#Battle of Trenton

[gracehosborn]

Captain Alexander Hamilton: A Timeline

As Alexander Hamilton’s time serving as Captain of the New York Provincial Company of Artillery is about to become my main focus within The American Icarus: Volume I, I wanted to put a timeline together to share what I believe to be a super fascinating period in Hamilton's life that’s often overlooked. Both for anyone who may be interested and for my own benefit. If available to me, I've chosen to hyperlink primary materials directly for ease. My main repositories of info for this timeline were Michael E. Newton's Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton and The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series on Founders Online, and the Library of Congress, Hathitrust, and the Internet Archive. This was a lot of fun to put together and I can not wait to include fictionalizations of all this chaos in TAI (literally, 20-something chapters are dedicated to this) hehehe....

Because context is king, here is a rundown of the important events that led to Alexander Hamilton receiving his appointment as captain:

Preceding Appointment - 1775:

February 23rd: The Farmer Refuted, &c. is first published in James Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer. The publication was preceded by two announcements, and is a follow up to a string of pamphlet debate between Hamilton and Samuel Seabury that had started in the fall of 1774. The Farmer Refuted would have wide-reaching effects.

April 19th: Battles of Lexington and Concord — The first shots of the American War for Independence are fired in Lexington, Massachusetts, and soon followed by fighting in Concord, Massachusetts.

April 23rd: News of Lexington and Concord first reaches New York. [x] According to his friend Nicholas Fish in a later letter, "immediately after the battle of Lexington," Hamilton "attached himself to one of the uniform Companies of Militia then forming for the defense of the Country by the patriotic young men of this city." It is most likely that Hamilton enlisted in late April or May of 1775, and a later record of June shows that Hamilton had joined the Corsicans (later named the Hearts of Oak), alongside Nicholas Fish and Robert Troup (see Newton, Michael E. Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, pg. 127; for Fish's letter, Newton cites a letter from Fish to Timothy Pickering, dated December 26, 1823 within the Timothy Pickering Papers of the Massachusetts Historical Society).

June 14th: Within weeks of his enlistment, Hamilton's name appears within a list of men from the regiments throughout New York that were recommended to be promoted as officers if a Provencal Company should be raised (pp. 194-5, Historical Magazine, Vol 7).

June 15th: Congress, seated in Philadelphia, establishes the Continental Army. George Washington is unanimously nominated and accepts the post of Commander-in-Chief. [x]

Also on June 15th: Alexander Hamilton’s Remarks On the Quebec Bill: Part One is published in James Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer.

June 22nd: The Quebec Bill: Part Two is published in James Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer.

June 25th: On their way to Boston, General Washington and his generals make a short stop in New York City. The Provincial Congress orders Colonel John Lasher to "send one company of the militia to Powle's Hook to meet the Generals" and that Lasher "have another company at this side (of) the ferry for the same purpose; that he have the residue of his battalion ready to receive" Washington and his men. There is no confirmation that Alexander Hamilton was present at this welcoming parade, however it is likely, due to the fact that the Corsicans were apart of John Lasher's battalion. [x]

Also on June 25th: According to a diary entry by one Ewald Shewkirk, a dinner reception was held in Washington's honor. It is unknown if Hamilton was present at this dinner, however there is no evidence to suggest he could not have been (see Newton, Michael E. Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, pg. 129; Newton cites Johnston, Henry P. The Campaigns of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn, Vol. 2, pg. 103).

August 23-24th: According to his friend Hercules Mulligan decades later in his “Narrative” (being a biographical sketch, reprinted in the William & Mary Quarterly alongside a “Narrative” and letters from Robert Troup), Hamilton and himself took part in a raid upon the city's Battery with a group composed of the Corsicans and some others. They managed to haul off a good number of the cannons down in the city Battery. However, the Asia, a ship in the harbor, soon sent a barge and later came in range of the raiding party itself, firing upon them. According to Mulligan, “Hamilton at the first firing [when the barge appeared with a small gun-crew] was away with the Cannon.” Mulligan had been pulling this cannon, when Hamilton approached and asked Mulligan to take his musket for him, taking the cannon in exchange. Mulligan, out of fear left Hamilton’s musket at the Battery after retreating. Upon Hamilton’s return they crossed paths again and Hamilton asked for his musket. Being told where it had been left in the fray, “he went for it, notwithstanding the firing continued, with as much unconcern as if the vessel had not been there.”

September 14th: The Hearts of Oak first appear in the city records. [x] Within the list of officers, Fredrick Jay (John Jay’s younger brother), is listed as the 1st Lieutenant, and also appears in a record of August 9th as the 2nd Lieutenant of the Corsicans. This, alongside John C. Hamilton’s claims regarding Hamilton’s early service, has left historians to conclude that either the Corsicans reorganized into the Hearts of Oak (this more likely), or members of the Corsicans later joined the Hearts of Oak.

December 4th: In a letter to Brigadier General Alexander McDougall, John Jay writes “Be so kind as to give the enclosed to young Hamilton.” This enclosure was presumably a reply to Hamilton’s letter of November 26th (in which he raised concern for an attack upon James Rivington’s printing shop), however Jay’s reply has not been found.

December 8th: Again in a letter to McDougall, Jay mentions Hamilton: “I hope Mr. Hamilton continues busy, I have not recd. Holts paper these 3 months & therefore cannot Judge of the Progress he makes.” What this progress is, or anything written by Hamilton in John Holt’s N. Y. Journal during this period has not been definitively confirmed, leaving historians to argue over possible pieces written by Hamilton.

December 31st: Hamilton replies to Jay’s letter that McDougall likely gave him around the 14th [x]. Comparing the letters Hamilton sent in November and December I will likely save for a different post, but their differences are interesting; more so with Jay’s reply having not been found.

These mentionings of Hamilton between Jay and McDougall would become important in the next two months when, in January of 1776, the New York Provincial Congress authorized the creation of a provincial company of artillery. In the coming weeks, Hamilton would see a lot of things changing around him.

Hamilton Takes Command - 1776:

February 23rd: During a meeting of the Provincial Congress, Alexander McDougall recommends Hamilton for captain of this new artillery company, James Moore as Captain-Lieutenant (i.e: second-in-command), and Martin Johnston for 1st Lieutenant. [x]

February-March: According to Hercules Mulligan, again in his “Narrative”, "a Commission as a Capt. of Artillery was promised to" Alexander Hamilton "on the Condition that he should raise thirty men. I went with him that very afternoon and we engaged 25 men." While it is accurate that Hamilton was responsible for raising his company, as acknowledged by the New York Provincial Congress [later renamed] on August 9th 1776, Mulligan's account here is messy. Mulligan misdates this promise, and it may not have been realistic that they convinced twenty-five men to join the company in one afternoon. Nevertheless, Mulligan could have reasonably helped Hamilton recruit men between the time he was nominated for captancy and received his commission.

March 5th: Alexander Hamilton opens an account with Alsop Hunt and James Hunt to supply his company with "Buckskin breeches." The account would run through October 11th of 1776, and the final receipt would not be received until 1785, as can be seen in Hamilton's 1782-1791 cash book.

March 10th: Anticipating his appointment, Hamilton purchases fabrics and other materials for the making of uniforms from a Thomas Garider and Lieutenant James Moore. The materials included “blue Strouds [wool broadcloth]”, “long Ells for lining,” “blue Shalloon,” and thread and buttons. [x]

Hamilton later recorded in March of 1784 within his 1782-1791 cash book that he had “paid Mr. Thompson Taylor [sic: tailor] by Mr Chaloner on my [account] for making Cloaths for the said company.” This payment is listed as “34.13.9” The next entry in the cash book notes that Hamilton paid “6. 8.7” for the “ballance of Alsop Hunt and James Hunts account for leather Breeches supplied the company ⅌ Rects [per receipts].” [x]

Following is a depiction of Hamilton’s company uniform!

First up is an illustration of an officer (not Hamilton himself) as seen in An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of The American War For Independence, 1775-1783 Smith, Digby; Kiley, Kevin F. pg. 121. By the list of supplies purchased above, this would seem to be the most accurate depiction of the general uniform.

Here is another done in 1923 of Alexander Hamilton in his company's uniform:

March 14th: The New York Provincial Congress orders that "Alexander Hamilton be, and he is hereby, appointed captain of the Provincial company of artillery of this Colony.” Alongside Hamilton, James Gilleland (alternatively spelt Gilliland) is appointed to be his 2nd Lieutenant. “As soon as his company was raised, he proceeded with indefatigable pains, to perfect it in every branch of discipline and duty,” Robert Troup recalled in a later letter to John Mason in 1820 (reprinted alongside Mulligan’s recollections in the William & Mary Quarterly), “and it was not long before it was esteemed the most beautiful model of discipline in the whole army.”

March 24th: Within a pay roll from "first March to first April, 1776," Hamilton records that Lewis Ryan, a matross (who assisted the gunners in loading, firing, and spounging the cannons), was dismissed from the company "For being subject to Fits." Also on this pay roll, it is seen that John Bane is listed as Hamilton's 3rd Lieutenant, and James Henry, Thomas Thompson, and Samuel Smith as sergeants.

March 26th: William I. Gilbert, also a matross, is dismissed from the company, "for misbehavior." [x]

March-April: At some point between March and April of 1776, Alexander Hamilton drops out of King's College to put full focus towards his new duties as an artillery captain. King's College would shut down in April as the war came to New York City, and the building would be occupied by American (and later British) forces. Hamilton would never go back to complete his college degree.

April 2nd: The Provincial Congress having decided that the company who were assigned to guard the colony's records had "been found a very expensive Colony charge" orders that Hamilton "be directed to place and keep a proper guard of his company at the Records, until further order..." (Also see the PAH) According to historian Willard Sterne Randall in an article for the Smithsonian Magazine, the records were to be "shipped by wagon from New York’s City Hall to the abandoned Greenwich Village estate of Loyalist William Bayard." [x]

Not-so-fun fact: it is likely that this is the same Bayard estate that Alexander Hamilton would spend his dying hours inside after his duel with Aaron Burr 28 years later.

April 4th: Hamilton writes a letter to Colonel Alexander McDougall acknowledging the payment of "one hundred and seventy two pounds, three shillings and five pence half penny, for the pay of the Commissioned, Non commissioned officers and privates of [his] company to the first instant, for which [he has] given three other receipts." This letter is also printed at the bottom of Hamilton’s pay roll for March and April of 1776.

April 10th: In a letter of the previous day [April 9th] from General Israel Putnam addressed to the Chairmen of the New York Committee of Safety, which was read aloud during the meeting of the New York Provincial Congress, Putnam informs the Congress that he desires another company to keep guard of the colony records, stating that "Capt. H. G. Livingston's company of fusileers will relieve the company of artillery to-morrow morning [April 10th, this date], ten o'clock." Thusly, Hamilton was relieved of this duty.

April 20th: A table appears in the George Washington Papers within the Library of Congress titled "A Return of the Company of Artillery commanded by Alexander Hamilton April 20th, 1776." The Library of Congress itself lists this manuscript as an "Artillery Company Report." The Papers of Alexander Hamilton editors calendar this table and describe the return as "in the form of a table showing the number of each rank present and fit for duty, sick, on furlough, on command duty, or taken as prisoner." [x]

The table, as seen above, shows that by this time, Hamilton’s company consisted of 69 men. Reading down the table of returns, it is seen that three matrosses are marked as ���Sick [and] Present” and one matross is noted to be “Sick [and] absent,” and two bombarders and one gunner are marked as being “On Command [duty].” Most interestingly, in the row marked “Prisoners,” there are three sergeants, one corporal, and one matross listed.

Also on April 20th: Alexander Hamilton appears in General George Washington's General Orders of this date for the first time. Washington wrote that sergeants James Henry and Samuel Smith, Corporal John McKenny, and Richard Taylor (who was a matross) were "tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Col. stark was President for “Mutiny"...." The Court found both Henry and McKenny guilty, and sentenced both men to be lowered in rank, with Henry losing a month's pay, and McKenny being imprisoned for two weeks. As for Smith and Taylor, they were simply sentenced for disobedience, but were to be "reprimanded by the Captain, at the head of the company." Washington approved of the Court's decision, but further ordered that James Henry and John McKenny "be stripped and discharged [from] the Company, and [that] the sentence of the Court martial, upon serjt Smith, and Richd Taylor, to be executed to morrow morning at Guard mounting." As these numbers nearly line up with the return table shown above, it is clear that the table was written in reference to these events. What actions these men took in committing their "Mutiny" are unclear.

May 8th: In Washington's General Orders of this date, another of Hamilton's men, John Reling, is written to have been court martialed "for “Desertion,” [and] is found guilty of breaking from his confinement, and sentenced to be confin’d for six-days, upon bread and water." Washington approved of the Court's decision.

May 10th: In his General Orders of this date, General Washington recorded that "Joseph Child of the New-York Train of Artillery" was "tried at a late General Court Martial whereof Col. Huntington was President for “defrauding Christopher Stetson of a dollar, also for drinking Damnation to all Whigs, and Sons of Liberty, and for profane cursing and swearing”...." The Court found Child guilty of these charges, and "do sentence him to be drum’d out of the army." Although Hamilton was not explicitly mentioned, his company was commonly referred to as the "New York Train of Artillery" and Joseph Child is shown to have enlisted in Hamilton's company on March 28th. [x]

May 11th: In his General Orders of this date, General Washington orders that "The Regiment and Company of Artillery, to be quarter’d in the Barracks of the upper and lower Batteries, and in the Barracks near the Laboratory" which would of course include Alexander Hamilton's company. and that "As soon as the Guns are placed in the Batteries to which they are appointed, the Colonel of Artillery, will detach the proper number of officers and men, to manage them...." Where exactly Hamilton and his men were staying prior to this is unclear.

May 15th: Hamilton appears by name once more in General George Washington’s General Orders of this date. Hamilton’s artillery company is ordered “to be mustered [for a parade/demonstration] at Ten o’Clock, next Sunday morning, upon the Common, near the Laboratory.”

May 16th: In General Washington's General Orders of this date, it is written that "Uriah Chamberlain of Capt. Hamilton’s Company of Artillery," was recently court martialed, "whereof Colonel Huntington was president for “Desertion”—The Court find the prisoner guilty of the charge, and do sentence him to receive Thirty nine Lashes, on the bare back, for said offence." Washington approved of this sentence, and orders "it to be put in execution, on Saturday morning next, at guard mounting."

May 18th: Presumably, Hamilton carried out the orders given by Washington in his General Orders of May 16th, and on the morning of this date oversaw the lashing of Uriah Chamberlain at "the guard mounting."

May 19th: At 10 a.m., Hamilton and his men gathered at the Common (a large green space within the city which is now City Hall Park) to parade before Washington and some of his generals as had been ordered in Washington's General Orders of May 15th. In his Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene (on page 57), William Johnson in 1822 recounted that, (presumably around or about this event):

It was soon after Greene's arrival on Long Island, and during his command at that post, that he became acquainted with the late General Hamilton, afterwards so conspicuous in the councils of this country. It was his custom when summoned to attend the commander in chief, to walk, when accompanied by one or more of his aids, from the ferry landing to head-quarters. On one of these occasions, when passing by the place then called the park, now enclosed by the railing of the City-Hall, and which was then the parade ground of the militia corps, Hamilton was observed disciplining a juvenile corps of artillerist, who, like himself, aspired to future usefulness. Greene knew not who he was, but his attention was riveted by the vivacity of his motion, the ardour of his countenance, and not less by the proficiency and precision of movement of his little corps. Halt behind the crowd until an interval of rest afforded an opportunity, an aid was dispatched to Hamilton with a compliment from General Greene upon the proficiency of his corps and the military manner of their commander, with a request to favor him with his company to dinner on a specified day. Those who are acquainted with the ardent character and grateful feelings of Hamilton will judge how this message was received. The attention never forgotten, and not many years elapsed before an opportunity occurred and was joyfully embraced by Hamilton of exhibiting his gratitude and esteem for the man whose discerning eye had at so early a period done justice to his talents and pretensions. Greene soon made an opportunity of introducing his young acquaintance to the commander in chief, and from his first introduction Washington "marked him as his own."

Michael E. Newton notes that William Johnson never produced a citation for this tale, and goes on to give a brief historiography of it (Johnson being the first to write about this). While it is possible that General Greene could have sent an aide-de-camp to give his compliments to Hamilton after seeing his parade drill, there is no certain evidence to suggest that Greene introduced Hamilton to George Washington. Newton also notes that "John C. Hamilton failed to endorse any part of the story." (see Newton, Michael E. Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, pp. 150-152).

May 26th: Alexander Hamilton writes a letter to the New York Provincial Congress concerning the pay of his men. Hamilton points out that his men are not being paid as they should be in accordance to rules past, and states that “They do the same duty with the other companies and think themselves entitled to the same pay. They have been already comparing accounts and many marks of discontent have lately appeared on this score.” Hamilton further points out that another company, led by Captain Sebastian Bauman, were being paid accordingly and were able to more easily recruit men.

Also on May 26th: the Provencal Congress approved Hamilton’s request, resolving that Hamilton and his men would receive the same pay as the Continental artillery, and that for every man he recruited, Hamilton would receive 10 shillings. [x]

May 31st: Captain Hamilton receives orders from the Provincial Congress that he, “or any or either of his officers," are "authorized to go on board any ship or vessel in this harbour, and take with them such guard as may be necessary, and that they make strict search for any men who may have deserted from Captain Hamilton’s company.” These orders were given after "one member informed the Congress that some of Captain Hamilton’s company of artillery have deserted, and that he has some reasons to suspect that they are on board of the Continental ship, or vessel, in this harbour, under the command of Capt. Kennedy." Unfortunately, I as of writing this have been unable to find any solid information on this Captain Kennedy to better identify him, or his vessel.

June 8th: The New York Provincial Congress orders that Hamilton "furnish such a guard as may be necessary to guard the Provincial gunpowder" and that if Hamilton "should stand in need of any tents for that purpose" Colonel Curtenius would provide them. It is unknown when Hamilton's company was relieved of this duty, however three weeks later, on June 30th, the Provincial Congress "Ordered, That all the lead, powder, and other military stores" within the "city of New York be forthwith removed from thence to White Plains." [x]

Also on June 8th: the Provincial Congress further orders that "Capt. Hamilton furnish daily six of his best cartridge makers to work and assist" at the "store or elaboratory [sic] under the care of Mr. Norwood, the Commissary."

June 10th: Besides the portion of Hamilton's company that was still guarding the colony's gunpowder, it is seen in a report by Henry Knox (reprinted in Force, Peter. American Archives, 4th Series, vol. VI, pg. 920) that another portion of the company was stationed at Fort George near the Battery, in sole command of four 32-pound cannons, and another two 12-pound cannons. Simultaneously, another portion of Hamilton's company was stationed just below at the Grand Battery, where the companies of Captain Pierce, Captain Burbeck, and part of Captain Bauman's manned an assortment of cannons and mortars.

June 17th: The New York Provincial Congress resolves that "Capt. Hamilton's company of artillery be considered so many and a part of the quota of militia to be raised for furnished by the city or county of New-York."

June 29th: A return table, reprinted in Force, Peter's American Archives, 4th Series, vol. VI, pg. 1122 showcases that Alexander Hamilton's company has risen to 99 men. Eight of Hamilton's men--one bombarder, two gunners, one drummer, and four matrosses--are marked as being "Sick [but] present." One sergeant is marked as "Sick [and] absent" and two matrosses are marked as "Prisoners."

July 4th: In Philadelphia, the Continental Congress approves the Declaration of Independence.

July 9th: The Continental Army gathers in the New York City Common to hear the Declaration read aloud from City Hall. In all the excitement, a group of soldiers and the Sons of Liberty (who included Hercules Mulligan) rushed down to the Bowling Green to tear down an equestrian statue of King George III, which they would melt into musket balls. For a history of the statue, see this article from the Journal of the American Revolution.

Also on July 9th: the New York Provincial Congress approve the Declaration of Independence, and hereafter refer to themselves as the Convention of the Representatives of the State of New York. [x]

July 12th: Multiple accounts record that the British ships Phoenix and Rose are sailing up the Hudson River, near the Battery, when as Hercules Mulligan stated in a later recollection, "Capt. Hamilton went on the Battery with his Company and his piece of artillery and commenced a Brisk fire upon the Phoenix and Rose then passing up the river. When his Cannon burst and killed two of his men who I distinctly recollect were buried in the Bowling Green." Mulligan's number of deaths may be incorrect however. Isac Bangs records in his journal that, "by the carelessness of our own Artilery Men Six Men were killed with our own Cannon, & several others very badly wounded." Bangs noted further that "It is said that several of the Company out of which they were killed were drunk, & neglected to Spunge, Worm, & stop the Vent, and the Cartridges took fire while they were raming them down." In a letter to his wife, General Henry Knox wrote that "We had a loud cannonade, but could not stop [the Phoenix and Rose], though I believe we damaged them much. They kept over on the Jersey side too far from our batteries. I was so unfortunate as to lose six men by accidents, and a number wounded." Matching up with Bangs and Knox, in his own journal, Lieutenant Solomon Nash records that, "we had six men cilled [sic: killed], three wound By our Cannons which went off Exedently [sic: accidentally]...." A William Douglass of Connecticut wrote to his wife on July 20th that they suffered "the loss of 4 men in loading [the] Cannon." (as seen in Newton, Michael E. Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, pg. 142; Newton cites Henry P. Johnston's The Campaigns of 1776 in and around New York and Brooklyn, vol. 2, pg. 67). As these accounts cobberrate each other, it is clear that at least six men were killed. Whether these were all due to Hamilton's cannon exploding is unclear, but is a possibility. Hamilton of course was not punished for this, but that is besides the point.

One of the men injured by the explosion of the cannon was William Douglass, a matross in Hamilton's company (not to be confused with the William Douglass quoted above from Connecticut). According to a later certificate written by Hamilton on September 14th, Douglass "faithfully served as a matross in my company till he lost his arm by an unfortunate accident, while engaged in firing at some of the enemy’s ships." The Papers of Alexander Hamilton editors date Douglass' injury to June 12th, but it is clear that this occurred on July 12th due to the description Hamilton provides.

July 26th: Hamilton writes a letter to the Convention of the Representatives (who he mistakenly addresses as the "The Honoruable The Provincial Congress") concerning the amount of provisions for his company. He explains that there is a difference in the supply of rations between what the Continental Army and Provisional Army and his company are receiving. He writes that "it seems Mr. Curtenius can not afford to supply us with more than his contract stipulates, which by comparison, you will perceive is considerably less than the forementioned rate. My men, you are sensible, are by their articles, entitled to the same subsistence with the Continental troops; and it would be to them an insupportable discrimination, as well as a breach of the terms of their enlistment, to give them almost a third less provisions than the whole army besides receives." Hamilton requests that the Convention "readily put this matter upon a proper footing." He also notes that previously his men had been receiving their full pay, however under an assumption by Peter Curtenius that he "should have a farther consideration for the extraordinary supply."

July 31st: The Convention of the Representatives of the State of New York read Hamilton's letter of July 26th at their meeting, and order that "as Capt. Hamilton's company was formally made a part of General Scott's brigade, that they be henceforth supplied provisions as part of that Brigade."

A Note On Captain Hamilton’s August Pay Book:

Starting in August of 1776, Hamilton began to keep another pay book. It is evident by Thomas Thompson being marked as the 3rd lieutenant that this was started around August 15th. The cover is below:

For unknown reasons, the editors of The Papers of Alexander Hamilton only included one section of the artillery pay book in their transcriptions, being a dozen or so pages of notes Hamilton wrote presumably after concluding his time as a captain on some books he was reading. The first section of the book (being the first 117 image scans per the Library of Congress) consists of payments made to and by Hamilton’s men, each receiving his own page spread, with the first few pages being a list of all men in the company as of August 1776, organized by surname alphabetically. The last section of the pay book (Image scans 181 to 185) consists of weekly company return tables starting in October of 1776.

As these sections are not transcribed, I will be including the image scans when necessary for full transparency, in case I have read something incorrectly. Now, back to the timeline....

August 3rd: John Davis and James Lilly desert from Hamilton's company. Hamilton puts out an advertisement that would reward anyone who could either "bring them to Captain Hamilton's Quarters" or "give Information that they may be apprehended." It is presumed that Hamilton wrote this notice himself (see Newton, Michael E. Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, pp. 147-148; for the notice, Newton cites The New-York Gazette; and the weekly Mercury, August 5, 12, and September 2nd, 1776 issues).

August 9th: The Convention of the Representatives resolve that "The company of artillery formally raised by Capt. Hamilton" is "considered as a part of the number ordered to be raised by the Continental Congress from the militia of this State, and therefore" Hamilton's company "hereby is incorporated into Genl. Scott's brigade." Here, Hamilton would be reunited with his old friend, Nicholas Fish, who had recently been appointed as John Scott's brigade major. [x]

August 12th: Captain Hamilton writes a letter to the Convention of the Representatives concerning a vacancy in his company. Hamilton explains that this is due to “the promotion of Lieutenant Johnson to a captaincy in one of the row-gallies, (which command, however, he has since resigned, for a very particular reason.).” He requests that his first sergeant, Thomas Thompson, be promoted as he “has discharged his duty in his present station with uncommon fidelity, assiduity and expertness. He is a very good disciplinarian, possesses the advantage of having seen a good deal of service in Germany; has a tolerable share of common sense, and is well calculated not to disgrace the rank of an officer and gentleman.…” Hamilton also requested that lieutenants James Gilleland and John Bean be moved up in rank to fill the missing spots.

August 14th: The Convention of the Representatives, upon receiving Hamilton’s letter of August 12th, order that Colonel Peter R. Livingston, "call upon [meet with] Capt. Hamilton, and inquire into this matter and report back to the House."

August 15th: Colonel Peter R. Livingston reports back to the Convention of the Representatives that, "the facts stated by Capt. Hamilton are correct..." The Convention thus resolves that "Thomas Thompson be promoted to the rank of a lieutenant in the said company; and that this Convention will exert themselves in promoting, from time to time, such privates and non-commissioned officers in the service of this State, as shall distinguish themselves...." The Convention further orders that these resolutions be published in the newspapers.

August ???: According to Hercules Mulligan in his "Narrative" account, Alexander Hamilton, along with John Mason, "Mr. Rhinelander" and Robert Troup, were at the Mulligan home for dinner. Here, Mulligan writes that, after Rhineland and Troup had "retired from the table" Hamilton and Mason were "lamenting the situation of the army on Long Island and suggesting the best plans for its removal," whereupon Mason and Hamilton decided it would be best to write "an anonymous letter to Genl. Washington pointing out their ideas of the best means to draw off the Army." Mulligan writes that he personally "saw Mr. H [Hamilton] writing the letter & heard it read after it was finished. It was delivered to me to be handed to one of the family of the General and I gave it to Col. Webb [Samuel Blachley Webb] then an aid de Champ [sic: aide-de-camp]...." Mulligan expresses that he had "no doubt he delivered it because my impression at that time was that the mode of drawing off the army which was adopted was nearly the same as that pointed out in the letter." There is no other source to contradict or challenge Hercules Mulligan's first-hand account of this event, however the letter discussed has not been found.

August 24th: Alexander Hamilton helped to prevent Lieutenant Colonel Herman Zedwitz from committing treason. On August 25th, a court martial was held (reprinted in Force, Peter. American Archives, 5th Series, vol. I, pp. 1159-1161) wherein Zedwitz was charged with "holding a treacherous correspondence with, and giving intelligence to, the enemies of the United States." In a written disposition for the trial, Augustus Stein tells the Court that on the previous day [this date, August 24th] Zedwitz had given him a letter with which Stein was directed "to go to Long-Island with [the] letter [addressed] to Governour Tryon...." Stein, however, wrote that he immediately went "to Captain Bowman's house, and broke the letter open and read it. Soon after. Captain Bowman came in, and I told him I had something to communicate to the General. We sent to Captain Hamilton, and he went to the General's, to whom the letter was delivered." By other instances in this court martial record, it is clear that Stein had meant Captain Sebastian Bauman (and to this, Zedwitz's name is also spelled many different times throughout this record), which would indicate that the "Captain Hamilton" mentioned was Alexander Hamilton, Bauman's fellow artillery captain. Bauman was the only captain serving by that name in the army at this time (see Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register of the Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, pg. 92). It could be possible that Alexander Hamilton personally delivered this letter into Washington's hands and explained the situation, or that he passed it on to one of Washington's staff members.

August 27th: Battle of Long Island — Although Alexander Hamilton was not involved in this battle, for no primary accounts explicitly place him in the middle of this conflict, it is significant to note considering the previous entry on this timeline.

May-August: According to Robert Troup, again in his 1821 letter to John Mason, he had paid Hamilton a visit during the summer of 1776, but did not provide a specific date. Troup noted that, “at night, and in the morning, he [Hamilton] went to prayer in his usual mode. Soon after this visit we were parted by our respective duties in the Army, and we did not meet again before 1779.” This date however, may be inaccurate, for also according to Troup in another letter reprinted later in the William & Mary Quarterly, they had met again while Hamilton was in Albany to negotiate the movement of troops with General Horatio Gates in 1777.

September 7th: In his General Orders of this date, General Washington writes that John Davis, a member of Alexander Hamilton's company who had deserted in early August, was recently "tried by a Court Martial whereof Col. Malcom was President, was convicted of “Desertion” and sentenced to receive Thirty-nine lashes." Washington approved of this sentence, and ordered that it be carried out "on the regimental parade, at the usual hour in the morning."

September 8th: In his General Orders of this date, Washington writes that John Little, a member of "Col. Knox’s Regt of Artillery, [and] Capt. Hamilton’s Company," was tried at a recent court martial, and convicted of “Abusing Adjt Henly, and striking him”—ordered to receive Thirty-nine lashes...." Washington approved of this sentence, and ordered it, along with the other court martial sentences noted in these orders, to be "put in execution at the usual time & place."

September 14th: Hamilton writes a certificate to the Convention of the Representatives of the State of New York regarding his matross, William Douglass, who “lost his arm by an unfortunate accident, while engaged in firing at some of the enemy’s ships” on July 12th. Hamilton recommends that a recent resolve of the Continental Congress be heeded regarding “all persons disabled in the service of the United States.”

September 15th: On this date, the Continental Army evacuated New York City for Harlem Heights as the British sought control of the city. According to the Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 1, General Sullivan’s brigade had been left in the city due to miscommunication, and were “conducted by General Knox to a small fort” which was Fort Bunker Hill. Burr, then a Major and aide-de-camp to General Israel Putman, was directed with the assistance of a few dragoons “to pick up the stragglers,” inside the fort. Being that Knox was in command of the Army’s artillery, Hamilton’s company would be among those still at the fort. Major Burr and General Knox then had a brief debate (Knox wishing to continue the fight whereas Burr wished to help the brigade retreat to safety). Aaron Burr at last remarked that Fort Bunker Hill “was not bomb-proof; that it was destitute of water; and that he could take it with a single howitzer; and then, addressing himself to the men, said, that if they remained there, one half of them would be killed or wounded, and the other half hung, like dogs, before night; but, if they would place themselves under his command, he would conduct them in safety to Harlem.” (See pages 100-101). Corroborating this account are multiple certificates and letters from eyewitnesses of this event reprinted in the Memiors on pages 101-106. In a letter, Nathaniel Judson recounted that, “I was near Colonel Burr when he had the dispute with General Knox, who said it was madness to think of retreating, as we should meet the whole British army. Colonel Burr did not address himself to the men, but to the officers, who had most of them gathered around to hear what passed, as we considered ourselves as lost.” Judson also remarked that during the retreat to Harlem Heights, the brigade had “several brushes with small parties of the enemy. Colonel Burr was foremost and most active where there was danger, and his con-duct, without considering his extreme youth, was afterwards a constant subject of praise, and admiration, and gratitude.”

Alexander Hamilton himself recounted in later testimony for Major General Benedict Arnold’s court martial of 1779 that he “was among the last of our army that left the city; the enemy was then on our right flank, between us and the main body of our army.” Hamilton also recalled that upon passing the home of a Mr. Seagrove, the man left the group he was entertaining and “came up to me with strong appearances of anxiety in his looks, informed me that the enemy had landed at Harlaam, and were pushing across the island, advised us to keep as much to the left as possible, to avoid being intercepted….” Hercules Mulligan also recounted in his “Narrative” printed in the William & Mary Quarterly that Hamilton had “brought up the rear of our army,” and unfortunately lost “his baggage and one of his Cannon which broke down.” [x]

September ???: As can be seen in Hamilton's August 1776-May 1777 pay book, while stationed in Harlem Heights (often abbreviated as "HH" in the pay book), nearly all of Hamilton's men received some sort of item, whether this be shoes, cash payments, or other articles.

October 4th: A return table for this date appears in Alexander Hamilton’s pay book, in the back. These return tables are not included in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton for unknown reasons.

The table, as seen above, provides us a snapshot of Hamilton’s company at this time, as no other information survives about the company during October. His company totaled to 49 men. Going down the table, two matrosses were “Sick [and] Present,” one bombarder, four gunners, and six matrosses were marked as “Sick [and] absent,” and two matrosses were marked as “On Furlough.” Interestingly, another two matrosses were marked as having deserted, and two matrosses were marked as “Prisoners.”

October 11th: In Hamilton’s pay book, below the table of October 4th, another weekly return table appears with this date marked.

The return table, as seen above, again records that Hamilton’s company consisted of 49 men. Reading down the table, two matrosses were marked as “Sick [and] Present,” one bombarder and four matrosses were marked as “Sick [and] absent,” and one captain-lieutenant [being James Moore], one sergeant, and two matrosses were marked as being “On Furlough.”

To the right of the date header, in place of the usual list of positions, there is a note inside the box. The note likely reads:

Drivers. 2_ Drafts_l?] 9_ 4 of which went over in order to get pay & Cloaths & was detained in their Regt [regiment]

Drafts were men who were drawn away from their regular unit to aid another, and it’s clear that Hamilton had many men drafted into his company. This note tells us that four of these men were sent by Hamilton to gather clothing for the company, and it is likely that they had to return to their original regiment before they could return the clothing. This, at least, makes the most sense (a huge thank you to @my-deer-friend and everyone else who helped me decipher this)!! In the bottom left-hand corner of the page, another note is present, however I am unable to decipher what it reads. If anyone is able, feel free to take a shot!

October 25th: Another weekly returns table appears in Hamilton’s company pay book. Once more, this table of returns was not transcribed within The Papers of Alexander Hamilton.

The table, as seen above, shows that Hamilton’s company still consisted of 49 men. Reading down the table, it can be seen that one matross and one drummer/fifer were “Sick [but] present,” and one sergeant, two bombarders, one gunner, and four matrosses were marked as “Sick [and] absent.” Interestingly, one matross was noted as being “Absent without care”. Two matrosses were listed as “Prisoners” and again two matrosses were listed as having “Deserted.”

Underneath the table, a note is written for which I am only able to make out part. It is clear that two men from another captain’s company were drafted by Hamilton for his needs.

October 28th: Battle of White Plains — Like with Long Island, there is no primary evidence to explicitly place Alexander Hamilton, his men, or his artillery as being involved in this battle, contrary to popular belief. See this quartet of articles by Harry Schenawolf from the Revolutionary War Journal.

November 6th: Captain Hamilton wrote another certificate to the Convention of the Representatives of the State of New York regarding his matross, William Douglass, who was injured during the attacks on July 12th. This certificate is nearly identical to the one of September 14th, and again Hamilton writes that Douglass is “intitled to the provision made by a late resolve of the Continental Congress, for those disabled in defence of American liberty.”

November 22nd: As can be seen in Hamilton's pay book, all of his men regardless of rank received payments of cash, and some men articles, on this date.

December 1st: Stationed near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General Washington wrote in a report to the President of Congress, that the British had formed along the Heights, opposite New Bunswick on the Raritan River, and notably that, "We had a smart canonade whilst we were parading our Men...." Alexander Hamilton's company pay book placed he and his men at New Brunswick in around this time (see image scans 25, 28, 34, and others) making it likely that Hamilton had been present and helped prevent the British from crossing the river while the Continental Army was still on the opposite side. In his Memoirs of My Own Life, vol. 1, James Wilkinson recorded that:

After two days halt at Newark, Lord Cornwallis on the 30th November advanced upon Brunswick, and ar- Dec. 1. rived the next evening on the opposite bank of the Rariton, which is fordable at low water. A spirited cannonade ensued across the river, in which our battery was served by Captain Alexander Hamilton,* but the effects on eitlierside, as is usual in contests between field batteries only, were inconsiderable. Genei'al Washington made a shew of resistance, but after night fall decamped...

Though Wilkinson was not present at this event, John C. Hamilton similarly recorded in both his Life of Alexander Hamilton [x] and History of the Republic [x] that Hamilton was part of the artillery firing the cannonade during this event. Though there is no firsthand account of Hamilton's presence here, it is highly likely that he and his company was involved in holding off the British so that the Continental Army could retreat.

December 4th?: Either on this date, or close to it, Alexander Hamilton’s second lieutenant, James Gilleland, left the company by resigning his commission to General Washington on account of “domestic inconveniences, and other motives,” according to a later letter Hamilton wrote on March 6th of 1777.

December 5th: Another return table appears in the George Washington Papers within the Library of Congress. This table is headed, "Return of the States of part of two Companeys of artilery Commanded by Col Henery Knox & Capt Drury & Capt Lt Moores of Capt Hamiltons Com." The Papers of Alexander Hamilton editors calendar this table, and note that Hamilton's "company had been assigned at first to General John Scott’s brigade but was soon transferred to the command of Colonel Henry Knox." They also note that the table "is in the writing of and signed by Jotham Drury...." [x]

The table, as seen above, notes part of the "Troop Strength" (as the Library of Congress notes) of Captain Jotham Drury and Captain Alexander Hamilton's men. As regards Hamilton's company, the portion that was recorded here amounted to 33 men.

December 19th: Within his Warrent Book No. 2, General George Washington wrote on this date a payment “To Capn Alexr Hamilton” for himself and his company of artillery, “from 1st Sepr to 1 Decr—1562 [dollars].” As reprinted within The Papers of Alexander Hamilton.

December 25th: Within Bucks County, Pennsylvania, hours before the famous Christmas Day crossing of the Delaware River by Washington and the Continental Army, Captain-Lieutenant James Moore passed away from a "short but excruciating fit of illness..." as Hamilton would later recount in a letter of March 6th, 1777. According to Washington Crossing Historic Park, Moore has been the only identified veteran to have been buried on the grounds during the winter encampment. His original headstone read: "To the Memory of Cap. James Moore of the New York Artillery Son of Benjamin & Cornelia Moore of New York He died Decm. the 25th A.D. 1776 Aged 24 Years & Eight Months." [x] In his aforementioned letter, Alexander Hamilton remarked that Moore was "a promising officer, and who did credit to the state he belonged to...." As Hamilton and Moore spent the majority of their time physically together (and therefore leaving no reason for there to be surviving correspondence between the two), there is no clear idea of what their working relationship may have looked like.

December 26th: Battle of Trenton — Alexander Hamilton is believed to have fought in he battle with his two six-pound cannons, having marched at the head of General Nathanael Greene's column and being placed at the end of King Street at the highest point in the town. Michael E. Newton does note however that there is no direct, explicit evidence placing Hamilton at the battle, but with the knowledge of eighteen cannons being present as ordered by George Washington in his General Orders of December 25th, it is highly likely the above was the case (see Newton, Michael E. Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, pp. 179-180; Newton cites a number of sources for circumstantial evidence: William Stryker's The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, Jac Weller's "Guns of Destiny: Field Artillery In the Trenton-Princeton Campaign" [Military Affairs, vol. 20, no. 1], and works by Broadus Mitchell).

December ???: Within Hamilton’s pay book, a note appears for December on the page dedicated to Uriah Crawford, a matross in his company. See a close up of the image scan below.

The note likely reads:

To Cash [per] for attendance during sickness [ampersand?] funeral expenses —

This note would thus indicate that Crawford likely passed away sometime during the month, and a funeral was held. That Hamilton paid the expenses for the funeral is quite a telling note. Crawford was also provided a pair of stockings in December.

Final Months - 1777:

January 2nd: Battle of Assumpink Creek — Near Trenton, the Continental Army positioned itself on one side of the Assumpink Creek to face the approaching British, who sought to cross the bridge into Trenton. In a letter of January 5th to John Hancock, Washington explained that "They attempted to pass Sanpink [sic: Assumpink] Creek, which runs through Trenton at different places, but finding the Fords guarded, halted & kindled their Fires—We were drawn up on the other side of the Creek. In this situation we remained till dark, cannonading the Enemy & receiving the fire of their Field peices [sic: pieces] which did us but little damage." According to James Wilkinson, who was present at this battle, Hamilton and his cannons were present. [x] Corroborating this, Henry Knox wrote in a letter to his wife of January 7th that, "Our army drew up with thirty or forty pieces of artillery in front", and an anonymous eyewitness account which noted that "within sevnty of eighty yards of the bridge, and directly in front of it, and in the road, as many pieces of artillery as could be managed were stationed" to stop the crossing of the British (see Raum, John. History of the City of Trenton, New Jersey, pp. 173-175). Further, another eyewitness account from a letter written by John Haslet reported a similar story (see Newton, Michael E. Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, pg. 181; for Haslet's account, Newton cites Johnston, Henry P. The Campaigns of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn, Vol. 2, pg. 157). This surely would have been a sight to behold.

January 3rd: Battle of Princeton -- Overnight, the Continental Army marched to Princeton, New Jersey with a train of artillery. Once more, Alexander Hamilton was not explicitly mentioned to have been present at the battle, however with 35 artillery pieces attacking the British (see again Henry Knox's letter of January 7th), and the large role these played in the battle, there is little doubt that Hamilton and his men played a part in this crucial victory (see Newton, Michael E. Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, pg. 182). According to legend, one of Hamilton's cannons fired upon Nassau Hall, destroying a painting of King George II. However, this has been disproven by many different scholars and writers, including Newton.

January 20th: In a letter to his aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hansen Harrison, George Washington requests Harrison to “forward the Inclosed to Captn Hamilton….” Unfortunately, the letter Washington intended to be given to Alexander Hamilton has not been found. It is believed by both the editors of Washington and Hamilton’s papers that this letter contained Washington’s request for Hamilton to join his military family.

Also on January 20th: Many of Hamilton’s men received payments of cash on this date. Alongside cash, one man, John Martim, a matross in Hamilton’s company, was paid cash “per [Lieutenant] Thompson” for his “going to the Hospital.” The hospital in particular, and the circumstances surrounding Martim’s stay are unknown. [x]

January 25th: As printed in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, an advertisement appeared in the Pennsylvania Evening Post directly naming Hamilton. Only one sentence, the advertisement alerts Hamilton that he “should hear something to his advantage” by “applying to the printer of this paper….” Presumably this regarded George Washington wishing to make Hamilton his newest aide-de-camp.

January 30th: Alongside cash, a greatcoat, and cash per “Doctor [Chapman?]” and a cash balance due to him, Alexander Hamilton paid his third lieutenant Thomas Thompson for gathering “sundries in Philadelphia” and for his “journey to Camp”. See close up of the image scan below. [x]

Several other later pages in the pay book indicate that Hamilton and his men were in Philadelphia at some point in January and February. It is thus plausible that Hamilton went to see the printer of the Pennsylvania Evening Post and it may be possible that Lieutenant Thompson had accompanied him and have had picked up his items while in the city, however whether or not Hamilton actually made that journey, and Thompson’s involvement are my speculation only. It is also entirely possible that Thompson's "journey to Camp" was in reference to seeing the doctor, and had picked up the "sundries" then.

March 1st: At Morristown, New Jersey, in his General Orders of this date, George Washington announces and appoints Alexander Hamilton “Aide-De-Camp to the Commander in Chief,” and wrote that Hamilton was “to be respected and obeyed as such.”

March 6th: Alexander Hamilton writes a letter to the Convention of the Representatives of the State of New York regarding his artillery company for the last time. Hamilton explains a delay in writing due to having only “recently recovered from a long and severe fit of illness.” He goes on to explain the state of the company—that only two officers, lieutenants Thomas Thompson and James Bean, remained with the company and that Lieutenant Johnson "began the enlistment of the Compan⟨y,⟩ contrary to his orders from the convention, for the term of a year, instead of during the war" which, Hamilton explained, "with deaths and desertions; reduces it [the company] at present to the small number of 25 men." Hamilton then requests that Thomas Thompson be raised to Captain-Lieutenant, for Lieutenant Bean, "is so incurably addicted to a certain failing, that I cannot, in justice, give my opinion in favour of his preferment."

Remarkably, the New York Provincial Company of Artillery still survives to this day, and is the longest (and oldest) continually serving regular army unit in the history of the United States. For a deeper history of the company up to the present day, see this article from the American Battlefield Trust. The company are commonly referred to as “Hamilton’s Own” in honor of the young man who raised the company in 1776.

[deadpresidents]

The Feuding Presidents of Westmoreland County, Virginia

Of all the Founding Fathers, it would seem like George Washington and James Monroe would have been the closest comrades.  The two men were born just miles apart from one another in Westmoreland County, Virginia.  They both were large men physically, not known primarily for their intellect, but instead for their hard work, their courage, and their devotion to the Revolutionary cause.  They were the two Presidents who saw the most action during the Revolutionary War and Monroe served bravely under Washington.  To top it all off, Washington and Monroe kind of looked like each other, too. 

On Christmas Day in 1776, Lieutenant James Monroe was one of those legendary soldiers who famously crossed the frigid Delaware River with General George Washington to engage the British at the Battle of Trenton.  Monroe led a charge in that battle to help capture some cannons that were about to be fired upon the Americans and was wounded in the shoulder, a severe injury that would have resulted in him bleeding to death if it weren’t for the fortunate presence of a local doctor in New Jersey.  Monroe’s heroism led to a promotion as Captain and he continued serving bravely during the war and was amongst those troops who survived the terrible winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge.  It would seem as if none of the Presidents could have established more of a bond than the two Virginians who helped fight in the Revolution.  Indeed, General Washington wrote that Monroe “has, in every instance, maintained the reputation of a brave, active, and sensible officer.”

So why did they despise each other?  And did James Monroe indirectly help kill George Washington? After the Revolution, Monroe entered politics and supported the national government being formed under George Washington despite the fact that Monroe had voted against the ratification of the Constitution in 1788.  As one of Virginia’s first U.S. Senators, Monroe continued his support of Washington, who was now President, but began to fear that too much power was being placed in the hands of the chief executive and found himself opposing Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality.  When Washington appointed Monroe as Minister to France in 1794, something snapped. Monroe, like his friend and mentor Thomas Jefferson, loved France.  He loved the country itself and, as an American Revolutionary, he found himself in love with the French Revolution.  President Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality insisted on American impartiality towards France and the countries that France was at war with at the time – Britain, The Netherlands, Austria, Prussia, and Sardinia.  Monroe was vehemently opposed to neutrality because the French were the first and most important allies of the United States during the Revolution.  Plus, James Monroe loved France.  In fact, Monroe loved France so much that Secretary of State Edmund Randolph was forced to officially reprimand him due to his glowing compliments about France when Monroe presented his credentials in Paris. From there, things continued going downhill between Washington and Monroe.  Monroe rescued Thomas Paine – another one of America’s early Revolutionaries — who had been thrown into prison in France for criticizing the execution of Louis XVI.  Paine was very sick and believed to be close to death, so after securing his release, Monroe arranged for Paine to stay with him at the American Ministerial residence.  Paine recovered and proceeded to brutally attack George Washington verbally for allowing him to rot in prison instead of rescuing him as Monroe did.  President Washington felt Monroe should have muzzled Paine, or at least repudiated Paine’s disrespectful language towards Washington. 

When the United States signed Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain, easing tensions between the U.S. and it’s former colonial power, Washington expected Monroe to be a good Federalist and support the rather unpopular treaty.  Monroe opposed it and refused to speak out in support of the treaty.  His silence on Jay’s Treaty was the last straw for Washington.  The President was furious and noting that he expected a diplomat who would “promote, not thwart, the neutral policy of the Government” recalled Monroe as Minister and ordered him to return to the United States.  When Monroe learned of his recall, he said that Washington was “insane”. Over the next few years, Monroe spent his time at home in Virginia and worked to undermine Washington and criticize the first President.  Monroe questioned Washington’s capacity as a leader and felt that he had sold out the French, who had done so much to help the Americans during the Revolutionary War.  Washington felt that Monroe was unqualified to critique his Presidency and that Monroe was a hopeless Francophile.  In 1797, long before Monroe was considered to be Presidential timber, Washington cautioned, “If Mr. Monroe should ever fill the Chair of Government he may (and it is presumed he would be well enough disposed) let the French Minister frame his speeches”.  Washington added, “There is abundant evidence of his being a mere tool in the hands of the French government.” Monroe wasn’t ready for the “Chair of Government” on a national level, but after Washington retired to Mount Vernon and handed the Presidency over to John Adams, Monroe decided to aim for the “Chair of Government” on a state level.  In 1799, Monroe campaigned to become Governor of Virginia and as Monroe’s candidacy was promoted by his friends and supporters, 67-year-old George Washington maintained his estate in Virginia in retirement and tried to do whatever he could to prevent Monroe’s rise.  If Monroe was going to be Governor of Washington’s beloved Virginia, then it would practically have to happen over Washington’s dead body. Washington wasn’t powerful enough to prevent Virginia’s state legislature from electing Monroe as Governor in December 1799, however.  On a cold and snowy day, George Washington learned of his former lieutenant’s victory and took off on horseback to tend to Mount Vernon.  When Washington returned to his home, cold and soaking wet, he got into an animated discussion with guests about Monroe’s victory and angrily denounced the newly elected Governor.  Washington continued his discussions without removing his wet clothing.  Already ill with a cold, Washington’s illness worsened.  On December 14, 1799, George Washington said his last words, “Tis well” and died. Monroe continued his public service as Governor of Virginia, a special envoy to France to secure the Louisiana Purchase for Thomas Jefferson, Minister to Great Britain, Governor of Virginia once again, and Secretary of State and Secretary of War under his close friend James Madison.  In 1817, it was finally Monroe’s turn to take the “Chair of Government” as Washington had so feared.  Supported by Jefferson and Madison, Monroe easily defeated Rufus King and became President, kicking off “The Era of Good Feelings” where Monroe’s popularity was almost unparalleled by any other President and the nation was unified and free of almost any partisan bickering.

In 1820, Monroe ran for re-election and was so enormously popular that no one dared to run against him. In Massachusetts, 85-year-old John Adams -- a stalwart Federalist and George Washington's Vice President -- even supported Monroe. Yet Washington got the last laugh. Running unopposed, Monroe was not only certain of victory, but it looked like he would become the only President besides Washington be elected unanimously by the Electoral College. However, Governor William Plumer of New Hampshire decided to deny Monroe that honor and reserve it for Washington and Washington only. Some stories allege that Plumer did it solely to prevent Monroe from joining Washington as unanimous Electoral College victors and some stories note that Plumer truly disliked President Monroe and voted for John Quincy Adams as a protest. Either way, the records will always show that George Washington was the only President elected unanimously and I think it's pretty clear that Washington would have appreciated that Monroe of all people was prevented from joining him in that exclusive club.

[tricornonthecob]

At least I now have less stuff going on

LK 119: Along the Delahow?

(pt1)(pt2)(pt3)(pt4)

Who could have known this would happen??? Not me!!!

Man is *gasping* he didn't know the first rule of Colonialland. Those magnificent cheekbones can't save you now!

She wasn't readyyyyyyyy.

timeout here but why do american conservatives like flags so much. Is it because they're loud and flap about?

"not exactly" girl shut up, you said "Do we have a chance" and "God help us" like a month ago.

Oh fuck you, art department, for making this look cute. I know its probably not supposed to be an S/J moment but I swear to god y'all were torturing us.

oh my god Y'ALL ABOUT TO LOSE ONE IF YOU DON'T GET YOUR FROSTBITTEN MULLETY ASS IN FRONT OF THE FIRE, HUGHES.

Ok but this is kind of cute in a Brothers Being Bros kind of way.

Well he certainly didn't pull you straight, amirite

He just fucken. Leaves. No goodbyes, no verbal cue that he's leaving the convo. Just turns around and walks away. Wow we must be related

You should probably share your intel with the rest of the agency, James.

LOLOLOLOL that kid who leaked US military shit in that forum NEVER watched LK and it shows.

And yet you still haven't answered my question about the kettle corn!

There we go.

Why is he allowed to do this, Retreats Georg wasn't done.

Sarah: "Are you fucking kidding me rn"

He ships it.

Hey now! Baltimore's all right! ...Sort of!

She has a point!

Quit. Gazing. At. Each other. Actually pls continue, its making my inner 11-year-old squeal.

Honestly the battles of Trenton and Princeton have gotta be in Amrev's top ten most Roadrunner/Wiley Coyote moments. A true benny hill vibe.

why the fuck does this 15-year-old-18-year-old have a miniature of George Number 3 and why is it making eyes at her.

Anyway byeee

[sleepdeprivedsimp234]

HERE’S AN ANGST REVOLUTIONARY WAR FIC FOR YALL ABOUT HOW JERSEY NEARLY DIED-

How Jersey nearly died:

(This took place after the Battle of Trenton)

It was a cold December night when New Jersey decided to take a walk through the dark woods to get to his house (that was for some reason in the middle of f**king nowhere-). He needed to get home to patch up a few wounds that he had received during the Battle of Trenton and get some rest. After about half an hour of walking, he stopped in a clearing when he heard the sound of a twig snapping behind him.

"Is somebody there?" He called out. There was no answer. "Hello?" He called out again, but still no answer. He just shrugged and continued walking. About 10 minutes later, he heard the same sound again.

"Hel-" He started as he turned around, but he stopped talking halfway through when he saw what had been following him this whole time. His heart started racing as he backed up a few steps.

"Hello, my dear son." England said with a sneer that quickly turned into a cruel smile. There he stood (well- not exactly seeing as he was on horseback), the a-hole himself, along with two other British soldiers on horseback, all three of them wielding a rifle and a sword.

"Wha- What do you want?" Jersey asked, trembling slightly due to fear and the fact that it was December at night.

"Now, now I raised you better than that~ As for why I am here, I heard about your little… attack earlier today." England with faux sadness that quickly returned to his usual cruel smile that sent shivers down the spine of the colony in front of him. "I’ve got to say, I’m quite disappointed in you." He hopped down from his horse and snapped his fingers, and then the two guards hopped off their horses as well. The two soldiers ran at Jersey and grabbed him by the arms, and preventing him from being able to escape from them.

The Garden State struggled a bit and tried to escape, but alas he couldn’t. He looked back at his father confused, only for all the color in his face drain when he saw that England had a whip, chain, and bayonet in his hands. He started struggling again as his father walked over to him.

…

…

The next evening:

New York had been instructed to go check up on his brother, seeing as they hadn’t heard from him since the night before. So here he was; riding horseback through a dark creepy forest on a cold December evening. He wrapped his jacket further around himself and shivered a bit. ‘Ugh… whyyyyy…. Wait- what is that?’ York thought to himself as he stumbled upon some random house/cabin. He decided to investigate, thinking that maybe Jersey had decided to just stop there instead of going the entire way to his house in the cold.

He tied his horse to a random nearby tree and walked into the house. He took a look around; it seemed like a cozy little place, and there were even a few lanterns hanging on the walls, though it seemed to be kinda messy and was that… BLOOD ON THE FLOOR-?! This was kinda concerning to York, so he sped up his search. He went through a few different rooms before finding the one Jersey was in. Except he didn’t find him in the way he hoped to have found him…

"JERSEY!"

He ran over to where his brother was, all the color drained from his face. Jersey was laying cold and unconscious on the floor, surrounded by blood. York looked over Jersey’s body a bit carefully and physically cringed at how bruised and bloody he was. There was a puddle of blood under his head and another leaking out from under Jersey’s jacket, which was stained with blood. York reached a hand over to Jersey’s neck to check for a pulse, and was surprised when he found a small pulse and how cold he was. He tried shaking the older to wake him up, which slowly but surely, he did start waking up.

"Y-York…?" Jersey said quietly, immediately coughing and whimpering after.

"Shhh..ur alright… Yea it’s me. What the h*ll happened?" York responded quietly. He moved his hand from Jersey’s shoulder to his knee, but then instantly moving his hand away when the let out a small yelp/cry. He looked over and his jaw dropped when he saw what seemed to be half of his brother’s bayonet shoved in his knee and the other half laying next to him. "Why the f**k do you have half a bayonet shoved in your damn knee?!"

"E-England h-h-happened…." Jersey responded, but his voice was really quiet and cracking due to lack of use and pain.

"HE DID THIS TO YOU?!" York yelled, but lowering his voice when Jersey flinched and raised his arm to cover his face. F**k England… He took off his jacket and draped it over Jersey’s body. He picked up his brother and walked outside to his horse, where he put Jersey in front of where he would be sitting. He untied the horse and mounted it. "Aight Jers. You know this place betta’ than I do, so I’m gonna need yous to tell me who’s land is closest to here, and what direction we have to go."

"P-Penn’s house is c-closest to here i-if we are where I t-think we are…"

"So east?"

"Y-yea…"

"Ok. Try to stay awake and don’t you dare die on me. If yous die, I’m gonna kill ya."

"I-I’ll t-try…" Jersey said with a slight chuckle that quickly turned into a choked whimper. York adjusted the older to be closer to him for warmth and then started to Pennsylvania’s house.

…

When they got there:

York hopped off the horse and gathered Jersey in his arms after tying his horse to a post. He ran to Penn’s shed where he heard his voice and what sounded to be Mass, Delaware, and Virginia. He knocked on the door and was greeted by Penn who let him after taking one look at the bloody beaten colony in his arms.

"Woah what the f(speaks Boston) happened?!" Mass asked/shouted.

"First off, lower ya damn voice. Second, England happened. What it seems like, is England found him, beat the living s(speaks northeast) out of him and left him there in the cold to die." York said, taking the blanket that Virginia offered him and wrapping it around himself and Jersey, whom he was still holding. He let Mass take Jersey from his arms and set him on a mat that Penn had placed on the ground.

"Can yous explain wth happened? Ya don’t hafta to right now if you don’t feel like it, but ya need to tell us at some point." Mass said as he took

"Godd*mn…." Mass muttered under his breath as he looked over his twin’s injuries and removed his jacket. Jersey started to slowly stir awake and blink his eyes open. "Hey dumb**s, good to see ya alive I guess." Mass said, putting a hand on his twin’s head and running a gentle hand through his hair. He managed to get Jersey’s jacket off without hurting him too badly.

"Good to see ya too… w-where am I?" Jersey asked.

"Yer at my house, well- in my shed." Penn said, walking over and kneeling down next to the injured colony opposite of Mass. "It’s honestly a wonder that you’re still alive after what looks like a beating that was meant to kill you."

"Yea even I was surprised." York piped up from the back.

"Can ya tell us what happened? Ya don’t hafta right now, but you need to at some point. And Jesus Christ is that ur rifle shoved in your knee?!" Mass said, shouting a bit when he saw the bayonet in his brother’s leg (PS: it was the blade end of a bayonet).

"Wellllll- half of it at least….?" Jersey said with a face that had "well maybe…?" written all over it.

Mass sighed. "That doesn’t exactly make it better!"

"I know. As for what happened… Well; I was walking home after the battle, and I don’t know how, but E-England found me in the middle of that clearing that we always hang out in along with two redcoats. Next thing I know, the two guards have a hold of me and England has a whip, chain, and his rifle in his hands. After that everything went dark. I woke up in some random house with England standing in front of me with the whip and rifle. And then started beating me w-with it… and the rifle. That continued for a while and the last thing t-that I r-remembered seeing before going unconscious was him jamming my gun in my knee and snapping it in half… I’m gonna guess that some of the bruising was from the chains cuz’ that’s what he used to knock me out before beating whatever bejeezus I had left out of me…"

There was silence throughout the entire room.

"G-guys?" Jersey said, uncomfortable with the deafening silence.

"Ima kill im’."

"Mass no!" Virginia shouted, grabbing Mass by the arm to keep him from leaving.

"Don’t tell me what to do! Look what he did to my brother!! He’s gotta pay!" Mass shouted back as he tried to twist his way out of Virginia’s grasp.

"I understand, and we will get revenge eventually. We are in the middle of what could be the biggest revolution in history after all. But right now, your brother needs you." Virginia said, putting a hand on the smaller’s shoulder.

"Fine…" Mass said, shaking his wrist a bit when Virginia let go. He walked over to his brother started to help patch him up. When he finished with everything else, it was now time to pull the gun out of his brothers knee. He helped his brother sit up against one of the posts in the shed so that Penn could pull out the gun.

"Aight Jersey. This is probably the most painful part of this whole thing, so I’m gonna need you to tell me whether you want me to knock you out or not." Pennsylvania said, putting a hand on Jersey’s good leg.

"I’ll be fine. Please just pull it out so we can get this over with."

"Ok…" Penn said. He put his hand on Jersey’s knee and grabbed the bayonet with the other. With one swift pull he yanked it out, muttering an apology when the other let out a small cry and whimpered. He quickly used a nearby rag to help stop the bleeding, and ten minutes later they had Jersey’s leg wrapped up in a bandage. Around twenty minutes later, they all went to sleep somewhat peacefully. At least, more peacefully than they have in a long time….

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

December 25, 2022

Heather Cox Richardson

In the summer heat of July 1776, revolutionaries in 13 of the British colonies in North America celebrated news that the members of the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, had adopted the Declaration of Independence. In July, men had cheered the ideas that “these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States,” and that, in contrast to the tradition of hereditary monarchy under which the American colonies had been organized, the representatives of the thirteen united states intended to create a nation based on the idea “that all men are created equal” and that governments were legitimate only if those they governed consented to them.

But then the British responded to the colonists’ fervor with military might. They sent reinforcements to Staten Island and Long Island and by September had forced General George Washington to evacuate his troops from New York City. After a series of punishing skirmishes across Manhattan Island, by November the British had pushed the Americans into New Jersey. They chased the colonials all the way across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.

By mid-December the future looked bleak for the Continental Army and the revolutionary government it backed. The 5,000 soldiers with Washington who were still able to fight were demoralized from their repeated losses and retreats, and since the Continental Congress had kept enlistments short so they would not risk a standing army, many of the men would be free to leave the army at the end of the year, weakening it even more.

As the British troops had taken over New York City and the Continental soldiers had retreated, many of the newly minted Americans outside the army had come to doubt the whole enterprise of creating a new, independent nation based on the idea that all men were created equal. Then things got worse: as the American soldiers crossed into Pennsylvania, the Continental Congress abandoned Philadelphia on December 12 out of fear of a British invasion, regrouping in Baltimore (which they complained was dirty and expensive).

By December, the fiery passion of July had cooled.

“These are the times that try men’s souls,” read a pamphlet published in Philadelphia on December 19. “The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.”

The author of The American Crisis was Thomas Paine, whose January 1776 pamphlet Common Sense had solidified the colonists’ irritation at the king’s ministers into a rejection of monarchy itself, a rejection not just of King George III, but of all kings.

Now he urged them to see the experiment through. He explained that he had been with the troops as they retreated across New Jersey and, describing the march for his readers, told them “that both officers and men, though greatly harassed and fatigued, frequently without rest, covering, or provision, the inevitable consequences of a long retreat, bore it with a manly and martial spirit. All their wishes centred in one, which was, that the country would turn out and help them to drive the enemy back.”

For that was the crux of it. Paine had no doubt that patriots would create a new nation, eventually, because the cause of human self-determination was just. But how long it took to establish that new nation would depend on how much effort people put into success. “I call not upon a few, but upon all: not on this state or that state, but on every state: up and help us; lay your shoulders to the wheel; better have too much force than too little, when so great an object is at stake,” Paine wrote. “Let it be told to the future world, that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive, that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet and to repulse it.”

In mid-December, British commander General William Howe had sent most of his soldiers back to New York to spend the winter, leaving garrisons across the river in New Jersey to guard against Washington advancing.

On Christmas night, having heard that the garrison at Trenton was made up of Hessian auxiliaries who were exhausted and unprepared for an attack, Washington crossed back over the icy Delaware River with 2400 soldiers in a winter storm. They marched nine miles to attack the garrison, the underdressed soldiers suffering from the cold and freezing rain. Reaching Trenton, they surprised the outnumbered Hessians, who fought briefly in the streets before they surrendered.

The victory at the Battle of Trenton restored the colonials’ confidence in their cause. Soldiers reenlisted, and in early January they surprised the British at Princeton, New Jersey, driving them back. The British abandoned their posts in central New Jersey, and by March the Continental Congress moved back to Philadelphia. Historians credit the Battles of Trenton and Princeton with saving the Revolutionary cause.

“Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered,” Paine wrote, “yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value.”

—

Notes:

https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/01/a-brief-publication-history-of-the-times-that-try-mens-souls/

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section4

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

HEATHER COX RICHARDSON

[bantuotaku]

All the time we wastin', We could get away...

[garudabluffs]

“Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered,” Paine wrote

“Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered,” Paine wrote, “yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dear-ness only that gives every thing its value.”

“Historians credit the Battles of Trenton and Princeton with saving the Revolutionary cause.”

READ MORE https://heathercoxrichardson.substack.com/p/december-25-2022

Notes: https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/01/a-brief-publication-history-of-the-times-that-try-mens-souls/

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section4

424 Comments “This is no time for laxity. This is the time to be the best Americans we can be.’The preceding were excerpts from 'Putting the Jan. 6th Committee Report in the Context of America’s Democratic Story' in Bulwark by Gary Hart is a former United States senator from Colorado and the author of, most recently, The Republic of Conscience (2015).                                           See link https://www.thebulwark.com/putting-the-jan-6th-committee-report-in-the-context-of-americas-democratic-story/ “

Dec 26 “To me, this Letter is *history*, not "military history." Military history tends to edit out who's doing the fighting and what they were fighting for. It gets bogged down in tactics and strategy, terrain and weaponry. In the service of history, in modest doses, it's important, but on its own? On the whole I think that military history is to history as the military is to the civilian government.”

Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America Author(s): Robert D. Putnam Source: PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 1995), pp. 664-683 Published by: American Political Science Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/420517

https://www.uvm.edu/~dguber/POLS293/articles/putnam1.pdf

“...Coursera offers an online class on beginners civics called Civic Engagement in American Democracy”. It is taught through Duke University, and if memory serves me, the course is free, unless you want a certificate. I believe it starts today

At least two of these are available

FREE online

... thanks to that horrible techie thing (shrub) called the interwebs... that manages to connect all of us and Heather. :-)

https://www.coursera.org/learn/civic-engagement-american-democracy

https://www.thecivicseason.com/events/civic-engagement-in-our-democracy-online-course/

Dec 25 edited Dec 25

“Read David Fischer's "Washington's Crossing," a definitive work on this subject.  The common belief is that the ragged remnant of an army snuck up on the garrison at Trenton and defeated the Christmas-loving Germans who were hung over from celebrations of the preceding two days.  In truth, the tide was already turning, and the Hessians were tired and stressed not from drink but from the ceaseless vigilance required to protect themselves from aroused local partisans who resented their presence and their habits of stealing everything that wasn't nailed down.  The attack, carried out in the teeth of a bitter Nor'easter, convinced the Continentals, ragged as they might have been, of what many of them already believed, that they were hardened soldiers capable of victory.”

Let's hope enough of us still carry the resolve to fight to the last measure against oppression and tyranny.”

“Our soldiers during that winter long ago were so poorly equipped that many suffered and died from exposure... yet they persevered and fought battles against much better trained and equipped foes.   Afterwards, they retreated to Valley Forge and in winters afterward to Morristown.   Like right now, the cold was penetrating and constant but accompanied by deep snow.   They endured it and went on to fight and win more battles until with the help of the French the tide turned decisively against the British years later at Saratoga.   It took a long time with constant effort and sacrifice.  This is how it was and still is...”

“General Howe, shacked up with a lovely lady in NYC, called off the British assault and engaged in the Christmas party scene. By contrast, General Washington, with the remnants of his army—cold and underfed—faced the certainty that his remaining soldiers would go home on January 1st when their enlistments expired.He decided on an incredible Hail Mary. His troops would cross the Delaware on Christmas Eve and attack the fearsome Hessian mercenaries in Trenton. Thanks to Marbleheader Glover they got the boats and arrived in Jersey territory later than anticipated. Surprise was their best hope. [Colonel Rahle, the Hessian commander, had been handed a spy’s report of Washington’s attack, but, during the drunken festivities, failed to glance at it.]The ragged American soldiers attacked, the Hessians were defeated—with 900 prisoners—and, astonishingly, not a single American soldier was killed.If Washington hadn’t succeeded in his astonishing Hail Mary, the American revolution may have ended on January 1st. [Thomas Paine’s wrote The Crisis, which was a rousing carrion call that was read to the troops before their extraordinary victory.]“

“On the wall of 10, rue de l'Odéon, Paris, there's a big plaque to say that that's where he lived and wrote.  Here's a translation:  

"Thomas Paine 1737-1809:  English born, American by adoption, French by decree, lived in this building from 1797 to 1802. He placed his passion for freedom at the service of the French Revolution, was a member of the Convention and wrote the Bill of Human Rights. When opinions are free, the strength of truth always prevails.”

READ MORE https://opb.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/americon-lp-thomas-paine/thomas-paine/

“David McCullough’s “1776”; is a chronicle of just that one critical year in our history. There were several times Washington’s army was near defeat and collapse. Had the British been just a little more aggressive, a little more assertive, all would have been lost.

The other book is Howard Fast’s “Citizen Tom Paine,” about the eloquent, literary firebrand who expressed the consciousness of the American Revolution in his pamphlets.”

“ And let’s remember this: There was a small pox epidemic at the time. British troops were vaccinated. George Washington, who had survived the disease in his early years, KNEW the importance of vaccination. His “regulars” were required to be vaccinated from small pox, but the independent militias (like ones from Tennessee) refused vaccination. The disease devastated those ranks. . . Some things never change.”

“The flag you are referring to Mark is the Gadsden Flag. It’s a great flag adopted in 1775 and used by the Continental Marines, who did indeed find it honourable. The timber rattlesnake is unique to the US, a symbol that helped distinguish the colonists from Europe. Ben Franklin, a founding father of legendary honor used the rattler symbol in the first political cartoon in an American newspaper!Here Franklin describes the symbolism:There was painted a Rattle-Snake, with this modest motto under it, "Don't tread on me." She has no eye-lids. She may therefore be esteemed an emblem of vigilance. She never begins an attack, nor, when once engaged, ever surrenders... The Rattle-Snake is solitary, and associates with her kind only when it is necessary for their preservation ‘Tis curious and amazing to observe how distinct and independent of each other the rattles of this animal are, and yet how firmly they are united together, so as never to be separated but by breaking them to pieces.”

“_ _A storm not unlike what began this past Friday began as the Continental Army, which included a couple of my ancestors, formed to board the boats and ferries. We have to assume that fortunate for the future of the World that storm was not as severe. But, enough rain to render some of the gunpowder too wet to fire.Following the victory the captured Hessian POWs were marched off to Lancaster, home to a lot of German-speakers already, then later to Virginia to while away the war. These Hessian troops were rent-a-soldiers. Highly regarded as well-disciplined, effective fighters in Europe, King George III rented them from his cousin Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel to assist in the ongoing troubles with his own subjects in the Colonies. When Washington captured Trenton and its "airfields", a bolt of lightning struck in Europe similarly to Ukraine's standoff of the Russian Army attack on Kyiv back in February-March.Suddenly, the Colonies were to be reckoned with. The 19 year old Marquis de LaFayette (both recently orphaned and married), middle-aged Prussian Army officer Baron Frederich von Stuben, ex-pat Moses Hazen, previously a member of Roger's Rangers in the French & Indian War returned from Canada to lead "Congress' Own" 2nd Canadian regiment, Lithuanian Tadeusz Kościuszko (Ko-CHEWz-ko) joined in as a Colonel to Combat Engineer (leading to the Army Corp), and Tuffin Armand, Marquis de la Rouerie to forge our Cavalry and Francois Teissedre de Fleury from the French Army. Benjamin Franklin, of course, had a hand is 'encouraging' 3 or 4 of these volunteers. Within months of Trenton and Princeton, Washington had a few more experts to help train and focus the brave volunteers from the Colonies. Personal Note: What a difference 60 years can make. I have to presume the Hessian POWs were treated well enough and were pleased enough our Eastern lands to return home as the vanguard of the 'time-share' salesmen, who fledgling Midwest States would dispatch to Europe in the 1800s to recruit "hard-working German" laborers and farmers to populate their new States.”

[supercap2319]

"You're seriously studying?"

Y/N turned to the sound of the voice and found Clark Kent standing in the doorway of the now empty classroom. He looked like Clark Kent. And he even sounded like Clark Kent, but he wasn't dressed like Clark Kent. The farm boy traded in his jeans and flannel for leather and Armani suits.

"Clark, hey. I'm just studying for the history test tomorrow. I think I've got most of the dates memorized, but I'm still having trouble between the Cold War and the Battle of Trenton." Y/N said as Clark took a seat next to him, glanced at his books, and wrinkled his nose. "That's boring. Let's go do something fun."

"Like what? Have another basketball game with Pete on the courts? Help Chloe rearrange her bedroom again?"

"I was thinking we'd go to a bar. Maybe to a club and find some nice chicks to hang out with."

"Okay, who are you, and what planet are you from? In what universe does Clark Kent want to go clubbing and drinking?" Y/N asked.

"The kind who's tired of living the quiet life of a bumbling farm boy and is ready to explore the real world. All the best things in it. Come on. I bet we could get some action from some really hot girls." Clark nudged Y/N, who blushed hard.

"As fun as girls sound, I have to study."

"Oh, come, Y/N. Don't be so uptight." Clark said. "If you need to, I can help loosen you out. In more ways than one." He smirks. "Okay, did you just try to make an innuendo at me? Since when are you into guys? I thought you only had eyes for Lana."

Clark frowns at the mention of Lana's name. It's true that Clark couldn't get within five feet of Lana Lang without becoming a freakshow of clumsiness, but as of recently, Clark's been really cocky and confident. "Well, there's plenty of others to fool around with than Smallville's resident fairy princess. Probably give up easier and much better in the sack, to I'll bet." Clark grins.

"I don't know." Y/N said.

"Come on, Y/N, imagine it. Dancing. Drinking. Getting your dick sucked. It's pure unadulterated ecstacy." Clark said.

"If I say yes, will you let me finish my studying?"

"Sure thing, handsome." Clark winks

.

[a-dorky-american]

Just imagine that Prussia takes Germany with him to Valley Forge songe can get his "first taste of life in war" as Prussia puts it, and this is where he meets America for the first time.

Germany looks at this disheveled and half starving kid that's not that much younger than him, and wonders exactly what Prussia sees in this guy?

That is, until he starts training with him. That's when that fiery passion for freedom comes out and destroys anything in its path. It's something to be feared, yet respected. The Battle of Trenton commences and he is still amazed that this kid has still not managed to kill himself yet (after all, what they just did could be interpreted by many as a potential suicide mission). It is after this battle that a deep friendship begins to take root and blossom (even long after the war which later turns romantic wHAT who just said that-)

[whencyclopedia]

20 Battles of the American Revolution

The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) was a long and bitter conflict fought between Great Britain and its rebellious thirteen colonies, which were struggling for independence as a new nation, the United States of America. The Americans ultimately prevailed, but only after eight years of warfare, approximately 250 battles and skirmishes, and 25,000-70,000 wartime dead.

This collection examines 20 of the most significant battles of the American Revolution. From the 'shot heard round the world' on Lexington Green to the bloodbath on Breed's (Bunker) Hill; from the Continental Army's 'darkest hour' after Long Island to Washington's resilient successes at Trenton and Princeton; from the turning point at Saratoga to Nathanael Greene's 'war of posts' in the South and, finally, to the ultimate American victory at Yorktown. These battles should not only be of interest to students of military history but also to those who wish to understand the origins of the United States. How did an army of untrained, undisciplined provincials defeat one of the greatest militaries in the world? What were the strategies used by Washington, Greene, and other revolutionary and British generals? What part did the French alliance play in the conflict, or Britain's German auxiliary troops? These questions, and more, can be answered in the articles below, which will hopefully give the reader a better picture of the long and painful birth of the United States.

Continue reading...

[tallmadgeandtea]

SS&SP Snippet

Slight! Out of context spoilers ahead, but I came up with/wrote this in preparation for *gestures to ongoing events* and actually like it, so I hope you all enjoy:

“Miss Walker,” Benjamin began— he waited until the Headquarters' door shut, and they were out of Washington’s domain. He looked back, once, and then he lowered his head slightly, as if she was more than just three inches shorter than him. "I have something I must ask you."

Elizabeth blinked. “Major, you’ve already apologized, I cannot imagine what else you need to say to earn my forgiveness-“

“It’s not that,” he said. Another glance. “The soldiers were dragoons, weren’t they?”

“Yes,” she answered. Yesterday’s knots returned, tied in her chest with stronger rope, cold hands. Do not cry. Do not make it worse. She looked at the ground. “They were. Their helmets had skulls on them, Major. It- it was as if they were staring at me.” She swallowed. “I’m sorry, I- I am still frightened.” Washington was right: she needed to go home, rest in her own bed, and let dreams vanish the thoughts of soldiers and smoke and blood. Even now, she wondered how close they were, if they remembered her face, her voice, her body…

The British men had touched her, gotten so close to defiling her, yet she would stay in a ballroom for years if it meant she'd never again have to see the evil in their eyes, inhale the smoke from their guns and feel their cold steel on her skin. What was a kiss compared to the gaping hole left by a bayonet?

"I know," Benjamin said. All too gentle-- God, he looked like he was going to be sick, and regret overtaking his features, jaw clenched, pity reflected in his blue eyes. Do not pity me, she thought. But it was all she wanted yesterday. Pity. "If you wish to stop after today-"

"I said I will not." Will, not wish, not want. Will.

"Then we shall send extra protection," he said. "Men hiding in the woods-- your Pennsylvania riflemen, if they're available. I'd prefer my own men, though. It's a shame Seymour and his fellows went to Trenton."

"Do not worry. Captain Tilghman has good aim, and I trust him." Maybe you'll have your own solution. She'd write a letter to her father's steward, his contact in Lancaster--

"It's for my own sake, too, Miss Walker." He looked at her, "Until I am able to protect you myself."

She was so tired, nerves so tight, she chuckled. "And when will that be, Major?"

"When we meet the British in battle, and I cut down every dragoon I see."

Oh, Good Lord.

A promise she knew he'd keep. She saw it in his expression, his eyes focused, sharp like the saber at his hip.

"You will not be thinking of me, then," she said, her voice hushed.

He smirked. "I disagree. I have a great memory."

The door opened behind them, boots on the stone steps. "Tallmadge!" Hamilton shouted, "The General isn’t done with you!"

Tilghman brushed past him, adjusting his cape. "And he wants me to escort you home, Miss Walker!"

"Go on," she told Benjamin.

"Miss Walker."

And then, like the night at the Tavern, before they truly knew each other, before she got a taste of the world around her, he bowed his head, took her hand in his, and kissed it.

She watched him disappear into Headquarters' frantic trap.

An apology, a threat, and a promise.

She didn’t know what to make of any of them.

[gracehosborn]

What's the itinerary? 👀

Hi, Anon! Happy to share.

My dream American Revolution trip itinerary, just including my must-sees, and a rough idea of transportation (still working on food stops and slipping in other points of interest):

Day 1:

Early morning flight to Boston, MA

Stay in Boston for 3 nights, 4 days

Rental car for Day 2 and 3

Boston Massacre Site

Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum

Bunker Hill Museum and Monument

Old North Church & Historic Site

Day 2:

Paul Revere House

Lexington Battle Green Tour, Lexington MA

Drive from Boston

Old North Bridge, Concord MA

Drive from Lexington

Day 3:

Adams National Historic Park, Quincy MA

Drive from Boston

General Nathaniel Greene Homestead, Coventry RI

Drive from Adams NHP

Day 4:

Early morning train/bus to Albany, NY

Stay in Albany 2 nights, 3 days

Rental car for Day 4 and 5

Saratoga National Historical Park, Stillwater NY

Drive from Albany

Fort Ticonderoga, Ticonderoga NY

Drive from Saratoga NHP

Day 5:

Schuyler Mansion tour

Washington’s Headquarters State Historic Site, Newbrugh NY

Drive from Albany

John Jay Homestead, Katonah NY

Drive from Washington Headquarters Newbrugh

Day 6:

Early morning train from Albany to New York City, NY

Stay in New York City for 4 nights, 5 days

Hamilton Grange National Memorial

Morris-Jumel Mansion

Day 7:

City Hall Park

Federal Hall

Fraunces Tavern Museum

Trinity Church & Cemetary

Day 8:

Museum of the City of New York

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Day 9:

Van Cortlandt House Museum

Central Park

New York Historical Society Museum & Library

Weehawken Dueling Grounds/Hamilton Park, Weehawken, NJ

Take ferry to and from

Day 10:

Train/bus to Princeton, NJ

Stay in Princeton 2 nights, 3 days

Rental car for Day 11

Princeton Battlefield State Park

Day 11:

Monmouth Battlefield State Park, Manalapan, NJ

Drive from Princeton

Morristown National Historical Park, Morristown NJ (Includes: Ford Mansion/Washington’s Headquarters, Schuyler-Hamilton House, Jockey Hollow)

Drive from Monmouth Battlefield Park

Day 12:

Early train/bus to Trenton, NJ

Old Barracks Museum

Washington Crossing Park, Washington Crossing, PA

Train/bus from Trenton

Train/Bus from Washington Crossing to Philadelphia PA

Stay in Philadelphia 3 nights, 4 days

Rental car for Day 15 and 16

Day 13:

Independence Hall

Liberty Bell Center

First Bank of the United States

Carpenter’s Hall

Day 14:

Museum of the American Revolution

Elfreth’s Alley Museum

Day 15:

Valley Forge National Historical Park

Drive from Philadelphia

Moland House (Washington Headquarters), Warwick Township PA

Drive from Valley Forge NHP

Peter Wentz Farmstead (Washington Headquarters), Lansdale PA

Drive from Moland House

Day 16:

Cliveden of the National Trust (Chew House)

Drive from Philadelphia

Brandywine Battlefield (park), Chadds Ford PA

Drive from Cliveden

Afternoon or evening train from Philadelphia to Alexandria, VA

Stay in Alexandria for 2 nights, 3 days

Rental car for Day 18

Day 17:

George Washington’s Mount Vernon

Train/bus from Alexandria, VA

National Archives Museum, Washington DC

Train/bus from Alexandria, VA

Day 18:

James Madison’s Montpelier, Montpelier Station, VA

Drive from Alexandria, VA

Evening train from Alexandria to Williamsburg, VA

Stay in Williamsburg 2 nights

Day 19:

Colonial Williamsburg

Day 20:

Yorktown Battlefield

American Revolution Museum at Yorktown

Train/bus/taxi from Williamsburg

Day 21:

Fly from Williamsburg to Charleston, SC

Stay in Charleston for 4 nights, 5 days

Rental car for Days 22-24

South Carolina Historical Society Museum

Day 22:

Savannah History Museum, Savannah GA

Battlefield Park Heritage Center, Savannah GA

Drive from Charleston

Day 23:

Cowpens National Battlefield, Cowpens SC

Drive from Charleston

Eutaw Springs Battlefield Park, Eutawville SC

Drive from Cowpens

Day 24:

Magnolia Plantation and Gardens

Mempkin Abbey (site of Laurens family graves)

Day 25:

Fly home from Charleston SC

[agp]

part 1: quebec

beauceville

special train ticket to montreal

sherbrooke

drummondville (first gym)

st hyacinthe

montreal

car ride to ottawa

part 2: kichi zibi

hawksbury, on

montebello, qc

gatineau

chelsea, qc

wakefield, qc

lac philippe

ottawa, on (second gym)

unlock presto pass

wabano

kitigan zibi

part 3: east ontario

cornwall, on

gananoque

cataraqui (3rd gym)

watertown,ny

belleville, on

trenton, on

cfb trenton

team galactic vs team rocket

n and silver are fighting for the planes

part 4: the gta

oshawa

toronto (4th gym)

brampton

london?

hamilton

part 5: across the borders again

niagra, on

buffalo, ny (5th gym)

allegheny national forest

cleveland, oh

pittsburg, pa

harrisburg, pa

"unova isnt too far you know"

"florida is so far"

gym leader rematch

fifth badge back in cleveland

part 6: lake huron

detroit, mi (6th gym)

sarnia, on

london, on

goderich, on

sault ste marie, on

finally find the gym leader

mackinaw city, mi

battle and badge in detroit

part 7: chicago and the west

chicago (7th gym and badge)

n and silver are kidnapped by ola

its just like geonosis, so is the protag

ola wants a show and everyones angry

people arent meant to fight pokemon

not even in self defence this sucks

theres a reason were the trainers

milwaukee, wi

madison, wi

minneapolis, mn

duluth, mn

thunder bay, on

boat back to toronto, kingston, or ottawa

part 8: the road to montreal

pembrooke, on

temiskaming shores

north bay, on

sudbury

sault ste marie

via full-time membership

party in toronto

party in cataraqui, on

montreal, pq (8th gym)

trois rivieres, pq

elite four in quebec city

post-game content everywhere

gen 5 remakes for every region

when were done with this one

welcome to the great lakes. welcome to anishinaabe country. welcome to the world of pokemon!! miigwetch

[tricornonthecob]

oof its been a minute my bad

LK 119: Around the Delawhat?

(pt1)(pt2)(pt3)(pt4)

Nothing gets past the Secret Bisexual.

Where?

*vague hand gesturing* something something edutainment.

In case you failed geography.

Not with that attitude, jeeeee-zus!

The Continental Army is relying on all of Hesse-Cassel not being morning folk.

There gonna be kettle corn? I don't wanna go to no parade if there ain't kettle corn involved.

...You haven't answered my question about the kettle corn, Retreats Georg.

Wow rude.

These children are tailgating this guy so hard, but mullety Virginia man is used to it.

And there isn't even any kettle corn!

And I trained up hogs to sing opera at Wolf Trap!

She isn't wrong.

Buddy why are you so angy. I hate when the Freedum Brainworms fuck with his ability to empathize. Or is it just the stress of continual retreating and nobody teaching you a healthy way to cope? Maybe he's wondering what its all been for.

They gonna make that 14-year-old-17-year-old work for his journalism.

She's gonna be the only one without sore arms by the end of this.

Lookit them. Lookit those spec-ops twirl!

I ship it.

What is this, stomp?

They ship it, too.

Oooooh yeah. These jaegers fuck.

[wingsofhistory]

Introduction: Lewis "Fundy" Callum

Flight Lieutenant Lewis Callum is the main character of Wings of History. From the forested heights of New Brunswick, Canada, Callum is a very successful pilot of the Royal Canadian Air Force.

Born in 1915, Callum belonged to a family of foresters who lived just south of Riverview Heights, in the emerging Greater Moncton area. Eager to learn about beyond the skies, Callum started his aviation career at the young age of 16, after becoming a member at the Moncton Flying Club (today, the Moncton Flight College). One of his earliest memories in the sky includes him getting lost on a flight over the Bay of Fundy, to which he earned his callsign. Boring.

Hoping to become a land surveyor, Callum's world took a turn as he took an opportunity to join the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1933. Upon finishing the training program in 1937, he was posted with No. 1 Squadron out of Trenton, ON. He simultaneously gained a degree in mathematics during these years.

In 1939, Canada declared war on Germany after the Invasion of Poland. In the steps of the United Kingdom, it became clear that Callum was soon to be involved in this conflict. No. 1 Squadron was moved to the United Kingdom in order to support the RAF in their air war. His talents in aviation would soon come to light as the Battle of Britain came to play, successfully gaining his first 11 kills. In one incident, he marked himself in history as an ace in a day after claiming 3 Heinkel HE-111s and 2 109s in one go, successfully landing him a nomination for a Distinguished Flying Cross. He was promoted in 1942 to his current position.

Callum was almost put on the chopping block in 1943, as his eyesight started to deteriorate. His DFC gave just enough reasoning for them to keep him on the board. Whew! In his free time, Callum writes poetry, and keeps a journal (which seems to keep getting stolen).

Leading up to 1944, Callum would participate in a few hundred sorties, racking up some 300-400 hours of combat flight time. HIs total came up to 19 shot down, just before March of 1944. To this day, he continues to soar above the surly bonds of earth, and dance on laughter silvered wings.

[weirdestbooks]

The Shot Heard Around the World Chapter 26

An Attack in the Winter (Wattpad | Ao3)

Table of Contents | Prev | Next

So sorry this chapter is a few hours late folks. Been sick all week and didn't have time to finish it up before the publishing date.

December 26, 1776

It was cold. There was rain, sleet, hail, and snow, absolutely miserable weather. 

“The reason why winter attacks aren’t common,” James joked. United States suppressed the urge to roll his eyes. James had been making that joke ever since General Washington revealed his plans to attack the city of Trenton, where intelligence showed that Hessian mercenaries were staying, guards presumably down after Christmas. 

The element of surprise was smart, as it seemed to be the best way for them to win battles, as they were so undertrained and underequipped. Even United States, with the biyearly military training his Father forced them all to do, was not enough to train their militiamen. Most would be leaving come January, and United States had no idea how to pass his skills on to others.

“We were trained to be followers. Not to teach. Just to obey,” New Jersey grumbled. The state had been begging to be in control of the body for this battle, but United States refused. He would not make his son fight in his battles. 

Besides, this battle was against Hessians, guaranteeing that his Father would not be there. It might be United States’ only time to fight without James taking his place.

He had to fight. 

“You don’t have to prove anything to your people, Da. We know you want to fight, and they think you are, even when it is us,” Delaware said.

“He’s not proving it to them. It’s to himself,” James said, far too perceptive of United States’ feelings. United States did his best to ignore them. Daybreak was upon him and his army, and they were reaching Trenton. 

Later than they had planned but not too late. The icy river and the storm didn’t stop them.

“I am splitting the force into two columns. Would you rather join Major General Greene or Major General Sullivan?” General Washington asked United States as they approached.

“As long as I can fight, I do not care who it is with,” United States answered with a small smile. He didn’t like being forced to choose. His influence was too great, and he could divide people too quickly. General Washington nodded.

“Go with General Greene and attack from the North,” he ordered, and United States quickly moved beside the other general, nodding as he did so before the order was spread and the army began to divide into two columns. 

While United States was nervous, as any sane man would be, he was not as nervous as he thought he would be. His militia had been wearing the Hessians down for weeks; their defenses would be low, and his father would not be there—there was no way he could lose, and it filled him with giddy excitement.

“And once we win, we will liberate much of my state, and then we can move to liberate Yorkie’s,” New Jersey added, excitement in his voice.

When they reached the outskirts of Trenton, they engaged with pickets on the outside of town. Worry squirmed in United States’ gut, and he was worried that this might cause them to lose the element of surprise.

“You’ll be fine; just stop worrying about what might happen and focus on what is happening!” New York cheered, full of a youthful faith in his father. A small part of United States didn’t feel like he deserved it, but much of him was swelling with joy. 

He had failed New York so terribly, but the state still believed in him.

Now, he had to prove that he deserved that faith.

Despite the fight at the picket lines, they really didn’t seem to lose the element of surprise, as United States and his army overwhelmed the Hessians, leading to a one-sided battle, something that seemed to excite both New York and New Jersey.

Soon, the Hessians began surrendering, and not just a few dozen, but hundreds. United States let out a shocked laugh as New Jersey crept closer. Knowing what his son was trying to do, United States relented, knowing that although New Jersey didn’t fight, he needed this victory. 

He hadn’t heard excitement from them since the British landed in New York. It was all fear and terror. 

This victory was for United States, yes, but also for his states.

While there was no official surrender yet, the crushing weight of the American army, his army, left United States certain that New Jersey would be okay. 

“Don’t do anything stupid,” United States whispered before passing control of the body to New Jersey.

They had managed to win. They weren’t defeated yet. They could still do this. United States could be a country.

Even though he drifted in a space of awareness and unawareness, United States felt a hand slip into his own.

“My state next,” New York said, his voice a mix of mournful and happy. If we can, my state next.”

Eager to make more of his children happy, United States nodded. Even if it seemed impossible, he had to try. 

For his states.

• ───────────────── •

January 3, 1777

New Jersey had not expected to fight a battle. While he knew that the British would counterattack after Trenton, he had just been in control of the body to celebrate, not to fight. But despite Uncle James’ pushing, he knew that he had to fight. 

Father had fought for New Jersey and his people, and New Jersey was grateful for that, but now it was time for him to fight for them.

“Just don’t get hurt. We can’t risk losing morale right now,” Plymouth said, his voice worried.

Even with their victory at Trenton, the British general had come for them, but General Washington had snuck away from the general the night before and was now preparing to flank the British troops.

Unfortunately, when he had detached Hugh Mercer’s brigade to investigate the area, they ran into some British troops. Mercer had been wounded, his men routed in a bayonet charge, and the British were on the verge of splitting the army.

New Jersey had been worried—terrified that the Battle of Trenton had all been for nothing and he would be back under British occupation, somehow forced under Grandfather’s control, and used to hurt his family.

The fears were unreasonable, but they terrified him so.

But General George Washington had quickly attached new troops to plug that gap to prevent the British from splitting the army. However, the troops, like so many, were new and inexperienced and once again broken by British bayonets.

It wasn’t fair! They outnumbered the British, so how could they win?

“Better training,” New York grumbled angrily.

“United States! I am going to lead fresh troops to plug the gap. Are you going to stay here or come with me?” General Washington asked. New Jersey felt his brain stuttered as he processed the request.

“IS HE MAD?” Virginia exclaimed, and the other states, including New Jersey, began to echo her shock.

“But, sir, you could be injured or killed. We can’t lose you!” he protested.

“Someone has to rally them to fight and hold the line,” General Washington responded. New Jersey shook his head. 

“I can do it. I am their country!” he exclaimed, almost forgetting to keep up the facade that he was his father.

“And I am their commander, and I need to show them that I will stand by them,” General Washington said. Stressed and scared as he was, New Jersey could not help but feel more confident with his general beside him, who was promising not to abandon them, abandon Father, abandon what they were trying to build.

“He’s a good man,” Uncle James said.

“And I will stand by you,” New Jersey said, his voice full of more conviction than he felt. General Washington seemed touched, but the expression faded as he began to rally more troops.

Later that day, when Faher returned to control of the body, New Jersey proudly regaled him with the tale of how he and General Washington had defeated the British.

• ───────────────── •

January 15, 1777

New Connecticut was caught in a bad situation. That was one of the first things explained to him when he was born only a few hours ago. On one side, the United States of America, a colony of the British Empire, fighting against his father to become a country.

He was the country, if he won his war, that is, that surrounded New Connecticut on three sides. On his northern border was the Colony of Quebec, the former French colony now loyal to the British Empire.

In short, he had been born in a warzone, and with his status as a new country, he might be mistaken as an ally of the United States. 

In a way, he was, as many of his people were inspired by the United States and wanted to be allied with the new nation.

New Connecticut didn’t know what to think. He had finally found a moment to himself, fiddling with the clothes he had been given, thinking over the threads he could feel connecting him to the personifications that lay below his Northern and Southern border.

His parents, the United States of America, and the Province of Quebec. He was guessing it was them, at the very least. He wouldn’t know until the owners of those bonds came to him or until he came to them. But he knew whoever was on the side of the invisible tug was his parent.

Then there was a knock at the door, and New Connecticut opened it to see a young boy standing there, someone who looked to be about his physical age, fifteen.

“Good evening, sir. My name is Liam Walker, and I have been assigned by your government to be your assistant until you have adjusted to…life, I guess. It’s a pleasure to meet you!” the boy said, holding out his hand. New Connecticut took it.

“It is nice to meet you. And please, there is no need to call me sir. I am much younger than you, even if we look like we are of a similar age. It feels strange to make you call me that,” New Connecticut said. Liam looked nervous and surprised at that but nodded.

“Okay, si—New Connecticut. I will try to remember that. Although I do not have much experience in dealing with your kind,” he said. New Connecticut smiled.

“Neither do I. I was nothing more than an idea a few hours ago. We can learn together, and I will forgive you for your mistakes, as we are both learning. I am…I am glad I have someone to help me learn. How to be a person, that is. I am excited to know you,” New Connecticut said, excitement flooding him. He didn’t exist a few hours ago, but something within him felt excited to be a country, like he had been waiting for a long while.

He supposed, in a way, he was his people’s eagerness for the official creation of, well, him, their countryhuman.

New Connecticut was excited and nervous.

His people were afraid of failing him. New Connecticut was more afraid of failing them.