#Coastal New Year South Africa

[herpsandbirds]

Since it's both World Animals Day and Teachers Day, can you give us animals that is the best and also the best teacher in the world?

1. Best Teacher in the World: Doug

"Teaching" is actually rare in the animal kingdom, but it does happen...

Animal Teachers | Psychology Today

Why animal teachers are so rare—and remarkable (nationalgeographic.com)

2. Animals That Is the Best:

Sea Pig (Scotoplanes globosa), family Elpididae, specimens found in the deep sea off of the Pacific Coast of North America

The Sea Pig is a benthic deep-sea sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea) that walks using long tube-like limbs.

Like most sea cucumbers, they feed on detritus.

They have often been see congregating in groups of up to 30 individuals.

The 3 species of Scotoplanes are difficult to tell apart by sight.

photograph via: MBARI

Vampire Squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis), family Vampyroteuthidae, photographed in the deep sea off the Pacific Coast of North America

Vampire Squids are not actually true squids, but are in their own distinct groups of Cephalopods (most closely related to the Octopuses).

They only grow to a total length of up to 30 cm (~ 1 ft).

They have many light producing photophores on various locations around their body.

They live at depths of 600 to 900 m (2,000 to 3,000 ft) in oceans around the world.

photograph via: MBARI

Turtle Frog (Myobatrachus gouldii), family Myobtrachidae, Hill River, found in southwestern Australia

photograph by Akash Samuel

Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), family Sphenodontidae, New Zealand

There were once 2 recognized species of Tuatara, but now they are considered to be just one species.

This is not a lizard.

The only member of the reptile group Rhynchocephalia still around. All other species went extinct millions of years ago.

Tuataras were eradicated by humans and introduced species from the main islands of New Zealand, and now only occur on small islands near the North Island and far north of the South Island.

This is one of my very favorite animals.

photograph by Sid Mosdell

Mexican Mushroomtongue Salamander (Bolitoglossa mexicana), family Plethodontidae, Sierra Caral, Guatemala

photographs by Laura Bok

Greater Siren (Siren lacertina), family Sirenidae, found in freshwater habitats in the coastal plains of the SE United States

This large eel-like aquatic salamander retains its gills. They only have 2 tiny front limbs.

They grow to a length of up to 97 cm (38 in).

photographs by Qualiesin 

Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeater), family Bucorvidae, Kruger National Park, South Africa

photograph by Bernard DUPONT  

Florida Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia floridana), family Strigidae, Cape Coral, Florida, USA

photograph by Cee Z Fotography

[thehollowwriter]

Meet Nkululeko Adrade, Heartslabyul's resident... crab?

Nkululeko (pronounced En-koo-loo-lee-ko) is a particularly bright and vibrant second year with a passion for learning and causing mischief. He can be seen just about anywhere, since he's always busy doing something, and, well, he's not exactly difficult to miss.

Some Basic Info:

☆Class: 1A

☆Club: Cultural Studies Club

☆Favourite subject(s): History and music

☆Homeland: The Afterglow Savanna

☆Species: Sally lightfoot crab merfolk

☆Height: 210cm/6'10 (his crab lower half is about 150cm/4'11 in width)

☆Birthday: 18 April

☆Dominant hand: Right

☆Hobbies: Pottery, cultural studies, making online video content, learning new languages

☆Likes: Learning new things, the beach, sports, looking after Heartslabyul's hedgehogs, singing, dancing

☆Dislikes: Being ignored, people trying to avoid pronouncing his name, being alone, not being able to access places because of his size

☆Favourite food: Kingklip stew (with prawns and seaweed :3)

☆Least favourite food: Octopus

Personality:

Sometimes called an "RSA student in the wrong uniform," Nkulu is warm, friendly, talkative, and easily excitable. However, he's also a bit of a (smug) little shit who likes playing pranks and tricking people. He's good at lying and even better at twisting situations to his advantage. He gets jealous easily and can spiral into self-doubt more often than he would like since he's very fixated on other people's perception of him and often bases his self-worth on social media and what they think of him. He's not exactly two-faced, though, and is more honest about himself than you would expect.

Appearance:

Nkulu has very dark skin and long, waist length hair that is orange and red at the top and slowly shifts to sky blue, which he often has in braids. (Though he likes to try out different hairstyles) The top half of his body is humanoid with "armour" on the shoulders, back, elbows, face, and hands. He doesn't have pincers, but he does have claws, and he has bright red eyes.

The lower half of his body is, well, that of a sally lightfootcrab, and it's huge. His shell, legs, "armour", etc are all red, baby blue, and gold.

Important Things To Know:

☆Nkululeko's name means "freedom" in isiXhosa

☆Nkululeko does not let people call him by any nickname other than "Nkulu" most of the time. He's tired of people trying to give him nicknames that are "easier to pronounce," especially when he knows they aren't even trying with his name. Floyd's nickname for Nkulu is "clownfish," Nkulu insists that Floyd at least call him by the direct isiXhosa translation: "intlanzi yasemanzini" (I haven't been able to ask for an accurate translation yet so this is subject to change). Floyd finds it funny to say, so sometimes he will listen.

☆Nkulu is from the twst equivalent to South Africa. His father is Xhosa, and his mother is the twst equivalent to Brazilian

☆Nkulu takes immense pride in his heritage and doesn't tolerate it being disrespected at all

☆Nkulu can speak multiple languages (English, isiXhosa, Afrikaans, a bit of Portuguese, and a bit of isiZulu) and often switches between them all

☆Nkulu has a heavy Xhosa accent, and when he talks very fast, he can be difficult to understand for some people

☆Nkulu generally struggles to get around NRC and do what he needs to do due to his sheer size and, well, his general crab-ness. This is a massive point of frustration for him.

Nkulu's Family:

☆Nkulu is part of a family of four. His father, Mpumelelo, works as an accountant. His mother, Raina, is a seamstress. His sister, Fundiswa, is 13 and has big plans for her own future. Their relationships are quite rocky, but they're all trying their best.

Backstory:

Nkulu grew up in a coastal town incredibly rich in people and culture. His parents, busy as they were, were, unfortunately, quite neglectful, and he was often left to his own devices. This was how he ended up online with no supervision from a young age, being exposed to things he shouldn't have seen and becoming fixated on the fact that when he does things, people give him attention.

Most of what he did was prank videos and the like, though nowadays he does streams of his pottery process or of himself gaming. At the time when he was young, though, his primary target for content when he was younger was his little sister, who he unfortunately treated poorly and would often mock and laugh at her while recording. She ended up breaking down crying live, and it became a short-lived meme for a while, which Nkulu found funny at first... until finally he got his head on straight and it sank in that he was a very shitty big brother indeed.

It did take a long time to get there, and now he's dedicated himself to trying to be the best big brother ever! It seems that his change of heart has come a bit too late, though, since now his sister is much more cold and indifferent towards him and sometimes gets angry when he tries to be generous. Now that they're apart at NRC, he still tries to support her! Even if it goes unappreciated.

Some Fun Facts/Extra Info:

☆He heard Floyd call Yuu Shrimpy and told Yu with a completely straight face that he, as a crab, will have to eat them because that is the way of life. He then burst out laughing at their horrified face.

☆Nkulu came from an egg

☆He moults every few months, and it's a horrible experience for everyone involved

☆Nkulu is trying to start a cultural program at NRC, so everyone can share their cultures and learn more about each other!

...........................................

A/N: Finally the crab boi got a remaster! Lemme know what you guys think! •V•

Tagging: @distant-velleity @br3adtoasty @rainesol @theleechyskrunkly @harryinramshackle

@galaxies-and-gore @cyanide-latte @cynthinesia @officialdaydreamer00 @krenenbaker

@offorestsongs @kitwasnothere @elenauaurs @boopshoops @inotonline

@1dont-really-know @kazumify @minteasketches @elysia-nsimp @skrimpyskimpy

@casp1an-sea @offorestsongs @tixdixl @poisoned-pearls @the-trinket-witch

@ramshacklerumble @ghostiidasponk @thegoldencontracts @sillyslipperybananapeel @cloudcountry

@skriblee-ksk @twstinginthewind @lumdays @theolivetree123 @natsukishinomiyaswife

@authoruio @jewelulu @raguiras @moonyasnow @skibidibabygirl

@quartztwst @yuizenihaswriten @oya-oya-okay @kirans-wonderland @coffinkissez

@idikeis @s-t-y-x @minutewondertwist @random-twst-and-oc-stuff

[klimkovsky]

Asteroid 2024 YR4: The Last Cosmic Warning?

As of today, February 27, 2025, here’s what’s known about Asteroid 2024 YR4 based on the latest updates:

Asteroid 2024 YR4 is a Near-Earth Object (NEO) of the Apollo type, meaning its orbit crosses Earth’s path around the Sun. It was discovered on December 27, 2024, by the ATLAS telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, just two days after it made a close approach to Earth on December 25, 2024, passing about 828,800 kilometers away—roughly 2.15 times the distance to the Moon. This asteroid caught attention because initial calculations suggested a small but notable chance of it impacting Earth in the future.

Its size is estimated to be between 40 and 90 meters (130 to 300 feet) in diameter, with NASA refining this to around 55 meters (180 feet) based on an assumed reflectivity (albedo) of 0.154. That’s roughly comparable to the asteroid responsible for the 1908 Tunguska event, which flattened a vast area of Siberian forest. It’s not a "planet-killer" by any stretch—those are typically kilometers wide—but it’s large enough to cause significant regional damage, potentially wiping out a city if it hits land. If it hits the ocean, it could cause a gigantic tsunami, the consequences of which could be more significant, since the affected area would be extended coastal areas.

The asteroid’s composition is thought to be stony, likely an S-type (the most common among NEOs), though it could also be an L-type or K-type based on preliminary spectral analysis from telescopes like the Gran Telescopio Canarias and Lowell Discovery Telescope. It spins pretty fast, with a rotation period of about 19.5 minutes, and its brightness varies as it rotates, suggesting an elongated shape—possibly 1.4 times longer than it is wide.

As for its orbit, 2024 YR4 takes about 4 years to circle the Sun, with an inclination of 3.41 degrees relative to Earth’s orbit (almost in the plane of the ecliptic). It came closest to the Sun (perihelion) on November 22, 2024, before swinging by Earth. Its next close approach is expected on December 17, 2028, at a safer distance of around 8 million kilometers. However, the big focus has been on December 22, 2032, when early estimates gave it a chance of hitting Earth.

Speaking of that impact risk, it’s been a rollercoaster. When first assessed in late January 2025, the odds were around 1-2%. By mid-February, they peaked at 3.1% (a 1-in-32 chance, and this is the highest probability estimate of a collision for bodies of similar size and mass in history), earning it a Torino Scale rating of 3—meaning it warranted serious attention. But as more observations rolled in, particularly from February 19-20, the risk dropped sharply. NASA’s latest update, based on data up to February 26, 2025, pegs the impact probability for 2032 at just 0.0011% (1-in-91,000), effectively reducing its Torino rating to 0. This means it’s no longer considered a significant threat, though there’s still a slim 1.7% chance it could hit the Moon instead.

Why the change?

More telescope data—hundreds of observations from places like the Very Large Telescope in Chile and the Magdalena Ridge Observatory in New Mexico—helped shrink the uncertainty in its trajectory. By April 2025, it’ll be too far and faint for ground-based telescopes to track, disappearing from view until mid-2028. The James Webb Space Telescope is slated to study it in March-May 2025, which could nail down its size and properties even better.

If it did hit Earth (super unlikely now), it’d likely strike at 38,000 mph (17 km/sec), releasing about 8 megatons of energy—over 500 times the Hiroshima bomb’s yield. The “risk corridor” spans the eastern Pacific, northern South America, the Atlantic, Africa, the Arabian Sea, and South Asia. But given the odds, scientists are more excited about studying it than worrying. It’s been a great test for planetary defense systems, like NASA’s Sentry and the ESA’s monitoring efforts, showing how we can refine predictions over time.

[warningsine]

A team of researchers from the University of Cape Town (UCT) and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig have reconstructed the oldest human genomes ever found in South Africa from two people who lived about 10,000 years ago, the AFP news agency reported on Sunday.

The genetic sequences were from a man and a woman whose remains were found at a rock shelter near the southern coastal town of George, about 370 kilometers (230 miles) east of Cape Town, according to Victoria Gibbon, a professor of biological anthropology at the UCT.

They were among 13 sequences reconstructed from people whose remains were found in the Oakhurst rock shelter and who lived between 1,300 and 10,000 years ago. Prior to these discoveries, the oldest genomes reconstructed from the region dated back about 2,000 years.

Genetic stability in southernmost Africa

Surprisingly, the Oakhurst study found that the oldest genomes were genetically similar to the San and Khoekhoe groups living in the same region today, UCT said in a statement. 

Similar studies from Europe have revealed a history of large-scale genetic changes due to human movements over the past 10,000 years, according to Joscha Gretzinger, lead author of the study.

"These new results from southernmost Africa are quite different and suggest a long history of relative genetic stability," he said.

This only changed about 1,200 years ago, when newcomers arrived. They introduced pastoralism, agriculture and new languages to the region, and began interacting with local hunter-gatherer groups.

Although some of the world's earliest evidence of modern humans can be traced to southern Africa, it tends to be poorly preserved, the UCT's Victoria Gibbon told AFP. Newer technology allows that DNA to be obtained, she said. 

[rocketyship]

Look at the war

(can also maybe apply to the main timeline if you want)

(Very rough/sketch of the idea, mainly showing the places of the AM megastructures and honey-combs)—Takes place the height of the war—

During the war many countries fell/surrendered and got absorbed into the larger powers. Listing the different areas/territories by colour (all super brief here):

Blue — USA (new name not decided, give a suggestion if you want), was very quick to take over Canada and a large portion of South America. The AM megastructures tend to be the largest and most complex on their main land, even where the structure isn’t directly, large pipes and cables all throughout the country are visible. Due to this, a rapid industrialisation has happened and there are very few rural areas left. America’s population (like most of the other places) is also experiencing a decline. The air is extremely polluted and when close to the megastructures it’s said that the smell of burning and rotting flesh is very potent. The remaining population either remains constantly inside, moving around through tunnels, or permanently underground in the new lower cities. Notably radical religious organisations have become more frequent due to the war, mostly due to people supposedly disappearing in their sleep without a trace.

Red— Russia has the largest Megastructure, however due to this, it faces the most attacks. One structure notably, was built small in the ocean yet over time it grew and built itself and the area around it up, creating a false floating continent. However it is due to its creation that a large population of sea life has been erratic and floods that wiped out many coastal cities and communities. Much like America very few rural areas remain, and due to extreme climate change caused by the war, the area faces even harsher and year long winters that have spread to the rest of Europe.

Yellow— China. The AMs (CAM) are very close together here and have been designed in such a way that people are able to live within them. Due to their general closeness to each other they tend to function better in self-protection than the other AMs. It is constantly building, more and more structures as opposed to constantly developing a single one. Within China a few rural and farming communities have been preserved, however due to such a fact, those areas in particular have become targets—especially to RAM.

Orange— These are actively hostile territories (well everywhere is hostile), but life is still found. Camps are usually found scattered, yet still alined to one of the powers. Mostly these are unclaimed territories that are being fighted for.

Grey— Dead zones. Areas so destroyed and ruined by the war that they near uninhabitable and been stripped dry of resources. This is where most of the fighting has happened, in what used to be Central Europe. Majority of the people who were there are dead or have been displaced (mostly in Russia and China, with the luckier ones making it to the Common Wealth of Southern Africa) The remaining people are scattered and can be found within underground shelters. These shelters are horrific places, with few supplies, little food, and constant sickness. The people are actively hunted by all the AMs. Notably Naomi is from one of these bunkers, having been forced into one at the age of two. Nimdok too (when he was alive alreast).

Green— The commonwealth of Southern Africa (previously the African Commonwealth) A bit after the war began (post 1994) many African nations merged diplomatically in order to better conserve resources better and to be a better neutral force. However as the war progressed more and more of the continent was over taken. However in the process the remaining state has become a power in of its own. Creating a defences that work efficiently to keep the AMs out. It was chosen to sanction themselves from the world and the war. Truly wanting no part in it. Eventually Australia did join, before half was taken, but the remainder acts as a port and outlook. This is one of the few areas were “regular” human society is still found, with there being heavy laws and propaganda meant to block out information of the war. Previously they had been very open to refugees, however they would begin to refuse them as it had opened opportunities to the AMs. Ellen and Evan are both from here. Gorrister also hides within it, however he smuggles himself in and out constantly, as being a member of the peace core, he has work to do all over the remaining world.

Where everyone is from including the survivors of the og and love au:

—Gorrister from England however he fled to America, then to COSA, and eventually to Russia where he would help develop the BE virus.

-Ted, Tiffany, and Gloria are all from the USA, however Ted is an average citizen, Tiffany is a member of one of the religious groups, and Gloria is a high ranking military commander, government official and one of the reasons of AM’s existence.

-(idk where Benny is from, can’t decide lol, same with Becky)

-Nimdok and Naomi are from different parts of Europe but both find themselves in the survival bunkers

-Ellen and Evan (being siblings) are from COSA, being born where Zimbabwe used to be. Evan however would go onto explore the rest of the state, mainly in the area where South Africa had once been. Ellen would stay closer to home. (Reason as to why is that in the original and audio drama, Ellen frequently refers to life before AM, and rarely mentions the war, which could mean she either doesn’t think about it or knows very little of it)

(There’s like no world lore in the og and whilst that is kinda the point, I just wanted to build on it a little. Will be posting some concept art for this stuff soon. As usual if you have ideas or suggestions please share)

[dougdimmadodo]

COOL ZOOLOGY STORIES OF 2023

Happy New Year! At the start of 2022 I put together a list of some cool zoology-related news stories from 2021, and after... kind of forgetting to put a list together for 2022, I wanted to do the same for 2023. Here are some of my favourite animal-related news stories from the past year (plus one plant-related story, as a treat.)

An elusive little mammal was spotted for the first time in nearly a century

Species Concerned: De Winton's Golden Mole (Cryptochloris wintoni)

Family: Golden Mole Family (Chrysochloridae)

Source(s): here and here

A small, superficially mole-like animal seemingly found only in the area around Port Nolloth, South Africa, De Winton’s Golden Mole has long been feared to be extinct due to a total lack of confirmed sightings since 1937. This changed in November of 2023, when (after years of extensive searching) a De Winton’s Golden Mole was found alive for the first time in 87 years, and was photographed for the first time ever.

Though similar to moles in both appearance and behaviour, golden moles are actually part of a separate and only distantly related group of mammals known as Afrosoricidans (alongside tenrecs and otter shrews) that have independently developed mole-like bodies to exploit a similar ecological niche – with massive, shovel-like front paws, short limbs, protective “shields” of toughened skin on their heads and non-functional eyes covered by skin to protect them from irritation, members of this family are adapted to burrowing, and in most cases will spend their entire lives underground unless disturbed. Due to the scarcity of sightings very little is known about the biology of De Winton’s Golden Mole, but based on its sandy coastal habitat and the behaviours of its closest relative, the Van Zyl’s Golden Mole (Cryptochloris zyli) it is likely that members of this species live solitary lives and use their digging abilities to “swim” through sand, preying on insects and small vertebrates which they detect using unique structures in their inner ears that are highly sensitive to vibration.

In addition to conventional habitat surveys within De Winton’s Golden Mole’s presumed range, the team responsible for this species’ rediscovery also utilized several newer or more unusual strategies to search for their focal missing mammal, including thermal imaging to detect underground body heat and the testing of soil and sand in the area for eDNA (tiny amounts of genetic material that organisms leave in water, soil and on other surfaces, giving insight into which species are found in an area without having to actually spot them.)

An "ancient plant" turned out to be a baby turtle

Species Concerned: "Turtwig" Cretaceous Turtle

Family: Unknown

Source(s): Here and Here

In 2003, a priest and fossil collector named Gustavo Huertas identified what he believed to be the fossilised remains of a tiny plant of the extinct genus Sphenophyllum in cretaceous-era rocks near Villa de Leyva, Columbia, and named the new species Sphenophyllum colombianum. Huertas' find was unusual in that it dated to the early Cretaceous period (making it over 100 million years younger than other Sphenophyllum species, the last of which are believed to have gone extinct in the late Triassic period,) and it was the fossil's unusual age that drew the attention of Fabiany Herrera, a curator of plant fossils at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, USA and Héctor Palma-Castro, his student. After taking an interest in the fossil the two travelled to the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Bogotá, Columbia where the fossil was held in order to inspect it, and after realising that its features were unlike other Sphenophyllum species and consulting a vertebrate palaeontologist, Edwin-Alberto Cadena, they eventually came to realise that what Huertas had found was not a Sphenophyllum species, or event a plant - what had originally been interpreted as the stems and leaves of a plant were actually the ribs of a very small, and likely very young, prehistoric turtle.

The ribs of turtles are located on the upper surface of their shells, where they form a sort of "roof" that strengthens the shell's outer carapace. Newly hatched turtles have fragile bones and shells that are easily broken beyond recognition during fossilization, so finding the well-preserved remains of a young turtle (estimated to be less than 1 year old when its bones were buried) is very rare. The discovery of the true identity of "Sphenophyllum colombianum" was published (here) in early December 2023, and as such the newly discovered turtle fossil has yet to be given a new name. Instead, it has been affectionately dubbed "Turtwig", after the half-plant-half-turtle gen 4 starter Pokemon, until it can be formally reclassified.

The Indochinese Green Magpie became the Photo Ark's 14,000th species

Species Concerned: Indochinese Green Magpie (Cissa hypoleuca)

Family: Crow Family (Corvidae)

Source: Here

The National Geographic Photo Ark is an ambitious project led by Canadian photographer Joel Sartore which aims to photograph every species held in captivity worldwide, providing high-quality images of often relatively obscure species and raising awareness of each species involved. In 2021 the Arabian Cobra became the 12,000th species added to the ark, in 2022 the Spoon-Billed Sandpiper became the 13,000th, and as of May 2023 the Indochinese Green Magpie has become the 14,000th species Sartore and his team have photographed.

Unlike the vast majority of crow species, the 4 species in the genus Cissa, known collectively as green magpies, are brightly coloured, largely carnivorous birds with vivid green feathers and bright red beaks and feet which are thought to aid them in camouflaging against the leaves and bark of the dense, humid forests they typically inhabit. The Indochinese Green Magpie, which is found in densely forested areas from central China to southern Cambodia, is one of the most common green magpie species, but is still believed to be experiencing a decline in population size due to the intense demand for members of this species in the illegal wildlife trade, both for their feathers and to be kept as illegal pets. The model for Sartore's photo, a female named Jolie, was herself found in a suitcase that was intercepted while being smuggled through the Los Angeles International Airport, and is now kept Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens. The team behind the Photo Ark have expressed hopes that Jolie's picture and story will help to raise awareness of the harmful effects of the illegal exotic pet trade and its prominence within the USA. On a happier note, the photo also seems to show that Jolie is now doing well - green magpies kept in captivity have been known to sometimes take on a duller colouration due to a lack of carotenoids in their diet, so her natural green feathers are an indicator of good health.

A very rare, very weird plant was rediscovered after 30 years

Species Concerned: Thismia kobensis

Family: Burmannia Family (Burmanniaceae)

Source(s): Here, here and here

In 1992, a bizarre-looking plant was found growing near the city of Kobe in Japan; pale and partially transparent without any leaves or chlorophyll, it was a member of the genus Thismia and was notable for being found further north than any other Asian species in the genus to date. A single plant was collected and taken to the Museum of Nature and Human Activities in the nearby city of Sanda, and in 2018 extensive examination of this single preserved plant led to it being determined to be a previously undocumented species, Thismia kobensis. This discovery led to surveys being dispatched to the area where the species was originally discovered in hopes of gathering additional samples and learning more about T. kobensis in the wild, but after surveys of the area were unable to find any remaining individuals, and following the discovery that the site from which the original sample had been collected had been converted into an industrial complex since the 1990s, the species was feared to have gone extinct. In February of 2023, a team of researchers led by Kobe University's Professor Kenji Suetsugu announced the first documented sighting of Thismia kobensis in 31 years, having found a small population growing in Sanda, not far from the museum that holds what had long been the only known specimen of the species and roughly 30km (18.6 miles) from the site at which the species was originally discovered. Their publication can be read here.

Thismia species, also known as fairy lanterns, are almost alien-looking plants that, as mentioned previously, lack chlorophyll and do not carry out photosynthesis, instead gaining nutrients parasitically by connecting their roots to the hyphae of typically mutualistic fungi and extracting nutrients from both the fungus itself and from any other plants that it has connected to (making it a mycoheteroph, much like the slightly better-known ghost plant/ghost pipes.) This unusual lifestyle likely developed as an adaptation to allow members of this genus to survive in forests with dense canopies that block out sunlight, but also makes them highly sensitive to environmental change - in order for an area to support a healthy population of Thismia kobensis, it must also support healthy trees and healthy soil fungi. As the original preserved 1992 specimen of T. kobensis was long dead and slightly damaged, its rediscovery also allowed Suetsugu's team to further study the species, leading to a surprising conclusion - genetically and anatomically, Thismia kobensis seems to have more in common with Thismia americana (the only known North American species of Thismia, which was last sighted in 1916 and is similarly feared extinct) than to any other Asian Thismia, possibly suggesting that T. kobensis and T. americana are descended from common ancestors that spread either from Asia to the Americas or vice versa during a time when their ranges were connected by a land bridge.

Important progress was made in saving the Sumatran Rhinoceros

Species Concerned: Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)

Family: Rhinoceros Family (Rhinocerotidae)

Sources: Here and here

Distinguished from the other 4 rhinoceros species by its relatively small size, 2 horns and short black fur (which is barely present in adults, but very prominent in calves) the Sumatran Rhinoceros is one of the rarest mammals on earth, with an estimated population size of roughly 30-80 individuals. Having had its numbers drastically reduced by poaching, habitat loss and extreme weather events, the species is now threatened by its own small population size - found only in tiny scattered populations across Sumatra and Borneo, it is now extremely difficult for wild members of this species to find mates, and where mating does occur such a small population size considerably limits genetic diversity, increasing the risk of calves being born with health complications. To combat this numerous efforts to breed Sumatran Rhinoceroses in captivity have been developed, and as of November of 2023 the results have been promising; last year saw the birth of 2 Sumatran Rhinoceros calves at the Way Kambas National Park in Lampung, Sumatra.

The youngest of 2023's calves, a male, is the son of a female named Delilah who was herself the second calf to have ever been born at the park's Sumatran Rhinoceros Sanctuary (a site where members of this species are cared for and protected from illegal poaching while breeding.) This marks the first-ever instance of a captive-born Sumatran Rhinoceros giving birth, and therefore represents a key step in establishing a healthy captive breeding population of Sumatran Rhinoceroses to help preserve and increase the genetic diversity of wild populations. The calf's father, named Harapan, was born in Cincinnati Zoo in the USA, and it is hoped that the careful incorporation of the handful of Sumatran Rhinoceroses held in zoos into wild breeding programs can further help to increase the species' genetic diversity in the future. While extensive action is still needed for the Sumatran Rhinoceros to be saved, the park's work this year represents a significant step towards the species' conservation.

--------------------------------------------

Have a great new year!

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

What happened when a meteorite the size of four Mount Everests hit Earth?

Billions of years ago, long before anything resembling life as we know it existed, meteorites frequently pummeled the planet. One such space rock crashed down about 3.26 billion years ago, and even today, it’s revealing secrets about Earth’s past.    

Nadja Drabon, an early-Earth geologist and assistant professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, is insatiably curious about what our planet was like during ancient eons rife with meteoritic bombardment, when only single-celled bacteria and archaea reigned – and when it all started to change. When did the first oceans appear? What about continents? Plate tectonics? How did all those violent impacts affect the evolution of life?

A new study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences sheds light on some of these questions, in relation to the inauspiciously named “S2” meteoritic impact of over 3 billion years ago, and for which geological evidence is found in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa today. Through the painstaking work of collecting and examining rock samples centimeters apart and analyzing the sedimentology, geochemistry, and carbon isotope compositions they leave behind, Drabon’s team paints the most compelling picture to date of what happened the day a meteorite the size of four Mount Everests paid Earth a visit.

“Picture yourself standing off the coast of Cape Cod, in a shelf of shallow water. It’s a low-energy environment, without strong currents. Then all of a sudden, you have a giant tsunami, sweeping by and ripping up the sea floor,” said Drabon.

The S2 meteorite, estimated to have been up to 200 times larger than the one that killed the dinosaurs, triggered a tsunami that mixed up the ocean and flushed debris from the land into coastal areas. Heat from the impact caused the topmost layer of the ocean to boil off, while also heating the atmosphere. A thick cloud of dust blanketed everything, shutting down any photosynthetic activity taking place.

But bacteria are hardy, and following impact, according to the team’s analysis, bacterial life bounced back quickly. With this came sharp spikes in populations of unicellular organisms that feed off the elements phosphorus and iron. Iron was likely stirred up from the deep ocean into shallow waters by the aforementioned tsunami, and phosphorus was delivered to Earth by the meteorite itself and from an increase of weathering and erosion on land.

Drabon’s analysis shows that iron-metabolizing bacteria would thus have flourished in the immediate aftermath of the impact. This shift toward iron-favoring bacteria, however short-lived, is a key puzzle piece depicting early life on Earth. According to Drabon’s study, meteorite impact events – while reputed to kill everything in their wake (including, 66 million years ago, the dinosaurs) – carried a silver lining for life. 

“We think of impact events as being disastrous for life,” Drabon said. “But what this study is highlighting is that these impacts would have had benefits to life, especially early on … these impacts might have actually allowed life to flourish.”

These results are drawn from the backbreaking work of geologists like Drabon and her students, hiking into mountain passes that contain the sedimentary evidence of early sprays of rock that embedded themselves into the ground and became preserved over time in the Earth’s crust. Chemical signatures hidden in thin layers rock help Drabon and her students piece together evidence of tsunamis and other cataclysmic events.

The Barberton Greenstone Belt in South Africa, where Drabon concentrates most of her current work, contains evidence of at least eight impact events including the S2. She and her team plan to study the area further to probe even deeper into Earth and its meteorite-enabled history.

IMAGE: Graphical depiction of the S2 meteorite impact and its immediate after-effects.  Credit Nadja Drabon

[new-dinosaurs]

Afrocarbo Kennedy et al., 2023 (new genus)

(An individual of Afrocarbo africanus, photographed by Charles J. Sharp, under CC BY-SA 4.0)

Meaning of name: Afrocarbo = African Carbo [defunct genus name for the great cormorant, now in the genus Phalacrocorax]

Species included: A. africanus (reed cormorant, type species, previously in Microcarbo) and A. coronatus (crowned cormorant, previously in Microcarbo)

Age: Holocene (Meghalayan), extant

Where found: Freshwater and coastal habitats in Africa south of the Sahara

Notes: Afrocarbo is a genus of small cormorants, a group of waterbirds that primarily catch prey by swimming underwater, propelling themselves with their feet. Members of this genus are closely related to other small cormorants from Eurasia and Australasia, but can be distinguished from them by having red eyes and a larger patch of bare skin on the face.

In recent years, all of the small cormorants have been classified in the same genus, Microcarbo. However, a new study has estimated that the African small cormorants split from the others around 12 million years ago, in the middle of the Miocene. This is comparable to or older than the estimated divergence ages separating other currently recognized cormorant genera, so the authors suggest that the African species should be reassigned to their own genus, Afrocarbo.

Reference: Kennedy, M., A.T. Salis, S.S. Seneviratne, D. Rathnayake, L.J. Nupen, P.G. Ryan, S. Volponi, P. Lubbe, N.J. Rawlence, and H.G. Spencer. 2023. Phylogeny of the microcormorants, with the description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society advance online publication. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad041

[dragonthunders01]

Spectember D27: Revamp the Dinosauroid

The end of the Triassic propitiated finally the dominance of dinosaurs in the next period with the rupture of the large supercontinent Pangea, though in this timeline something pushed further the fragmentation of the continent, and instead of just opening the rift of the Atlantic, it multiplied across Africa and a section of south America, making the Tr/J mass extinction more severe and killing out many more species of dinosaurs, so now the Jurassic was no longer dominated by the animals we have in our timeline, instead we get a strange variety of large dinosaur-like crocodiles, many sauropodomorphs that diverged from the smaller species that survived and never went into the same trend of gigantism as in our earth, many synapsids and so on. At the end of the late Jurassic a lot happened with the new order, within some of the second radiation of sauropodomorphs included varied carnivorous carnosaur-like species, medium size coelurosaur-like omnivores and smaller herbivores that look like silesaurs; from the omnivore lineage that have expanded in varied niches would rise a branch of semiaquatic species that resembled something like a scaly penguin with hands, long finger and claws, with short robust tails, shorter necks and longer heads with narrow keratinized mouths.

They are remarkable as many other animals of this world, through one particular species seems to have started a peculiar evolutionary trend in the last 10 million years.

For the reader, we will refer to this species as the Shagoids, a species originated from 50 cm long aquatic sauropodomorph descendants that wandered on the estuaries of the now more fragmented north Africa/south American region, their ancestors were more of a mix of a cormorant with an otter as unlike the rest of its own family this belongs, as one main feature of these are they still functional forelimbs, these still preserved functional arms and hands that helped them to manipulate their prey of crustaceans and mollusks. Over time these developed strategies to break down their prey shell, including the habit of picking and using stones which choose appropriately for this task. This behavior was passed on to new generations, learned and properly helped them to get food with less effort, the food quality increased brain energy, brain size also increased and so their skills were forged much more adequately.

It was on matter of few million years the Shagoids lineage abandoned their swimming lifestyle and became mostly semi aquatic coastal dwellers, living in the shores and just entering water to hunt their food rather than spending most of their time there. As social animals they formed hierarchy groups, formed by the head of a dominant female around minor males that could either mate with her or just serve them, as well many other younger individuals, matriarchs often had the duty to select and organize hunting and spending of food, as well regulate reproduction and mating between their lower family, as she normally is the eldest of the group, and only another female of the same blood can turn into a elder matriarch of if mated by the son of the elder, this perhaps was the moment they gained proper sentience as how they defined a cultural and social structure.

It seems at the end rathe in a sudden change of sea level in the last 3 million years did the final push on their evolutionary journey, as most of the Shagoid populations got stranded within the main continent with almost no way to find new connections to large water bodies, in other situation their species would have die for starvation, but at that point they were already adapted to feed on other food sources, from tubers, insects and small animals, being able to cook them using fire they managed to craft, and so properly passed the harsh time with the loss of a chunk of their population over the sudden change.

When the Shagoid expanded and found again large water bodies far from their native regions, they really have changed considerable from their ancestors, as their closest relative was a sort of strange loon like reptilian species wandering in the coasts, these were more like limbed penguins with long arms and tridactyl hands, which the third finger being a derivation of the 4th an 5th clawless digit fused into one, their short legs lost their webbed feet a while ago and are more adapted for walking, their head still preserve the characteristic seabird like shape but their teeth have changed in shape to be generalistic omnivore, with a large head which houses the most intelligent brain in the planet.

Over the last thousands of years, they have been becoming more and more prone to establish permanent settlements populated by hundreds of them much more different of their wandering tribes, often farm plants and even carry some animals for domestication.

For the first time in their history they are in the pathway of civilization… who knows what will happen next, either the Shagoid can remain like this until their extinction, or they will start building towards the sky and beyond.

[c-casu]

The sun is rising on the savannah. An old cat is resting amidst the grassland. He looks at the territory he held for almost six years at this point, much longer than almost any other male of his species. He’s a Machel’s lion (Leorex macheli), the apex predator of Aethiopia.

This new continent split from mainland Africa just before the interchange and was thus unaffected by it, with many lineages declining or extinct in Afrolaurasia still thriving here, east of the Great Rift Valley and the African Great Lakes.

Moving eastwards and exposed to the currents of the newly formed sea this continent’s climate is slowly but steadily changing. With the Asian monsoons now finally reaching the Eastern coast the first coastal forests are popping up on the edges of the Horn of Africa’s desert, and thanks to the rains brought from the West and strengthened by the equatorial currents the Lake Victoria rainforest was able to expand.

This rainforest is one of the most biodiverse areas of Earth, being so small in size but still hosting so many species. It’s inhabited by a wide array of wildlife. The largest are the ground dwelling primates, the pomorangs (Kampalapithecus chimpiskii), and the many forests antelopes of the genus Relictotragus, or kasolyas.; reptiles and birds alike inhabit the forest, with the most notable ones being pythons, water monitors, parrots and the junglefowl introduced in the Holocene; and a lineage extinct in the rest of the world is still found here, the Smutsiinae, with the still thriving East African giant pangolin (Catiosmutsia aethiopica).

The savannah doesn’t differ much from that of the Anectyocene, with cats, antelopes, dogs, perdvarks and gouebeervarks still being the most common sight there. The main difference here is the evolution of the tomeutheriid, and thus hyracoid, Zoshkoko (Tomeutherium ingens), the largest land animal of the continent, reaching 4 metres in height and rivaling the Pleistocene straight tusked elephant at around 14 tons in weight.

In the last million years there has also been a remarkable case of convergent evolution, with a population of laangvos adapting to a more frugivorous diet and establishing a symbiotic relationship with the Kei apple, eventually evolving into the shaggy wolf (Phytocyon keiophilus), uncannily similar to the maned wolves of South America.

[mymiraclebox]

Miracle Boxes - The Mage Generation

These are the first iteration of the Miracle Boxes, created by the Mage himself thousands of years ago. These consisted of twelve Miracle Boxes, each with ten kwamis, which the Mage entrusted to people during his travels around the world. Thanks to the use of the Panda Miraculous, the Mage lived much longer than most humans, making his travels across the world last several hundred years.

The Mage Box - Wandering Panda Crow Unicorn Rabbit Beaver Dove Horse Owl Parrot Scorpion

The Mage Box was the Miracle Box that the Mage personally looked after. He kept the Miraculouses of great power with him, along with ones that helped him in his travels around the world. The Mage would stay in different lands for decades at a time, and choose a close companion from these areas to become a Guardian of one of the boxes he carried. These Guardians were assigned to care for these kwamis, and to watch over a vast region.

The Successor Box - South Asia and West Asia Ladybug Black Cat Qilin Frog Bee Butterfly Fox Peacock Swan Turtle

This Miracle Box was the first the Mage trusted in the hands of another, which was his apprentice. He and apprentice left their home land (in what is now modern Tibet). They both headed south, with the apprentice heading west when they parted ways, while the Mage went east as he began his travels around the world.

The Island Box - Oceania and Southeast Asia Wolf Platypus Pterosaur Tuatara Binturong Blackbuck Coral Kangaroo Komodo Dragon Thylacine

This Miracle Box's Guardian was originally from what is now modern India, who was a traveling companion with the Mage as they went east together. When they parted ways the Mage went north, while she promised to take the Miracle Box south. This Guardian spent much of her time in Southeast Asia, and eventually headed down towards Australia and into the Pacific Islands.

The Coastal Box - East Asia and North Asia Dragon Cobra Dog Goat Monkey Mouse Ox Pig Rooster Tiger

The Mage entrusted this Box to a family who lived along the coast. The range this Guardian and Miracle Box looked after was along the coast of eastern Asia, but did stretch inland as well. The Mage spent a long time with this Guardian and their family, before deciding to pursue stories about a land that laid across the ocean.

The Northern Box - North America Thunderbird Bear Cougar Deer Goose Otter Rattlesnake Raven Salmon Woodpecker

The Mage didn't know what he'd find across the ocean, but he stumbled into a land much bigger than he imagined. His journeys started up in what is now Alaska, down through what would become Canada and the United State. Like many Miracle Boxes before the new Guardian had a vast region with many different cultures for them and their kwamis to look after.

The Central Box - Central America Firefly Raccoon Feathered Serpent Spider Axolotl Bison Coyote Eagle Falcon Shark

Of all of the Mage's travels, it was in Central America where he stayed the longest. This was because ended up adopting a daughter, who he went on many adventures with. The Mage entrusted the last Miracle Box with an Alpha Duo to her, who he stayed with to watch over, along with his grandchildren in time. He continued south shortly after his great-grandson became Guardian, knowing that he couldn't stay there forever.

The Southern Box - South America Grim Snail Anglerfish Crocodile Dolphin Jaguar Jellyfish Llama Locust Moth

The Mage struggled to bond with others as he headed into South America, pained with his extended life and the lost of love ones that comes from it. In time he befriended a lone traveler who lived a similar lifestyle than him, who he entrusted to become a Guardian. They parted ways when the Mage headed south across the ocean, where he encountered the frozen wasteland of Antarctica.

The Jungle Box - Southern Africa Dinosaur Penguin Elephant Gorilla Jackal Okapi Ray Rhinoceros Squirrel Zebra

The Mage did not remain within Antarctica for long, with the inhospitable environment and lack of human life. He headed north up into Madagascar, where he spent a considerable amount of time before he traveled to the mainland of Africa, which turned out to be much bigger than he had excepted when first traveling to the continent.

The Desert Box - Northern Africa Griffin Dragonfly Camel Chameleon Cheetah Giraffe Hippopotamus Hyena Ostrich Secretarybird

He did not select a guardian for this box for a long time, not until his arrival in ancient Egypt. This was the first place the Mage had truly settled in for many years, but he did eventually head east across the Sahara. The Mage's travels in Africa ended in what is now in Morocco, where he then headed up into the Iberian Peninsula.

The Peninsula Box - Europe Kelpie Aurochs Ant Crab Gecko Hedgehog Ibex Lion Mouflon Seahorse

Europe was yet another region that took the Mage a long time to select a Guardian for, and often retraced his paths in locations he had been in before during this search. In the end he trained up several potential Guardians, but only entrusted the box to one, leading to conflict for the box after he left.

The Arctic Box - Northern Europe and Northern Asia Phoenix Lynx Moose Narwhal Octopus Polar Bear Seal Sheep Weasel Wolverine

The Mage settled a lot more often as he journeyed northward, still very nomadic in where he would travel, but would often stay in settlements for long periods of time, especially during harsh winter months. The Mage loved the world and his travels, but he was tired, especially after living for so long. He entrusted this Miracle Box to a woman the kwamis loved to become their Guardian.

The Mountain Box - Central Asia and the Tibetan Plateau Yeti Red Panda Bat Elk Pangolin Quail Scarab Snow Leopard Tortoise Vulture

At the end of his centuries long journey, the Mage found himself rapidly approaching his homeland. When heading across the mountains he found a Guardian for the last Miracle Box with him. He did not spend long here as he did in other regions of the world, being so close to home. And after such a long journey the Mage for ready to rest.

---

The Mage's apprentice was long dead by the time he returned to his homeland, but he was able to meet those who were protecting the Successor Box in his apprentice's place. Satisfied with the system he had in place and the kwamis that lived across the world, the Mage decided that he was ready to rest after living for so many years.

Still he knew the greed of humanity, and decided that the two Soul Gems along with the Miraculouses of the Panda, Crow, and Unicorn should be hidden away. They were to be hidden away in the Mage Box, so the other seven kwamis he had once looked after he decided to spread across the world, to unite with other Miracle Boxes out there.

After this he hid away the powerful Miraculouses and the Soul Gems, before officially retiring to his homeland under the care of the Guardians of the Successor Box. While he never told a soul where his Miracle Box was hidden, he did entrust the current Guardians with the knowledge of the location of one Soul Gem, before he passed away of old age.

---

The True Generation of Miracle Boxes

The Order Generation of Miracle Boxes

[bopinion]

2024 / 47

Aperçu of the week

“I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it.”

(Nelson Mandela, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of the current Republic of South Africa from 1994 to 1999)

Bad News of the Week

They try to spin it as a success, even a breakthrough: using a newly developed telescopic robotic gripper arm over 20 meters long, it has been possible to retrieve 0.7 grams of radioactive material from a reactor at the Japanese nuclear power plant in Fukushima. The plant was damaged by a tsunami 13 years ago. No, that's not a bad joke: 0.7 grams after 13 years. 880 tons still need to be salvaged. There are so many things that upset me about this story that I don't even know where to start. So I will limit myself to two aspects.

If things continue at this rate, it will take over 16 billion years to completely decommission the plant. That won't be the case, of course. But it is a fitting image to illustrate the immense time spans that are fundamentally involved with radioactivity - keyword half-life. Specifically, the operator TEPCO expects to be able to complete the decommissioning of the reactor units by 2051. Experts consider this timetable to be completely unrealistic. In addition, there is still no suitable equipment for recovering the nuclear waste, nor is there an interim storage facility, let alone a final repository.

For me, this is precisely the core reason for being against nuclear energy: the problem of final storage. According to Wikipedia, in 2022 there were 423 reactors in operation worldwide, 56 under construction and more than 100 planned. There are already more than 250,000 tons of heavy radioactive waste awaiting final disposal. The world's first final repository is due to be completed in Finland in the next few years. In Germany - incidentally, we shut down all nuclear power plants after the Fukushima meltdown and have already dismantled some of them - almost 2,000 employees of the state-run Federal Company for Final Disposal are working on this issue. Depending on the scenario, the planned end date for the search for a site is currently 2046 to 2068. The issue is therefore obviously highly complex. And only one thing is certain: future generations will be burdened with high costs and high risks for literally eternity.

Another issue is that of site security. Since Three-Mile-Island, but at the latest since Chernobyl, everyone knows how fatal any serious system failure at a nuclear power plant is, or must be. So you have to rule out as many eventualities as possible from the outset. Therefore - please excuse the direct question, dear Japanese - I wonder how stupid you have to be to build a nuclear power plant on the coast of an earthquake-prone tectonic plate boundary? As a result of the Niigata-Chūetsu coastal earthquake in 2007, the company's largest power plant, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, had to be shut down for 21 months due to earthquake damage. The consequences of the Tōhoku earthquake and subsequent tsunami in 2011 for the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant were therefore anything but a surprise, but rather a disaster with an announcement. The question was not if, but when the catastrophe would occur.

What have we learned from this? Nothing. In March 2022, a majority of Japanese voted in favor of nuclear energy for the first time since 2011. In 2022 and 2023, the Japanese government adopted guidelines that provide for the lifetime of existing reactors to be extended beyond the previous limit of 60 years. And the current government under Prime Minister Fumio Kishida is even planning to build new nuclear power plants: “We need to make full use of nuclear energy”. In order to reduce its dependence on oil and gas imports, avoid electricity shortages and achieve its climate protection targets more easily. But at what cost?

Four lithospheric plates - the Eurasian, North American, Pacific and Philippine plates - meet beneath Japan. At their boundaries, the permanent plate displacement creates tensions that must discharge regularly but unpredictably - in the form of earthquakes that lead to tsunamis in the sea. Three-Mile-Island and Chernobyl are hundreds of kilometers away from such influences. And the meltdowns happened anyway. In Japan, it has always been madness to build such sensitive systems as nuclear power plants. And it will always be.

Good News of the Week

Oops, they did it again. The International Criminal Court in The Hague has issued an arrest warrant for a top politician. Last time, all the staunch democrats applauded - because it was issued against Vladimir Putin for war crimes against Ukrainians. This time, far fewer apparently convinced Democrats are applauding - because it was issued against Benjamin Netanyahu for war crimes against Palestinians. At this point, I must once again make one thing very clear: I am a German. Who is fully aware of the historical guilt that our nation has for the suffering of the Jewish people. And who nevertheless refuses, as is expected of Germans and usually happens reflexively, to criticize nothing and absolutely nothing that Israel does.

Okay, now let's all take a deep breath and devote ourselves to the facts without any emotion. All kinds of independent observers - from journalists to the Red Cross to the United Nations - agree that the actions of the Israeli military in Gaza are also massively endangering the life and limb of civilians. To put it mildly, 43,972 people have been killed and 104,008 injured - according to figures released by the Israeli military itself on November 21, 2024. And according to the Geneva Conventions, this is a war crime. For which the head of state is, so to speak, vicariously liable under international law. In the past, no one has doubted this in the case of African despots, and they have not slaughtered thousands single-handedly either.

Many victims on the Palestinian side are not even in focus. This is because they live in the Israeli heartland, with many families having been resident there long before the Israeli state was founded. And they come to terms with their Jewish neighbors. After all, they are all human beings and not everyone allows themselves to be radicalized by political or ideological currents. And these Palestinians are now suffering from a tipped mood. And little Fatima wonders in the playground why little Sarah is no longer allowed to play with her. The same applies to the labor market, where low-skilled jobs were traditionally held by Palestinians. Now they are being thrown out and replaced by guest workers from India or Pakistan - “Hindus only” is the slogan of the hour.

At this point I have to take a short detour. Apartheid in South Africa shaped my political youth. In 1987, I enthusiastically sang along to white Zulu Johnny Clegg and Savuka: Asimbonanga, Asimbonang′ uMandela thina, Laph'ekhona, Laph′ehfeli khona. We have not seen him, We have not seen Mandela, In the place where he is, In the place where he is kept. “Free Mandela” was one of the first political pins I pinned to my school backpack back then. And when Nelson Mandela, Madiba, Tata, became South Africa's first truly freely elected president in 1994 and didn't spend a second contemplating revenge that would have been so well understood, I was proud to be a young man working for the South African Economic Consul to get the country back on its feet after years of sanctions.

What Israel is doing to the Palestinians is nothing less than apartheid. Part of the population is treated as second-class citizens. This has always been unjust and inhumane. And it will always remain unjust and inhumane. Condemning this has nothing whatsoever to do with anti-Semitism. It's also not automatically sexist if I think a female colleague is stupid. After all, I don't think that because she's a woman. It's because I think she's stupid.

The latest chapter is the so-called “administrative detention” that Israel has invented. In principle, this means being arrested without any concrete accusation or suspicion. Just like that. Which should not exist in a state governed by the rule of law. This is how Israel is taking action against terror suspects in the West Bank. And now there should only be detention for Palestinians. And no longer for Israeli settlers, even though they are known to be much more militant.

The whole thing makes me so incredibly sad. And I would be so incredibly happy if someone were held accountable for this. Preferably Benjamin Netanyahu. I have no illusions that one day he will actually sit in the dock, let alone be convicted. But I find it more than just symbolic value that an internationally recognized institution based in Europe has come to the conclusion, that he would deserve it. And nobody is above the law.

I couldn't care less...

...about the ridiculous results of the UN Climate Change Conference COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan. “When reality doesn't give more” is the headline of the German Tagesschau news portal. And that is exactly what happened: not enough was given. Especially from the rich polluter countries in the North to the poor countries in the global South that are suffering the most from the consequences. My hopes are now pinned on the next conference in Brazil. Because Lula da Silva is undoubtedly the most convinced ecologist of all the G20 heads of state.

It's fine with me...

...that the SPD once again wants to go into the early federal elections with Olaf Scholz as its lead candidate. A spirit of optimism and glamor may look different to the beleaguered Chancellor, who is not called “Scholz-o-mat” for nothing. But he stands with both feet in the here and now and follows a solid moral compass. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said of his main rival - the conservative candidate Friedrich Merz, who is far ahead in all polls. It's rare that Russia and I are of the same opinion: Scholz is the lesser evil.

As I write this...

...as a Swede, I would be reading the booklet “When a crisis or war comes”. The Swedish Civil Protection Agency (MSB) wants to prepare the population for an emergency with this information brochure, which has been sent to all households: “The security situation is serious and we must all strengthen our resilience in order to be able to face various crises and ultimately a war”. This reminds me darkly of the Cold War era with its fear of a fatal nuclear strike.

Post Scriptum

A colorful coalition - the red-yellow-green traffic light coalition of Social Democrats, Liberals and Greens - has just collapsed at federal level in Germany and it is almost surprising how long it has lasted without a fundamental consensus. Another colorful coalition - the black-purple-red blackberry coalition of conservatives, populists and social democrats - has just come together at state level in Thuringia and it is surprising that they have found a basic consensus.

A general newcomer, and not only in this constellation, is the populist party Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht (Alliance Sahra Wagenknecht). Formed less than a year ago through a split from The Left, it is difficult to categorize, as the party is considered left-wing in socio-economic terms and right-wing in socio-cultural terms. As a protest party, the BSW was quickly accused of focusing on fundamental opposition and shying away from taking responsibility.

This is why the down-to-earth pragmatism with which the Thuringian state association has set itself apart from its eponymous founder and drawn up a coalition agreement with the CDU and SPD is surprising. And regardless of what this agreement says, it is already a democratic victory. Because the association of these three parties prevents the election winner AfD (Alternative für Deutschland / Alternative for Germany), which is classified in Thuringia as definitely right-wing extremist, from taking power. Thank you.

[stele3]

https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-signals-post-war-ambition-talks-with-palestinian-rival-fatah-2024-06-05/

[mariacallous]

NWAARE, Ghana—In July 2023, an audio message, calling for attacks on the Ghanaian government in response to the forced repatriation of ethnic Fulani asylum-seekers, spread via WhatsApp in northern Ghana.

“The Ghanaian government has begun to forcefully arrest and deport Fulani refugees to Burkina Faso … to destroy and exterminate the Fulani population in Ghana … I’m appealing to [Muslims] located along Ghana-Burkina Faso border to hurry to intervene,” said the message, which was heard by thousands of people. “Please do well to retaliate the blood spilt by the Ghanaian government,” it concluded.

The message was recorded and distributed by a media wing of Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), a West African jihadi insurgent group affiliated with al Qaeda.

Between JNIM and affiliates of the Islamic State, insurgents today control almost half of Burkina Faso, parts of central and northern Mali, and territory along Niger’s borders with the two countries. Over the past two years, they have slowly expanded their campaign south into the northern parts of West Africa’s coastal states. Despite a handful of messages attempting to incite attacks against the Ghanaian government, of the four coastal states bordering Burkina Faso, Ghana is the only one that reports that it has not suffered an attack by insurgents.

In interviews, representatives of the Ghanaian government chalk this up to their firm response and the country’s inherent resiliency. However, despite Accra’s confident messaging, evidence gathered across Ghana’s northern regions suggests that insurgents are already operating there. At this point, it appears that insurgents see their access to the country as a safe haven and smuggling route as too useful to destabilize with direct attacks.

However, if the militants’ calculus were to change, they would find many of the same vulnerabilities in Ghana that they have exploited in other countries.

Officials in air-conditioned offices in Ghana’s capital, Accra, projected confidence as they insisted that their government’s robust response has kept the insurgents at bay. Ghana’s decision to spearhead the Accra Initiative, a regional association intended to prevent the spillover of terrorism from the Sahel toward coastal countries, is one of many examples, said Daniel Osei Bonsu, the deputy director of Ghana’s National Counter Terrorism Center.

Since being established by Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, and Benin in 2017, a handful of joint operations along border regions and meetings of intelligence chiefs have been coordinated through the initiative, which is funded in part by the European Union. At a summit in November 2022, leaders announced the creation of a multinational joint task force that will be comprised of 10,000 soldiers and headquartered in Tamale, a city in northern Ghana.

Meanwhile, the Ghanaian government has reinforced the military’s presence across the north. In 2020, Accra released the funds to construct and upgrade 15 forward operating bases close to the borders of Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, and Togo. Three new brigades and two battalions were created and deployed to the Upper East and Upper West regions. The military has acquired new vehicles and communications equipment from the United Kingdom and Israel. And the EU’s chief diplomat, Josep Borrell, recently promised “aerial surveillance, electronic warfare [systems] and river crafts” as a part of a 20 million euro ($21.5 million) aid package to the military.

In 2022, the government launched a “see something, say something” campaign to urge citizens to report suspicious behavior. While officials say the program is a success, Ghanaian journalists have reported officials bemoaning the number of people calling with no other reason than to beg for cell phone credit.

Members of the National Counter Terrorism Center insisted that Ghana’s relatively high level of development compared to some of its neighbors and its culture of democracy protect the country from the same fate that has befallen Mali and Burkina Faso. They pointed out that the country is economically far better off than its Sahelian neighbors, with a GDP per capita more than twice that of Mali and Burkina Faso.

As coups spread across the region, insecurity is growing—and international military involvement could make it worse.

Furthermore, they added, unlike Sahelian countries where most people are Muslim, Ghana is split roughly in half between Christians and Muslims, and thus calls to radicalism have fewer potential followers. Referring to the insurgents’ strategy in the Sahel, they insisted that aggrieved Ghanaians would never be lulled by jihadis promising a more just order because “people know they can receive justice through the country’s institutions,” as Bonsu said. “There might be sentiments in the north,” he continued, “but there are no grievances.”

However, while officials insist that the government is mounting a robust response, there is significant evidence that it has failed to stop insurgents from entering Ghanaian territory.

Communities across Ghana’s 374-mile border with Burkina Faso have long used small footpaths and dilapidated dirt roads to smuggle fuel, fertilizer, and other basic goods far from Accra’s watchful eye. Over the past few years, insurgents have used these informal networks to acquire resources for their campaign in Burkina Faso. Dynamite manufactured in Ghana has been found at militant camps in Burkina Faso.

Sources in Ghana’s Upper East region—who wished to remain anonymous for security reasons—indicated that insurgents have paid Ghanaians to smuggle fuel and personnel across the border on motorcycles. Last September, Burkinabe security forces raided an insurgent camp close to the border and found Ghanaian voter registration cards along with receipts from a Ghanaian shop for bicycles, likely used for the smuggling of goods across the bush paths as motorcycles have become too conspicuous.

Beyond using the Ghanaian border to meet their immediate material needs, there is concern that militants are also involved in trafficking illicit goods to boost their coffers. Analysts have raised the alarm about the presence of insurgents at artisanal gold mines in the Upper West region as well as involvement in the opiate trade. And Maxwell Suuk, a Ghanaian journalist, recently reported that cattle stolen by jihadis were being sold in Ghana’s lucrative livestock markets.

Furthermore, as fighting in Burkina Faso has approached Ghanaian territory, there have been reports of militants retreating tactically across the border and using Ghanaian soil as a temporary safe haven. Late last year in Garinga, a Burkinabe border community, civilian auxiliaries to the Burkinabe military complained that the absence of Ghanaian troops nearby meant jihadis sometimes escaped across the border.

In the nearby Ghanaian village of Nwaare, a community leader confirmed that locals had seen mysterious men who pushed their motorcycles around the edge of town and spent the night in nearby shrubs. Local assemblymen and village chiefs from half a dozen nearby communities reported similar sightings.

Beyond the immediate border, insurgents from Burkina Faso have used Ghana for recuperation. Sources in Tamale who asked to remain anonymous for their safety revealed that they personally knew at least two young Ghanaian men who spent around four months in 2022 resting and receiving medical care at a local hospital before returning to Burkina Faso.

Ghana is not a hotbed of recruitment, but there have been some notable cases. In 2017, Burkinabe preachers visited the dusty town of Karaga and urged young men to join the fight in the Sahel; around a dozen people heeded the call. In 2021, one of these recruits—with the nom de guerre Abu Dujana—recorded a video urging Ghanaians from the Fulani ethnic group to join the jihad. The man later committed a suicide attack against French forces in northern Mali.

While the insurgents operate in Ghana, reports suggest that they explicitly avoid targeting Ghanaian citizens who travel through the territory that they control. There have been multiple reports of people with Ghanaian identification cards being spared at JNIM roadblocks in Burkina Faso. A Ghanaian man who had been detained by insurgents told one of the authors that his captors released him once he was able to prove his nationality.

Ultimately, the insurgents derive significant benefits from using Ghana as a place to rest and restock. “If the insurgents attack Ghana, it would become much harder for them to use Ghana as a safe haven,” said Clement Aapengnuo, a peace and security activist: “At this point, Ghana is more useful stable.”

But the strategy of insurgent groups could change.

Ghana suffers many of the same vulnerabilities that militants have preyed upon in other countries. Similarly to other coastal states in West Africa, northern Ghana is comparatively less developed than the south—a trend with roots in the nation’s colonial history, as a recent analysis by Ghanaian Ph.D. candidate Iddrisu Mohammed Kambala showed. Banditry—ambushes of container trucks, kidnapping of wealthy individuals, and even attacks on businesses in towns—has long been a problem. Beyond relative deprivation and a degree of lawlessness, there are social cleavages and disputes over chieftaincy that could be manipulated by savvy recruiters.

Growing anti-Fulani sentiment across Ghanaian society is also concerning. In the Sahel, some insurgent groups initially attracted recruits from marginalized segments of Fulani communities, which led to stigmatization and widespread abuses against Fulani, which in turn facilitated further recruitment. In Ghana, where Fulani make up around 1 percent of the population, they are often derided as foreigners, scapegoated for crimes, and victimized in mob violence—and high-level officials still repeat dangerous tropes about Fulani being rootless nomads prone to criminality.

These attitudes have resulted in the kind of discrimination that feeds insurgent propaganda. In mid-July 2023, Ghanaian security services forcibly repatriated at least 250 Burkinabe Fulani asylum-seekers who had fled to Ghana. The government claims that these were targeted operations based on security threats, but multiple communities describe mass arrests targeting Fulani—including Ghanaian citizens.

There also appear to be worrying lapses in the Ghanaian government’s response to the escalating conflict in Burkina Faso and Togo. Ghanaian troops were deployed in border regions in 2021, but it was not until a JNIM attack that struck two miles from the border in early 2023 that the soldiers began to patrol with any regularity. A local military source who requested anonymity revealed that the infrequency of patrols was related to a lack of fuel. Residents of border communities still complain that they only see security forces on weekly market days, when they harass rural residents traveling into towns.

Despite the fanfare around the Accra Initiative, information-sharing between Ghanaian forces and their counterparts in neighboring countries is sparse. A Burkinabe commander in the border town of Bittou complained that his conversations with Ghanaian security personnel were infrequent compared to talks with Togolese commanders, and that he instead relied on trusted Ghanaian citizens to pass important messages to Ghanaian soldiers. Beninese Col. Faïzou Gomina confirmed that bilateral channels have thus far been far more useful for coordination than going through Accra. Meanwhile, the multinational joint task force has barely broken ground on its Tamale headquarters.

Informal conversations with police, immigration officers, and other security services reveal a profound ignorance of the severity of the situation in Burkina Faso and Togo. The military purposefully deploys soldiers from southern Ghana; as a result, personnel lack local context and often do not speak the languages of the places they are deployed. When visiting the hamlet of Zakoli, where eight Fulani were killed in mob violence in April 2022, nearby soldiers asked one of the authors to translate for them so they could speak to the survivors that they were guarding.

Furthermore, there have been a number of incidents in which Ghanaian soldiers reportedly used excessive force against citizens, further alienating themselves from the population they are meant to serve. In October, personnel from the Ghana Armed Forces stormed the town of Garu in Upper East, allegedly brutalizing around a dozen men in retaliation for an attack on national security operatives by local vigilantes. In June 2022, police responded to students protesting in Kumasi with pepper spray and live bullets.

While the situation across coastal West Africa is precarious, Ghana is better positioned than its neighbors to confront it. Accra still has time to increase investments in infrastructure, health, and education in the north. Changing the narrative around Fulani and other minorities is also critical. Abuses by security services must be investigated, and perpetrators held accountable.

Ghana can learn from its neighbors and eschew the overly militaristic, Western-led “counterterrorism” approach that enflamed the crisis in the Sahel. It is not too late for Ghana to harness its institutions, resources, and personnel to deal with the threat at its doorstep.

[resolviendolaincognita]

The melody of memory: the ancestral hymn that united two continents

In the summer of 1933, linguist Lorenzo Dow Turner (1890-1972) and musicologist Lydia Parish visited Amelia Dawley in Harris Neck, Georgia. This was a coastal community of Black landowners from the Gullah ethnic group. Turner recorded the song sung by Dawley, which the community had known for ages without understanding its meaning. This marked the beginning of a journey to their roots.

Origin of the Gullah Language

Turner was interested in Gullah culture, which had remained isolated from outsiders, especially white people. The Gullah people were descendants of slaves from plantations in South Carolina and Georgia, comprising individuals from the Mandingo, Bamana, Wolof, Fula, Temne, Mende, Vai, Akan, Ewe, Bakongo, and Kimbundu ethnic groups.

Turner hypothesized that their language was either an archaic or childlike form of English. To uncover this part of American linguistic history, which he would publish in "Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect," he first had to earn their trust. Through his research, he realized that Gullah had no trace of English and reasoned that it could have survived similarly to Pennsylvania Dutch, a dialect of German preserved through relative isolation. The study of their language indicated a common origin with the languages of Jamaica and Barbados, suggesting it originated from some part of West Africa. After years of studying their creole languages and African languages, he narrowed his search down to the Mende and Vai languages.

Among the data he recorded, in chapter 9 of his book, he published Dawley's song, considered the longest known African language song in the United States. Its meaning was unknown, but in 1941, his Sierra Leonean student Solomon L. Caulker recognized the repetition of the term "kambei" ("grave") in the Mende language. Thanks to this revelation, Turner was able to publish a translation of the funeral song:

Ah wakuh muh monuh kambay yah lee luh lay tambay Ah wakuh muh monuh kambay yah lee luh lay kah. Ha suh wileego seehai yuh gbangah lilly Ha suh wileego dwelin duh kwen Ha suh wileego seehi uh kwendaiyah.

Come together, let's work hard; the grave is not yet finished; let its heart be perfectly at peace. Come together, let's work hard; the grave is not yet finished; let its heart be perfectly at peace. Sudden death commands everyone's attention, oh elders, oh heads of families. Sudden death commands everyone's attention, like a distant drumbeat.

Turner's works became reference materials, but general interest in the Gullah people experienced a pause. Anthropologist Joseph Opala, who had lived in Sierra Leone for years and studied the ruins of slave trading centers, was the one who revived the interest.He began with the records from the Ball plantation in South Carolina and the slave ship and auction records discovered in New York, which showed a complete trace from Africa to the present day. In his documentary Family Across the Sea (1989), he gathered Emory Campbell and several Gullah leaders for a trip to Sierra Leone.

The Return of the Funeral Hymn

However, although enthusiastic about the idea, Sierra Leone felt it was not enough. They needed clearer links. That's when they collaborated with ethnomusicologist Cynthia Schmidt to find the origin of Dawley's song. They searched the district where they estimated its most likely origin, but found no one who knew it. This changed in the periphery, in Senehun Ngola, where they found Bendu Jabati.

Bendu Jabati had heard this song sung by his grandmother, who told him it was sung in honor of the ancestors. It was a hymn sung at funerals, associated with a very important ceremony for the Mendé: the Tenjami ("Crossing the River"). Knowing that it was a cultural element that could be lost, his grandmother taught it to him, along with the movements to show her mourning. The custom was for the men to prepare the grave, while the women pounded the rice. It was performed on the third day of a woman's funeral or the fourth of a man's, symbolizing the bridge between the world of the living and the dead. Relatives spent the night and part of the next day at the burial site performing the final rites. After preparing and eating rice, participants completed the ritual by turning over an empty pot of rice, leaving it on the ground as a farewell. This ceremony disappeared after World War I, when soldiers recruited by the British Army introduced Islam and Christianity upon their return.

The meeting took place in 1997 between Mary Moran (1921-2022), daughter of Amelia Dawley, and her family, with Bendu Jabati. They were welcomed by the president of Sierra Leone in Freetown and taken to Senehun Ngola, where they met Bendu Jabati. By that time, they had the full text of the song provided by Sierra Leonean linguist Tazieff Koroma and translated by him, Edward Benya and Opala. In Sierra Leone, the song was slightly different, possibly because of the development of the language over the intervening centuries. When Mary Moran and Bendu Jabati met, it proved that this hymn had survived another generation. This encounter was shown in the documentary The Language You Cry (1998).   

A wa kaka, mu mohne; kambei ya le'i; lii i lei tambee. A wa kaka, mu mohne; kambei ya le'i; lii i lei ka. So ha a guli wohloh, i sihan; yey kpanggaa a lolohhu lee. So ha a guli wohloh; ndi lei; ndi let, kaka. So ha a guli wohloh, i sihan; kuhan ma wo ndayia ley.

Come quickly, let us work hard; the tomb is not yet finished; his heart has not yet grown cold. Come quickly, let us work hard; the tomb is not yet finished; let his heart be cool now. Sudden death cuts down the trees, borrows them; the remains slowly disappear. Sudden death cuts down the trees; let it be satisfied, let it be satisfied, at once. Sudden death cuts down the trees, borrows them; a voice speaks from afar.

Recognizing a Slave Girl

In Sierra Leone, however, they wanted an even more concrete connection: the name of a slave who had left their homeland. Despite the difficulty of the task, Opala found in the Martin family papers the name of Priscilla, a girl who was taken from Sierra Leone to Charleston in 1756. Although it is unknown exactly how she was obtained, contemporary records speak of abductions by other Africans, especially from enemy kingdoms, such as the Fula, Mandingo or Susu. They were kidnapped, prisoners of war, people convicted of crimes or sold to pay debts. In exchange, the British offered them guns, gunpowder, clothes, rum, metal goods and various trinkets. Of the 40 British slave castles or fortified trading posts in Sierra Leone, he would have passed through Bunce Island, the largest and only major castle on the Rice Coast. She would have come from the interior to the coast walking naked or with rags and bound hands. Before traveling by sea, she would have been branded and auctioned off. After surviving the rough voyage across the Atlantic on the ship Hare, she would have stayed 10 days in quarantine, being one of the few people in good condition, and then put to work in a rice field. Although the Hare was a British ship owned by the London owners of Bunce Island, New-York Historical Society records said it was an American slave ship owned by Samuel and William Vernon, two of the wealthiest merchants in colonial Rhode Island, sailing from Newport, Rhode Island.

In America, Priscilla would have fallen in love a decade later with the slave Jeffrey, with whom in 1770 she had three children and, in 1811, after his death, about 30 grandchildren. Her descendants continued to work on the plantation until early 1865, when the plantation was taken over by the Federals. Henry, one of his freed descendants, took the surname Martin and had ten children with Anna Cruz. Of these, roofer Peter Henry Jr. was born in 1886 and had Thomas P. Martin in 1933. At the time of the investigation, he was to have been the one to make the trip, but he died and was replaced by his daughter Thomalind Martin Polite, a 31-year-old speech pathologist at a primary school. Their reunion in Sierra Leone was shared in the documentary Priscilla's homecoming (2005).

In conclusion, although slavery attempted to erase the identity of its victims, they have the power to preserve the customs that connect them to their roots through the centuries. The song itself bridged the gap between the two shores, reuniting through their descendants those who had been separated.

[cavallievigne]

Why Chardonnay Wines Are the Most Popular White Wines in the World

Chardonnay is one of the most widely recognized white wine varieties in the world. Found in vineyards across Europe, the Americas, Australia, and beyond, it has developed a reputation as a versatile and adaptable grape. While its popularity has fluctuated over time, Chardonnay wines remain the most commonly consumed white wines globally. Their broad stylistic range, responsiveness to terroir, and historical significance in winemaking all contribute to their lasting appeal.

This article examines the reasons behind Chardonnay’s global popularity, looking at its characteristics, geographic reach, production styles, and cultural relevance.

Origins and Global Spread

Historical Background

The Chardonnay grape originated in the Burgundy region of eastern France. Historical records suggest its presence there for over 1,000 years. In Burgundy, Chardonnay became known for producing some of the world’s most esteemed white wines, especially in regions such as Chablis, Meursault, and Puligny-Montrachet.

Over time, as viticulture expanded beyond Europe, Chardonnay was one of the first white grape varieties to be planted in emerging wine regions. Its relatively hardy nature and adaptability to different climates made it a natural choice for vintners around the world.

Global Cultivation

Chardonnay is now cultivated in nearly every major wine-producing country. Some of the most notable regions include:

France – Particularly in Burgundy and Champagne, where Chardonnay contributes to both still and sparkling wines.

United States – Especially in California, Oregon, and Washington, producing a range of styles from crisp and unoaked to heavily oaked.

Australia – Particularly in regions like Margaret River and Yarra Valley.

South America – Chile and Argentina offer a growing number of Chardonnay wines, often characterized by ripe fruit and balanced acidity.

South Africa and New Zealand – Also key producers, often focused on cool-climate expressions.

This geographic spread has ensured consistent availability and stylistic variety, reinforcing its global popularity.

Range of Styles

One of the main reasons Chardonnay maintains such a broad appeal is its stylistic versatility. Unlike some grape varieties that have a relatively narrow flavor range, Chardonnay can be made in multiple ways, reflecting both the environment in which it is grown and the techniques used during winemaking.

Climate Influence

Cool-climate Chardonnays (e.g., Chablis, coastal California, parts of New Zealand) tend to be lighter-bodied with higher acidity and notes of green apple, citrus, and mineral characteristics.

Warm-climate Chardonnays (e.g., inland California, parts of Australia and South America) often show riper fruit flavors like pineapple, mango, and peach, with a fuller body and lower acidity.

Winemaking Techniques

In addition to climate, winemaking decisions significantly impact the final style:

Oaked Chardonnay: Aging in oak barrels can introduce flavors of vanilla, toast, and butter. This style became particularly popular in the United States during the late 20th century.

Unoaked Chardonnay: Fermented and aged in stainless steel or neutral containers, these wines preserve the grape’s natural acidity and fruit characteristics.

Malolactic Fermentation: This secondary fermentation process converts malic acid to lactic acid, softening the wine’s acidity and often imparting creamy or buttery notes.

Because of these variables, Chardonnay can range from lean and mineral-driven to full-bodied and rich, giving consumers many options within a single grape variety.

Role in Sparkling Wine

Another factor contributing to Chardonnay’s prominence is its role in sparkling wine production. It is one of the three principal grapes used in Champagne, alongside Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier. In Blanc de Blancs Champagne, Chardonnay is the only grape used, valued for its elegance, longevity, and acidity.

Outside of France, Chardonnay is also used in other traditional-method sparkling wines around the world, such as Cava (Spain), Crémant (France), and premium sparkling wines from the United States, England, and Australia.

Food Pairing Versatility

Chardonnay's broad stylistic spectrum allows it to pair well with a variety of foods. This versatility contributes to its popularity among consumers and professionals in the food and beverage industry.

Lighter, unoaked Chardonnays: Suitable for dishes like grilled fish, seafood, salads, and fresh cheeses.

Richer, oaked Chardonnays: Complement heavier dishes such as roast chicken, creamy pasta, or lobster with butter.

This adaptability makes Chardonnay wines suitable for many dining settings, from casual meals to formal events.

Cultural Influence and Market Familiarity

Chardonnay’s widespread cultivation and marketing have made it one of the most recognizable wine varieties globally. In many countries, the word “Chardonnay” is nearly synonymous with white wine, especially among casual wine consumers.

Popularity in the Late 20th Century

During the 1980s and 1990s, heavily oaked Chardonnay became particularly fashionable, especially in North America. Wine from California, Australia, and other New World regions flooded global markets, often characterized by bold flavors and a creamy mouthfeel.

While this style drew large audiences, it also generated criticism and led to the so-called “ABC” (Anything But Chardonnay) movement, where some wine enthusiasts began seeking alternatives. This temporary decline in fashion, however, did not significantly dent overall sales or plantings. Instead, it prompted a broader exploration of styles, including leaner and more restrained expressions.

Criticism and Adaptation

Despite its broad appeal, Chardonnay wines have not been without controversy. Critics of the heavily oaked style often point to the loss of terroir expression and subtlety. Some producers responded by experimenting with minimalist techniques, lower alcohol levels, and earlier harvesting.

As a result, the category has diversified further, appealing to both traditional Chardonnay drinkers and those seeking fresher, more balanced wines. This adaptability has helped Chardonnay maintain relevance amid changing consumer preferences.

Conclusion

Chardonnay wines hold the distinction of being the most popular white wines in the world not because of a single defining trait, but rather a combination of factors. Its adaptability to different climates and winemaking styles, historical importance, broad food compatibility, and global distribution have all played a role in shaping its widespread appeal.

While preferences may shift and trends may evolve, the ability of Chardonnay to reinvent itself while remaining familiar continues to secure its place as a cornerstone of the global wine industry.