’s classroom of course, but an hour after we usually meet. I know Holly has detention, so if there was ever a time I could go and take a glance at what this whole thing is about, it is today when she will be occupied for a definite set amount of time.

I watch the clock anxiously for the last two periods, bouncing my leg in anticipation, choosing to focus more on the seconds hand than the other two since it moves at such a faster pace. Holly isn’t in my last two classes; they are AP and she is sequestered into the more remedial ones where they mostly watch movies instead of getting lectures from young teachers who still feel they can make a difference and impact our lives.

Ms. Mueller is at the door, leaning against it with her arms crossed, her cuffs folded up at the elbow, creased slacks and pointed shiny ebony dress shoes, almost as if she was waiting for me. Now that I look back, I think she was.

“Well here she is, take a seat.” She gestures to the open door.

I look in and see every seat is filled mostly with kids from other schools and a couple familiar faces of girls I have barely exchanged two words with. I slide into a seat near the door, resolving that if I need to make a quick getaway, I will at least have an easy shot to the door. Ms. Mueller positions her chair in the doorway; it’s like she can sense what I am thinking and gives me another one of her pointed stares.

A young man with a lot of vigor and energy and radiant brilliantly white smile bounds up to the front of the room. I will learn almost immediately that his name is Craig when he finally stops bounding around and announces who he is, that he went to Bates College, and dives into a lengthy description of what Upward Bound really is. There are other individuals up there as well, all standing in a line with various colleges strewn on their tee shirts and sweatshirts: Colby-Sawyer, Keene State, UNH, Plymouth State, are some of the names I spot.

The program is a six-week summer session that focuses on preparing students for college and even offers opportunities to take college level classes that can be accredited. Six weeks on a college campus, right in my hometown, sleeping in the dorms, going to classes, they even offer sporting events and excursions to local spots for day trips. It sounded too good to be true.

I looked around the room and saw most of the kids had that same look as I did, clinging to every word. “Give me an escape, please. Tell me I won’t fall through the cracks and be left right here where I started.” Their faces all seemed to say.

Craig took the basic Q&A after his dialogue of wonderous academia enchantment and promise, everyone asking the same things I was wondering. I wouldn’t raise my hand and attract attention to myself, no way.

I saw her then, Jodie, sitting with her hand up to ask more about the sporting opportunities offered, field hockey specifically. She sat with her blonde hairspray scrunched hair, long eyelashes and friendly, wide open blue eyes. I was amazed at how drawn I was to her instantly, like she was the bright glinting Christmas tree of hope in contrast to Holly’s darkness and shadowing pessimistic outlook on life and humanity. There was also this underlying feeling emanating from her. She was wearing adidas snap pants and her field hockey jacket, I knew without knowing, I knew she had the same attraction to females as I did. When Craig answered her question to her satisfaction, Jodie thanked him, and I saw her sign the sheet to enroll and receive more information. I watched that sheet for the rest of the presentation and when we were wrapping up, Ms. Mueller caught me at the door, the sign sheet in her fingertips.

“You forgot something,” she stated, a black pen in her other hand, held out to me.

I stepped aside, opening my mouth to let out a string of excuses, all based in fear and simultaneously worried that if I failed at this camp, I would disappoint her.

“Don’t.” She held up her palm that held the pen. “Sign the paper.”

I realized in that moment; this was my chance. I was on the edge of something, a choice. I knew what I would lose, and I quickly sobered to the reality that what I stood to lose, didn’t outweigh what I had to gain.

So I made the choice, to take a chance, put the pen to that blue paper, and signed my name, choosing to take that chance, choosing something so much bigger for myself than I could have ever imagined and taking the first step to end the cycle that would have ensnared me just as it did many others. It even would claim Holly in the end, leaving her to browning pine trees, closeted and affairs in secrecy, the shame and impending alcoholism, cursing from her couch just as her father did.

#feedback writer nonfiction

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latestmarketblogupdates · 2 years ago

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OTR Tires Market - Forecast(2022 - 2027)

OTR Tires Market Overview

OTR Tires Market size was valued $7.5 billion in 2020 and is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 3.5% during 2021-2026. The growing demand for mining, agriculture and construction are fueling the OTR Tire market. Additionally, the rising demand for commercial vehicles and the need for off-the-road tires for optimal performance including glass transition temperature are driving the growth of the market. Off the road tires are designed in such a way that it provides traction on different roads such as mud, sand and others with the pneumatic trail of styrene butadiene copolymer. The OTR tires are generally used in the vehicles which work on construction sites, mud mining and other mining fields, agricultural field and others. North America is considered as fastest growing region around the world as North America holds high infrastructure development which is expected to boost the OTR Tire market in the forecasted period.

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Report Coverage

The report: “OTR Tires Market Forecast (2021-2026)”, by IndustryARC, covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the OTR Tires Market. By Type : Rubber Tracks, Wheeled, Green. By Process : Pre-Cure and Mold Cure. By Construction type : Solid, Radial, Belted Bias Tire, Bias Tire, Non-Pneumatic Tires. By Application : Agriculture, Construction, Material handling, Mining. By Sales Channel : OEM, Aftermarket. By Rim Size : Upto 20 inch, 20-25 inch, 25-40 inch, 40-50 inch, 50-60 inch and Above 60 Inch. By Geography : North America (U.S, Canada, Mexico), Europe(Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Russia and Others), APAC(China, Japan India, South Korea, Australia and Others), South America (Brazil, Argentina and others) and RoW (Middle east and Africa).

Key Takeaways

The OTR Tires Market is dominated by North America owing to increase in infrastructure development and advanced technologies which are enhancing the growth of this market in North America. Agriculture sector being the most important factor for countries like India, China and other are driving the market, the requirement for agricultural vehicle like tractors are rapidly increasing which in turns boost up the OTR Tires market. The significant rise in the mining sector and deployment of the heavy machinery is expected to boost the market growth of OTR Tires.

OTR Tire Market Segment Analysis – By Application

Agriculture segment held the largest market share in the OTR Tires Market at 30.5% in 2020. The rise in agricultural activities and increase in revenue of farmers has led to increase in use of tractors and other agriculture machinery which is driving the OTR Tire market. The factors such as infrastructure development in developing countries are expected to have significant growth in forecasted period. Hence the use of construction and mining vehicles in developing countries are rapidly increasing which increase the demand for OTR Tires.

OTR Tire Market Segment Analysis – By Type

Green tire is made from recycled materials like nylon rubber through a process that does not require an excessive amount of energy. Conventional tires are made of rubber, but tires are now often manufactured from sustainable raw materials such as plasticizers and resins, with growing energy concerns. Such environmentally friendly raw materials are increasingly chosen over traditional products due to advantages such as being lighter than traditional products, which results in a reduction of the vehicle's total weight. This also needs less fuel and helps lower the resistance to rolling. During the forecast period, the green tires are expected to witness a lucrative growth rate mainly due to advantages such as long-life and retractable tires. Also, the increase in energy costs, strict government regulations, and increased environmental awareness regarding fuel consumption among consumers will lead towards the increase in the use of green tires in vehicles during the forecast period at 7.5% CAGR.

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OTR Tire Market Segment Analysis – By Geography

North America dominates the OTR Tires Market with a highest share at 36.5% followed by Europe and APAC in 2020. In North America, infrastructure development is increasing at a wide scale which is leading to adoption of heavy vehicles which are equipped with OTR Tires for having optimal performance. Moreover, the presence of key players such as Goodyear tires and others in U.S are effectively leading to enhance the growth of the market. Additionally, the global OTR Tires market growth is led by APAC due to high usage of heavy vehicle in agricultural sector and construction sites. These significant factors are expected to increase the requirement of such vehicles equipped with OTR Tires in this region, thus propelling the growth of the OTR Tires market.

OTR Tire Market Drivers Increase in commercial vehicles

The use of commercial vehicles such as mining trucks, Earth movers, tractors and other agricultural machinery are expected to have significant rise in the growth of OTR Tires market. The rising population in countries like India, china and other are deploying the agricultural machinery having OTR tires for their agricultural field which is expected to drive OTR tires market in the forecasted period.

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Increasing the production of automotive

The rise in the middle-class population and income has led to the growing demand for automotive in recent years. In addition, the company's growing interest in exploring the rural markets further aided the sector's growth. According to India Brand Equity Foundation, India is also a popular car exporter with high hopes for export development in the near future. During FY19, automotive exports grew 14.5% despite declining sales in India and China. It is projected to rise during 2016-2026 at a CAGR of 3.05% despite Covid-19 impact. However, multiple initiatives by the Government of India and the major car players on the Indian market are expected to make India a pioneer in the two and four wheels. By enabling consumers to travel long distances for work, shopping, and entertainment, the automotive industry has encouraged the development of a comprehensive road system, enabled the growth of suburbs and shopping centers around major cities, and played a key role in the growth of ancillary industries such as oil and travel.

OTR Tire Market Challenges

High Investment and Availability of Affordable OTR Tires from unorganized market

As the rising price of natural rubber is rapidly increasing the price factor become a challenge in OTR Tire market. The manufacturing of OTR Tires requires large quantity of rubbers which is used to manufacture tires which require heavy capital investment. R&D activity is also one of the factors which required significant capital investment. The OTR Tire market is also covered by local unorganized players which offer the OTR Tires in low prices than the organized player into the market. Thus, the activity performed by local players is certainly hindering the market growth rate.

OTR Tire Market Landscape

Technology launches, acquisitions and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the OTR Tires Market. The market of OTR Tires has been consolidated by the major players – Michelin, Bridgestone Corporation, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Pirelli, Goodyear Tire, Alliance Tire Group, Toyo Tire & Rubber Company, Double Coin Holdings, Yokohama, GRI Tyres, Apollo Tyres Ltd,

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Acquisitions/Technology Launches

In November 2020 Goodyear tires have launched latest RH-4A+ tire for haulage which are optimized for footprint pressure to help provide long hours to removal. In August 2020 GRI have launched new OTR Tires called Grip Ex Snow tire which have strong grip and high traction in deep snow, this tire guarantees optimal performance in low temperatures and preserves longer tire life.

#OTR Tires Market #OTR Tires Market Size #OTR Tires Market Share #OTR Tires Market Trends #OTR Tires Market Research #OTR Tires Market Demand #OTR Tires Market Scope

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michaeluis · 2 years ago

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Why Ecomass Is The Best Thermoplastic For Vibration Damping

Vibration damping is a thermal management issue. If your heat dissipation is inadequate, then the temperature rise from your equipment will be high and the dissipated heat will be low. Thus, it’s good to have an effective Vibration Damping thermoplastic available.

However, not all thermoplastics are created equal when it comes to vibration damping. You need a thermoplastic with certain properties to effectively damp vibrations. The best choice for vibration damper is Ecomass, which has a high modulus of elasticity (higher tensile strength) and excellent resistance to creep and demulsification properties.

? Vibration damping

All-natural materials tend to be very elastic, while man-made materials generally have a low modulus of elasticity. As a material warms up, it loses some of its elasticity and becomes more compliant, or less dense. The transition between elastic and compliant states is called the “cushion” or “damping” portion of the material. Ecomass does this job effectively and it is the best vibration damping material available on the market.

? Other applications of Ecomass

• Balancing

Ecomass is designed to be used as a biaxially-active elastomer with a high glass transition temperature. However, it can also be used as a fully flexible, stretchable synthetic rubber. This makes it a good choice for applications where both flexibility and noise suppression are essential.

• Radiation shielding

Ecomass has excellent radiation-shielding properties thanks to its high glass transition temperature which makes it great for applications that require maximum absorptance. It is widely used in Electronic and Electromechanical Devices (EME) where ETC GLP-142 is the most popular radiation-shielding elastomer.

• Frangible projectiles

Projectiles made of Ecomass have very good shape stability and low angular velocity which make them ideal for training range safety. While many projectiles made of other thermoplastics have to be balanced with ease, these projectiles can be made very stable in just the opposite direction with only basic care. This makes them great training tools both indoors and out.

• Weighting

When it comes to weighting, Ecomass can absorb vibrations in three dimensions. This makes it a good choice for applications that require a deformable but highly resonance-free enclosure. It is widely used in the Agricultural & Forestry Industries for the protection of equipment against unnecessary vibration. It is also a popular choice for automotive applications where low weight and good handling are required.

? How does Ecomass work?

Ecomass is a thermoplastic composite material that is formulated to meet specific requirements for impact and fatigue resistance. It is made of closed-cell semi-transparent PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) plastic.

When you buy Ecomass, the plastic pellets are loose and unformed and then form into a hard, dense material when the plastic is heated to a certain temperature. This is called “curing”. During the curing process, the plastic changes from being soft, absorbent, and squishy to a hard, durable, rigid material.

? Advantages of Ecomass over other thermoplastics

It doesn’t delaminate as other thermoplastics do over time. It has a good impact and chemical resistance to a wide range of chemicals. It is flame-retardant. It does not chlorinated or brominated to stay inert against most toxic and corrosive chemicals. It can be relatively inexpensive to produce compared to other thermoplastics.

#vibration damping material #thermoplastic composite material #engineered thermoplastics

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juniperpublishersajop · 3 years ago

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Excited Triplet States of Organic Molecules and Reactive Free Radicals in Polymers

Abstract

The mini-review is devoted to the recent investigation the role of cage effect during photopolymerization. Benzophenone was selected as a photoinitiator of polymerization.

Introduction

Free-radical photopolymerization (UV-cure) of organic coatings is a very important process that has been used for more than half a century. Academic and industrial researchers study the basics of this complex process [1-4] In this mini review we will briefly consider the important role of low MW free radicals of photoinitiators (PIs) and the excited triplet states of PIs in photopolymerization. On the contrary, residual PIs in the cured coatings and other low MW photoreactive species in the cured coatings/polymers lead to a negative effect: photodecomposition of polymers outdoors, poor weatherability. We will comment on that as well.

Discussion

A primary chemical act of free radical photopolymerization is the generation of radical pairs (RP) in the triplet spin state. PI absorbs UV- or visible light; populates the excited singlet state of PI which in turn undergoes intersystem crossing into the triplet state. PIs often contain a carbonyl group in their structure. Reactive triplet state either undergoes dissociation into two radicals (Norrish 1 process) or H-abstraction from co-initiator or even from the coatings material or a polymer, both possessing C-H bonds. The first PIs are dubbed as Type 1 PIs, and the latter PIs as Type 2 PIs [4-6]. We will use a commercial PI benzophenone (BP) as an exemplar. Photochemistry of BP and reactions of corresponding free radicals BPH• have been extensively studied. Thus, the action of BP as a PI or as a residual PI in the cured coatings can be presented by eq. (1):

Here RH is a hydrogen donor. The RP formed in reaction (1) either decays in the polymer cage or radicals escape into the polymer bulk, as per (Scheme 1) shown below. The formation of an RP in the triplet state is a hurdle for a cage reaction. RP can react only in the singlet state with few exceptions. We include in our discussion low MW radicals which are formed at a high degree of photopolymerization (conversion of vinyl groups), say at . At high the media can be regarded as a polymer. A fraction of photogenerated radicals which decay inside a cage is called cage effect. Obviously, chemists are interested in the lowest possible in the case of photoinitiation of polymerization and in the highest possible in the polymers outdoors. (For fairness sake, we will mention that an aromatic radical BPH• does not initiate polymerization, but a counter radical R• does.) 3BP and R• are damaging species in the cured coatings or polymers that facilitate photodegradation. Photopolymerization usually does not lead to complete consumption of PI. On average 20% of the dissolved PI stays in the cured coatings. Being outdoors, the cured coating is subjected to destruction initiated in particular by the residual PI and possibly by carbonyl compounds formed during autoxidation. (Here we talk about processes which last years.) Thus, cage effect value and its dependence upon the degree of photopolymerization and properties of a polymer are very important for practice [7,8] It was demonstrated that the value of depends in particular upon the free volume of a polymer Vf and the glass transition temperature of a polymer Tg [3,9]. Cage effect dynamics (Scheme 1) since the inception of RP at t 0 till relatively long time upon completion (milliseconds) of cage reactions has been studied by ns flash photolysis with optical or ESR detection. This research was done mainly with PI=BP. 10 ns resolution of such instruments is okay. Cage reactions in the viscous media (polymers) lasts microseconds [1-3,9,10]. Application of moderate external magnetic field affects [1-3,7] and should find a practical application in the cure of coatings. An interesting type of coatings are coatings which can be photopolymerized without a PI [10,11].

Conclusion

It is not surprising, that commercial PIs [4-6] are molecules that have a high quantum yield of an excited triplet state and which dissociate from a triplet state with a formation of a triplet RP [10]. Triplet RP has a high probability of dissociation and initiation of polymerization even in a viscous media.

For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/

For more articles in Academic Journal of Polymer Science please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ajop/index.php

For more about Juniper Publishers Please click on: https://juniperpublishersblog.wordpress.com/

#Addition polymer #Polymersome #Organic polymers #Oligoester #polymer reactions

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mandtcontracting123 · 3 years ago

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Paint walls yourself

Painting walls and ceilings is quite a job. Leveling, degreasing, pre-treating, masking, covering... And then the actual painting has yet to begin. With these tips you will achieve the best results.

To prepare

Prepare and tape

Remove everything from the walls and move furniture aside.

Mask off skirting boards, frames, etc. with masking tape.

Cover the floor with an old curtain, cardboard or newspaper.

Prepare wall

A primer (primer coat) is required for certain substrates. For example, paint is soaked up like a sponge by a freshly plastered wall or new drywall. This causes color differences and unnecessary use of paint. A primer prevents that. For already painted walls, make sure the surface you want to paint is well prepared:

Clean the wall thoroughly with a cloth with some water and paint cleaner.

Fill cracks, holes and damage.

Make the wall dust-free.

Make sure the wall is completely dry before painting.

Painting over wallpaper

If you want to paint over an old layer of wallpaper, first glue all the loose pieces to the wall. Paint does not adhere well to dirty surfaces. It is therefore better to remove the wallpaper if it is very dirty or greasy, or affected by cigarette smoke.

If the wallpaper has a print, test the color fastness of the wallpaper before painting. Moisten the wallpaper in a few places with print. If it doesn't rub off, you can paint it over. Otherwise you have to apply a primer first.

Gt More - Construction service in Orange beach al

Avoid a bad buy

With our test you can see at a glance which wall paint covers well. But just as important: you also see which ones you should not buy.

Painting

Read the directions on the paint package before you begin. Pay attention to the temperature at which you can process the paint, drying time, whether you have to stir or not, whether thinning is necessary, and so on. Now the real work can begin:

Dampen the roller by hand with some water.

Don't put too much paint on your brush. If you work with a roller, distribute the paint (not too much!) well on the roller and start with gentle movements. This way you avoid splashes. Only when there is less paint on the roller can you apply more force when rolling.

Carefully remove paint splatters with a wet sponge while the paint is still wet. A stain on glass? Then wait until the paint has dried and the stain is easier to remove.

Paint a small area of about one square meter at a time. Alternate horizontal and vertical movements to avoid streaks.

Go over the transition between 2 parts a few times with your roller, so that the surfaces overlap each other well. This prevents the transition from remaining visible when the paint has dried.

Always work in a clean area and avoid dust, which can stick to your paint.

If the paint does not cover in one go, apply 2 coats of paint rather than one thick one. Then the end result will be more beautiful. Between 2 layers, use the waiting time between 2 layers as stated on the packaging. Allow 4 to 6 hours of drying time. If there is no drying time on the packaging, wait 24 hours to be sure before applying the next layer.

After painting

Remove the masking tape while the paint is still wet.

Store brushes and rollers in some water or in a closed plastic bag between painting. Brushes with solvent-based paint can be placed in a plastic bag in the freezer.

Do not rinse rollers, brushes and mixing bowls under the tap, but throw them in the residual waste: that is less harmful to the environment than paint residue in the sewer.

As long as the paint is still wet, do not paint over parts if you see a color difference. Wait for the paint to dry completely, otherwise you might get color differences.

Empty pots and cured paint residues may be disposed of with household waste. Liquid residues and primers go with the small chemical waste (KCA).

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langdentalusa · 3 years ago

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Where To Source The Best And High-quality Dental Acrylic

Dental acrylic is resins that are used for making denture bases, artificial teeth, tooth restorations, and also various other purposes in dentistry. For a long time, dental acrylic is often used to make patients with medical problems of teeth impression trays to ensure custom appliance fit and function, dental acrylic is always required when tooth or teeth are missed or lost over a crown or a cracked or damage for the replacement of the natural tooth or teeth. All dental Acrylic resins are polymers made up of functional monomers (containing sites for crosslinking) and non-functional monomers (which do not contain additional sites for crosslinking). These monomers are polymerized into polymer sections of a controlled size. Thermosetting acrylic resins have active sites on the polymer to facilitate crosslinking. But the type of monomers used in the formulation of the polymer will depend upon the properties desirable in the final finish. Table 1 lists are four examples of common monomers used in acrylic resins and the properties they impart to a film. Polymer chemists must formulate the acrylic resin using just enough, but not too much of the monomers available to them, keeping in mind the properties that they desire and which monomers will impart those qualities to the film.

As a professional dentist who used to prepare impression trays for his or her clients or patients then you need to know where you should be sourcing your dental acrylic so that you can be supplying the best and highest-quality dental acrylic that will give the ultimate and genuine results with a natural appearance in the mouth of your patients, in this blog article, we will discuss more all about dental acrylic and also the recommendable dental acrylic manufacturing company that we will also discuss.

As I said earlier dental acrylic resins are used for the base of dentures, in which they may be traditional heat cured or cold-cured or even self-cured and they may be either poured or traditionally packed. As dental Acrylic resins are thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic substances typically derived from acrylic acid, meta-acrylic acid, and acrylate monomers such as butyl acrylate or methacrylate monomers such as methyl methacrylate. Thermoplastic acrylics designate a group of acrylic resins typically containing both a high molecular weight and a high glass transition temperature which exhibit lacquer dry capability. Acrylic resins designed for use in two-component systems for crosslinking with isocyanate are referred to as polyols and are made with the monomers previously mentioned as well as hydroxy monomers such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Acrylic resins are produced in different liquid carriers such as a hydrocarbon solvent (solvent-borne acrylics or solution acrylics solvent-borne acrylic selector) or water in which case they are referred to as emulsions or dispersions and they are also provided in 100% solids bead form.

So all this is very important to be well known and design in a dental acrylic formulation which means you are not dealing with a good dental manufacturing company then probably you may source your dental acrylics like denture base, custom tray acrylic, crown, and bridge material, and so on from company manufacturing acrylic with wrong designing and formulation and that can affect the effects and results from the acrylic will give and how your clients or patients will experience your services.

With the explanation above I will like to recommend a very good and trusted dental acrylic manufacturing company and a well-known company located in Wheeling, Illinois, United States, and this company is called Lang Dental Manufacturing Company, Lang Dental Manufacturing Company was founded in 1929 by Samuel Lang providing dental materials of the day to dental professionals. Since 1958, Lang Dental has developed, manufactured, and distributed to dental professionals globally. Our trusted acrylics are used to fabricate tooth-colored self-curing acrylics, denture reline acrylic, and also denture bases supporting equipment. Jet and Lang brand products are known for their excellence and consistent performance and are trusted by clinicians and technicians worldwide, and the company’s main mission and commitment are their valued customers to always continue their legacy of manufacturing and distribution of high-quality with efficiency in all their current and future products designed to make your practice and business more profitable and satisfying.

You can contact the company via their contact number +1-800-222-5264 or email address [email protected].

#Custom Tray Acrylic #Denture Base Acrylic #Denture Reline Acrylic

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plasticmouldinjectionmold · 3 years ago

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5 major news in plastic molding industry

Will 3d printing replace traditional plastic molding manufacturing?

With development of Industry 4.0, development speed of China's manufacturing industry from "manufacturing" to "intelligence" has become more and more rapid in recent years. 3D printing technology has been widely used in China's manufacturing industry. 3D printers provide efficient, low-cost support for molding design and manufacturing. Even with rapid development of 3D printing technology, it has gradually begun to subvert mold technology and form a direct competitive relationship with it in some areas. “Compared with 3D printing technology, traditional plastic molding manufacturing requires more steps and processes, and mold making cycle is longer. When a plastic molding company introduces a new product, it must pass strict international standards and certification before going on market. Certification of many components will take a long time. This will put new product in a very disadvantageous position in the time to seize market. 3D printing injection moulding are an efficient solution. Well-known plastic molding company are doing this by using 3D printing technology to make injection moulding in their open labs.” According to Luo Baihui, secretary general of International Mould Association, it usually takes several weeks to two months to produce a mold, while mold prototype can be completed in a few hours using 3D printing technology in a few hours and can be modified immediately according to test results. The final sample is then injected. These product samples can be sent directly for certification, while traditional plastic molding manufacturing may still be in production, and even before mold is determined, 3D printed product has been certified, greatly shortening development cycle. Only in mold making cycle, 3D printing technology has had a certain impact on plastic molding manufacturing. However, industry experts said that although 3D printing technology has many advantages such as short production cycle, convenient raw materials, and uniform product pressure, 3D printing technology can not completely replace traditional plastic molding manufacturing method, because 3D printing technology still has some problems in injection moulding process. For example, 3D printing technology is a layer-by-layer processing of product, which will shorten production cycle of mold, but it will also lead to a step effect on surface of mold. Similar problems exist with directly printed molds, which require later machining or sandblasting to eliminate these small, toothed edges. In addition, holes smaller than 1 mm must be drilled, larger holes require reaming or drilling, and thread features require tapping or milling. These secondary treatments greatly reduce speed advantage of 3D printing dies. At the same time, in order to ensure good material flow performance, injection moulding needs to be heated to a very high temperature. Aluminum and steel molds typically experience temperatures of 500 F (260℃) or higher, especially when processing high temperature plastics such as PEEK and PEI materials. It is easy to produce thousands of parts with metal molds. It can also be used as a transition mold before final mass production mold comes out. Mold materials using 3D printing technology are typically photosensitive or thermosetting resins that are cured by ultraviolet light or laser light. Although these plastic molding are relatively hard, they are destroyed very quickly under thermal cycling conditions of injection moulding. In fact, 3D printing molds typically fail within 100 times in mild environments. For glass filled polycarbonate and high temperature resistant plastics, only a few parts can be produced. In addition, a major reason for using 3D printing dies is their low cost. Cost of production-grade machining molds is typically $20,000 or more, while similar printing molds cost as little as $1,000. However, this analogy is unfair, and cost of printing molds is usually only considered for material consumption, without labor, assembly and installation, injection systems and hardware. For example, ProtoLabsd's aluminum molds cost

$1,500 for production. If you need to produce more parts, use 3D printing molds, you need to reprint and assemble new molds for every 50-100 products. On the other hand, aluminum molds are still in good service after producing 10,000 parts, regardless of plastic used. Therefore, in terms of production cost, 3D printing is no more cost effective than conventional plastic molding manufacturing methods. In addition, in product design, principle and practice of traditional plastic molding manufacturing has more than a century of history, industry is relatively thorough in its research, such as draft angle must be greater than or equal to 5 degrees to meet most aluminum mold requirements. 3D printing molds are challenging to mold plastic parts, and extra care is required for number and mounting position of plastic molding thimbles. 3D printing dies (especially high injection temperatures) are somewhat more flexible in terms of increasing cavity wall thickness and reducing pressure. Design of gate is also different, tunnel and dot gates should be avoided. Direct gates, fan gates, and wing gates should be increased to three times normal size. Flow direction of polymer in print mold should be consistent with 3D print line to avoid high packing caused by stickiness and low pressure. Cooling system can increase life of mold to a certain extent, but it does not significantly reduce number of cycles of printing mold, because heat dissipation capability of 3D printing mold is not as good as that of aluminum mold or steel mold. In summary, 3D printing technology will not completely replace traditional plastic molding manufacturing industry. Because 3D printing molds have certain deficiencies compared with traditional plastic molding manufacturing in terms of finished product quality, product cost and molding design. Moreover, 3D printing is not suitable for mass production, and unit price for producing one piece and producing 10,000 pieces is basically close, and time required for 3D printing is also long. Current 3D printing technology can only produce tight mold production for small batch production cycles, and large-scale production is still based on traditional plastic molding manufacturing.

What kind of spark will RFID technology combine with mold?

Mold, as mother of industry, has become an essential basic industry with rapid development of industry. Mold market has been continuously breaking through in technology. Plastic molding industry is no longer just a simple machine like traditional one. Nowadays, mold needs to combine a lot of technologies, and it is moving toward trend of intelligence and networking. RFID mold electrode management system can better realize intelligent management of mold, reduce professional skill requirements and human error factor of mold operator. Modern industrial development has been reflected in many fields. Industry has always been an important hub for national economy. Plastic molding industry has been increasing in China in recent years, but there are still many management problems in plastic molding industry market. Mold is an indispensable processing tool and process equipment for mass production in modern manufacturing. It has same industrial status as all machined machine tools. Along with diversification of number of molds for enterprise products, processing of a mold often requires dozens or even hundreds of electrodes and electrode has become a huge number of key resources in plastic molding manufacturing industry. By installing RFID electronic tags on electrode holders, correlating electrode holder, electrode information and handheld RFID reader, it is expected to reduce copper raw materials by 15%~35% and reduce CNC operators by 15%~40%. CNC and EDM machine tools have a utilization rate of around 5%. For small and medium-sized plastic molding company, informationization is a good choice with less investment and quick results. It can be done by section. After automation technology is mature, it is easy to realize full automation by simply connecting various sections in series, adding robot arm and guide rail. Traditional mold management registers mold number and position number through paper, mold storage can be found irregularly, storage operation is free to stack and delivery is not timely, and it is easy to cause registration errors, record loss, management confusion, and extremely inconvenient to find. How to use high-tech means to strengthen safety and quality management of plastic molding industry market, supplier management, reduce operating costs, enable real-time and effective data collection and tracking, provide visual real-time data for management. It is an urgent problem for enterprise management molds. RFID technology has characteristics of fast reading speed, non-contact, multi-target recognition, etc. In terms of physical characteristics, RFID technology has advantages of waterproof, high and low temperature resistance, bendability, no mechanical failure, long life, and resistance to harsh environments; In storage, RFID technology information storage capacity is large, data is readable and writable, can be updated at any time, and each label has a unique ID number. Technology with such characteristics is the most suitable mold management solution. Mold management site installation is generally more complicated. To manage these molds well, you must choose a series of right hardware equipment as a support. Most of molds are made of metal. If you want to manage these molds well, electronic labels for metal environments are the most suitable choice; Using unique ID number of RFID UHF tag, mold information is written into tag one by one, including mold type, number, production date, mold position, model inventory, processing materials and so on. RFID electronic tag on the mold can be read by RFID UHF multi-channel reader and transmitted to application system for verification.��Then make judgment to realize rapid search of mold. Benefits of using RFID technology to manage molds: 1. Provide storage status of molds in warehouse, such as available, to be repaired, and obsolete, to improve search efficiency. 2. Detailed records of history for use of mold, such as important number of total stampings, help analyze cause for loss of mold, and evaluate life of mold. 3. Record in detail repair data of each set of molds,

precautions for use of mold, install mold conditions and mechanical use, etc., to quickly and accurately know matching molds needed to produce a product. 4. Quickly and conveniently count actual materials of each set of molds, cost of each process and cost of outward processing, strengthen control and improve work efficiency.

Is there a shortage of supply in precision injection molding market?

Prospect of plastic molding industry is broad, and demand for precision injection molding market is in short supply. However, proportion of high-end and low-end molds produced in China's plastic molding industry is extremely unbalanced, which is not conducive to development of China's plastic molding industry. There is an urgent need to speed up pace of structural adjustment, develop high-end market segments, and keep pace with international market. Speed up structural adjustment Compared with before, China's mold technology level has been greatly improved, but proportion of high-end and low-end products produced by domestic plastic molding industry is extremely unbalanced, which is not conducive to development of China's plastic molding industry. Although in recent years, China's plastic molding industry structure and system have made great changes, mainly in performance of: high-end molds, large, sophisticated, complex, long life. However, due to excessive demand for medium and low-grade molds in China, self-sufficiency rate of medium and high-grade molds is less than 60%. It is not difficult to see that it is unreasonable. They are mainly manifested in following aspects: First, constraints of mold steel and other factors; Second, standardization level needs to be improved; Third, high-end mold talents urgently need to be cultivated; Fourth, accelerate pace of mold product structure adjustment; Fifth, increase investment to strengthen innovation capabilities; Sixth, promote joint restructuring among mold companies; Seven, overseas market development needs to be deepened. Luo Baihui, a mold expert, pointed out that in addition to continuing to increase production capacity, China's plastic molding industry should focus on internal structural adjustment and technological development. Mainly enterprise structure to professional adjustment, product structure towards development of high-end molds, improvement of import and export structure, mold forming analysis and structural improvement of high-end automotive cover parts, multi-functional compression moulding and composite processing and laser technology in molding design and manufacture application, high-speed cutting, super-finishing and polishing technology, information technology development. Facing world mold market, a promising cake especially high-end market, everyone will be heart-warming. In response to development status of plastic molding industry, develop related mold machine tools to seize market.

Enterprises that live in 2019 will surely become more and more vital.

Yao Xiaochun, president of Dongguan Machinery Mould Industry Association, said in an interview with "Brand China" column that Pearl River Delta industry peers face situation of international trade war and domestic economic downturn. Holding an exchange meeting is to provide a platform for dialogue, exchanges and cooperation to gain growth through endogenous opportunities. In 2019, company has already prepared and planned to survive crisis. Next, through internal research and development benefits, process management improvement, enterprises that survived in 2019 will surely become more and more vital. Association will also focus on industry development and enterprise needs, strive to promote deep exchanges and cooperation in the industry, and exert efforts in finance, enterprise management, personnel training, and supply chain cooperation and cooperation to actively promote healthy and orderly development of industry.

World plastic molding industry will continue to maintain a good development trend?

According to statistics of China Die & Mould Industry Association, China, United States, Japan, Germany, South Korea and Italy are the world's major producers of injection moulding and stamping dies. Among them, China's mold production value is the highest in the world. According to data released by Luo Baihui, secretary general of International Mold Association, global plastic molding industry is in a steadily rising stage in 2008-2018. By 2018, market size has reached 1.8 trillion yuan. With implementation of industrial upgrading strategies of countries such as “Re-industrialization of United States”, “German Industry 4.0” and “Japan Industry 4.0”, it is foreseeable that world plastic molding industry will continue to maintain its good development trend.

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teresallpcb-blog · 6 years ago

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PCB manufacturing knowledge

An excellent PCB manufacturer design engineer must first master these PCB manufacturing basics. PCB designers are a subdivision of hardware design. From the hardware development process, upstream customer docking hardware schematic design engineers, downstream customers docking PCB/PCBA Processing plants, so PCB designers need to understand the basics of upstream and downstream processes.

PCB manufacturing process single/double-sided PCB manufacturing process diagram Multi-layer PCB manufacturing process diagram. PCB sheet type 1, CCL classification C. Rigid CCL is divided into: paper substrate, ring fiber cloth substrate, composite material, material substrate, special type.

1. Substrate material (1) Mainly produces raw materials a. Usually, electronic grade non-alkali glass cloth is used. Commonly used models are 1080, 2116, 7826 and so on. b, impregnated fiber paper c, copper foil According to the method of copper foil classification: calendered copper foil and electrolytic copper foil The standard thickness of copper foil: 18um (HOZ), 35 um (1OZ) and 70 um (2OZ) Other specifications: 12 um (1/3OZ) and high-thickness copper foil (2) paper substrates commonly used FR-1, FR-2, FR-3 and other models (3) glass cloth base The most commonly used is FR-4 fiberglass cloth base CCL, its basic formula is low bromine epoxy resin (bisphenol A type) as the main resin, dicyandiamide as epoxy curing agent, and polyamine as the accelerator, which is the most used raw material in PCB production. . FR-4 commonly used reinforcement materials are E-type fiberglass cloth, commonly used grades are 7628, 2116, 1080, etc. Commonly used electrolytic roughened copper foil is 0.18 um, 0.35 um, 0.70 umFR-4 is generally divided into: FR-4 rigid board Common plate thickness is 0.8-3.2mm; FR-4 thin plate, common plate thickness is less than 0.78mm. The general technical specifications of FR-4 sheets are: flexural strength, peel strength, thermal shock resistance, flame retardancy, volume resistivity, surface resistance, dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent, glass transition temperature Tg, dimensional stability , maximum use temperature, warpage, etc.

2. Composite CCL is mainly divided into CEM-1 (epoxy paper base material) and CEM-3 (epoxy glass fiber non-woven core). The main difference from FR-4 is that the specific core material is sandwiched between the substrates. The various performances are similar to those of FR-4. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, mainly in terms of CEM in terms of processability and heat resistance. -4 strong. The general technical specifications of CEM materials are roughly the same as those of FR-4. Prepreg or PP PP is a prepreg composed of a resin and a reinforcing material. Among them, the resin is a "B-stage" resin which is in a semi-cured state. The commonly used PP for circuit boards generally uses FR-4 prepreg. FR-4 type PP is a polymer which is made of an alkali-free glass cloth as a reinforcing material, impregnated with an epoxy resin, and has a resin structure as a branch. The commonly used FR-4 type PP is divided into 106, 1080, 2116, 1500 and 7628 according to the reinforcing materials, which correspond to different fiberglass cloth characteristics, resin content and PP thickness. The technical indicators of PP are as follows: New varieties with PP, fluidity, gel time, volatile content PP: Tg PP, low dielectric constant PP, high resistance to CAF PP, high dimensional stability PP, low CTE PP , no bubble PP, green PP, resin copper foil (RCC), etc.

3, Flexible CCL (FCCL) classification according to the media substrate: PI and PET according to flame retardant properties: flame retardant and non-flame retardant according to the manufacturing process: two-layer and three-layer raw materials a, dielectric substrate : PI, PET film film, generally required to have good flexibility; b, metal conductor foil: ordinary ED, high elongation ED, RA, copper-bismuth alloy foil and aluminum foil, generally required to have good ductility, commonly used High elongation ED and RA. Commonly used thickness is 18um, 35um and 70um; c. Adhesive: PET, EP/modified EP, acrylic, phenolic/butyral, PI, generally required to have good resin adhesion and Low Z-axis thermal expansion coefficient, commonly used for acrylic and EP/modified PP adhesives. PCB sheet type list PCB sheet type list

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