#Aqueous illustration

[aqueousablution]

He is only archives now TT__TT 7

It may not have been a perfect website, but dammit, it was home <3

[gouldblogger]

Portrait of John Minton, oil painting by LUCIAN FREUD, 1952

Note on context, from the Sotheby's:

Freud's painfully acute portrait of John Minton, painted in 1952, was perceptive and prophetic in equal measure. In this case, unusually, it was not the painter who approached the sitter, but the reverse. Minton commissioned the picture from Freud having been deeply impressed by the artist's similarly small-scale portrait of Francis Bacon, painted on copper a few months before. (...) When he asked Freud to portray him he had more or less given up his own practice as a fine artist, dividing his time between commercial illustration and teaching at the Royal College of Art. He was a kind tutor and a funny, lively man, but those who knew him more than superficially recognised that behind the absurdist sense of humour and camp jokes there lurked genuine despair, born of a deep conviction of personal failure. Minton's palpable regret for all that he had failed to achieve is the keynote of Freud's portrait. The face is gaunt, the skin mottled and raw, traces of grey indicating five o'clock shadow. There is the sense of a clock quietly ticking, of the skull beneath the skin. The eyes are painted with such astonishing attention to detail that several different layers of reflection can be seen, confused, in their aqueous lustre. Those eyes are also utterly bereft.

[sueanoi-the-vet]

Why I cannot answer some questions about a specific animal’s eye condition based on a photograph.

Examining an eye ball is not an easy task. Most photographs that a layman take of an animal often doesn’t show enough structure of it.

“Cloudy eye” can mean many different things. There are many “organs” of the eye that should be transparent. Should one of it lost its transparency, the eye is described as “cloudy”.

This complaint is very broad. An ophthalmologist must examine up close to find out which layer of the eye is affected.

An eye is a 3D object, consisted of many layers of both opaque and clear parts that allow light to reach, and focus, on the very back. This signal of light sensory organ allows the brain to interpret the animals surroundings.

(Picture of 3D illustration of a human eye. source ) 

Note the many layers of parts working together. The light must pass through cornea, aqueous chamber (filled with clear watery liquid called Aqueous Humor), pupil (the hole in the middle of the iris) posterior chamber (filled with same watery liquid), lens, vitreous chamber (filled with clear jelly), and then the light finally reach the retina. If any of those in this list lose its transparency, then the eye is “cloudy”. Note that most of list cannot be seen from afar.

This is not what you see, when you see a patient. You see this.

(A stock image of dog and cat in veterinarian arms. source)

Can you see the parts of their eyes? Cornea yes, not the entire cornea but most. Aqueous humor? well. the part that is in front of the iris is probably clear as you can see the iris well. Anything else? ..... not really.

We need a magnification tool, ideally, a slit lamp.

(image of slit lamp usage. source) note that you need a tool and the animal in front of you.

you may see this.

(a close up image of dog eye, source)

That’s a lot better. Now you can see most of the front part of the eye. If the animal is in your hand,  you can manipulate the eye lids so you can see the rest of the cornea that’s hidden by the animal’s normal posture. You can give drugs to dilate the iris so you can see the back, if you need.

now, to determine the layer of the eye, the slit lamp is a powerful tool that you can use.

(an image of slit lamp light on an eye. Note the light source is on the left side of picture. The light reflect on the cornea first, then because the aqueous humor is clear so there is no reflection in anterior chamber area, the light reflect again on the lens. source)

You can use the lamp to examine the entire field. You can determine where exactly is the “cloudy” located at. 

Now while I work in a many places that don’t have a slit lamp, I still have my own eyes and hands, a pen light, and a personal loupe for magnification. I have created a DIY slit for my personal pen light. It works like maybe 20% of the real deal could do for me.

Different location of the lesion means different etiology. Different lesion on the same location also means different etiology. I cannot tell you what the etiology of a specific individual’s eye lesion is if I can’t tell what exactly is going on in said eye. I cannot guess, I cannot risk guess wrong and cause problems for the owner or their vet. I cannot just write everything that comes to mind not because I have no idea, but because that’s an entire text book of ophthalmology. I need to narrow down with, back to post, hands-on exam! I cannot answer that question without causing a problem.

Please, if you still are curious about that eye, contact a local ophthalmologist. Ask you vet for suggestion. I cannot help you.

You can ask me “What causes (disease name)?” I’d be happy to answer. You cannot ask me “What causes (unclear picture)?”. I really really cannot answer what causes something that I can’t even guess what that problem is.

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[whats-in-a-sentence]

Figure 14.2 illustrates size-range distributions of some component particles of a natural aqueous system. (...) Recent developments in centrifugal and filtration technologies have provided a variety of options in this area, but for many routine analytical purposes there is a consensus that filtration through a 0.45 μm controlled pore size filter provides an appropriate division between 'soluble' and 'insoluble' fractions (Fig. 14.2 shows that 0.45 μm is next the centre of the colloidal region).

"Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective", 4e - Gary W. VanLoon & Stephen J. Duffy

[writer59january13]

As a mortal man of threescore and five years...

I bore witness and/or assimilated, gleaned,

and nursed implacable thirst for knowledge courtesy reading factual narratives, historical fiction, or biography that since the advent of Homo sapiens avast number of civilizations and their discontents (throve and languished) their legacy peppered with historical achievements particularly military exploits

punctuated equilibrium by false sense of security

under_scored with relatively

long periods of peace

concluding with convulsive denouement videre licet self destructive elements of style sophisticated weapons of mass destruction

contrarily at the apotheosis of

scientific, mathematical, artistic...

adjudication, beautification, communication, demystification, exemplification, fortification, gamification, horrification, identification, jollification, lubrication, magnification, nazification, objectification, pornification, qualification, ratification, sophistication, testification, unification, vilification, yuppification, and zombification for starters.

Absolute zero rhyme or reason

how antithetical characterization against sense or sensibility such as actualization, brutalization, cannibalization, dehumanization, eroticization, fanaticization, ghettoization, hierarchization, idolization, jargonization, keratinization, literalization, mythologization, nuclearization, optimalization, politicization, quantization, realization, secularization, terrorization, urbanization, vulgarization, and weaponization.

While mulling over acceptable words that ended with either ication and/or subsequently ization, an attempt (albeit feeble) attempted to select multisyllabic words that mirrored the political landscape amidst the webbed wide world in general, and in the United States in particular, and unwittingly found me putting on my thinking cap to identify linkedin references to literature and mythology.

Though written approximately one hundred and sixty five years ago, the famous quote from A Tale of Two Cities is the which begins, ''It was the worst of times, it was the best of times'' The opening line, nearly a paragraph long, shows the extreme contradictions of the time and warns that the revolution could happen again.

Along the same vein yours truly (me) tapped Google for the following tidbit.

Ancient goddesses of vengeance, the Furies (or Erinyes) pursue and punish those who have sworn false oaths or betrayed sacred laws. In The Eumenides, they seek to punish Orestes for having killed his mother, Clytemnestra. They are monstrous to behold, and frequently work themselves up into fits of rage.

The above two examples of storied illustrating imagining, intimating foreboding just occurred to me out of the blue spontaneously coming to mind as handy dandy blues clue to captcha the essence of fraught perilous political winds a worse fate than "Death and taxes"

a phrase commonly referencing a famous quotation written by American statesman Benjamin Franklin: Our new Constitution is now established, and has an appearance that promises permanency; but in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.

No purposeful intent predetermined what I wrote impossible mission to slay the invisible monster looming at large donning windswept hair trumpeting growling sounds from his throat

spouting misinformation he blithely invents and whenever convenient doth self quote

without fail lambasts Democratic contenders with flat out lies, I cannot help but note

barging as some self important egotistical obstreperous maniac flapping his gums yacht ta yachta ya motoring mouth sturdy as a keelboat soulfully bellowing damn the torpedoes make America great again – what a hoot

never giving pause that such a supposed nostalgic age never existed except maybe when primordial poetry soup awash with many an eukaryote

a generic term that describes aqueous solution

of organic compounds that accumulated

in primitive water bodies of the early Earth

as a result of endogenous abiotic syntheses

and the extraterrestrial delivery by cometary

and meteoritic collisions, and from

which some have assumed that the one celled organisms

equally gifted to shoe away

what would become pesky Republican within a bajillion years one nasty brute.

[swissforextrading]

Deciphering a dance of electrons and water molecules

27.03.24 - A research project at EPFL succeeded in decoding the complex dance of electrons in water, a major step in understanding a critical process of many chemical phenomena, and that might be the first step to improving energy conversion technologies. Water, the cradle of life on Earth, is not just a passive backdrop but actively participates in the chemical ballet of life. Central to this dance is the behavior of electrons, particularly during a process known as charge transfer to solvent (CTTS). CTTS is like a microscopic dance where an electron from something dissolved in water, like salt, leaps out and joins the water itself. The process creates a now “hydrated” electron, which is a key element of many aqueous reactions, like the ones underlying life itself. Consequently, CTTS is essential for understanding how electrons move in solutions. In a new EPFL study, researchers Jinggang Lan, Majed Chergui, and Alfredo Pasquarello have studied the intricate interactions between electrons and their solvent environments. The work was conceived and primarily carried out at EPFL, with finalizing contributions from Jinggang Lan upon him taking on a postdoctoral fellowship in the Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry at New York University. Looking at the CTTS process, the researchers meticulously visualized the dynamic interplay between the escaping electron and the polarizing water molecules surrounding it, marking a significant leap in our comprehension of such complex interactions. The team used iodide dissolved in water (“aqueous iodide”), because it makes it easier to understand how electrons move to the surrounding water. Iodide, like table salt, doesn't have complex internal movements, which makes it simpler to study. This allowed the scientists to observe how iodide can swiftly release an electron into the surrounding water, a process influenced by the arrangement of water molecules around the iodide. To study the CTTS process, the researchers used ab initio molecular dynamics, a sophisticated technique that simulates the behavior of molecules in a computer by calculating atomic interactions and movements from fundamental physical principles using quantum mechanics. “Ab initio” means “from the beginning” in Latin, indicating that this method starts from fundamental physical principles, allowing scientists to accurately predict how molecules and materials evolve over time without relying on empirical data for the interactions between particles. Combining the ab initio approach with sophisticated machine learning techniques, the scientists were able to visualize and analyze the CTTS process in unprecedented detail, tracking the journey of an electron from being attached to an iodide ion to becoming solvated – being surrounded and stabilized by water molecules. The study revealed that CTTS involves a series of distinct states, each characterized by the distance between the electron and the iodine nucleus: from being closely associated with the iodine atom (contact-pair state), to separating into the solvent (solvent-separated state), and finally becoming fully solvated as a hydrated electron. “The advance mostly rests at the fundamental level,” says Alfredo Pasquarello. “The described mechanism involves a subtle interplay between electronic excitation and ionic polarization effects, which produce a sequence of configurations as revealed by our simulations.” CTTS dynamics illustrating the electron density (blue) and the hole density of aqueous iodine (yellow). Credit: Jinggang Lan/EPFL But shedding light on CTTS could also have implications into a wide range of applications involving charge and energy transfer reactions. Understanding how electrons interact with their environment at such a fundamental level could be key to developing more efficient solar energy conversion systems, improving photocatalysis techniques, and even advancing our knowledge of material science and… http://actu.epfl.ch/news/deciphering-a-dance-of-electrons-and-water-molecul (Source of the original content)

[testbankprovidersell]

Test Bank for Biochemistry A Short Course Fourth Edition John Tymoczko

Table of Contents

Part I The Molecular Design of Life SECTION 1 Biochemistry Helps Us to Understand Our World Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 1.1 Living Systems Require a Limited Variety of Atoms and Molecules 1.2 There Are Four Major Classes of Biomolecules Proteins Are Highly Versatile Biomolecules Nucleic Acids Are the Information Molecules of the Cell Lipids Are a Storage Form of Fuel and Serve as a Barrier Carbohydrates Are Fuels and Informational Molecules 1.3 The Central Dogma Describes the Basic Principles of Biological Information Transfer 1.4 Membranes Define the Cell and Carry Out Cellular Functions Biochemical Functions Are Sequestered in Cellular Compartments Some Organelles Process and Sort Proteins and Exchange Material with the Environment Clinical Insight Defects in Organelle Function May Lead to Disease Chapter 2 Water, Weak Bonds, and the Generation of Order Out of Chaos 2.1 Thermal Motions Power Biological Interactions 2.2 Biochemical Interactions Take Place in an Aqueous Solution 2.3 Weak Interactions Are Important Biochemical Properties Electrostatic Interactions Are Between Electrical Charges Hydrogen Bonds Form Between an Electronegative Atom and Hydrogen van der Waals Interactions Depend on Transient Asymmetry in Electrical Charge Weak Bonds Permit Repeated Interactions 2.4 Hydrophobic Molecules Cluster Together Membrane Formation Is Powered by the Hydrophobic Effect Protein Folding Is Powered by the Hydrophobic Effect Functional Groups Have Specific Chemical Properties 2.5 pH Is an Important Parameter of Biochemical Systems Water Ionizes to a Small Extent An Acid Is a Proton Donor, Whereas a Base Is a Proton Acceptor Acids Have Differing Tendencies to Ionize Buffers Resist Changes in pH Buffers Are Crucial in Biological Systems Making Buffers Is a Common Laboratory Practice APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies SECTION 2 Protein Composition and Structure Chapter 3 Amino Acids 3.1 Proteins Are Built from a Repertoire of 20 Amino Acids Most Amino Acids Exist in Two Mirror-Image Forms All Amino Acids Have at Least Two Charged Groups 3.2 Amino Acids Contain a Wide Array of Functional Groups Hydrophobic Amino Acids Have Mainly Hydrocarbon Side Chains Polar Amino Acids Have Side Chains That Contain an Electronegative Atom Positively Charged Amino Acids Are Hydrophilic Negatively Charged Amino Acids Have Acidic Side Chains The Ionizable Side Chains Enhance Reactivity and Bonding 3.3 Essential Amino Acids Must Be Obtained from the Diet Clinical Insight Pathological Conditions Result If Protein Intake Is Inadequate APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies Chapter 4 Protein Three-Dimensional Structure 4.1 Primary Structure: Amino Acids Are Linked by Peptide Bonds to Form Polypeptide Chains Proteins Have Unique Amino Acid Sequences Specified by Genes Polypeptide Chains Are Flexible Yet Conformationally Restricted 4.2 Secondary Structure: Polypeptide Chains Can Fold into Regular Structures The Alpha Helix Is a Coiled Structure Stabilized by Intrachain Hydrogen Bonds Beta Sheets Are Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonding Between Polypeptide Strands Polypeptide Chains Can Change Direction by Making Reverse Turns and Loops Fibrous Proteins Provide Structural Support for Cells and Tissues Clinical Insight Defects in Collagen Structure Result in Pathological Conditions 4.3 Tertiary Structure: Water-Soluble Proteins Fold into Compact Structures Myoglobin Illustrates the Principles of Tertiary Structure The Tertiary Structure of Many Proteins Can Be Divided into Structural and Functional Units 4.4 Quaternary Structure: Multiple Polypeptide Chains Can Assemble into a Single Protein 4.5 The Amino Acid Sequence of a Protein Determines Its Three-Dimensional Structure Proteins Fold by the Progressive Stabilization of Intermediates Rather Than by Random Search Some Proteins Are Intrinsically Unstructured and Can Exist in Multiple Conformations Clinical Insight Protein Misfolding and Aggregation Are Associated with Some  Neurological Diseases APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: Surviving desiccation Chapter 5 Techniques in Protein Biochemistry 5.1 The Proteome Is the Functional Representation of the Genome 5.2 The Purification of a Protein Is the First Step in Understanding Its Function Proteins Can Be Purified on the Basis of Differences in Their Chemical Properties Proteins Must Be Removed from the Cell to Be Purified Proteins Can Be Purified According to Solubility, Size, Charge, and Binding Affinity Proteins Can Be Separated by Gel Electrophoresis and Displayed A Purification Scheme Can Be Quantitatively Evaluated 5.3 Immunological Techniques Are Used to Purify and Characterize Proteins Centrifugation Is a Means of Separating Proteins Gradient Centrifugation Provides an Assay for the Estradiol–Receptor Complex Antibodies to Specific Proteins Can Be Generated Monoclonal Antibodies with Virtually Any Desired Specificity Can Be Readily Prepared The Estrogen Receptor Can Be Purified by Immunoprecipitation Proteins Can Be Detected and Quantified with the Use of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Western Blotting Permits the Detection of Proteins Separated by Gel Electrophoresis 5.4 Determination of Primary Structure Facilitates an Understanding of Protein Function Mass Spectrometry Can Be Used to Determine a Protein’s Mass, Identity, and Sequence Amino Acids Are Sources of Many Kinds of Insight APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: The development of affinity chromatography APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies SECTION 3 Basic Concepts and Kinetics of Enzymes Chapter 6 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Action 6.1 Enzymes Are Powerful and Highly Specific Catalysts Proteolytic Enzymes Illustrate the Range of Enzyme Specificity There Are Six Major Classes of Enzymes 6.2 Many Enzymes Require Cofactors for Activity 6.3 Gibbs Free Energy Is a Useful Thermodynamic Function for Understanding Enzymes The Free-Energy Change Provides Information About the Spontaneity but Not the Rate of a Reaction The Standard Free-Energy Change of a Reaction Is Related to the Equilibrium Constant Enzymes Alter the Reaction Rate but Not the Reaction Equilibrium 6.4 Enzymes Facilitate the Formation of the Transition State The Formation of an Enzyme–Substrate Complex Is the First Step in Enzymatic Catalysis The Active Sites of Enzymes Have Some Common Features The Binding Energy Between Enzyme and Substrate Is Important for Catalysis Transition-State Analogs Are Potent Inhibitors of Enzymes APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: Catalytic antibodies demonstrated the importance of selective binding of the transition state to enzymatic activity. APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies Chapter 7 Kinetics and Regulation 7.1 Kinetics Is the Study of Reaction Rates 7.2 The Michaelis–Menten Model Describes the Kinetics of Many Enzymes Clinical Insight Variations in KM Can Have Physiological Consequences KM and Vmax Values Can Be Determined by Several Means KM and Vmax Values Are Important Enzyme Characteristics Kcat/KM Is a Measure of Catalytic Efficiency Most Biochemical Reactions Include Multiple Substrates 7.3 Allosteric Enzymes Are Catalysts and Information Sensors Allosteric Enzymes Are Regulated by Products of the Pathways Under Their Control Allosterically Regulated Enzymes Do Not Conform to Michaelis–Menten Kinetics Allosteric Enzymes Depend on Alterations in Quaternary Structure Regulator Molecules Modulate the RT Equilibrium The Sequential Model Also Can Account for Allosteric Effects Clinical Insight Loss of Allosteric Control May Result in Pathological Conditions 7.4 Enzymes Can Be Studied One Molecule at a Time APPENDIX: Derivation of the Michaelis-Menten Equation APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: There may be multiple causes for a loss of enzyme activity APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies Chapter 8 Mechanisms and Inhibitors 8.1 A Few Basic Catalytic Strategies Are Used by Many Enzymes 8.2 Enzyme Activity Can Be Modulated by Temperature, pH, and Inhibitory Molecules Temperature Enhances the Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Most Enzymes Have an Optimal pH Enzymes Can Be Inhibited by Specific Molecules Reversible Inhibitors Are Kinetically Distinguishable Irreversible Inhibitors Can Be Used to Map the Active Site Clinical Insight Penicillin Irreversibly Inactivates a Key Enzyme in Bacterial Cell-Wall  Synthesis 8.3 Chymotrypsin Illustrates Basic Principles of Catalysis and Inhibition Serine 195 Is Required for Chymotrypsin Activity Chymotrypsin Action Proceeds in Two Steps Linked by a Covalently Bound Intermediate The Catalytic Role of Histidine 57 Was Demonstrated by Affinity Labeling Serine Is Part of a Catalytic Triad That Includes Histidine and Aspartic Acid APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies Chapter 9 Hemoglobin, An Allosteric Protein 9.1 Hemoglobin Displays Cooperative Behavior 9.2 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin Bind Oxygen in Heme Groups Clinical Insight Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Regions of the Brain  Processing Sensory Information 9.3 Hemoglobin Binds Oxygen Cooperatively 9.4 An Allosteric Regulator Determines the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin Clinical Insight Hemoglobin’s Oxygen Affinity Is Adjusted to Meet Environmental  Needs Biological Insight Hemoglobin Adaptations Allow Oxygen Transport in Extreme  Environments 9.5 Hydrogen Ions and Carbon Dioxide Promote the Release of Oxygen 9.6 Mutations in Genes Encoding Hemoglobin Subunits Can Result in Disease Clinical Insight Sickle-Cell Anemia Is a Disease Caused by a Mutation in Hemoglobin Clinical Insight Thalassemia Is Caused by an Imbalanced Production of Hemoglobin  Chains APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: A potential antidote for carbon monoxide poisoning? APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies SECTION 4 Carbohydrates and Lipids Chapter 10 Carbohydrates 10.1 Monosaccharides Are the Simplest Carbohydrates Many Common Sugars Exist in Cyclic Forms Pyranose and Furanose Rings Can Assume Different Conformations Clinical Insight Glucose Is a Reducing Sugar Monosaccharides Are Joined to Alcohols and Amines Through Glycosidic Bonds Biological Insight Glucosinolates Protect Plants and Add Flavor to Our Diets 10.2 Monosaccharides Are Linked to Form Complex Carbohydrates Specific Enzymes Are Responsible for Oligosaccharide Assembly Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose Are the Common Disaccharides Glycogen and Starch Are Storage Forms of Glucose Cellulose, a Structural Component of Plants, Is Made of Chains of Glucose Clinical Insight Human Milk Oligosaccharides Protect Newborns from Infection 10.3 Carbohydrates Are Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins Carbohydrates May Be Linked to Asparagine, Serine, or Threonine Residues of Proteins Clinical Insight The Hormone Erythropoietin Is a Glycoprotein Clinical Insight Glycosylation Functions in Nutrient Sensing Proteoglycans, Composed of Polysaccharides and Protein, Have Important Structural Roles Clinical Insight Proteoglycans Are Important Components of Cartilage Clinical Insight Mucins Are Glycoprotein Components of Mucus Biological Insight Blood Groups Are Based on Protein Glycosylation Patterns Clinical Insight Lack of Glycosylation Can Result in Pathological Conditions 10.4 Lectins Are Specific Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins Lectins Promote Interactions Between Cells Clinical Insight Lectins Facilitate Embryonic Development Clinical Insight Influenza Virus Binds to Sialic Acid Residues APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: α-Glucosidase inhibitors can help to maintain blood glucose homeostasis APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies Chapter 11 Lipids 11.1 Fatty Acids Are a Main Source of Fuel Fatty Acids Vary in Chain Length and Degree of Unsaturation The Degree and Type of Unsaturation Are Important to Health 11.2 Triacylglycerols Are the Storage Form of Fatty Acids 11.3 There Are Three Common Types of Membrane Lipids Phospholipids Are the Major Class of Membrane Lipids Membrane Lipids Can Include Carbohydrates Steroids Are Lipids That Have a Variety of Roles Biological Insight Membranes of Extremophiles Are Built from Ether Lipids with  Branched Chains Membrane Lipids Contain a Hydrophilic and a Hydrophobic Moiety Some Proteins Are Modified by the Covalent Attachment of Hydrophobic Groups Clinical Insight Premature Aging Can Result from the Improper Attachment of a  Hydrophobic Group to a Protein APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: Inappropriate DHA metabolism may result in  diabetic retinopathy APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies SECTION 5 Cell Membranes, Channels, Pumps, and Receptors Chapter 12 Membrane Structure and Function 12.1 Phospholipids and Glycolipids Form Bimolecular Sheets Clinical Insight Lipid Vesicles Can Be Formed from Phospholipids Lipid Bilayers Are Highly Impermeable to Ions and Most Polar Molecules 12.2 Membrane Fluidity Is Controlled by Fatty Acid Composition and Cholesterol Content 12.3 Proteins Carry Out Most Membrane Processes Proteins Associate with the Lipid Bilayer in a Variety of Ways Clinical Insight The Association of Prostaglandin H2 Synthase-l with the Membrane  Accounts for the Action of Aspirin 12.4 Lipids and Many Membrane Proteins Diffuse Laterally in the Membrane 12.5 A Major Role of Membrane Proteins Is to Function As Transporters The Na+–K+ ATPase Is an Important Pump in Many Cells Clinical Insight Multidrug Resistance Highlights a Family of Membrane Pumps with  ATP-Binding Domains Clinical Insight Harlequin Ichthyosis Is a Dramatic Result of a Mutation in an ABC  Transporter Protein Secondary Transporters Use One Concentration Gradient to Power the Formation of Another Clinical Insight Digitalis Inhibits the Na+-K+ Pump by Blocking Its Dephosphorylation Specific Channels Can Rapidly Transport Ions Across Membranes Biological Insight Venomous Pit Vipers Use Ion Channels to Generate a Thermal Image The Structure of the Potassium Ion Channel Reveals the Basis of Ion Specificity The Structure of the Potassium Ion Channel Explains Its Rapid Rate of Transport APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: Action potentials are mediated by transient changes in Na+ and K+ permeability Chapter 13 Signal-Transduction Pathways 13.1 Signal Transduction Depends on Molecular Circuits 13.2 Receptor Proteins Transmit Information into the Cell Seven-Transmembrane-Helix Receptors Change Conformation in Response to Ligand Binding and Activate G Proteins Ligand Binding to 7TM Receptors Leads to the Activation of G Proteins Activated G Proteins Transmit Signals by Binding to Other Proteins Cyclic AMP Stimulates the Phosphorylation of Many Target Proteins by Activating Protein Kinase A Clinical Insight Mutations in Protein Kinase A Can Cause Cushing’s Syndrome G Proteins Spontaneously Reset Themselves Through GTP Hydrolysis Clinical Insight Cholera and Whooping Cough Are Due to Altered G-Protein Activity The Hydrolysis of Phosphatidylinositol Bisphosphate by Phospholipase C Generates Two Second Messengers 13.3 Some Receptors Dimerize in Response to Ligand Binding and Recruit Tyrosine Kinases Receptor Dimerization May Result in Tyrosine Kinase Recruitment Clinical Insight Some Receptors Contain Tyrosine Kinase Domains Within Their  Covalent Structures Ras Belongs to Another Class of Signaling G Proteins 13.4 Metabolism in Context: Insulin Signaling Regulates Metabolism The Insulin Receptor Is a Dimer That Closes Around a Bound Insulin Molecule The Activated Insulin-Receptor Kinase Initiates a Kinase Cascade Insulin Signaling Is Terminated by the Action of Phosphatases 13.5 Calcium Ion Is a Ubiquitous Cytoplasmic Messenger 13.6 Defects in Signaling Pathways Can Lead to Diseases Clinical Insight The Conversion of Proto-oncogenes into Oncogenes Disrupts the  Regulation of Cell Growth Clinical Insight Protein Kinase Inhibitors May Be Effective Anticancer Drugs APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: Olfaction is mediated by an enormous family of seven-transmembrane-helix receptors APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies Part II Transducing and Storing Energy SECTION 6 Basic Concepts and Design of Metabolism Chapter 14 Digestion: Turning a Meal into Cellular Biochemicals 14.1 Digestion Prepares Large Biomolecules for Use in Metabolism Most Digestive Enzymes Are Secreted as Inactive Precursors 14.2 Proteases Digest Proteins into Amino Acids and Peptides Clinical Insight Protein Digestion Begins in the Stomach Protein Digestion Continues in the Intestine Clinical Insight Celiac Disease Results from the Inability to Digest Certain Proteins  Properly 14.3 Dietary Carbohydrates Are Digested by Alpha-Amylase 14.4 The Digestion of Lipids Is Complicated by Their Hydrophobicity Biological Insight Snake Venoms Digest from the Inside Out APPENDIX: Biochemistry in Focus: Enteropeptidase deficiency, although rare, can be life-threatening APPENDIX: Problem-Solving Strategies Chapter 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design 15.1 Energy Is Required to Meet Three Fundamental Needs 15.2 Metabolism Is Composed of Many Interconnecting Reactions Metabolism Consists of Energy-Yielding Reactions and Energy-Requiring Reactions A Thermodynamically Unfavorable Reaction Can Be Driven by a Favorable Reaction 15.3 ATP Is the Universal Currency of Free Energy ATP Hydrolysis Is Exergonic ATP Hydrolysis Drives Metabolism by Shifting the Equilibrium of Coupled Reactions The High Phosphoryl-Transfer Potential of ATP Results from Structural Differences Between ATP and Its Hydrolysis Products Phosphoryl-Transfer Potential Is an Important Form of Cellular Energy Transformation Clinical Insight Exercise Depends on Various Means of Generating ATP Phosphates Play a Prominent Role in Biochemical Processes ATP May Have Roles Other Than in Energy and Signal Transduction 15.4 The Oxidation of Carbon Fuels Is an Important Source of Cellular Energy Carbon Oxidation Is Paired with a Reduction Compounds with High Phosphoryl-Transfer Potential Can Couple Carbon Oxidation to ATP Synthesis 15.5 Read the full article

[jcmarchi]

Energy-Efficient, On-Demand Release of Captured CO2 - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/energy-efficient-on-demand-release-of-captured-co2-technology-org/

Energy-Efficient, On-Demand Release of Captured CO2 - Technology Org

Using light instead of heat, researchers at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory have found a new way to release carbon dioxide, or CO2, from a solvent used in direct air capture, or DAC, to trap this greenhouse gas. The novel approach paves the way for economically viable separation of CO2 from the atmosphere.

CO2 – illustrative photo. Image credit: Pixabay (Free Pixabay license)

The on-demand release of carbon dioxide is possible because the long-lived excited state of a novel acid controls the solution’s proton concentration using ultraviolet light, creating conditions that lead to CO2’s energy-efficient release.

By contrast, current DAC technologies filter air through an aqueous solution containing a sorbent material, such as an amino acid, that takes up atmospheric CO2 and holds it. Heating the solvent releases the CO2 and regenerates the amino acid for recycling. The CO2 can be either stored or converted into value-added products, such as ethanol, polymers or concrete.

[embedded content]

“In the existing direct-air-capture technologies, CO2 release and sorbent regeneration are the most energy-intensive steps,” said ORNL chemist Yingzhong Ma, who led the study published in Angewandte Chemie International Edition with ORNL colleagues Radu Custelcean and Uvinduni Premadasa, both chemists.

“The goal here is to use the amino acid sorbent, which is recyclable and has a lot of attractive properties, combined with a more energy-efficient approach to release the CO2 and regenerate the sorbent.”

The National Academy of Sciences concluded that DAC technologies have a role in removing billions of tons of CO2 from the atmosphere annually to help limit the rise in average global temperature to less than 2 degrees Celsius (about 4 degrees Fahrenheit).

However, the intensive energy cost associated with sorbent regeneration and CO2 release at a scale that would mitigate climate change makes such a massive deployment a grand challenge necessitating the development of new DAC processes.

The ORNL-led approach provided a proof of concept for using irradiation with ultraviolet light under ambient conditions instead of heating the solution to release the CO2 and regenerate the sorbent.

“Heating aqueous solutions is a common regeneration method, but it is extremely energy intensive,” said Custelcean, a pioneer in DAC. “We wanted to take heat out of the equation.”

Technology to convert CO2 into useful products already exists. We only need to learn to use it efficiently. Image credit: Victor via Unsplash, free license

Custelcean led a study in 2017 that proved a guanidine sorbent could directly capture CO2 from air. In 2018, he and colleagues demonstrated a practical, energy-efficient DAC method using solar heat to drive the release of the greenhouse gas from an amino-acid sorbent. This year, Knoxville-based startup Holocene licensed the technology to prepare it for industrial deployment.

In this new development, the key to releasing CO2 at ambient conditions is a photoacid, which is a molecule that becomes more acidic when it absorbs light. Shine a light on an acid such as vinegar and nothing happens.

By contrast, expose a photoacid to ultraviolet or visible light, and a chemical group in the middle of the acid rotates from the opposite side of a bond to the same side. A subsequent reaction forms a ring, leading to transfer of a proton, or hydrogen ion, to the water solvent. This transfer dramatically increases the acidity of the solution, producing a change called a “pH swing.”

The excess protons can now interact with bicarbonate, or HCO3-, which was made when CO2 reacted with the sorbent. The bicarbonate accepts a proton to become carbonic acid, or H2CO3, which is just one energetically favorable step away from carbon dioxide and water.

“This paper describes the first time where the macroscopic pH swing lasting from minutes to hours has been demonstrated using light as an external trigger to initiate the CO2 regeneration reaction,” said Vyacheslav “Slava” Bryantsev, leader of ORNL’s Chemical Separations group and a co-author of the paper.

“You can easily turn light on and off to control the reaction reversibly,” Ma said. “You can capture CO2 in the dark and then simply turn on the light when you want to release CO2 for storage or for making value-added products. It gives you a way to easily control the process on demand.”

That said, the researchers needed an additional trick of the light. Conventional photoacids would not work because the lifetimes of their excited states are very short — mere nanoseconds. They lose protons but then stay mostly in the same configuration. “Then you only change the acidity for a short time,” Bryantsev said.

Ma and Custelcean, who conceived the idea of using a photoacid to trigger CO2 release in DAC applications, ran into this problem when they began experiments using a commercially available photoacid.

“When carbonic acid decomposes, it has a short lifetime in water, on the order of a few seconds. But that’s an infinity compared to the lifetime of a regular photoacid, which is nanoseconds, or billionths of seconds,” Custelcean said. “That’s why you cannot do this chemistry with a regular photoacid: It takes seconds to release CO2 from carbonic acid, but it takes only nanoseconds for the photoacid to take the proton back.”

Bryantsev came up with the idea to try a different class of photoacid with a long-lived excited state. Called a metastable-state photoacid, it has a structure that persists in solution from seconds to hours. That means the pH change driven by the photoacid’s structural change also lasts a lot longer.

The scientists invited an expert in photoacid design and synthesis to join the team. Florida Institute of Technology’s Yi Liao had pioneered the new class of metastable-state photoacids around 2015 but for purposes other than DAC.

“We really made a breakthrough after we got this photoacid from our collaborator,” Ma said. Custelcean agreed. “Having a metastable-state photoacid gave us plenty of time to release the proton and form the carbonic acid. Then the carbonic acid had time to release the CO2 in water. Once that happens, CO2 leaves the solution,” he said.

With Ma, first author Premadasa designed and conducted the experiments for the proof-of-concept study using a metastable-state photoacid synthesized by Liao and Florida Tech colleague Adnan Elgattar, with subsequent spectroscopic characterization by ORNL’s Benjamin Doughty and Vera Bocharova.

“Once we baselined the photochemical properties of the acid itself, our next step was to test its applicability for CO2 release with various DAC sorbents,” Premadasa said. “We can easily manipulate chemical compositions and intensities and colors of light to drive the photoreaction for efficient CO2 release.”

Audrey Miles from the University of Notre Dame and Stella Belony from the University of Florida, who were DOE Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships students at the time of the study, tested the photoacid under different conditions for its CO2-releasing abilities. Then ORNL’s Michelle Kidder, Diana Stamberga and Joshua Damron measured the amount of CO2 released under those different conditions.

Many challenges remain to develop ORNL’s light-activated DAC technology. One is understanding the dynamics by which the photoacid forms a chemical complex with the amino acid sorbent. Another is improving the solubility of compounds in water. Yet another is optimizing the absorption of light from the visible spectrum.

Moreover, the scientists would like to decrease the time required to regenerate the photoacid and improve understanding of its long-term stability.

Regardless, the future is bright for metastable-state photoacids. “Our study paves the way towards photochemically driven approaches for CO2 release and sorbent regeneration using solar light,” Premadasa said.

The title of the paper is “Photochemically-Driven CO2 Release Using a Metastable-State Photoacid for Energy Efficient Direct Air Capture.”

Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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[ohwormwood]

Burning Bush Crow, Langley, WA - a piece i did for my aqueous media class! i havent worked extensively with watercolor up until now, but im getting the hang of it and i love it! hopefully i'll post more with some illustration aspects soon :333 -

[aqueousablution]

My friend Crepe (@springinthesky) used sorXa as the basis for an alternate palette of a character that she's making who has long hair, and I loved how it looked so much that it inspired me to finally draw a long-haired sorXa like I've been meaning to for the past few months :^)

Edit: Went back and fixed a few coloring errors, and made a few other adjustments that I think look better (original version under the cut, for posteriority's sake:)

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To further illustrate the principles involved in osmosis, consider the situation in figure 10.27; we have a beaker of water in an enclosed space already saturated in water vapour, and we have just added a beaker of an aqueous solution of a nonvolatile solute. (...) The higher the concentration of the solution, the more water is transferred to it (figure 10.27).

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