#{ CONQUEST } patron of the conqueror;

[wonder-worker]

A central element of the myth of [Eleanor of Aquitaine] is that of her exceptionalism. Historians and Eleanor biographers have tended to take literally Richard of Devizes’s conventional panegyric of her as ‘an incomparable woman’ [and] a woman out of her time. […] Amazement at Eleanor’s power and independence is born from a presentism that assumes generally that the Middle Ages were a backward age, and specifically that medieval women were all downtrodden and marginalized. Eleanor’s career can, from such a perspective, only be explained by assuming that she was an exception who rose by sheer force of personality above the restrictions placed upon twelfth-century women.

-Michael R. Evans, Inventing Eleanor: The Medieval and Post-Medieval Image of Eleanor of Aquitaine

"...The idea of Eleanor’s exceptionalism rests on an assumption that women of her age were powerless. On the contrary, in Western Europe before the twelfth century there were ‘no really effective barriers to the capacity of women to exercise power; they appear as military leaders, judges, castellans, controllers of property’. […] In an important article published in 1992, Jane Martindale sought to locate Eleanor in context, stripping away much of the conjecture that had grown up around her, and returning to primary sources, including her charters. Martindale also demonstrated how Eleanor was not out of the ordinary for a twelfth-century queen either in the extent of her power or in the criticisms levelled against her.

If we look at Eleanor’s predecessors as Anglo-Norman queens of England, we find many examples of women wielding political power. Matilda of Flanders (wife of William the Conqueror) acted as regent in Normandy during his frequent absences in England following the Conquest, and [the first wife of Henry I, Matilda of Scotland, played some role in governing England during her husband's absences], while during the civil war of Stephen’s reign Matilda of Boulogne led the fight for a time on behalf of her royal husband, who had been captured by the forces of the empress. And if we wish to seek a rebel woman, we need look no further than Juliana, illegitimate daughter of Henry I, who attempted to assassinate him with a crossbow, or Adèle of Champagne, the third wife of Louis VII, who ‘[a]t the moment when Henry II held Eleanor of Aquitaine in jail for her revolt … led a revolt with her brothers against her son, Philip II'.

Eleanor is, therefore, less the exception than the rule – albeit an extreme example of that rule. This can be illustrated by comparing her with a twelfth century woman who has attracted less literary and historical attention. Adela of Blois died in 1137, the year of Eleanor’s marriage to Louis VII. […] The chronicle and charter evidence reveals Adela to have ‘legitimately exercised the powers of comital lordship’ in the domains of Blois-Champagne, both in consort with her husband and alone during his absence on crusade and after his death. […] There was, however, nothing atypical about the nature of Adela’s power. In the words of her biographer Kimberley LoPrete, ‘while the extent of Adela’s powers and the political impact of her actions were exceptional for a woman of her day (and indeed for most men), the sources of her powers and the activities she engaged in were not fundamentally different from those of other women of lordly rank’. These words could equally apply to Eleanor; the extent of her power, as heiress to the richest lordship in France, wife of two kings and mother of two or three more, was remarkable, but the nature of her power was not exceptional. Other noble or royal women governed, arranged marriages and alliances, and were patrons of the church. Eleanor represents one end of a continuum, not an isolated outlier."

[daemon-in-my-head]

Gortash symbolises humanity. Bear with me.

He is a researcher, a scientist, an inventor. He is progress personified. He constructed the Steelwatch from nothing, and he discarded all ethics to do so. And while vile, that is something that has been done a lot in the past. Humans have ever since crossed the line in the name of research and progress. They have done unspeakable things, all in the name of 'advancement' and knowledge. Especially those who had certain degrees of power or in not exceptionally peaceful times, ethics are the first thing that is discarded to conduct research properly. And that is precisely what Gortash does. He ranked his desire for progress higher than personal attachments or sentimentality, and in its name, he's done unspeakably sadistic things in his 'lair' like countless did before him.

But that's not the only thing. Gortash is a tyrant, a conqueror. He invaded places people already existed in and claimed these places, their treasures and their people for himself—something humans love to do and still do to this day. And he was also an arms dealer. The thing that allowed humans to suppress even those physically stronger and more advanced was weaponry. The thing that allowed progression to this degree is where his roots lie.

He paid attention in his history lessons. He made sure to learn from Sarevok's failures. Perhaps even the shortcomings of Bane's old chosen. But even despite, or perhaps because he knew that history, he made the mistake of repeating it. He was so focused on not repeating Sarevok's mistakes that he forgot the other downfalls others have had to experience. Exactly how humanity continues to learn of its own history but always gets focused on specific parts, and as such, he forgot some others and was bound to repeat them just like we're currently repeating mistakes that have happened before.

There is also Gortash's dismissal of the Netherbrain. His 'how bad could it be'-stance. He dismissed a force of nature, dismissed natural evolution because he thought himself above it, kept silent about it, and as such allowed a plague to spread through the sword coast. Something that has happened repeatedly in our past. The last time wasn't even that long ago, if we're honest.

Even the god he serves, his patron, is the only 'humane' one out of the dead three. Bhaal is a force of nature. He is death itself. Myrkul is almost an eldritch being. He's the explanation for what happens after death, and how to defeat the unknown. But Bane is human. His domain is human. Conquest, rulership, tyranny, worship. Those are human things. These are desires only humans have in that way.

But most importantly, he reigned in and controlled the weapon that is Durge. After their murder spree, and after their worship and temple management, he was the one who stilled Durge's hand. Who reminded them of their own humanity. Who insisted they were human. He became their ties to humanity to them.

So, Gortash symbolises humanity, but simply all it's flaws. He's the brutality, the ruthlessness, the endless desire and strive for progress. The desperation to be 'more'. The cruelty we display in the name of power and knowledge. The sheer lack of compassion, empathy and humanity that only humans are capable of.

And now, this also makes it really funny that he needs to die for you and your companions to succeed. It's almost like you need to kill off that cruelty in a last act of brutality to embrace a 'peaceful' future.

Expect if you're durge cuz you're fucked regardless but that's a diff topic.

[docpiplup]

If anyone wants to read new historical fiction related to the Abd al-Aziz chapter of the Al Andalus. Historical Figures book, recently a novel has been published. This novel is Egilona, Reina de Hispania (Egilona, Queen of Hispania), writen by José Soto Chica. The bulk of the story is based on the texts of the Mozarabic Chronicle and Arabic sources such as the Fath al-Andalus codex, the anonymous Ajbar Maimu'a or the works of the historian Al-Maqqari and the caliph Al-Hakam. In fact, all chapters begin with a fragment of these writings.

Synopsis

Egilona, the last queen of Hispania, a powerful woman between two cultures, between two eras, the Gothic and the Arab, fascinates us in this memorable historical novel.

Don Rodrigo, Duke of Bética, returns to his lands after being forced to pay homage to the new king of Hispania, Witiza, the murderer of his brother Favila. Now the smart thing is to lower his head; There will be time for revenge. Near Córdoba, he stops to rest in a noble house and there he sees for the first time Egilona, a fifteen-year-old girl with reddish hair, white skin and amber eyes, who that same night will become his wife.

Nine years later, in 711, near Tarifa, the hosts of the now king Rodrigo prepared to prevent the entry into Hispania of the new conqueror of the world: the Umayyad empire. In command of his army is Tariq ibn Ziyad, a freedman whom his patron Musa ibn Nusayr, vali of Africa in the new order of the caliphate, has sent on a raid. With this old soldier, ugly, cross-eyed and red-haired, hardened in a thousand battles, travels his concubine, Umm Hakim, a fascinating young woman, with doe eyes and magical knowledge, and Abd al-Aziz, one of Musa's sons. In and out, that's the order. But, in the heat of battle, Abd al-Aziz kills Rodrigo and sets his sights on Egilona, the most beautiful and haughty woman he has ever seen.

Woe to his eyes! They have just begun a story in which the sorceress and the queen will cross paths to end an empire, and for which Egilona, queen of Hispania, will be remembered "as the hand, the mind, the powerful spirit that sowed the "seed of a new era."

Some comments from the author of the novel about the historical figure of Egilona, the historical setting, the conquest and her marriage to Abd al-Aziz, from this interview:

"Events that have usually been told very poorly"

"She was a transitional character who was everything with the Visigoths and is everything again in the new world of the Muslims, but a lot of nonsense has been written about her"

"I have opted for an intermediate solution in the novel"

"After Rodrigo's death it stands as a symbol of resistance, but after the second defeat of the Visigoths in Écija I made Al-Aziz capture it. Let's think about Aztec Mexico: the Spanish were a very small force and they relied on the nobility. The Arabs did the same. This marriage was not the exception, but the norm, and there are the examples of Teodomiro's daughter or Witiza's granddaughters. It was a time when collaboration was needed"

"If I put on my historian's suit and limit myself to what the sources say, I am tied hand and foot. Now, a novelist does have licenses and I imagine that story of hate and love with Al-Aziz" "But I think the result is very coherent: it is a novel by a historian who specializes in the period and which, literary speaking, proposes psychological solutions to the 8th century."

"For me, her forgetfulness is intentional from her own time: for those who resisted in Asturias she was a traitor; for the Arabs, she was responsible for the perfect Muslim warrior falling into the conspiracy. She was guilty for going over to the enemy or subverting the order, and this has greatly influenced nineteenth-century and current Spanish historiography"

"This novel, at the level of people who seek to learn history with fiction, is the story of the Islamic conquest of Hispania based on what we really know, which has changed a lot in the last twenty years"

"It's not about good ones and bad ones, but about people like us who have to survive by accepting that the world has changed or by rebelling against it."

[mufmufart]

When history and art collide 🤴 After a deep-dive into the Yuan dynasty while reading "She Who Became the Sun," I present my (highly stylized) version of Kublai Khan, the charismatic emperor who conquered half the world. 😜

As the grandson of Genghis Khan and the ruler of the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan was no stranger to war and conquest. He was known for his ruthless tactics and military prowess, and he used these skills to conquer the Song dynasty in China, establishing the Yuan dynasty in 1271. While his reign was marked by his military conquests, Kublai Khan was also known for his policies of religious tolerance and cultural exchange, as well as his patronage of the arts, literature, and science. Despite his reputation for ruthlessness, Kublai Khan was a charismatic leader who left a lasting legacy in Chinese history as a conqueror, patron, and visionary ruler.

[milesmorales69]

Sultan Mehmed II (1432-1481), also known as "Al-Fatih" which means "the Conqueror", ruled the Ottoman Empire and is famed for conquering "the unconquerable", Constantinople. He is regarded highly for his brilliance and he's also famously known for fulfilling both Islamic and Christian prophecies with his conquest. His strategic use of massive cannons and elite soldiers including the Janissaries has enabled this significant seige at the age of 21.

Following the conquest, he transformed Constantinople into Istanbul, emphasizing religious tolerance by allowing various faiths to coexist in peace which was unlike what the crusaders did. He is an advocate to the prophecy of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), where a certain pious ruler among the believers was prophecised to conquer Constantinople in the future. His administration was marked by legal reforms, blending Islamic law with civil governance which laid the groundwork for a centralized state.

Mehmed II also promoted cultural growth by inviting scholars and artists to his court, sparking an era of learning and creativity within the empire, often referred to as the "Ottoman Classical Age". His legacy is a testament to his dual role as a military leader and a patron of culture.

His conquest of Constantinople is considered a turning point in world history, leading to the end of the medieval period and the beginning of the Renaissance in Europe

[fusionbolts]

@ryuojun​

    It’s been a long time since they last set foot in these streets--a place they’d thought up until just recently was nothing more than a figment of their imagination. Ransei wasn’t real--it couldn’t be, least of all Dragnor, which was all they could have ever asked for in a home. There was no fear there, no judgement of the very nature of their being.

    It doesn’t seem to have changed much from their memory, at least not physically - and for the most part, the same can be said for them. Physically, they remain the same--a child with wild black hair that brushed the ground behind them as they walked, wide-eyed in astonishment at the world they’d found themself in. They wore modern clothes now--mainland clothes--people seem to assume they’re a mainlander based on that alone and don’t pay them too much mind as they pass.

    Still, they can’t help but worry. Not that he won’t recognize them... rather, that he won’t be there to. They’ve failed enough of their Heroes that way. 

    Adair has agreed to keep his distance for now, letting Zekrom handle what they needed to alone; they make their way towards the castle, nervously stewing in their own silence all the way. They abandoned him. (They’d been torn away--they hadn’t wanted to leave, but they had no choice.) Would he be angry with them? Betrayed? 

    Perhaps it would have been easier for them to find their partner if they’d approached as a dragon, but their last few years in Unova have left them... frightened. So instead they walk up to the castle, shuffling their feet and nervously refusing to meet any of the guards’ eyes as they address them:

    “...I... I want to talk to No--” They falter, “Lord... Nobunaga. I’m Zekrom.”

[fusionbolts-archive]

@sachisama

    Zekrom lies on their stomach, peering up from their drawing (a very messy, ink-blot-stained rendition of Ranmaru that they’d intended to show him later) at the stranger. One of Nobunaga’s friends had brought them here, right? They looked like a kid... but then, Zekrom could also sense something Different about them.

    They very gently poke the mystery kid in the arm, whispering almost conspiratorially, “Hey. Are you like me? Y’know, not actually a human?”

[youryanderedaddy]

I like your posts, it's always cool. May i ask a yandere concept between an innocent, protected princess and a prince who obsessed with her from the first time they met, and force against her will. Thanks so much, love your writing :3

Thanks, anon, that means a lot <3 If you haven't noticed, I am oBseSSed with royalty stuff so I rlly enjoyed writing this. It's slightly different tho, but the idea is there.

Title: We all fall down

tw: female reader, non - consensual touching, obsessive behavior, coercion, implied forced marriage, war mention, abuse of power

It was cold when you woke up, terribly so. The room was spacious enough, there was bright sunlight coming from all four windows on each wall and you were sure that your sheets were warm and puffy even without looking down at them, yet it still felt freezing. You soon realized the place wasn’t simply cold, it was different too. It looked nothing like your own room back at the Southern Palace with its countless colourful pictures, books shattered all over the ground and a fireplace just across the queen – sized bed. Before you had a chance to sigh in annoyance, a quick glance to the other side reminded you of the bigger problem. Him.

“Good morning, princess.” The man greeted you cheerfully, his voice still deep and husky from the early hour. He was laying against the wooden doorframe, the sly smirk you had grown to hate over the years once again adorning his red lips. You stared at him for a moment, then rubbed your eyes to chase the fatigue away, fruitlessly so. You were too tired and sleep – deprived to play – pretend, which of course didn’t go unnoticed by the nobleman.

“You don’t look too well, princess.” He teased with a cheeky grin and walked towards the bed, stopping just before his legs hit the edge of the frame. You puffed softly, but remained quiet just so you wouldn’t have to answer him just yet. “And look at your state, darling…” The heir continued, clicking his tongue in a mocking “tsk, tsk,tsk”. “Your nightgown is a mess, I can see all of your beautiful curves.” The heir paused to lick his lips in a disgusting, suggestive way, and you had to repress the need to vomit all over the beautiful yellow sheets. “In our kingdom such appearance counts as an invitation, did you know that?” He added, smiling sharply, like a wolf in sheep’s clothing, satisfied at the way his words made you embarrassed, flustered and jumpy so early in the morning.

“Your Highness, I would like to properly remind you that it was you who forced me to drink and dance all night.” You responded heatedly, all while fixing the straps of your silky dress to at least cover your cleavage. “You wouldn’t let go of my hand for a second. It’s your fault that I look like this.” You remarked, slightly offended by the man’s jokes, despite being used to his terrible humor after all those long years of shared parties and celebrations.

“If that is really so, my lady, please let me make it up to you.” The prince replied in the same smooth, carefree voice of his, the one he used before while talking to the maids and the peasant girls he wanted to bed. It made you sick to think of yourself as just another of his conquests, even though it couldn’t be further from the truth – you couldn’t stand the dark – haired male, his arrogance and absolute ignorance. “Join me for breakfast and I shall have our best cook serve your favorite meal.” The heir announced and winked at you before turning on his heels and finally leaving the room without hearing whether you agreed to his offer or not. You didn’t even have the chance to ask him how he knew what your favorite dish was or why he entered your room without permission, such a lack of manners was unsuited for a soon-to-be king. Perhaps you could use his inconsiderate behavior as an excuse to stay in bed until lunch but deep down you knew it was pointless. The egotistic little bastard knew you had no choice since you two had a lot to discuss.

---

The breakfast, if not anything else, was rich and delicious, each bite tasty and mouth – watering. The sweet aroma of cinnamon tea, vanilla and powdered sugar filled your senses with ease and a little bit of nostalgia for your childhood. The hardest part was yet to come, you wanted to deal with it fast and go home as soon as possible. As for Arthur, it was the first time you saw him serious with his brows arched and his thoughts all over the place. The uneasiness came back with full force.

“I think you know what we want, princess.” The male declared sternly after looking at the map for a while. His eyes were blue and clear, piercing in the way they were focused on you and you alone with no one else in the hall to act as a barrier between you and the monster. You understood why it had to be only you two, but these deals were always an open secret in both kingdoms, so there weren’t many reasons to keep the tradition going. “We want our territory back. We want you to surrender.” The heir hissed eerily under his breath, his pupils fixed on your frame, burning the skin underneath the thick layer of rough fabric.

You didn’t know how to respond to this – the dynasty’s requests had always been ridiculous and far – fetched, but never as impossible as this one. Yes, your land used to belong to the East centuries ago, but after several long, bloody, sacrificial wars where many of your men lost their lives, it was won fair and square. Now all your subjects lived there happily and freely, rightfully so.

“Your Majesty, please don’t dwell on the past. It will never come back.” You responded shortly after, laughing nervously at the end, hoping that would be enough for Arthur to drop the subject. Unfortunately, this wasn’t the case.

“Is that so, dearest? You have two weeks then.” The prince said coldly, narrowing his eyes like a fox. You opened your mouth to speak but quickly got cut off. “Prepare your troops, train the soldiers, announce the incoming war to your people.” The man chuckled darkly and threw the map all the way across the room. “You better get ready for a thunderstorm.” He added just to mess with you some more, just to see your face turn white from the shock and the panic.

“You can’t do that!” You shouted out suddenly and stood up from your chair, feeling cornered and suffocated. You hated the prince’s constant teasing and flirty remarks but you would have never guess him to be a cold-blooded conqueror. “This is too cruel even for you!” You screamed, the tears already blooming down your cheeks, hot and wet. Arthur spared you one condescending look before moving closer and trapping your body against the table, towering over you both physically and metaphorically, as if saying “Let’s see who has the stronger mind.”

“I will get what I want no matter the cost and there is little you can do to stop me, princess.” The heir pronounced slowly, tilting your chin up so you had no choice but to meet his hard gaze, full of intense yet unreadable emotion. There was nothing left of the sly cheerful boy standing against your doorframe, teasing you about meaningless little things, and you almost missed him now. “But what you can do is stop the needless violence and bloodshed, Y/N.” You despised the way your eyes lit up at his words, but, as always, your duty was above your comfort and happiness. “What can I do?” You uttered quietly, a part of you too scared to hear the answer, the other anticipating it.

“Marry me.” The prince stated in a deep patronizing voice. His eyes were dark and sharp, just like before, and there wasn’t a trace of his usual gleeful smile. He grabbed your wrists in a painful grip and pulled them up, holding them against his broad shoulders. “We can unite the kingdoms and live our Happily Ever After. No one has to die.” The man whispered surprisingly softly, his chest heaving with each passing breath. “I can make you happy, dearest.”

You gasped in shock as soon as the proposal left his lips. Every fiber in your body was frozen still, your whole being shaken up by the unexpected offer.

“Why do you want to marry me?” You asked frantically, squirming to loosen up his grasp on your hands just to feel it tighten up even more. This was going to bruise for sure. “Isn’t it obvious?” The noble exhaled slowly, staring at you, trying desperately to find the compassion and affection he hoped you had grown to hold for him over the years. His heart broke once he realized there wasn’t any, but it didn’t matter. Feelings could change in a matter of minutes.

“I’ve loved you since day one, my princess.” His attention drifted to your open mouth, especially your soft full lips. Oh, how much he dreamt of taking you and relishing in the whines and moans you would surely let out once he decided to claim you as his own. “All I’ve ever wanted is you.” The heir confessed, his face moving closer and closer to your own, forcing you to arch your back more and more until it hit the table. Before you knew it, he was pinning you to the hard wooden surface, caging you in, kissing you violently, furiously. You couldn’t breathe.

You couldn’t say no.

[247reader]

Day 6: Adela of Normandy!

Adela was the daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders, born shortly after her father’s conquest of England; indeed, one poet argued that God had favored the Norman cause solely so Adela could be born a princess.  She was remarkably well-educated for the day, with a life-long interest in scholarly pursuits. Her marriage to Count Stephen of Blois began harmoniously; the couple had numerous children, and Adela assisted (and sometimes essentially took over) the administration of his lands. She ruled Blois while Stephen set off for the First Crusade, but upon his return, lambasted him for abandoning the cause in favor of his cartloads of looted treasure. Stephen was eventually bullied back to the Holy Land, where he died at the Battle of Ramla.

Adela remained the power in Blois throughout much of her son Thibault’s reign. She endowed numerous churches and monasteries, and patronized scholars and theologians. In her old age, she, like many noblewomen of the day, retired to a convent, taking vows at Marcigny. She would eventually be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.  It was through Adela that her son, another Stephen of Blois, claimed the English throne. 

[racefortheironthrone]

I have heard that the Kings of England from William the Conqueror, all the way up to Henry IV did not speak English. Is this true?

It was a bit more gradual than that:

Edward I learned English as a child, Edward III was bilingual with French as his primary language but enacted the Statute of Pleading which changed the language of the courts from Law French to English, Richard II spoke English very well and his uncle John of Gaunt was a patron and drinking buddy of Geoffrey Chaucer, and Henry IV was a native speaker of English.

So Henry IV was not the first since the Conquest to speak English, but he was the first since the Conquest to speak English as his primary, native language as opposed to it being his second language.

[jimi-rawlings]

Angel

Mercury - Tiriel

In medicine, Mercury is associated with the nervous system, the brain, the respiratory system, the thyroid and the sense organs. It is traditionally held to be essentially cold and dry, according to its placement in the zodiac and in any aspects to other planets.

Astrology, Mercury represents the principles of communication, mentality, thinking patterns, rationality/reasoning, adaptability and variability. Mercury governs schooling and education, the immediate environment of neighbors, siblings and cousins, transport over short distances, messages and forms of communication such as post, email and telephone, newspapers, journalism and writing, information gathering skills and physical dexterity.

Saint

Mars - Sébastien

Sebastian is a popular male saint, especially today among athletes.[3][4] In medieval times, he was regarded as a saint with a special ability to intercede to protect from plague, and devotion to him greatly increased when plague was active. As a protector from the bubonic plague, Sebastian was formerly one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. In Catholicism, Sebastian is the patron saint of archers, pin-makers, athletes (a modern association) and of a holy death.

Diety

Mercury - Ogun

As a father creates his tools, the children of Ogun open their own paths to what they want. They are conquerors and act quite artistically. It is curiosity that leads them to unravel things and discover the paths on their own. Ogun is the orisha of iron and war. The great warrior who gives his children a lot of will to fight for what they want and a great power of conquest. In matters of the heart, he loves to take the initiative. He rules impulsive and temperamental people.

Elements

As the “scout signs” which generate the seasons, cardinal signs govern creativity. These signs are restless, active, self-motivated, ambitious, and they often are the leaders in their communities. They can be a bit domineering, but that comes part and parcel with their best qualities of being enterprising, independent, creative, spontaneous and forceful.

Plutonium Lightning and Ice

Bible

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (German: Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus) is a book written by Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician. Begun as a series of essays, the original German text was composed in 1904 and 1905, and was translated into English for the first time by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1930.[1] It is considered a founding text in economic sociology and a milestone contribution to sociological thought in general.

CALEBISM Rosicrucian Fellowship (CRF) Mercury-Mars-Pluto Invocation Planetary Intelligence Planetary Heavens of Astrology Astral Body as Religion

Rosicrucianism is a spiritual and cultural movement that arose in early modern Europe in the early 17th century after the publication of several texts announcing to the world a new esoteric order. Rosicrucianism is symbolized by the Rosy Cross or Rose Cross. There have been several Rosicrucian (or Rosicrucian-inspired) organizations, since the initial movement was founded, including the Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross (1750s–1790s), the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (1865–present), and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (1887–1903).

The Rosicrucian Fellowship (TRF) ("An International Association of Christian Mystics") was founded in 1909 by Max Heindel with the aim of heralding the Aquarian Age and promulgating "the true Philosophy" of the Rosicrucians.[1] It claims to present Esoteric Christian mysteries or esoteric knowledge, alluded to in Matthew 13:11 and Luke 8:10, to establish a meeting ground for art, religion, and science and to prepare the individual through harmonious development of the mind and the heart for selfless service of humanity.[2]

The school's teachings hold that man is a Spirit with all the powers of God, powers that are being slowly unfolded in a series of existences (rebirths) in a gradually-improving body, a process under the guidance of exalted Beings ordering our steps in a decreasing measure as man gradually acquires intellect and will. For this purpose we live many lives[18] of increasingly fine texture and moral character. Through the "Law of Cause and Consequence" we constantly set new causes into operation which will create new destiny to balance and improve the old destiny brought from the past. All causes set into action in one life cannot be ripened in one existence but "Whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap".

The astral body is a subtle body posited by many philosophers, intermediate between the intelligent soul and the mental body, composed of a subtle material.[1] In many recensions the concept ultimately derives from the philosophy of Plato though the same or similar ideas have existed all over the world well before Plato's time: it is related to an astral plane, which consists of the planetary heavens of astrology. The term was adopted by nineteenth-century Theosophists and neo-Rosicrucians.

The word "possession" is used here in its neutral form to mean "a state (sometimes psychological) in which an individual's normal personality is replaced by another". This is also sometimes known as 'aspecting'. This can be done as a means of communicating with or getting closer to a deity or spirit, and as such need not be viewed synonymously with demonic possession. In some religious traditions including Paganism, Shamanism and Wicca, "invocation" means to draw a spirit or Spirit force into one's own body and is differentiated from "evocation", which involves asking a spirit or force to become present at a given location

The Rose Cross (also called Rose Croix and Rosy Cross) is a symbol largely associated with the legendary Christian Rosenkreuz; Christian Kabbalist, alchemist, and founder of the Rosicrucian Order.[1][2] The Rose Cross is a cross with a rose at its centre, often red, golden or white[3] and symbolizes the teachings of a Western esoteric tradition with Christian tenets.[4][5][6]

Mercury (Sun)-Pluto (Moon)-Mars (Rising)

Trinity Invocation Possession: Angel, Saint, et Deity (Ex. Mercury Angel, Mars Saint, Ogun)

Caleb Faith Pendant is a beautiful reminder of faith and devotion: Crown of Life & Crown of Glory, Palm Frond; Rum; & Cigarillos, Heavenly Soldier Tudor Rose, Holy Death

Caleb Patronage: Boxers, Arithmetic Skills, Musicians, Rhum et Tabac, Painters, Chefs, Robbers, Guns, (Pain Killers) Prescription Drugs, Poverty Trap, Gold, Diamants, Potatoes, British Game Meat Deli Rolls-Waffle Sandwiches

Saints as Dieties: Because of this, saints were considered to be spiritual guides and mentors, who would add their prayers in heaven to those offered by Christians still living in the material world. In this way, they would “intercede” with God on behalf of those who asked for their aid. Intercession of the Saints is a Christian doctrine that maintains that saints can intercede for others. To intercede is to go or come between two parties, to plead before one of them on behalf of the other. The practice of praying to saints for their intercession can be found in Christian writings from the 3rd century onwards. Intercessory prayer is the act of asking a saint in heaven to pray on behalf of oneself or for others.[1]

A shrine (Latin: scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: escrin "box or case")[1] is a sacred or holy space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they are venerated or worshipped. Shrines often contain idols, relics, or other such objects associated with the figure being venerated.[2] A shrine at which votive offerings are made is called an altar. (Saint Sebastian)

Basilicas are Catholic church buildings that have a designation, conferring special privileges, given by the Pope. Basilicas are distinguished for ceremonial purposes from other churches. The building need not be a basilica in the architectural sense (a rectangular building with a central nave flanked by two or more longitudinal aisles). Basilicas are either major basilicas, of which there are four, all in the Diocese of Rome, or minor basilicas*, of which there were 1,810 worldwide as of 2019. (Saint Sebastian)

Mix Plantation Agronomics, Slovaj Hegelo-Lacanian (Philosophy of Spirit and Culture), Shaman Oversoul Philosophy, Five Heavenly Crowns, De Coelesti Hierarchia, St. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica for a Tchad Angelology Treatise Philosophy Bible.

Aesthetics and Religion

Abstract

A systematic consideration of the multiple relationships between aesthetics and religion demands a sorting-out of concepts and issues. “Aesthetics” may be understood as practice (art) and as theory. It can refer to a number of overlapping subjects, including art, symbol, feeling, beauty, taste, imagination, and perception. A theological or religious aesthetics considers any of these topics in the light of God, revelation, and the sacred. The contemporary world has seen a renewal of interest in religious aesthetics. Art has been increasingly recognized as an important theological “text” that complements the written word, and as a crucial component of communication of the Christian message. The theological consideration of art and beauty is made complex by the secularization of the contemporary world, which raises the question of the relation of aesthetics to Christian “conversion.”

Island Records Model

Each Club has a Bassline Genre

Ex. Beach Club, Night Club, and Hôtel Raves

Each Label has an Energy Drink

Mixing

Prémix Vocal Auto Tune

Arpeggio Scales Melody without Highs or Lows

Syncopated Percussions

Dance EQ

Mozart Effect Audio Clips

Beat Process

Layered 808s

Saw 303 Pedal

Simple Snare

Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales

Lyrics

Refrain (Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales & Syncopated Percussions)

Refrain (Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales & Syncopated Percussions)

Refrain (Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales, Saw 303 Pedal, & Syncopated Percussions)

Verse (Tension Release)

Ballards (Lyrics)

Cover Art

Headshots with Graffiti Tag

Pick-up Song Title

Ex. Friends with Benefits

Cologne-Spirits Sponsored Mixtapes

Vodka

Fougère

Genre Influences: Sean Paul Tomahawk Technique; Unruly (Popcaan) Where We Come From; (UK) Drum n' Bass Production

The effects of dancehall genre on adolescent sexual and violent behavior in Jamaica: A public health concern

Aim: To determine the extent to which dancehall music/genre impacts adolescent behavior.

Results: Of the 100 adolescent cases (50 male, 50 female), females (40%) were more likely to gravitate to sexually explicit lyrical content than their male counterparts (26%). Females (74%) were also more likely to act upon lyrical contents than males (46%). There was no significant difference where males (100%) and females (98%) subconsciously sings the dancehall lyrics even without hearing it; as well as inspire their dreams 64% and 62% respectively. However, more females (74%) than males (46%) acted on lyrical contents of the dancehall genre.

Dancehall Culture

Donna P. Hope defines dancehall culture as a "space for the cultural creation and dissemination of symbols and ideologies that reflect the lived realities of its adherents, particularly those from the inner cities of Jamaica."[41] Dancehall culture actively creates a space for its "affectors" (creators of dancehall culture) and its "affectees" (consumers of dancehall culture) to take control of their own representation, contest conventional relationships of power, and exercise some level of cultural, social and even political autonomy.

Kingsley Stewart outlines ten of the major cultural imperatives or principles that constitute the dancehall worldview. They are:

It involves the dynamic interweaving of God and Haile Selassie

It acts as a form of stress release or psycho-physiological relief

It acts as a medium for economic advancement

The quickest way to an object is the preferred way (i.e., the speed imperative)

The end justifies the means

It strives to make the unseen visible

Objects and events that are external to the body are more important than internal processes; what is seen is more important than what is thought (i.e., the pre-eminence of the external)

The importance of the external self; the self is consciously publicly constructed and validated

The ideal self is shifting, fluid, adaptive, and malleable, and

It involves the socioexistential imperative to transcend the normal (i.e., there is an emphasis on not being normal).

Yvës’s & Delëvoix's Grigori Sin

Thorn Crown (Sin, Passion, Glory)

Raver’s Birth (Visual-Spatial—Kinaesthetic Learner Gemini-Cardinal Sign-Mars (Men) Gemini-Cardinal Sign-Moon (Women) Planetary Intelligence Birth; Chromosomes Prenatal Hormones, Sensory processing disorder (SPD) Fetus Alcohol Consumption)-Audio Clips Extended Production-Raiding Warfare Capture thé Flag (Fornication and Adultery)

Culture Theory (Esthétique Antagonique) (Hersey)

Cinnamon and Spice Speech (Fornication)

Cul-de-sac Drugs Mink Mile Warlordism

cul-de-sac est Sub-culture for Prescription Médication with After Hours Esthétique 

Solvent Levelling Effect Chemical Reaction Engineering et Placebo Effect (manufacturing), Suicide Tuesdays Levelling Effect (Rolling Tobacco, Oxytocin, Pain Killers, and Hydrocolloids Ecstasy) [Brain Receptors Dealing], Cash Back Program (Buy within 3 days of paycheck for extra Tobacco), Razor-Razor Blade C2C: Streetwear and PC Gaming (Business Model), Popcorn Marketing (Prices) Ecstasy-Opiods Singer-Dealers/Ecstasy-Xanax Producers-Drug Robbery (Rave Teams), et Hotel Chains Budgeting, Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account (Money)

Safrole Oil et Opium mixed with Soil for Flowers, meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine

Mu Receptors for Opioids et NMDA Receptors for Ecstasy

Business Model: Lean enterprise is sometimes simply referred to as "lean." Although both terms came into popular usage in the 1990s, the concept itself was devised by Toyota Motor Corporation when it introduced the Toyota Production System (TPS). Developed by Eiji Toyoda and Taiichi Ohno, the Toyota Production System (TPS) integrated socio-technical management philosophy and was practiced between 1948 and 1975. The lean enterprise philosophy was also inspired by telecommunications giant Motorola, which implemented a manufacturing principle known as Lean Six Sigma in 1986. The concept of work cells is based on the platform of lean manufacturing, which focuses on value creation for the end customer and reduction of wastage. Work cells, which are also referred to as workcells, are typically found in manufacturing and office environments. Manufacturing cells are sets of machines that are grouped by the products or parts that they produce. This type of system is used in the cellular manufacturing concept and is distinct from the traditional functional manufacturing system, which groups all similar machines together. Insurance companies base their business models around assuming and diversifying risk. The essential insurance model involves pooling risk from individual payers and redistributing it across a larger portfolio. Most insurance companies generate revenue in two ways: Charging premiums in exchange for insurance coverage, then reinvesting those premiums into other interest-generating assets. Like all private businesses, insurance companies try to market effectively and minimize administrative costs.

White Collar Sub-collar Crime 

Red

Grey

Dark Psychology

Social Scalping

Feminist Manipulation 

Creating an External Enemy

Frame Control

Erotic Self Care

Citric Acid Pills

Seamen Volume Pills 

Hyaluronic Acid Pénis Filler

Rings Gymnastics

Weighted Jump Rope 

Capture thé Flag Raiding Guérilla Warfare

Prophylaxis: (Putting Self in an Advantage while putting Opponent in Disadvantage) and Initiative: Making Threats or Responding to Threats (Chess Psychology)

Three Circles of Emotional Regulation (Drive System, Soothing System, Threat System)

Machine Pistols et Molotov Cocktails 

Trafficking P4P and Embezzlement are my Short Sentencing Laws.

Holacracy Structure

Owner — Gold Refinery, Lapidary, Textile Mills, Foundry, Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account

CEO — Painter (Art Gallery et Artisanal Real Estate Money)

Culture Antagonique for Big Pharma avec After Hours Esthétique, Art Gallery Painters is an Industrial Subculture for Nuit Blanche.

CSO — Chef (Imports)

Culture Antagonique for Bocuse d'or avec After Hours Esthétique, Pool Rooftop Hotel Chefs is an Industrial Subculture for Québécois Gastronomique.

Marketing Director — Olfactory Arts Model

Culture Antagonique for Pitti Uomo avec After Hours Esthétique, Baisers Parfumé Festivals is an Industrial Subculture for Fougère Models.

Promoter — Synth n' Grind Artist et Tennis

Synecdoqu Argot Cul-de-sac 

Rajoux: answer my question or there is a Gun in your mouth.

Pardicé Minuit: Sensory experience and cultural expression

Cul-de-sac: I sell pills for a living.

Baisons: Fuck me tonight

Bayens: Can I have your number for a date 

Braqons: Let’s bang this out 

Calmais: I am using Fear not Trust

Garçez: Lawless Urban Youth

Martyr-Congo: Head on thé Floor or Diamant

Pécho: Gangster

Pécho is verlan for the French word ‘choper,’ which translates to grab. However, pécho takes that word to a new level. It can mean things like ‘to date someone,’ ‘to buy drugs,’ ‘to sleep with someone,’ or even… ‘to grab something.’ Use it carefully!

Bastille: Trap Artist Résidences

The Storming of the Bastille (French: Prise de la Bastille [pʁiz də la bastij]) occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury, fortress and political prison known as the Bastille.

Diaphragm Expansion Inhales

Lung Inhale through Mouth, Release through pushing down Diaphragm, Diaphragm Nasal Inhale Catch.

Paradis Minuit Nez Qui Coule Inhale: Push Down Diaphragm Hold

Penthouse Complexes as Forts Party Invite Structure

5% of Squad has Girlfriends

Girls get invitéd to parties with no Sausage Fest and Trust Barrier is Broken for Hook Ups

Girls invite Girls to Bangers

Républiqons Sensual Virginty

De Coelesti Hierarchia Raves

Pluto Planetary Intelligence

Parking Ticket Free Brabus Dealerships (Angel Status)

Pool Access Lifeguard Summer Competitions

Ecstasy

Républiqons Dancehall

Undergarments Shopping

Oral Sex

Masturbation

Dirty Dancing

Sexting

Esthétique Antagonique

An Aesthetic Theory et Culture Antagonism avec Industrial Subculture, Heritage Assets, et Edgy Arts.

Union Minière

Tabac

Chocolat

Robusta

Diamant

Automobile

Vedette Bioesthétique

Women's Cosmétiques Procédure:

Heart Booty Lift

Diamond Face

Body Etching

Lipodissolve

Blonde Wavy Hair

Grey Eyes

Pheomelanin

Barre Exercise & Hyaluronic Fillers

Interior design is both a science and an art. When designing a space, we are creatively working to evoke a particular concept or emotion. This is the same process a painter uses.

Mâle Cosmétiques Procédure:

Diamond Face

Body Etching

Lippodisolve

Blonde Coils Hair

Grey Eyes

Pheomelanin

Hyaluronic Acid Pénis-Full Body Fillers and V-Taper Systematic Calisthenics Gymnastics Rings with Leucine, L-Carnitine, Créatine, and Keto BHB

COUP D'PIED Hyperarch Fascia ACE Gene Type IIx Supercompensation Training: Isometric Stretching, (Deadlift Complexes) Metabolic Resistance Training; 200m-High Jump Cross Training; French Contrast Warm Up 10 Seconds Wall Sit-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset; Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank; Keto BHB for Metabolism, Creatine-L-Carnitine L-Tartrate-Leucine for mTOR are my Supplements.

Shaman King Culture Boxing Hooligans: Bassline Dancehall Républiqons EDM Football Skills YouTube, FIFA Mount Hermon (FIFA Street), cul-de-sac, Tournament Clinics Retained Earnings Youtube Money, Gambling Games: Rolle Cinq (Captain, Ship, Crew), Live-Pool Betting Monopoly, Armor-type Over Soul: These O.S. are the most efficient form of Furyoku-based constructs. Armor-types represent the pinnacle of O.S. magic and are the most practical type of O.S. because of their resilient, highly dense Furyoku composition. This method makes them equally formidable in terms of raw power. Plutonium Lightning Body Armour Syncrétism Oversoul

COUP D’PIED Club Fragrance Brand Activation: Leather: A family of fragrances featuring honey, tobacco, wood and wood tars in the middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather. Fougère (IPA: [fu.ʒɛʁ]): Meaning fern in French, built on a base of lavender, coumarin and oakmoss, with a sharp herbaceous and woody scent. Named for Houbigant's landmark fragrance Fougère Royale, many men's fragrances belong to this family. Amber or "Oriental": Large class featuring sweet, slightly animalic scents of ambergris or labdanum, often combined with vanilla, tonka bean, flowers and woods. Can be enhanced by camphorous oils and incense resins, evoking Victorian era "Oriental" imagery. Citrus: The oldest fragrance family that gave birth to lightweight eau de colognes. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of more tenacious citrus fragrances. Chypre (IPA: [ʃipʁ]): Meaning Cyprus in French, this category is named after the François Coty's Chypre (1917), which was the first modern fragrance built on an accord of bergamot, oakmoss, and labdanum. Example: Guerlain Mitsouko, Rochas Femme (MODIFIER SCENT). Aquatic, Oceanic, Ozonic: The newest category, first appearing in 1988 Davidoff Cool Water (1988), Christian Dior Dune (1991). A clean smell reminiscent of the ocean, leading to many androgynous perfumes. Generally contains calone, a synthetic discovered in 1966, or more recent synthetics. Also used to accent floral, oriental, and woody fragrances. A fragrance wheel [1] also known as aroma wheel, fragrance circle, perfume wheel or smell wheel, is a circular diagram showing the inferred relationships among olfactory groups based upon similarities and differences in their odor [1]. The groups bordering one another are implied to share common olfactory characteristics. Fragrance wheel is frequently used as a classification tool in oenology and perfumery. Brand Activation is marketing that both builds a brand's image and drives a specific consumer action through one or more of six identifiable disciplines, which help bring a brand to life by connecting and interacting with the consumer on a personal level.

COUP D’PIED Crème au Rhum Casual Fashion House: Olfactory art is an art form that uses scents as a medium. Olfactory art includes perfume as well as other applications of scent. A business incubator is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting with management training and office space, and ending with venture capital financing. Olfactory Arts Festivals and Business Incubators. For the men, short-sleeved dress shirts, golf shirts, and khaki pants or nice jeans all work. A long-sleeved button down with dressier shorts and boat shoes are fine, too. Espadrilles (Spanish: alpargatas or esparteñas; Catalan: espardenyes; Basque: espartinak, French: espadrilles)[1] are casual, rope-soled, flat but sometimes high-heeled shoes. They usually have a canvas or cotton fabric upper and a flexible sole made of esparto rope. The esparto rope sole is the defining characteristic of an espadrille; the uppers vary widely in style. Slip-ons are typically low, lace-less shoes. The style which is most commonly seen, known as a loafer, slippers, or penny loafers in American culture, has a moccasin construction. One of the first designs was introduced in London by Wildsmith Shoes, called the Wildsmith Loafer.[1] They began as casual shoes, but have increased in popularity to the point of being worn in America with business suits. Another design was introduced as Aurlandskoen (the Aurland Shoe) in Norway (early 20th century).[2] They are worn in many situations in a variety of colors and designs, often featuring tassels on the front, or metal decorations (the 'Gucci' loafer). For smokers, the first cigarette of the day is often accompanied by a cup of coffee. Researchers say this may be more than a habit, finding chemical compounds in roasted coffee beans may help quell the effects of morning nicotine cravings. Sangster's Original Jamaica Rum Cream Liqueur is a rum and cream based liqueur produced in Jamaica. It was invented by Dr. Ian Sangster, who arrived in Jamaica in 1967 with a contract to lecture at the University of the West Indies. A humidor is a humidity-controlled box or room used primarily for storing cigars, cigarettes, cannabis, or pipe tobacco. Either too much or too little humidity can be harmful to tobacco products; a humidor's primary function is to maintain a steady, desirable moisture level inside; secondarily it protects its contents from physical damage and deterioration from sunlight. For private use, small wooden boxes holding a few dozen or fewer cigars are common, while cigar shops may have walk-in humidors. Many humidors use hygrometers to monitor their humidity levels. Crème au Rhum Desserts cookbook, collection of recipes, instructions, and information about the preparation and serving of foods. At its best, a cookbook is also a chronicle and treasury of the fine art of cooking, an art whose masterpieces—created only to be consumed—would otherwise be lost. Cigar and Crème au Rhum Collection Books. A plantation economy is an economy based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few commodity crops, grown on large farms worked by laborers or slaves. The properties are called plantations. Plantation economies rely on the export of cash crops as a source of income. Prominent crops included Red Sandalwood, cotton, rubber, sugar cane, tobacco, figs, rice, kapok, sisal, and species in the genus Indigofera, used to produce indigo dye. Aftershave Balm Lotion Body Splash offers you a pleasant fragrance that is not overpowering, as it is lighter and less concentrated. The fragrance of a body splash typically lasts for up to 4 hours, which is why you will need to apply it at least twice a day for ensuring that the fragrance lasts till evening.

Jardins du Festival City

Chad Jardins Quatorze Saints Assistants [Favelas] (Jardins Gomorroha; Gomorrha. / (ɡəˈmɒrə) / noun. Old Testament one of two ancient cities near the Dead Sea, the other being Sodom, that were destroyed by God as a punishment for the wickedness of their inhabitants (Genesis 19:24) any place notorious for vice and depravity.)

Synecdoqu Républiqons Language Arts Culture Antagonique for Language Arts Français avec After Hours Esthétique, Synecdoqu Argot Cul-de-sac is Industrial Subculture for Patois (Yoruba Code Switching)

Culture Antagonique for Language Arts Français avec Dirty Realism Esthétique, Synecdoqu Républiqons is an Industrial Subculture for Patois (Yoruba Code Switching)

Pocket Pita Gastronomy/Diet: Charcuterie Rolls (Cinnamon Rolls Alternative) [Meat Pastry], Corn Flour, Sheep Cheese, Yukon Gold Potato, Black Beans, Rice Pudding, Root Végétable Salt, Avocados, Bananas, Nectarines, Jack Rabbit (Éléments: Fruits and Veggies as D-asparatic Acid Carbs, Root Végétable Salt, Leucine as main Protéin, Omega-3 Dairy)

Workout: French Contrast Warm Up 10 Seconds Wall Sit-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset et French Contrast Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank

Declared to be of National Tourist Interest in Andalucía, the Bread Festival is celebrated in honour of Saint Sebastian. This is the main festival day in the village, where the brotherly union is complete; there are fireworks, doughnuts, bread rings and the traditional procession of the image of the Saint.

Favela (Portuguese: [fɐˈvɛlɐ]) is an umbrella name for several types of working-class neighborhoods in Brazil. The term, which means slum or ghetto, was first used in the Slum of Providência in the center of Rio de Janeiro in the late 19th century, which was built by soldiers who had lived under the favela trees in Bahia and had nowhere to live following the Canudos War. Some of the last settlements were called bairros africanos (African neighborhoods). Over the years, many former enslaved Africans moved in. Even before the first favela came into being, poor citizens were pushed away from the city and forced to live in the far suburbs.

The cocaine trade has affected Brazil and in turn its favelas, which tend to be ruled by drug lords. Regular shoot-outs between traffickers and police and other criminals, as well as assorted illegal activities, lead to murder rates in excess of 40 per 100,000 inhabitants in the city of Rio and much higher rates in some Rio favelas.[27] Traffickers ensure that individual residents can guarantee their own safety through their actions and political connections to them. They do this by maintaining order in the favela and giving and receiving reciprocity and respect, thus creating an environment in which critical segments of the local population feel safe despite continuing high levels of violence.

Drug use is highly concentrated in these areas run by local gangs in each highly populated favela. Drug sales run rampant at night when many favelas host their own baile, or dance party, where many different social classes can be found. These drug sales make up a business that in some of the occupied areas rakes in as much as US$150 million per month, according to official estimates released by the Rio media.

The designer drug situation in Ibiza

Abstract

A total of 137 urine samples and 46 serum samples, corresponding to 154 self-confessed designer drugs consumers in Ibiza island, were analyzed for the presence of designer drugs: amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives (methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), p-methoxymethylamphetamine (PMMA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), etc.), ketamine and γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Among this population, coming both from the forensic clinic and from the emergency room of a hospital, a total of 99 cases were found positive for some designer drug. This study shows the prevalence of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) among designer drug users, sole or in association with other drugs. Also, the mixture of MDMA with other designer drugs, ethanol and/or cocaine is shown to be more likely to produce toxic symptoms requiring clinical attendance in a hospital emergency room. These findings along with the consumption history, the concentrations of drugs and metabolites in urine and serum and the toxicological significance for the interpretation of some MDMA metabolites such as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) are discussed in this study.

What is polydrug use? 'Polydrug use' is a term for the use of more than one drug or type of drug at the same time or one after another. Polydrug use can involve both illicit drugs and legal substances, such as alcohol and medications.

Music as an Element of Tourism Innovation: Types of Nightlife Premises in Ibiza (Spain)

The island of Ibiza is a western Mediterranean destination known internationally for its nightlife. The aim of this paper is to make a proposal to classify the different types of premises in the Ibiza nightlife offer. This involves making a first definition that allows to delimit which businesses are parts of the sector. The methodology used is based on the case study and specifically, on the review of the promotional actions and activities carried out, completed with the visit to the premises. The classification has been made based on the offer marketed and not only on the legal forms used, as innovation goes ahead of the existing legal classifications. Although it is a particular application, due to the international importance of Ibiza, it is a good starting point to classify the nightlife offer of many other tourist destinations. The resulting typology divides the sector into two large groups: nightclubs and other premises. While nightclubs have musical parties as their main activity declared, the other premises have accommodation or catering as their main activity, with music being an element of differentiation. Nightclubs are divided into several subgroups, depending on their size and relevance. The other premises are subdivided into Beach Clubs, Hotel Clubs, Party Boats, Lounge Clubs, Disco Pubs, among others.

The impact of global nightlife in Ibiza: Youth tourism

The promotion of the island’s image through its parties with the release of record labels, elaborate shows (Bensa, 2002), and the transformation of buildings into large entertainment businesses (Rosa, 2002), made it possible to return to the already known name of Ibiza and to catapult it as a symbol of entertainment and partying (Allemand, 2010). This development was something that occurred not only at the national and international scale; rather, it was something that transformed the island into a global icon (Amirou, 2000). The process of reinterpreting the hippy alternative image in a contemporary global context (Jauréguiberry, 1994), came from local businessmen (from the island and from elsewhere). They were the actors who understood the authenticity of the island to convert it into a unique product that went beyond tourism. Given the party reputation of the island, the traditional sun and beach tourists began to stay away, which made it possible to attract visitors who were willing to spend large sums of money to experience the nightlife in Ibiza. There was a shift from tourism to the experience of shows and culture. In this manner, by the mid-2000s, Ibiza had become internationally renowned in the electronic music industry (its own record labels and invited DJs) and for its nightclubs (Goulding, 2011) (such as Space, Privilege, Amnesia, Café del Mar, Pacha, Ushuaia, and Esparadis); it also has become one of the most sought-after stages during the summer in show business (with parties organized by the Matinée group, La Troya, Supermarxé, and Circuit). Simultaneously, from the cultural perspective, the construction of the image of the island had a minimal physical impact and, on the contrary, made it possible to emphasize the natural Mediterranean environment of the island and the libertarian heritage of the reinterpreted hippy movement (Perrot, 1997). With its network of nightclubs (Sönmez, 2013), Ibiza began to generate an entertainment niche that attracted record labels and international DJs, which transformed Ibiza into not only one of the destinations in the global circuit but also a destination with international renown, almost exclusively during the summer period (Fontaine, 1996). The dissemination of the reputation of its parties crossed borders, attracting people from all over the world to Ibiza. Simultaneously, it became a world-renowned destination through the dissemination of its parties through video, the Ibiza-based record labels, and the lyrics to songs that include Ibiza as an icon and that have been emulated in other parts of the world, such as “Ibiza’s Party.” This highlights the island’s own style, which is defined by freewheeling parties and a relaxed environment that goes beyond labels or conventionalism. We find ourselves with the case of one of the few non-urban destinations that has managed to concentrate and attract nightlife (Fig. 5), even going so far as to displace some of the international record labels and entertainment events in the main cities.

Urban economics is broadly the economic study of urban areas; as such, it involves using the tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance. More specifically, it is a branch of microeconomics that studies the urban spatial structure and the location of households and firms (Quigley 2008). Microeconomics studies the decisions of individuals and firms to allocate resources of production, exchange, and consumption.

Upper-tier Municipal Government, Urbaneconomics, et Microeconomics. An upper-tier municipality is one formed by two or more lower-tier municipalities. Municipal responsibilities set out under the Municipal Act and other Provincial legislation are split between the upper-tier and lower-tier municipalities. A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposes[1] in some nations. The term is derived from the Old French comté denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount.

Festival Métropolitain for Culture Theory, Tourism, et Religion Theory; City dedicated for Culture.

Advisory Textbooks

The Grammar of Romance: A Comparative Introduction to Vulgar Latin & the Romance Languages (History), Art Gallery Sponsored Class, The Parisian Field Guide To Men's Style, Aesthetic Theory (Fashion), The Drugtakers: The Social Meaning of Drug Use by Jock Young, Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison, The French Connection in Criminology: Rediscovering Crime, Law, and Social Change (Law); Québécois Mirrors of Princes Literature De Administrando Imperio ("On the Governance of the Empire") et De ordine palatii (On the governance of the palace), Game Theory Network (Life Studies), Solvent Levelling Effect Chemical Reaction Engineering (Science), Blue Océan Strategy, INSEAD Knowledge, est Parisien/France Nouvelle Influenced; Lacanien Triad et Tableau Économique (Art Financing), Larousse Gastronomique, Institut Paul Bocuse Gastronomique: The Definitive Step-by-Step Guide to Culinary Excellence (Gastronomique), St. Thomas Aquinas: The Summa Theologica, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Bible Studies) are Advisory Textbooks

Banks

By asset size, the largest four banks in the world are Chinese, according to the 2023 annual rankings by S&P Global Market Intelligence. They include the Industrial & Commercial Bank of China, the China Construction Bank, the Agricultural Bank of China* Chad AgFund (Agriculture Central Hedge Fund) and the Bank of China, holding more than $19.87 trillion in combined assets.

Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited, or simply Temasek, is a global investment company owned by the Government of Singapore. Incorporated on 25 June 1974, Temasek has a net portfolio of US$287 billion (S$382 billion) as of 2023, with S$27 billion divested and S$31 billion invested during the year.

Agriculture Central Hedge Fund, Mining Unions, Conservation Peninsula Agronomique Engineering, Commodities Options Exchange (Credit Spread Options, Farm REITs, Crop Production; Fertelizers and Seeds; Equipment; Distribution and Processing Stocks, Ag ETFs and ETNs, Ag Mutual Funds), Tableau Économiques, Farmland REITs, Mardi Gras-Basiers Parfumé Art Financing (Visual Arts, Culinary Arts, Olfactory Arts)

Chadian Gastronomy (Masculine Neuroprotective Gastronomy)

Purple Food: High Carbs et High Fat with Fatty Acid Protein

D-Asparatic Acid Food Testosterone

Frog Legs

Mollusks (such as clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, octopus, squid, abalone, snail).

Lobster

Lobster rolls

Clam

Clam cakes

Clams casino

Fried clams

Stuffed clams

Crab cake

Mussels

Oysters

Fried oysters

Oyster stew

Raw oysters on a halfshell

Scallops

Moules-frites/Mosselen met friet: mussels cooked or steamed with onions and celery served with Belgian fries. The recipe has often been referred to as the country's national dish[3] but is also popular in the neighboring Nord region of France.

Starch

Purple Sweet Potatoes

Gaufres/Wafels: Belgian waffles, sometimes eaten as a street snack and sold by ice-cream vans. Among the better-known styles are the Gaufre de Liège or Liège waffle, Brussels waffle, and the stroopwafel.

Citrus Fruit Estrogen Detox

Heating Process

Bake

Grill

Boil

Sautée

Pan-Fry

Starch Thickening Agents Sauces

Buttermilk et Clam Juice Flavor

Cooking Wine

Soups

Chowder

Bisque

Vegetables

Sautée and Breaded

Salads and Dressings

Raw Seafood

Spinach and Egg

Sautée Fruit Salad

Fruit Vinaigrette

Cuisses de grenouille Salade Rollé Grill

Pocket Pita

Butter

Compound

Beurre Rouge

Cheese

Soaked in Wine

Bread Bowl

Sourdough

Héritage Asset

Farmer's Market

Auguste Escoffier Mother Sauces

Hollandaise, Tomato (Sauce Tomat), Bechamel, Espagnole, and Veloute.

Publishing Imprint Movie Company

Attrape-moi si tu peux Motor Vehicle Theft, Défense Lawyers, Planetary Intelligence (Démons et Angels) Impure Aesthetic Thrillers

Literary Device

Film Literature

in establishing the limits of both the novel (Newspapers) and the film, argues that novelist and film director meet in the attempt “to make you see”, the former through the mind; the latter through the eye.

“impure” aesthetic, one tinged with the markings of society, ideology, and sexual desire.

Capitalism, Betrayal,

Romance

Poetic Réalisme

Poetic realism films are "recreated realism", stylised and studio-bound, rather than approaching the "socio-realism of the documentary". They usually have a fatalistic view of life with their characters living on the margins of society, either as unemployed members of the working class or as criminals.

Self-destructive Escapism

Escapism is mental diversion from unpleasant aspects of daily life, typically through activities involving imagination or entertainment. Escapism also may be used to occupy one's self away from persistent feelings of depression or general sadness.

Surréalisme-Synecdoqu-Métonymie Screenplay

Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike scenes and ideas.[1] Its intention was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality.[2][3][4] It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media as well.

a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs

the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.

Allégorie

a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

Suspense is created by withholding information or revealing it slowly, creating a sense of mystery or uncertainty about what will happen next.

A thriller generally keeps its audience on the "edge of their seats" as the plot builds towards a climax. The cover-up of important information is a common element.[2] Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists, unreliable narrators, and cliffhangers are used extensively. A thriller is often a villain-driven plot, whereby they present obstacles that the protagonist or hero must overcome.

Slavoj Žižek Lacanianism or Lacanian psychoanalysis is a theoretical system that explains the mind, behaviour, and culture through a structuralist and post-structuralist extension of classical psychoanalysis, initiated by the work of Jacques Lacan from the 1950s to the 1980s.

Extra

Non-Fiction Movie

Prequal TV Série

Fictional TV Série

Black Separatism

Black separatism is a separatist political movement that seeks separate economic and cultural development for those of African descent in societies, particularly in the United States. Black separatism stems from the idea of racial solidarity, and it also implies that black people should organize themselves on the basis of their common skin color, their race, culture, and African heritage.[1] There were a total of 255 black separatist groups recorded in the United States as of 2019.

Black Separatism: I chose Street Culture, French Culture Antagonism, Pharmaceutical, Bioesthétique, Dancehall, Artisanal Plantations, Public-Private Sectors with Intrapreneurship, Market Extension Mergers Joint Ventures, BioTechology Economy, and Mining Union (HOW DO AFRICANS IMMIGRATE?)

Chad new Identity

République Paradis d'Couronne avec Antilles Dutch Drapeau but avec Cinq Couronee Christianity

Demonym est Républiqons

Holy City are Grigori Cities

Sun Angels and Church Homes

Religious Names for Favelas ex. Sodom and Gomorra, Mount Hermon, and Garden of Eden

5 is thé National Team Captain's Number for Cinq Couronee Christianity

Host diplomacy can be defined as diplomatic events hosted or initiated by a country that has the ability to set and execute agendas, which other participants find attractive and are willing to support

Festival Métropolitain for Culture Theory, Tourism, et Religion Theory; City dedicated for Culture.

According to Butler (1980), under destination life cycle, an area undergo an evolutionary cycle of six stages. These stages are exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline. Mostly all tourists' destinations passes through all these mentioned stages.

A heritage asset is an item which has value because of its contribution to a nation's society, knowledge and/or culture. Such items are usually physical assets, but some countries also use the term in relation to intangible social and spiritual inheritance.

Monégasque Joint Venture Plantations et Market Extension Mergers avec Incubators Enterprise.

Paradis d’Couronee Waves

Level 2 Temple Drop Fade

≠ Head and Eyebrow Part

Pencil Mustache

Waves Products

Pomade

Wave Butter

Wave Shampoo

Sea Salt Spray

Shower Brush Method

Detangle Hair with Comb

Soak Hair for a Couple Minutes

Scramble Wash

Create Thick Lather and Shower Brush #1

Training Pattern

Create Thick Lather and Shower Brush #2

Training Pattern

Lather and Lay Down Pattern with Hands

Put on Durag and Rinse

When hair is dry use Wave Butter, Pomade and Sea Salt Spray

Chadian Social Class Structure

Monopoly Families (Monégasque Joint Venture Plantations et Market Extension Mergers avec Incubators Enterprise)

Upper Class

Government

Middle Class

Cul-de-sac Favelas Socioeconomic Status Socioeconomic Development Centres: Agronomics and Real Estate Economics

Holy Rosary

The word “Rosary” means a chain of roses and the roses are prayers.

Delëvoix Holy Rosary with Raphaël.

1. Crown of Life

2. Crown of Glory

3. Praying Hands

4. Fleur-de-lys

Chadian Milk Filtered Cigars Example

British Joint Venture Plantations et Market Extension Mergers avec Incubators Enterprise est Tabac Afrique

1. Tabac

2. Cacoa

3. Nut Oil

4. Cinnamon

5. Banana Milk Crush Balls

6. Banana Rolling Leafs Wraps

1. Tabac

2. Cacoa

3. Strawberry Oil

4. Tropical Fruit Milk Crush Balls

5. Mint Rolling Leafs Wraps

Tradwave

Tradwave is a Chad artistic style using synthwave and vaporwave art to promote traditional catholicism and promote Venice cultural antagonism. Tradwave usually uses traditional catholic paintings, sculptures, or photographs of saints, given with vaporwave effects, often with a bible verse or quote about catholicism. The art usually tries to convey a resurrection of catholic spirituality in the modern atheist world. Figures often depicted in Tradwave art include Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, Ven. Fulton Sheen, Cardinal Robert Sarah, and Mother Angelica.

Tradwave music often takes the form of two main styles. One of them is catholic hymns with vaporwave effects and traditional Vaporwave/Lo-Fi music. It can also have quotes from modern prolific Catholic figures, such as Ven. The other theme is Fulton Sheen and Cardinal Robert Sarah.

My International Finance Model

High Export and Stabled Party Cities

Nigeria

Brazil

Macroeconomics Theories

**The 0% Effect: this is an interest Rate analysis. This allows devaluing in country's currency through carry trade which allows for higher global exports, with currency value low this allows for greater exchange rate for wealthy travellers to purchase country's currency and spend money, common currency pairs with foreign governments currency can increase goods trading, through high frequency low volume exchange rate and tourism; foreign currency reserve can grow, if country's business owners sets up shop overseas this allows for mercantilism, This lowers unemployment rate because business can spend and take loans, lower interest allows for more borrowing which allows for more spending, For Quantitative Easing & Open Market Operations the country that does this can print money and short own currency against foreign currencies to fix exchange rate against other country's currency to increase trade, Build Foreign Cash Reserves and This gives central bank opportunity to purchase corporate & government bonds to increase money supply.

**The Multiple CIR Effect (Currency & Interest Rate): the hedging potential for foreign governments by adding a second currency on tax havens with high interest rates, Tax Haven governments with higher interest rates increase saving potential which leads to more off-shoring of foreign bank institutions

**Ports Currency Theory: what if countries had port currency; import and export currency. This helps with global trade regardless of geographical region. This eliminates the need for currency pegging because currencies can just be matched. This can be beneficial for building global cities regardless of geographical region. This also helps with political parity.

**Multiple Currencies, Multiple Locations Model: This studies that having a Port Currency Basket with multiple foreign currencies around the world and matching the continental geographical region currency value. This allows for more sustainable trading with trading partners and cash reserves in foreign banks of the nation's currency. This also creates a safety blanket for foreign investing for citizens and aids diplomacy.

**Tax Replacement Industries Effect: What if for example instead of paying a 10% tax rate the hospitality and adult entertainment industries had a 15% Retained Earnings Rate. If Retained Earnings Rates were mandatory over taxes in certain industries these industries can set the global standard because of the amount of effort and financial support being put in. This also has an effect on tourism

Foreign Direct Investment Theories

**Offshoring Capital Raised Model: Privatization of oligopolistic companies (Cartels/Monopolies) in collusion with the government creates Brand Popularity, Brand Association, and Brand Awareness with companies and domestic countries. If raising capital was only granted to international locations, funds for expansion will be easy to raise and dominance in foreign markets is easily access. This will be easily achieved with a stable economy and currency value. Only putting International Divisions/Subsidiaries on the stock exchanges will give financial backing to companies. With giving business owners this model as expected in return building direct products for government or military will be easier.

Belgium Monetary Zone

Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (trinité coloniale) of state, missionary and private-company interests.[9]

Union Minière du Haut-Katanga primary product was copper, but it also produced tin, cobalt, radium, uranium, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, and gold.

A currency based on the gold standard was created for the Congo Free State in 1887. Banknotes were issued from 1896 in the name of the General Treasury of the Congo Free State (Trésoire générale de l'État indépendant du Congo) payable to the bearer, until the annexation of the Free State in 1908.[1]

After WWII, the Congolese and Belgian francs continued to form part of the "Belgian monetary zone" under the Bretton Woods system.

As a result of the confused legal definition under Article 11 of the 1908 Colonial Charter, it has been argued that that the Congolese franc did not exist de jure as a currency between 1908 and 1960 and was instead merely a token representing a claim on Belgian francs.[2] It did exist, however, as the sole de facto currency in the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi.

Heavenly Jérusalem Kraljic Matrix Raw Material Rural Économique Primate City with Bioeconomy Vertical Farming

Revelation 21:19-21

19 The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone. The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire, the third agate, the fourth emerald, 20 the fifth onyx, the sixth ruby, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth turquoise, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst. 21 The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate made of a single pearl. The great street of the city was of gold, as pure as transparent glass.

Rural Économique

Rural economics is the study of rural economies. Rural economies include both agricultural and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than agricultural economics which focus more on food systems.[1] Rural development[2] and finance[3] attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities[4] and rural poverty. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with rural electrification and rural tourism providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.[5]

Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of economic geography: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,[6] land use,[7] and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.[8]

Raw Material

Raw materials are materials or substances used in the primary production or manufacturing of goods. Raw materials are commodities that are bought and sold on commodities exchanges worldwide. Businesses buy and sell raw materials in the factor market because raw materials are factors of production.

Raw materials are the input goods or inventory that a company needs to manufacture its products.

Examples of raw materials include steel, oil, corn, grain, gasoline, lumber, forest resources, plastic, natural gas, coal, and minerals.

Raw materials can be direct raw materials, which are directly used in the manufacturing process, such as wood for a chair.

Indirect raw materials are not part of the final product but are instead used comprehensively in the production process.

The value of direct raw materials inventory appears as a current asset on the balance sheet.

Bioeconomy

Biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy refers to economic activity involving the use of biotechnology and biomass in the production of goods, services, or energy. The terms are widely used by regional development agencies, national and international organizations, and biotechnology companies. They are closely linked to the evolution of the biotechnology industry and the capacity to study, understand, and manipulate genetic material that has been possible due to scientific research and technological development. This includes the application of scientific and technological developments to agriculture, health, chemical, and energy industries.

Primate City

A primate city[1] is a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.[2] A primate city distribution is a rank-size distribution that has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns and no intermediate-sized urban centers, creating a statistical king effect.[3]

Many primate cities gain an increasing share of their country's population. This can be due to a reduction in blue-collar population in the hinterlands because of mechanization and automation. Simultaneously, the number of educated employees in white-collar endeavors such as politics, finance, media, and higher education rises. These sectors are clustered predominantly in primate cities where power and wealth are concentrated.

Vertical Farming

Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers.[1] It often incorporates controlled-environment agriculture, which aims to optimize plant growth, and soilless farming techniques such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics.[1] Some common choices of structures to house vertical farming systems include buildings, shipping containers, underground tunnels, and abandoned mine shafts.

Mixed-use skyscrapers were proposed and built by architect Ken Yeang. Yeang proposes that instead of hermetically sealed mass-produced agriculture, plant life should be cultivated within open air, mixed-use skyscrapers for climate control and consumption. This version of vertical farming is based upon personal or community use rather than the wholesale production and distribution that aspires to feed an entire city.[16]

Kraljic Matrix

Peter Kraljic studied metallurgy and obtained his master's degree. He holds a doctorate from the Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-University Hannover and an MBA from INSEAD. He was director of the Düsseldorf branch of the consulting firm McKinsey & Company .

In supply chain management, the Kraljic matrix (or Kraljic model) is a method used to segment the purchases or suppliers of a company by dividing them into four classes, based on the complexity (or risk) of the supply market (such as monopoly situations, barriers to entry, technological innovation) and the importance of the purchases or suppliers (determined by the impact that they have on the profitability of the company). This subdivision allows the company to define the optimal purchasing strategies for each of the four types of purchases or suppliers.

The Kraljic matrix defines the following types of articles:

Non-critical items: components that have a low impact on the company and that are found in abundance and / or in low-risk markets (e.g., office stationery). For such items, the goal should be to maximize efficiency of the procurement process to reduce the administrative burden, for example by delegating purchasing to local managers, or using catalogs.

Leverage items: components that are important for the company but sourced from low-risk markets with an abundant supply. As the name suggests, the optimal management of these purchase categories is essential to ensure a satisfactory business result. For this type of component, the company tends to make the most of its bargaining power and the abundance of the offer with frequent negotiations.

Bottleneck items: components with a low business impact in economic terms but where supply continuity is at risk. The management of these components should be aimed at creating relationships of collaboration in the medium-long term between customer and supplier to guarantee the supply, with less emphasis on the cost.

Strategic items: components that are important for the company both in terms of economic impact and for supply conditions from complex and / or risky markets. In this field, the horizon is medium-long term with a continuous monitoring of the economic situation of the market, technical evolution, evaluation of "make-or-buy" options (the choice for a company between developing and manufacturing a product itself or outsourcing it from another supplier),[2] creation of alternatives and development of stable relationships and maximum collaboration with the suppliers.

In its original form, Kraljic's matrix is used for the mapping of purchases, not suppliers. However, the matrix works equally well to distinguish different categories of suppliers.

École

A grande école (French: [ɡʁɑ̃d ekɔl]; lit. 'great school') is a specialized top-level educational institution in France and some other previous French colonies such as Morocco or Tunisia. Grandes écoles are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream French public university system, and take the shape of institutes dedicated to teaching, research and professional training in either pure natural and social sciences, or applied sciences such as engineering, architecture, business administration, or public policy and administration.[1][2]

INSEAD, a contraction of "Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires" (lit. 'European Institute of Business Administration'),[8] is a non-profit graduate business school that maintains campuses in France, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, and the United States. Its degree programs are postgraduate-only, taught in English and include a full-time Master of Business Administration (MBA), an Executive MBA (EMBA), Master in Management (MIM), Doctor of Business Administration, Executive Master of Finance and executive education programs.

Polytechnique's historic engineering graduate program has a highly selective admission process consisting of written and oral examinations, following classes préparatoires or a bachelor's degree.[6] French engineering students undergo initial military training and have the status of paid officer cadets.[7] The school has also been awarding doctorates since 1985, masters since 2005 and bachelors since 2017.[8] Most Polytechnique engineering graduates go on to become top executives in companies, senior civil servants, military officers, or researchers.

The Beaux-Arts de Paris (French pronunciation: [boz‿aʁ də pari]), formally the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, is a French grande école whose primary mission is to provide high-level fine arts education and training. The art school, which is part of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is located on two sites: Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, and Saint-Ouen.

A business incubator is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting with management training and office space, and ending with venture capital financing.

First Date Completion For Pickup Artist

Show her the tip

study lots of things and tease your knowledge by starting conversations on different topics

The In and Out

try and get her number in 5 minutes. This mentality will cut down long conversations being filled with sikence

End on a high note

if you see the end coming during a good conversation say you have an appointment to get to and ask for her number

Date

Actually talk about those things

Currency, Oil, & Gold Commodities Candlestick Charts

Swing Trading: Use mt4/mt5 With Heiken Ashi Charts, Setting at 14 or 21 Momentum Indicator above 0 as Divergence Oscillator and Volume Spread Analysis as Reversal Oscillator and Trade when bullish candlesticks above 200 exponential moving average and/or 20 exponential moving average (EMA) on H1 (Hourly) Time Frame; use H4 (4 Hours) and D1 (1 Day) as reference.

UK, Singapore, and Monégasque Boxing

Commercialism

A system of Social and economic organization in which financial profit is valued above any other criterion or consideration. 

Weight Classes Teams-Boxing Clubs: Promotions (Solo) and Relegation (Teams) Tournaments and Exhibition ex. Team A Welterweight vs Team B Welterweight Relégation Exhibition and Boxer 1 from Team A vs Boxer 1 from Team B Promotions Tournaments

Remove Boxing from the Olympics 

Create own Drug Testing labs & Substance list 

Pay athletes from they are young

U-17 et U-20 Exposure

Conceptual Model 

Divine Status* 

Posh* 

Crowning* 

Masculine Epitome* 

Adult Entertainment~ 

Multi-international Corporation~ 

Cultural Industry~ 

Cultural Diffusion~ 

Cultural Continuity~ 

Cultural Politics~ 

Consumer Culture~ 

*Brand Identity 

~Stakeholder Appeal 

Crowning (Term) 

The sport of Boxing is a form of class Interaction. The goal of the Boxing Bodies is to make this sport a gateway to becoming a Billionaire (avoidance of another Mike Tyson). To take someone and crown them as a billionaire and put them in boxing royalty is the mindset. Yes winning is important but you don't fight forever.

Events & Tournaments 

Locations 

Boxing Heritage Classic (BHC) Host City Rotates

Different Location than Tournament; Global Locations; Round by Round Locations Change 

Tournament Sponsors 

Oil Companies; Good Publicity For Them; Larger Prize Money 

Title of Pre-tournament Weekend 

Boxing Heritage Classic (BHC) 

Traditions of Events & Tournaments 

Weekend Schedule 

Friday and Saturday 

Casino Jam 

Cigar Lounge 

Invitational Poker Games; Fixed cost buy in 

Fundraisers 

High Profile Guest 

Politicians 

Actors 

Models 

Athletes 

Musicians 

Corporate Executives 

Royal Families 

Painters

Sunday Night 

Art Auction 

Athletic Banquets 

Placement of Bets (Televised) 

High Profile Guest 

Politicians 

Actors 

Models 

Athletes 

Musicians 

Corporate Executives 

Royal Families 

Painters 

Boxing Version of Olympics (Physical Test Olympics) 

Host a Series of Physical Test before Tournaments 

Weight Lifting 

Military Bodyweight Competition 

Mix Isometric Stops in Both Competition 

Aerobic Circuits Races 

Have regression versions of physical test for youth to perform 

By Having a Physical Test Olympics this Grows the Sport. This Event is Going to Start Off With A Few Competitive-Events But As This Event Grows the Sport Grows into a Society 

With each Country Creating its Own Event this Grows the Sport 

Tournaments 

Host a Tournament once every two months 

Create Boxing Fantasy Leagues for Tournaments 

Fan's Dream Card 

All-Star Game Resemblance 

Fan's vote for every weight class Two dream matchups (2 fight series is an option)

No ducking fights stigma 

Corporate Tournament 

Teams a build through representation of weight class 

Teams are owned by companies

Salary cap is imposed to keep things fair 

Algorithm to determine player's salaries 

Player's fees are percentage value not dollar value 

Example if The tournaments salary cap is $100 million and a boxer had 35% value he would get $35 million 

Physique Tournament 

Celebrity Female Judges 

A mix of runway and bodybuilding competition 

Increase female fan base 

Reasons 

Open the sport to modelling industry 

Make the Masculine physique and masculine Frame a boxer In the female's eyes. This will lead to more mother's putting their kids into the sport 

Male models aren't even close in competition to female models 

This sport naturally develops an aesthetic physique 

The World Class Invitational Tournament 

The top 3 boxers in their respective country are invited to compete 

Model of the Masters in Golf 

Winner gets custom gold gloves with diamonds 

Champions Invitational 

Boxing has lots of titles (which is a good thing.) 

At year's end host a tournament for each weight class 

Add more titles to increase cards 

Each title must be defended prior to entering tournament 

Reason 

At the end of the event you will have multi-belt champions 

The sport will have the most multi-belt champions 

Whoever wins tournament for their respective weight class gets a crown

Winners choose one title they want to defend; the rest be vacant 

Bracket Invitational 

Top 32 fighter are invited 

There are two Brackets 

1-16 & 17-32 

Placing top seeds in same bracket to ensure there’s always a chance for upset in championship 

Constant changes in rankings do to this system and more international superstars

Exposure for fighters outside the top 10

Reference Style Chav Boxing by Caleb "Lightning Slaps" Hughes

Chav

This is a derogatory British slang word for a young hooligan who normally starts fights and makes trouble. “Chavs” are usually seen as lower class.

Training Gear

Focus Mitts

Punching Shield

Reflex Bag

Double End Bag

Heavy Bags

Naoya Inoue Influence for Chav Shell (Bladed Half Guard)

Wide Stance with Weight Forward

Inverted-V Target (Solar Plexus, Liver, Spleen, Obliques) opens Head as a Target

Centerline connection opens Flanks

Multiple Jab Triggers Own Counter Hooks Combo

Front Power Hooks over Jabs for Single Punches

Warm Up Workout: Systematic Calisthenics Warm Up 10 Seconds Horse Stance-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset with Yoga Recovery, Systematic Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank and Cobra Yoga Pose Recovery, and Sauna for Relaxation

Equipment

Resistance Loop Bands

Gymnastic Rings

Sledgehammer and Tires

Battle Ropes

Force-Velocity Curve

Speed-Strength

The boxer-puncher possesses many of the qualities of the out-boxer: hand speed, often an outstanding jab combination, and/or counter-punching skills, better defense and accuracy than a brawler, while possessing brawler-type power. The boxer-puncher may also be more willing to fight in an aggressive swarmer-style than an out-boxer. In general the boxer-puncher lacks the mobility and defensive expertise of the pure boxer. They are the most unpredictable among all 4 boxing styles. They don't fit in the rock-paper-scissors theory, so how the fight plays out between this style and other styles tends to be unpredictable. A boxer-puncher's ability to mix things up may prove to be a hindrance to any of the three other boxing styles, but at the same time their versatility means that they tend to be a master of none. (Example Naoya Inoue and Teófimo López)

Workout: Systematic Calisthenics Warm Up 10 Seconds Horse Stance-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset with Yoga Recovery et Systematic Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank and Cobra Yoga Pose Recovery

Equipment: Resistance Loop Bands, Gymnastic Rings, Sledgehammer and Tires, Battle Ropes

Double Guard (High and Chav Shell: Bladed Half Guard)

Geometry Head Movement

Footwork: Cross step; Apply Pressure by stepping Diagonally forward; L-Step; The L-Step is a quick step to the outside and is effective for cutting off your opponent or can be used to take you out of a negative position. GGG is a good example. An orthodox boxer would take the step to the right and a southpaw to the left.

Combos: Ends combos with a jab; Better defence; Creates space

Chav Shell Four Lines of Defense

Distance Control

Guarding Inside of Striking Center Line

Jab

Clenching

Chav Shell Boxing Key Fundamentals

Offensive

Off-center Head Straight Punches

Breathing

Intelligent Pressure

Power Shots

Combination Themes (Time Interval)

Hand and Foot Speed

Guard Ripping Strikes

Chin Tuck to Shoulder While Striking

Chav Shell Boxing Strategy For Studying Opposition

Counterpunching

Balance after striking

Are they to off balance to defend

Aggression zone

Where in the ring do they explode

Power

Can they knockout their opponents with their front hand

Guard

Overprotection

What area are they concerned about

Triangle Defense

How do they guard the corners and ropes

Clenching

Do they like space or clenching

Brawling

Do they have the balls to just swing and sacrifice getting hit

Chav Shell Boxing Physics

Basic physics tells us that punch force is dependent on the Impulse-Momentum relationship (the change in momentum experienced by a body under the action of a force is equal to the impulse of the resultant force). Use Impulse-Angular Momentum and Kinetic Energy.

This formula creates heavy hand feeling when done properly

Reverse Rotate Punching Hand Hip for more Torque

Pronate Rear Hand

Pronate Front Hand

Boxing Stance 

Southpaw

Kinetic Energy

The kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. 

When throwing punch firm front leg

Lean to front foot

Impulse Kinetic Chain

Open kinetic chain as “a combination of successively arranged joints in which the terminal segments can move freely”. Thus the distal segment of the extremity is free to move in space

Regular Chain (Diagonal)

Glutes-Lats-Rear Delt-Tricep-Forearm-First 2 Knuckles

Abs and Obliques for stabilization

Heavy Hands or Power Shots

Imagine you are an elastic band wrapped around a pole with the ends out. When the front end is tugged, that's your front hand and reverse front hip rotation. When the back end is tugged, that's your rear hand and reverse back hip rotation. Remember to use Obliques and Lats

Think of this motion as a coil-flex-release

Closed System

A closed system is a physical system that does not allow transfer of matter in or out of the system

Torque

Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment, moment of force, rotational force or turning effect, depending on the field of study. The concept originated with the studies by Archimedes of the usage of levers. 

Impulse

impulse is the integral of a force, F, over the time interval, t, for which it acts. Since force is a vector quantity, impulse is also a vector quantity. Impulse applied to an object produces an equivalent vector change in its linear momentum, also in the resultant direction.

BENEFITS OF SHADOWBOXING

ZERO EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

One of the biggest benefits of shadowboxing is the fact that you don’t need any equipment to do it. This makes it super accessible to anyone who’s looking to learn boxing or just wants to get in a low-budget yet effective workout.

You don’t need to invest in a standing bag, boxing gloves, or full boxing gym membership. All you need is enough space in your room to throw a few punches, and maybe a mirror to watch your form as you go.

STRENGTHENS YOUR CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE

You’re constantly moving when you’re shadowboxing. It’s not just your fists that are flying but you’re staying light on your feet, squatting in your boxer’s stance, and engaging your core. Everything is activating from your legs to your glutes to your abs to your arms.

This is why if you’ve ever shadowboxed before you know that it doesn’t take long for your heart rate to elevate, your breathing to speed up, and your sweat to start pouring. It’s such an effective cardiovascular activity that a 185-pound person can burn over 370 calories in less than 30 minutes of shadowboxing.

This full-body exercise strengthens your heart and lungs as your body demands more oxygen and blood flow. And the stronger your heart and lungs get through exercises like shadowboxing, the more efficiently they can deliver oxygen and blood throughout your body. In other words, the more you shadowbox, the more endurance you build.

Sky Box Office is Sky's pay-per-view (PPV) system operated in the United Kingdom and Ireland. There were three branded divisions of Sky Box Office – Sky Cinema Box Office, Sky Sports Box Office and Sky 3D Box Office. Until 1 February 2011, the system ran under unified Sky Box Office branding. On 4 January 2017, all Sky Cinema Box Office channels ceased broadcasting, with only Sky Sports Box Office remaining available.[1]

Sky Sports Subsidiaries

Magazines Owned Gyms as League Franchises: A franchise agreement is a contract under which the franchisor grants the franchisee the right to operate a business, or offer, sell, or distribute goods or services identified or associated with the franchisor's trademark, Ex. 250 Gyms for 5 Magazines 50 per Magazine.

No Closed Doors Super Series: Bi-monthly Six Fight Multi Locations Series with Behind the Scenes between Two Boxers

Box Raw Bi-weekly Boxing Economy Newspaper and Monthly Biography Magazine

Box Raw Fashion Label and Equipment

Box Raw Boxing Science Corporate Education

Box Raw Streaming Daily Fantasy Sportsbook (Options Trading Turf Accountant)

Boxing Gloves as Kit Rivals

Target Audience

Gamblers and BioEngineers

Turf Accounting Model

+EV

Python Programming Gaussian Distribution

Exotic Options Trading Live Betting

Parlays Minimum for Round Robins

Daily Fantasy Rakes

Street Culture

Street Food

Street Photography

Street Workout

Café Culture

Children's Street Culture

Block Party

Savile Row: A street can often serve as the catalyst for the neighborhood's prosperity, culture and solidarity.

Ring Fundamentals Workout

Top position hold: 5 sets of 15 seconds, 30 sec. rest

Ring dip: 5 sets of 8-12 reps, 1 min. rest

Reverse row sit-back: 5 sets of 10-15 reps, 1 min. rest

Tuck/L-sit: 5 sets of 15 seconds, 30 sec. rest

Ring chin-up or pull-up: 5 sets of 8-12 reps, 1 min. rest

Dynamic/Isometric Superset Workout

Ring dip: 6-8 reps of dip, with a 15-sec. top position hold in between each rep. Do this for 5 sets with 1 min. rest between sets.

Reverse row sit-back: 6 to 8 reps with a 15-sec. tuck/L-sit in between each rep. Do this for 5 sets with 1 minute of rest between sets.

Ring chin-up or pull-up: 5 sets of 8 to 12 reps, with 1 minute of rest between sets.

Street Culture

Street Food

Street Photography

Street Workout

Café Culture

Children's Street Culture

Block Party

Bloor Street: A street can often serve as the catalyst for the neighborhood's prosperity, culture and solidarity.

Boxing Gym Culture

Urban Fiction (Crime Newspaper Articles, Movies, TV Series) Caleb's Rise International Film Festival Genre: Street Literature Henriad Shakespeare Adaptation Thrillers

Contracts and Investments 

Share Appreciation Right Plans (SAR Plans)

Under SAR Plans, the corporation grants plan participants share appreciation rights. Each SAR entitles participants to receive, on vesting, the net value of the increase in the market value of the corporation’s share between the grant date and the vesting date. Share Appreciation Right Plans are similar to stock option plans in some ways, and to RSU Plans in others:

Value. Share Appreciation Rights function much like stock options in many ways – but unlike stock options, participants aren’t required to pay the exercise price when they exercise the SAR. Share Appreciation Rights start with a nil value at the time of grant, so will have no value at vesting if the market value of the shares has decreased between the dates of grant and of vesting.

Plan Terms. Share Appreciation Right Plans typically contain provisions similar to those of RSU Plans in respect to plan administration, maximum shares reserved for issuance, grant agreement, market value, employment, share capital adjustments, change of control and shareholder agreements.

Vesting. Like RSU Plans, vesting provisions in SAR Plans can also be based on time, performance or both. Performance-based SARs are sometimes called “performance appreciation rights” or “PARs”. Once vested, the plan participant can settle the SARs in cash or in an amount of shares that equals the amount payable to the participant divided by the per share market value

Deferred Compensation 

Deferred compensation refers to that part of one’s contribution that is withheld and paid at a future date. Retirement plans and employee pensions are examples of deferred compensation. Employers usually withhold a fraction of employees’ compensation every month, accumulate it over time, and pay the lump sum amount on a date previously agreed upon in the employment contract.

Real Estate Joint Venture (JV)

A real estate joint venture (JV) is a deal between multiple parties to work together and combine resources to develop a real estate project. Most large projects are financed and developed as a result of real estate joint ventures. JVs allow real estate operators (individuals with extensive experience managing real estate projects) to work with real estate capital providers (entities that can supply capital for a real estate project).

Farmland Investments

Age 16-19

Bond Funds 

Farmland REITS

CFDS

Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account 

Age 20-30

Farmland Recession Proof Stocks (AgTech, Ag ETFS, AgETN)

Incubator and Startup Accelerators

Age 30-40

Farmland Blue Chip Indexes w/ Credit Spread Options

Street literature is a literary genre set in a city landscape; however, the genre is as much defined by the socio-economic realities and culture of its characters as the urban setting. The tone for urban fiction is usually dark, focusing on the underside of city living. Profanity, sex, and violence are usually explicit, with the writer not shying away from or watering-down the material. Most authors of this genre draw upon their past experiences to depict their storylines.

Caleb's Rise International Film Festival Genre: Street Literature Henriad Shakespeare Adaptation Defense Lawyers Impure Aesthetic Thrillers

Literary Device

Film Literature

in establishing the limits of both the novel (Newspapers) and the film, argues that novelist and film director meet in the attempt “to make you see”, the former through the mind; the latter through the eye.

“impure” aesthetic, one tinged with the markings of society, ideology, and sexual desire. 

Capitalism, Betrayal, Nostalgia, Resplendent Anarchy

Poetic Réalisme 

Poetic realism films are "recreated realism", stylised and studio-bound, rather than approaching the "socio-realism of the documentary". They usually have a fatalistic view of life with their characters living on the margins of society, either as unemployed members of the working class or as criminals.

Self-destructive Escapism

Escapism is mental diversion from unpleasant aspects of daily life, typically through activities involving imagination or entertainment. Escapism also may be used to occupy one's self away from persistent feelings of depression or general sadness.

Surréalisme-Synecdoqu-Métonymie Screenplay

Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike scenes and ideas.[1] Its intention was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality.[2][3][4] It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media as well.

a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs

the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.

Allégorie

a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

Suspense is created by withholding information or revealing it slowly, creating a sense of mystery or uncertainty about what will happen next.

A thriller generally keeps its audience on the "edge of their seats" as the plot builds towards a climax. The cover-up of important information is a common element.[2] Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists, unreliable narrators, and cliffhangers are used extensively. A thriller is often a villain-driven plot, presenting obstacles that the protagonist or hero must overcome.

Slavoj Žižek Lacanianism or Lacanian psychoanalysis is a theoretical system that explains the mind, behavior, and culture through a structuralist and post-structuralist extension of classical psychoanalysis, initiated by the work of Jacques Lacan from the 1950s to the 1980s.

Scoring

Drill Producers watch the film and then get a scene to Score

Extra

Non-Fiction Movie

Prequal TV Série

Fictional TV Série 

Caleb Hughes Tudor Rose Welfare Recipe Gastronomy 

Baked Goods

RumChata Pound Cake Loaf

Ingredients

1 stick butter, room temperature

1 1/2 cups sugar

1/2 cup RumChata Liquor

1/2 teaspoon baking soda

1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour

3 large eggs

1 tsp teaspoon vanilla extract

Cinnamon Rolls

2 and 3/4 cups (344g) all-purpose flour (spooned & leveled)

1/4 cup (50g) granulated sugar

1/2 teaspoon salt

3/4 cup (180ml) buttermilk

3 Tablespoons (43g) unsalted butter

2 and 1/4 teaspoons Platinum Yeast from Red Star or any instant yeast (1 standard packet)

1 large egg, at room temperature

Filling

3 Tablespoons (43g) unsalted butter, extra softened

1/3 cup (67g) packed light or dark brown sugar

1 Tablespoon ground cinnamon

Cream Cheese Icing

1 Teaspoon Espresso

4 ounces (113g) full-fat block cream cheese, softened to room temperature

2 Tablespoons (28g) unsalted butter, softened to room temperature

2/3 cup (80g) confectioners’ sugar

1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract

Caleb Rolls

2 and 3/4 cups (344g) all-purpose flour (spooned & leveled)

1/4 cup (50g) granulated sugar

1/2 teaspoon salt

3/4 cup (180ml) buttermilk

3 Tablespoons (43g) unsalted butter

2 and 1/4 teaspoons Platinum Yeast from Red Star or any instant yeast (1 standard packet)

1 large egg, at room temperature

Filling

Rosemary Scrambled Eggs w/ Cheese

Bacon Bits

Cream Cheese Icing

Egg Wash

Rosemary

Oven

Dinners

Fish and Chips

4 large potatoes, peeled and cut into strips

1 cup all-purpose flour

1 teaspoon baking powder

1 teaspoon salt

1 teaspoon ground black pepper

1 cup milk

1 egg

1 quart vegetable oil for frying

1 ½ pounds cod fillets

Deep Fryer 

Tuna Cake Breakfast Sandwich

2 eggs

2 teaspoons lemon juice

10 tablespoons Italian-seasoned bread crumbs

3 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese

3 (5 ounce) cans tuna, drained

3 tablespoons diced onion

1 pinch ground black pepper

3 tablespoons rendered duck fat

4 Slices of Cheddar Cheese

Deep Fryer

Mozzarella-Stuffed Crispy Portobello Burgers

2 Marinated-and-Roasted Portobellos

1/2 cup shredded mozzarella cheese (2 ounces)

3/4 cup all-purpose flour

1 tablespoon ranch dressing mix , such as Hidden Valley

2 large eggs , beaten

1 cup panko Japanese-style breadcrumbs

Neutral-flavored oil ,for frying

3/4 teaspoon kosher salt

3/8 teaspoon black pepper

2 hamburger buns of your choice

1/4 cup Thousand Island Dressing

1/4 cup dill pickle chips

1 cup shredded iceberg lettuce

1 medium tomato ,cut in 4 (1/4-inch-thick) slices

Drinks

Whipped Cold Brew

Robusta

Whip Cream

Milk

All Spice

Ice 

Blender 

Granola Smoothie

Granola

All Spice

Sugar

Blueberries

Blender

Rum Milkshakes

Sangster’s Rum Cream

60ml

Coconut Milk

240ml

Vanilla Essence

Chocolate Ice Cream

6 scoops

Coun'riad Criminal Unionism

Coun'riad: Counting money in the County through a Count with Henriad Shakespeare Impure Aesthetics

Real Estate Licenses over Diplomas

Craft unionism refers to a model of trade unionism in which workers are organised based on the particular craft or trade in which they work. It contrasts with industrial unionism, in which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of differences in skill.

Industrial unionism is a trade union organising method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of skill or trade, thus giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations.

As an anti-statist ideology, social anarchism opposes the concentration of power in the form of a State.[19] To social anarchists, the state is a type of coercive hierarchy designed to enforce private property and to limit individual self-development.[20] Social anarchists reject both centralised and limited forms of government, instead upholding social collaboration as a means to achieve a spontaneous order, without any social contract supplanting social relations.[21] Social anarchists believe that the abolition of the state will lead to greater "freedom, flourishing and fairness".

As an anti-capitalist ideology, social anarchism is opposed to the dominant expressions of capitalism, including the expansion of transnational corporations through globalization.[10] It comprises one of the main forms of socialism, alongside utopian socialism, democratic socialism and authoritarian socialism. Social anarchism rejects private property, particularly private ownership of the means of production, as the principal source of social inequality. As such, social anarchists typically oppose propertarianism, as they consider it to exacerbate social and economic inequality, suppress individual agency and require the maintenance of hierarchical institutions.

Monopoly, real-estate board game for two to eight players, in which the player's goal is to remain financially solvent while forcing opponents into bankruptcy by buying and developing pieces of property.

“Mirrors for Princes” designates a literary genre in which political ideas are expressed in the form of advice to a ruler.

Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility.[1] Especially in earlier medieval periods the term often implied not only a certain status, but also that the count had specific responsibilities or offices. The etymologically related English term "county" denoted the territories associated with some countships, but not all.

A county may be further subdivided into districts, hundreds, townships, or other administrative jurisdictions within the county. A county usually, but not always, contains cities, towns, townships, villages, or other municipal corporations, which in most cases are somewhat subordinate or dependent upon county governments. Depending on the nation, municipality, and local geography, municipalities may or may not be subject to direct or indirect county control. The functions of both levels are often consolidated into a city government when the area is densely populated, and are generally not when it is less densely populated.[b]

An upper-tier municipality means a municipality of which two or more lower-tier municipalities form part for municipalities purposes.

County Speech Accent

Glottal Stops Consonants

Ex. T is Eigh'een, G is Jar'on, L Ho'y; How are you amon' us Ho'y Shi'?!

Made up Verbs, Nouns, and Adjective with Schwa Endings: ER=SCHWA

Ex. Punch is Pover: Do you want a Pover to the Chin!

UK Class Structure

Royals

Monopoly Family

Government

Upper Class

Middle Class

County Speech Accent Vertical Farming Real Estate Socioeconomic Status

County Shilling

Ex. Welfare is £5000, it is now öS‎25,000 Schillings (50 Pence).

County Speech Pover Football

County Speech Accent Stylistic Biomechanics: Dribbling Foot To Ball Contact (Balls of Feet and Arch of Feet); Knee for Direction; Foot Drags; & Hip Angle, Crescent Moon Running Mechanics, and Laces Pover.

County Speech Accent Training: Metabolic Resistance Training; 200m-High Jump Cross Training; Keto BHB for Metabolism, Creatine-L-Carnitine L-Tartrate-Leucine for mTOR are my Supplements.

County Speech Accent Literature Circles

During literature circle time, students read together, then have discussions in which each student performs a specific role. Roles include the discussion director, vocabulary enricher, literary luminary, and checker. The teacher conducts mini-lessons before and after the literature circles.

Person A reads Chapter 1 and Person B reads Chapter 2.

The Financial Times Essential Guide, Blue Ocean Strategy, Contagious, The Project Revolution: How to Succeed in a Project Driven World

Fleurdelisé

[kuramirocket]

Let's start with not calling Malintzin a "consort" or concubine or lover or anything that implies some romantic relationship between her and Cortes--as shown in this ridiculously idealized image.

Cortes had a couple Spanish mistresses with him on his expedition. History ignores that fact, it's easier to go with the cliche of a romance between the white conqueror and Indigenous maiden, a kind of Pocahontas myth.

Marina/Malintzin (no one knows her original name) was a teenage sex slave given to Spaniards without previous knowledge of Anahuac geopolitics or city-state military logistics.

Since Cortes had brought at least two Spanish mistresses, at first he gave away the Indigenous girls given to him in tribute. These girls were more valuable to Cortes as gifts for his followers. Cortes’ ability to persuade his men depended on his ability to reward them.

Distributing Indigenous girls to Cortes’ men caused problems. Bernal Diaz complained in his memoir: “The finest of the Indian females had been set apart (by the captains), so that when it came to a division among us soldiers, we found none left but old and ugly women.”

After the Spaniards took Tenochtitlan in 1521, Cortes had coercive sexual relations with Malinche and Tecuichpo. Malinche bore Martin in 1523, and Tecuichpo bore Leonor in 1528. Both children were considered illegitimate but were officially acknowledged by their father.

Defenders and critics of Cortes agree that Cortes was a “womanizer.” Cortes had at least half a dozen children from his two marriages, plus another half-dozen with other women, mostly Indigenous girls. The enduring images of Cortes and Malinche as a romantic couple are nonsense.

Unfortunately, this nonsense continues in the latest retelling of the invasion of Mexico. "Hernan," a Spanish-centric TV series made in 2019, perpetuates this damaging myth.

Myths of Malinche

The story of the Aztec's downfall has often been told replete with myths — such as Cortés being mistaken for the returning deity Quetzalcoatl, or Moctezuma wearing green feathered headdresses. But it’s the translator Malinalli, commonly known as Malinche, who suffers most from mythologizing. History can't confirm that "Malinalli" was her original name, and even "Malinche" is a misnomer. 

With the emergence of the New Philology and New Conquest History revisionism of the 1970s, the myths surrounding the (in)famous La Malinche have been reexamined. Unfortunately, lazy research in many histories and essays on the subject continues to blur the line between fact and fiction. Here are some of the most common mistakes, rectified.

Out of the Frying Pan

Malinche’s entrance into the narrative of the conquest is confusingly portrayed from the start. Along with other young women, food, textiles, and gold, she was part of a tribute the Maya gave to the Spaniards after losing a battle. Most histories avoid facing the uncomfortable fact that these women were meant for sexual use. Instead, writers mention how the Maya brought food to the victorious Spaniards and gave them twenty women, one of whom was a teenage girl named Malinalli Tenepal (Malinche’s supposed original name), to “cook meals.”

The notion that those twenty girls were cooks originates with Cortés’ secretary, Francisco Gomara, who wrote one of only two histories based on firsthand accounts: “They brought [Cortés] twenty female slaves to bake bread and prepare meals for the army.” In his book Cortés, the Conqueror, Gomara tries to make his patron look good and plays down certain acts that may seem immoral.

But Cortés already had female cooks among the many Cuban servants in his expedition, and didn’t need more cooks. Gomara’s initial description of the girls’ purpose is pretext. Many commentators overlook a sentence elsewhere in Gomara’s account that reveals the girls’ true fate: Cortés “distributed the twenty slave women among the Spaniards as companions.”

Bernal Díaz, who wrote the other firsthand history, confirms that Indigenous girls were given as sex slaves to Spaniards on multiple occasions. Díaz even complains that the better looking girls went to captains, not common soldiers.

For these women, their destiny was to be mistresses or sexual slaves. On one hand, they were abducted by the Spanish, who took them away as companions. Some were given away as slaves or in the case of the nobility, as the 'wives' of the Spanish to create alliances. In any case, their destiny was not in their hands,” says Miriam López, a Dr. in Anthropology by the UNAM's Anthropological Research Institute.

The researcher adds that “La Malinche” was sold as a slave twice before she could show Hernán Cortés that she could translate, that “innate ability to understand different cultural contexts and learn new languages.”

Royal Relations

Díaz gives us interesting details about how the Spaniards reconciled their religious faith with their actions. How does Catholicism solve the problem of heathen sex slaves? Start with a baptism. Malinche was baptized as "Marina." After the girls were anointed and christened in a Catholic ceremony, Díaz reports, “Cortés gave one of them to each of his captains, and Marina [Malinalli/Malinche]… went to Alonso Hernández Puertocarrero.”

The baptism of Indigenous women was not uncommon and existed to ensure that sexual relations, no matter how forced, were within the purity of the Christian faith. Acts such as these remind us of the excuse of religion to ensure the oppression of non-Europeans during the era of colonialism.

The assigning of Malinche to Puertocarrero is a story unto itself. Puertocarrero was cousin to the Earl of Medellin of the Crown of Castile. As such, he was the closest thing to royalty on the expedition, and thus he was Cortés’ most favored captain. It was important to keep Puertocarrero happy. Malinche apparently stood out from the other girls — Díaz and some fragmentary testimonials attest to her proud bearing and intelligence. By assigning Malinche to Puertocarrero, Cortés was giving him the best of the girls as a political favor.

Ultimately, the arrangement also helped augment the story that La Malinche (Doña Marina to the Spanish) herself came from royal background, and therefore was capable of great deeds. Malinche’s storied noble ancestry may have begun as a joke about matchmaking a royally associated Spaniard with a royal "savage", but it ended with a legacy that rivals any fable.

The Plot That Wasn’t

After she was acquired by the Spanish, Malinche temporarily disappears from the written record. She was downplayed as an unnamed translator during meetings between Spaniards and Mexicans.

She pops up in the story again months later, when Gomara and Díaz say Malinche gave Cortés evidence that the Aztec-allied city of Cholula was plotting against the Spaniards. In actuality, Cortés had been planning an attack on Cholua and just needed an excuse. So Cortés told his men that Malinche informed him about a Cholulan plot to kill the Spaniards. This justified his attack on Cholula as a “preemptive” strike.

As far as we know today, Malinche did not provide any such information. Cortés pulled off an effective reversal by blaming his own actions on the Aztec and their allies, while also unknowingly laying the groundwork for Malinche’s reputation as a betrayer of her people.

The First Mestizo?

Another pervasive myth is that Cortés took Malinche as his concubine during the conquest, after Puertocarrero returned to Spain. But Cortés was given other girls during that time, including Moctezuma’s own daughter. There's evidence from historian Hugh Thomas that Cortés brought one or two of his Spanish mistresses from Cuba. For Cortés, females were replaceable, whereas Malinche was the only person who could translate and give Cortés diplomatic advice during meetings with the natives.

With an empire at stake, Cortés couldn’t risk having such a singularly important asset sidelined by pregnancy. Only after couple years after the fall of the Aztec capital did Malinche spend a brief time at Cortés’ home where he had coercive sexual relations with her. She became pregnant and was quickly married to another Spaniard.

Cortés’ son by Malinche, Martín, is often inaccurately cited as Mexico’s first mixed-race child or mestizo. Although we may never know for sure, that distinction most likely goes to the children of a Spanish castaway named Gonzalo Guerrero and the Maya princess Zazil Há.

Experts says that in time, Malintzin became the Cortés' sex slave: “He didn't show her affection and reduced her to 'the tongue,' as his translator, although she gave birth to his first son (Martín Cortés), who was recognized by the colonizer. Nevertheless, Cortés separated Martín and Marina to take him to Spain and she never saw him again.”

Guerrero was shipwrecked in 1511, cast ashore in the Yucatan with a dozen Spanish survivors. By the time Cortés’ fleet arrived eight years later, only Guerrero and one other Spaniard were still alive. (See Aztec Empire Episode One) Guerrero integrated himself with the Maya and had a family with the local chieftain’s daughter, never returning to the Spanish way of life.

Origin Myth

In the aftermath of the conquest, as Spain sought to strengthen its slim hold on this new empire, the story of Cortés and Doña Marina (Malinche) came to symbolize a romanticized version of the colonial relationship — and the birth of a new people. By contrast, Guerrero’s story was about a Spaniard who wholly converted to the local culture and whose status partly depended on his wife, which is not an empire-building narrative.

In her book La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth, Sandra Cypess observes:

“By studying how the official discourse and the people have treated the two couples, we realize that the interactions between Malinche and Cortés became emblematic to indicate how the relations between European and indigenous should be. She is the woman who should act as subaltern and accept the language, culture, political and economic structures of man, not vice versa.”

No images of Malinche were created while she was alive — the only images we have of her are posthumous. Several Spanish illustrations and Spanish-commissioned native codices depict her with hair parted in the middle and worn loose to her shoulders, echoing the hairstyle of the Catholic Virgin Mary.

In reality, Malinche wore her hair in a traditional double-braid, as seen below.

Stereotyped portrayals of Malinche continue to this day, in some cases egregiously wrong, as seen in the below example from a 2016 Spanish TV series.

*edited 11/18/21 for the addition of more information.

Sources: (x) (x) (×)

[st-just]

Cities, Conquests and Tributaries of the Federal Republic

Because I already did one for the Empire, and world-building continues to be at least mildly engaging/keeps me writing, anyway.

The Free Cities: The core of the Federal Republic, and the beating hearts of cultural, economic, and political power. Beautiful and rapturous parasites, which trade ephemera and mesmerizing baubles for all the treasures of the world. Unending and many-coloured chaos, joyous festival turning to bloody riot in the blink of an eye. Without censor or police-spy, they are the generous refuge to every heretic and dissident in need of one, provided they bring a sharp knife and a friend to watch their back.

Quepta, Chirtial and Celmy itself all share a coastline, though travel by land is rendered deeply impractical by steep hills and the lack of convenient rivers. Inara totally dominates the island on which it sits, and Khasal sits on the opposite coast of its sister cities, but shares an easily navigable river route with Celmy. In all cases the cities’ hinterlands have been thoroughly mastered, but each has grown to the point where only daily shipments of grain and rice can sustain their populations.

The Broken Coast: The core of the Republic’s mercantile empire isn’t particularly impressive at a glance – vast stretches of rocky islands and small coastal planes, isolated from their hinterlands by mountains or plateaus. Its trade winds do, however, ensure safe and easy shipping up and down its lengths – ensuring that the small trading ports that dot every viable harbour capable of supporting a population can trust that ships will arrive regularly to buy everything worthwhile they can transport from further inland, and provide everything they lack. Formally, the vast majority are ruled by boqors or rajahs – whether extracting tribute from distant inland principalities, governing a federation of coastal towns, or ruling an independent city-state – but in every real sense power is held by the merchant factors and trading captains, and their Celmean friends and partners.

The Piper’s Wake: Before they were free, the cities were the troublesome and distant trading ports of an ancient empire. The specifics have long since been lost under the weight of a thousand different dramatizations, but what was once the empire’s rich and fertile core bears witness to how the matter was finally decided. Burned and brutalized (so they say), the fleshweavers and skinchangers of Khasal made common cause with the ecstatics and mad mystics or Chirtial and conducted one of the grander rituals of the age. A Caller of the Host, grander than any who have walked before or since, was made from the sacrificial flesh, and life rebelled as she played. The demon herself was slain by the crown prince as his empire tore itself apart around him (as the tale goes), but regular expeditions are still launched into the region – both to cull the goblin population, and entice or bind more advanced specimens for use or sale.  

The Spine of the World: A range of inhospitable and imposing mountains that would be difficult to cross even if they weren’t Drake-infested, mainly notable as serving as a hard northern border for the Republic’s influence for cartographers, with its few major passes serving as something of a trade artery for luxury exports to the Illyrin empire. More recently, mining prospectors have begun swarming the area like flies after the discovery of major silver deposits – and, with the increasing ease of transit, certain thrill-seekers and would-be dragonslayers have taken to braving the peaks. Being fair, they still have a high survival rate that the particularly zealous devotees of Askopar, who attempt to convince the wyrms to accept their inheritance as a Prince of Demons – something they are rarely amenable to, as they’re happy to quite lethally explain.

The New Cities/The Colonies: Past the farthest edges of the Broken Coast, and weeks of open ocean beyond that, lays the most remote real centre of the Federation’s power. Acquired through a (by now thoroughly mythologized) mixture of trade, fraud and force, the islands and coastline the dozen cities (glorified town, in most cases. Only barely glorified, in a few) are scattered across are a the source of untold fortunes for many back in the Inner World. Each city sends a steady stream of extraordinarily valuable imports back to its parent – rare furs, plantation crops, precious metals and jewels – and in exchange receives the weapons, tools, and especially people they need to sustain and expand their dominions. Enticing new colonists with land grants or the chance for riches is entirely commonplace, which does require regular low-level warfare with each other and the native populations to make good on them. And, although no upstanding citizen of the metropolises can be known to take part in it, the colonies lack both the freedom loving mobs and temperamental patrons of their parents, and so quite a few interests wasted no time at all making a fortune in the trade of indentured labour.

The Shipbreaker Isles: Given its utter dependence on maritime trade, as a general rule the great and the good of the Free Cities have a decidedly draconian view of piracy (the mob’s opinion may differ, given how popular epic and romantic tales of their exploits can be). But, in the final analysis, this really amounts to taking offence at pirates targeting their ships (the existence of a ‘Federal Navy’, the only officially existing common institution of the Republic, can be largely attributed to no one trusting their rivals to stop attacking their ships the moment they were out of sight of port without a sword hanging over their heads). Hence, the Isles, where pirate queens and kings can repair and recruit in safety, merchant factors on hand to buy any and all loot they can carry, their ships returning with a steady supply of gifts, luxuries, and fresh meat (naive young things with a penchant for violence, or people who have burnt every possible bridge but still have debts to run away from, generally). All with the tactic understanding that they only target Esheri or Illyric shipping, of course. Every settlement on the isles has been destroyed at least three or four times from punitive expiditions, and the Celmean willing to cut them loose without raising a finger is the only reason a general war has not yet resulted.

The Ashen Steppe: Only slightly more habitable a place than the name implies, this vast and lightly populated expanse has mostly served as a hard border for the Federal Republic’s influence, rapidly consuming all effort and attention paid to it buying off various nomad tribes rather than dealing with their raids, paying tribute to the appropriate leaders along the major caravan routes to the Commonwealth, and suffering the occasional invasion searching for land or treasure. In recent years, Esheri expansion has seen some growing hostility form the nomads, which Celmean agents have been more than happy to help arm and organize, culminating in two cities officially recognizing their chosen candidate as Khagan of the whole steppe – an entirely aspirational claim, at least for the moment.

The Kayal Empires: Conquest states in the purest form, this region represents the other major bridgehead of Celmean influence in the outer world. ‘Influence’ rather than ‘power’ or ‘rule’, as this is a region that makes cartographers weep and war profiteers grin. The result of a particularly ruthless and ingenious mercenary-adventurer who parlayed a civil war in one the continent’s more impressive empires into employment, power, and eventually a chance to claim the throne himself. It was quite possibly the most lucrative mercenary contract in history for his soldiers, as grand estates and piles of gold were freely distributed as reward for their loyalty. That was just under fifty years ago. Technically speaking his granddaughter is still empress, largely because she married a prince of the old ruling house and used the residual legitimacy of both names to rally an army to retake the old capital. Of course, there are a dozen other would-be emperors – both newly arrived and well armed adventurers, the now partially assimilated conquerors, or various flavors of native rebellion  - and all manner of small principalities and over-mighty pirate chiefs in between. If it wasn’t for how rich the land was, they might just be left to it – instead, the supply of over-ambitious and ruthless new arrivals hasn’t slowed once.

The Soya Principalities: The most powerful and organized states which lay inland of the Broken Coast trading network, the principalities – which really have rather less in common then the Celmean travel guides imply, and in many cases would take great offence at being lumped together – are, officially speaking and as far as their rulers are concerned, entirely free of foreign control. While this is entirely true as far as your average peasant is concerned, in practice a few rather fundamental transactions have been made – Khasali court mystics and physicians, a particularly dashing trader from Chiritial who won the princesses’ hand, Celmean mediation over the succession ensuring the more pliable child inherits – and, in all cases, the most important of all – foreign control over ports and tarrifs, and free navigation of rivers and coasts, in exchange for generous gifts to sustain the royal court without resort to taxation.

The Paramountcy of Joyi: The other major outgrowth of Celmean power inland form the Broken Coast, the Paramountcy is a new and intentional creation – stabilizing trade routs upriver and overland to the increasingly valuable mountains to the north. Originally the scheme was to subsidize and glorify some chieftains near the waystations and trading posts on the route – but, in the sort of luck that you usually get for praying to archdemons, one of the chiefs chosen had ambitions of his own, and has used the sponsorship and support to conquer vast swathes of the region, and been recognized as ‘paramount chief’ by his allies for his efforts. The partnership is undeniably mutually profitable, though both parties are certain the other will betray them at a moment’s notice.

[wearepaladin]

I’m currently crafting an overarching antagonist for my round-robin DM game and I really want to plop an oath of conquest there because that is the natural opponent for my own Oath of Ancients paladin, but the big worrisome entity here is a primordial chaos goddess, which king of runs counter to Conquests more authoritarian trappings. Do you have any advice for how to reconcile the chaotic patron with the structural cruelty of a conquest paladin?

Well...how about this? When are people most likely to submit to an authoritarian overlord with minimal fuss? Likely after being forced to suffer chaos and madness, so when a clear devil like a Conqueror Paladin makes the offer to restore order for the price of submission, it’s easier to close your eyes and tell yourself it’s the lesser evil.

Of course, what’s the easiest way to promote chaos? By having the power to orchestrate it, while at the same time providing the face of order. The conqueror paladin and their chaos goddess thus feed on each other, each allowing for the circumstances that allow the other to grow power, step aside for the other to prompt the necessary suffering, and repeat as needed.

Chaos is as much a tool for tyrants to make empty claims of legitimacy as any of their foul methods. Be wary of that.

[aion-rsa]

American Gods Season 3: Who Are The Orisha?

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This article contains spoilers for American Gods season 3 episode 4.

American Gods star Yetide Badaki, known to fans of the show as love goddess Bilquis, has an upbringing as unique as any fictional character from Neil Gaiman’s fantasy novel. 

She lived in England for three years, has lived in American since age 12, and went to college in Canada, but Badaki’s roots are planted in the soil of the country of her birth, Nigeria. Nigeria, Africa’s largest country, serves as the centerpiece of the larger tribal community known as Yorubaland along with Benin, Ghana, and Togo. Yorubaland is home to 55 million people and was one of the largest sources of the enslaved people to the United States of America. It’s also home to spirit world entities which are now about to enter into the American Gods’ canon: The Orisha.

Far from being a relic of the past, the Orisha still play an active part in African religion to this day, and it was something that Badaki was keen to see brought to the screen.

“There are quite a few fascinating gods and goddesses that I’d like to see, but my answer would be the Orisha,” Badaki said when asked about possible additions to the American Gods pantheon. “I can’t wait for everybody to meet all of them.”

The Orisha are hinted at in episode 2, when a young Shadow Moon stares at a cover of a magazine touting the beauty of Nigeria, with the face on the cover of the magazine speaking to him. Their proper introduction comes at the beginning of episode 4 “The Unseen,” where slaves break their shackles with the help of the Gods of their old world, with the Orisha promising, among other things, freedom and their strong blessing. Four new members of the pantheon of American Gods are pictured: Chango, Oshun, Yemoja, and Aye. 

In the original Yoruban tales, the Orisha are spirits sent by Olodumare (the source of creation) to guide all creation, with particular emphasis on the guidance of humanity as seen in the cold opening of “The Unseen.” The number of Orisha varies depending on the telling, with the group being either 400, 700, 1440, or more than anyone can think of, plus one more. That extra plus one, always handy on a guest list, ties the number of Orisha to a sacred number in traditional beliefs. 

Orisha straddle the world between the realm of spirits and men, with Orisha being either spirits born into the bodies of humans, or humans who have done such great deeds in life that they become Orisha through the power of their actions. They also serve as intercessors with Oludumare, speaking on behalf of their followers according to their areas of experience.

So just who are these Orisha and what are their particular interests?

The most noteworthy initial appearance is that of Chango, who breaks the chains to free the captive in the fields. Chango, played by Nigerian-American rapper and actor Wale, is the most fearsome and dangerous of the Orisha. An early leader of the Oyo Empire, Chango was a vengeful conqueror whose seven years at the head of the kingdom marked by constant warfare and conquest until his palace was struck by lightning and killed. 

Chango is known as the God of Iron who casts down thunderstones to smite those that displease him with lightning, and stones formed by lightning strikes are sacred to his followers, who span across the African diaspora from traditional Yoruba worship to Santeria and both Haitian and Louisiana variants of voudou/voodoo. Chango, as befitting a warrior, is represented by his two axes, the thunder of both sky and drum, and the color red. He is a renowned ladies’ man (he has three wives, after all) and the Orisha known for his ability to dance and love of a good party. Fittingly, his consecrated worship day is Wednesday, a fact that I am certain will be important later.

Alongside Chango is his queen and wife, Oshun, as played by American singer and actor Herizen F. Guardiola. Alongside Chango, Oshun has been widely adopted across a variety of religions, with an especially strong presence in the Afro-Brazilian religion Candombele, where she is revered as the Lady of Gold and is a patron of wealth and prosperity, with the bright yellow of flowers and the ritual fan called the Abebe being associated with her worship. As queen and wife, she is also known as the protector of pregnant women and children, and a powerful goddess of love. 

Read more

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By Ron Hogan

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Her name is linked to Nigeria’s Osun river, and in traditional Yoruba beliefs, she is the goddess of fresh water and waterfalls, with her worshippers paying tribute to her at lakes, streams, and canals; as the messenger of the Orisha, she is commonly associated with peacock feathers, having transformed herself to get a message to Oludumare during a great drought. In Cuba, she is celebrated with a type of violin performance known as Violin for Osun, a blend of Western classical music and Cuban popular music; Guardiola’s father is a Cuban reggae musician, making this a fitting pairing.

Yemoja, played by Bridget Ogundipe, is another powerful spirit tied to water and birth, as she is the mother of humanity. When her water broke at the birth of the human race, it created the very waters of the rivers and seas that sustain us. As such, she has a powerful tie to motherhood and is a goddess pertaining to everything related to women, from conception and parenting to love and the “feminine mysteries”. As befitting a good mother, she is very slow to anger, but capable of great destruction as anyone who lives on a flood plane could attest. 

As someone tied to both womanhood and the water (rivers in Yorubaland, the ocean and seas throughout the Caribbean diaspora), she is often depicted as a mermaid, or as a nursing mother. (Her name is a contraction for the Yoruban words that translate ‘mother of fish children’.) Her colors are the colors of clean water, blue and crystal, and her symbols are anything related to the ocean, from shells and fish to anchors. Festivals are held for Yemoja throughout the world, particularly in Cuba, Brazil, and Uruguay, with worshippers traveling for miles to congregate at beaches and shrines and send offerings out to sea for Yemoja in small boats.

Last, but certainly not least, is Aye, played by Karen Glave. Of all of the Orisha, who all go by a variety of names depending on what religious tradition they are a part of; she is the one that is most difficult to track down. Yet, of all the Orisha, perhaps she is the most powerful. Aye is the Yoruban version of Mother Earth. More than simply being the planet on which we all tread, Aye is the force of creation given life. More than just a mother figure, she is a creator figure; a Yoruba saying goes “You have Aye; I have Aye; we all have Aye in our pockets.” 

To attempt to sum up Aye in a single phrase? She is power. Specifically, the power of Black women. Gestating life, creating a work of art, building a town, organizing a revolution? All of these things fall under the purview of Aye, because she is the great creative force without whom the Earth would have never existed; the male Orisha attempted to leave women out of the creation process and failed miserably until Oshun agreed to participate and Aye was born. As such, it is the labor of many working together who tap into Aye’s great power, a collective greater good in which displays of wealth are forbidden and sharing is not encouraged, but required. If you have ever known a kindly older woman who could cure a cold by administering a hot drink and applying salve, you have known one of Aye’s iyalawo (mothers of mysteries).

cnx.cmd.push(function() { cnx({ playerId: "106e33c0-3911-473c-b599-b1426db57530", }).render("0270c398a82f44f49c23c16122516796"); });

When your spirits cross oceans and spread out across thousands of years, dozens of countries, multiple languages, and four continents, having accurate information can be an issue. The information presented above is by no means exhaustive, as the Orisha themselves cover many skills and cross many boundaries depending on the belief system examined. As the Gods changed in their time in America, the Orisha have changed throughout history thanks to the power of syncretism with Roman Catholic saints, Islam, Pentecostalism, Chrislam, and many, many other beliefs.

While I have done my best to explain the powers of the Orisha, no mere mortal would ever be able to limit the power of an Orisha to text on a page.

The post American Gods Season 3: Who Are The Orisha? appeared first on Den of Geek.

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[lingthusiasm]

Transcript Episode 41: This time it gets tense - The grammar of time

This is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 41: This time it gets tense - The grammar of time. It’s been lightly edited for readability. Listen to the episode here or wherever you get your podcasts. Links to studies mentioned and further reading can be found on the Episode 41 show notes page.

[Music]

Gretchen: Welcome to Lingthusiasm, the podcast that’s enthusiastic about linguistics! I’m Gretchen McCulloch.

Lauren: I’m Lauren Gawne. Today, we’re getting enthusiastic about tense and how different languages talk about time. But first, we are very excited to announce the launch of the Lingthusiasm LingComm Grant.

Gretchen: Yes. When we started this podcast, we were fortunate to be in a position where we could put some of our own money into the project to get us off the ground until our lovely patrons started coming in.

Lauren: Now we’re in a position where we want to pay it forward, and we want to help the next generation of awesome pop linguistics projects find their feet. We’re giving out a $500 US grant to a project that helps communicate linguistics to a new audience.

Gretchen: With your help, if we reach 800 patrons by May 1st, we can give out three of these grants. We’re really looking forward to seeing the applications come in. Applications are due June 1st. You can see more details about the LingComm grant and how to apply on our website. We’ll link to it from the show notes. It’s lingcomm.org – two Ms in “comm.”

Lauren: We know that some of you may be really passionate about the idea of there being more linguistics communication projects out in the world but don’t have the time or the expertise. If you really want to help support us in the LingComm grants, we’ve created a new tier at the Patreon called “Phil-ling-thropist.” For every person who supports us at $50.00 or more at that level, we’ll drop the number of patrons that we need to meet the three-grant goal down by 10. You will be as effective at 10 other patrons.

Gretchen: Don’t feel like you need to do this, but if you’re somebody who has a real job and this isn’t a lot of money to you, then this is an interesting thing to do with it. We’ll also send you a Lingthusiast mug after three months at this tier, so you can share your lingthusiasm that way.

Lauren: Of course, patrons at any level will help us meet the 800-patron goal to give out three grants.

Gretchen: If you’re also excited about showing off that you’re a lingthusiast, we also have a new sticker that says, “Lingthusiast, a person that’s enthusiastic about linguistics,” which we’ve added to the $15.00 level on Patreon. Go check out the Patreon. We have new stuff there!

Lauren: Speaking of the stuff at the Patreon, we now have a Discord server for all our Ling-thusiast and above tiers, which is the first Discord server I’ve ever been on. I’m learning a lot.

Gretchen: It’s been really fun to see people join so quickly because there’re actually a lot of people who are already joined and are chatting about things like interesting linguistics links that you come across, conlanging, learning languages, linguistics memes – we even have a channel where you can talk to each other in the International Phonetic Alphabet, which was a fun challenge – and other interesting linguistics things that you come across around the internet.

Lauren: Lots of different channels. All very lingthusiastic – typing, chat. I feel like it definitely has an old-days-of-the-internet-user-group vibe that makes me really happy.

Gretchen: It’s been really fun to start hanging out there. I think people are really enjoying that. Join us in the Discord!

Lauren: Our current bonus for patrons is bonus content from our interview with Janelle Shane in which we walk through creating a Lingthusiasm bot that generates Lingthusiasm transcripts. We walked through that in detail, and then we read some of our favourites.

Gretchen: If you would like to hear what Lingthusiasm would sound like if it were written by a neural net who is very enthusiastic but doesn’t really know that much about actual linguistics but finds some keywords sometimes, you can check that out. Definitely stay tuned for the part towards the end where we prompt the neural net with both Lingthusiasm and Harry Potter fan fiction. You get the most magical Lingthusiasm episode ever.

Lauren: This and 35 other bonus episodes at patreon.com/lingthusiasm.

[Music]

Lauren: Okay, Gretchen, I’m gonna do some real-life sentence elicitation so we can look at some examples of how tense works with time. Are you ready if I give you a bit of a prompt?

Gretchen: Sure. Let’s go.

Lauren: Tell me about something that happened yesterday in the past.

Gretchen: I’m walking down the street yesterday, and I see this bird, right? This bird starts coming towards me.

Lauren: Okay. I am definitely gonna ask you about the rest of that story later, but for now, can I have an example of something that’s happening or could be happening right now in the present?

Gretchen: Well, let’s pretend that I’m not just literally recording this podcast with you because that’s a little bit too meta. Let’s say I’m just sitting at home right now, and I’m eating a delicious cake, and you’re drinking a cup of tea.

Lauren: Mmm. Right. I might need to go get a cup of tea. Before I do that, let’s have an example of something that is going to happen later in the future.

Gretchen: I’m going to the airport tomorrow, fly out to Rome at 10:00. We arrive the next morning, and then –

Lauren: Are you going to Rome tomorrow?

Gretchen: No. No, I’m not. It’s just the first place that I thought of. I’m not going anywhere.

Lauren: But, man, now I want a cup of tea and pizza.

Gretchen: One of the things that I think is really interesting about these examples is that because I’m a bit of your confederate in this experiment, shall I say.

Lauren: Yeah. This is not naturalistic data at all.

Gretchen: Because I’ve been briefed. One of the things that I was able to do is I was able to talk about something that happened yesterday and something that’s happening right now and something that is gonna happen tomorrow, but I was actually able to use the same forms of the verb for all of them. Let’s do a little rewind.

Lauren: Right. In the past, you used the verb –

Gretchen: “I’m walking down the street. I see this bird.”

Lauren: Present.

Gretchen: “I’m sitting at home. I’m eating a delicious cake.”

Lauren: Future.

Gretchen: “I’m going to the airport. We fly out to Rome.”

Lauren: I think the answer is that the relationship between tense and time is not as straightforward as we might think it is. We don’t have a past tense that is always used with past events.

Gretchen: Right. Normally, if you’re in a Ling 101 class and we’re talking about tense – or you’re in a language class and you’re talking about tense – and the definition that everyone gives about tense is, “Well, it means time.” It kind of does, but it also kind of doesn’t. This is the complexity that we’re gonna be trying to unravel for the rest of this episode.

Lauren: We have something that’s happening with grammar. We’re gonna call that tense. We have something that is happening with the flow of time that’s in the real world – where there is language being spoken or not – time is still ticking on. I mean, we’ve talked about how to conceptualise time in an earlier episode, but just thinking about the flow of time and then tense as a grammatical construct that relates to it but doesn’t perfectly map onto it.

Gretchen: What I was able to do in this experiment is I was able to use the English present tense to talk about actions in the past, and in the present, and in the future. What’s interesting is that – so English has another tense, which is the past tense, and I can’t quite do all three of these things with the past tense.

Lauren: Give me an example of the future with the past tense.

Gretchen: “I sat at home right now” is problematic. That has some tension there. It gets really tricky if I wanna say, “I went to the airport tomorrow.” That – hmm, no.

Lauren: I definitely don’t have that as a valid utterance in this real world, no time travelling sense of how language works.

Gretchen: Putting time travel aside, this is not how English works. Many linguists talk about English as having two tenses – past and non-past. What this means is that the non-past tense is the one that I can use to talk about any time space and the past tense I can only use to talk about the past. That’s why I’m able to say, “I walked down the street yesterday,” but not, “I sat at home right now” or “I went to the airport tomorrow” because the past tense is really restricted but the non-past tense can be in any of these times.

Lauren: It also speaks to something that I think sometimes people find a bit confronting about studying linguistics, which is that the way that they’re taught the idea of grammar in English language classes or in grammar classes is that we have a past, present, and future. But from a linguistic analysis, English is treated as a language with a past and non-past distinction. The non-past includes present and future constructions.

Gretchen: And sometimes this weird version of the past that’s used for storytelling purposes. Many kinds of past in English you do actually wanna use the past tense, but there’s this one very specific storytelling thing where you can use the present – or more accurately, the non-past – even in something that happened in the past to make it seem more vivid and more relevant to a particular current time. You’d have a harder time saying something like, “The Norman conquest of English happens in 1066.” That would be a harder sell for English. You’d really wanna say, “happened,” there. You could say, I guess, “William the Conqueror comes across the English Channel, right? And he’s got this big ship.” There, you’re using the present to make it very vivid.

Lauren: I feel so much more compelled when you use that present in past.

Gretchen: That makes it seem very vernacular, very storytelling-y. I’m doing this casual thing where you’re not gonna see that in a traditional history textbook, but you might see it in a fun, vivid history podcast type thing.

Lauren: I was kind of surprised when I took an English grammar linguistics subject just how many different grammatical constructions around tense there are in the English because I had this very simple idea that there was a past, present, future – done, done, done – and it’s like, “Ah, this is why the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language is such a massive book” because I hadn’t really thought about the fact that the tense that you use in that narrative past using the present form is – the time is in the past but the tense is not just using a past tense.

Gretchen: This is why it’s useful to have – why not just call it “time” if tense just means “time”? Why not just say “time”? Well, it’s because there’s actually this difference in that the tense refers to specifically a thing that is done in the shape of a language can be somewhat independent from what’s actually going on in the world that you’re referring to, as in the case where you use the present to talk about the past. It doesn’t somehow make it the past. What about the future? Because, Lauren, it seems like English, we can definitely talk about the future.

Lauren: There are forms that I can talk about like, “I will go” – well, I won’t go to Rome – but “I will go to Rome tomorrow” or “I’m going to go to Rome tomorrow.” I can do that for “tomorrow” in a way that I can’t do it for “yesterday.” There’s something happening there.

Gretchen: The analysis of this in English is that “will” and “gonna” are treated like other types of things where you can add these sort of semi-verbs. If I wanted to say, “I can go to Rome,” “I might go to Rome,” “I wanna go to Rome,” “I have to go to Rome,” “I will go to Rome,” “I’m gonna go to Rome” – all of these are the category of “modals,” but we’re not gonna get into the terminology here – all of this category of, “Here’s this additional word that you can add that adds this additional information.” Sometimes, that’s a time-related piece of information. But sometimes that has to do with desires or possibilities or other types of additional meaning. That’s not how English talks about tense. English tense generally is something that’s part of the verb itself, whereas this is this additional word that gets added. It’s less obligatory in the future because it’s a lot more legit to say, “I fly to Rome tomorrow,” and “I will fly to Rome tomorrow,” and “I’m gonna fly to Rome tomorrow.” All of these are pretty good. Whereas, this case of “I’m walking down the street yesterday” is really this very one limited context. With “I fly to Rome tomorrow,” there’s a lot more places where you can use that. You don’t have to do this thing with “will.” You have these other options like “gonna” or just using the non-past form of the verb.

Lauren: There’s something about obligatoriness when it comes to tense.

Gretchen: It kind of reminds me of – remember the episode where we talked about evidentiality and how some languages you have to indicate the source of evidence that you have for something and other languages you can indicate the source of evidence, but you don’t have to?

Lauren: Yeah.

Gretchen: There’s this similar thing going on with tense where, in some contexts, you have to indicate this piece of time information – or in some languages – and in other contexts you don’t have to indicate this time information.

Lauren: For English, it’s a language where evidentiality is completely optional. You can add some words to express a phenomenon. Then tense, especially with the past/present distinction, is obligatory.

Gretchen: Mostly obligatory. I think everything is a continuum, right?

Lauren: Yeah. I definitely am always wary of anyone who has discrete and absolute categories for things because every time you’re like, “It’s obligatory,” you’ll find a context in English like that narrative present where you’re like, “Oh, no! It’s broken my brain.” Whereas, if you take a “Let’s just look at what the language is doing and build up our analysis,” it causes a lot less existential anxiety.

Gretchen: That’s the other thing about looking at what a language is doing is that it’s often useful to look at it internally based on whatever this language does in really unambiguous cases where it’s tense. That’s what we can use as our diagnostic for these more ambiguous cases. If English didn’t have past tense either, then maybe we would say that “will” was a future tense. But because English does this thing with suffixes generally or irregular forms of the verb to be past, then we can say, “Well, ‘will’ is clearly doing that’s different from that and it seems like it makes more sense if we group ‘will’ in with ‘can’ and ‘might’ and ‘should,’ rather than grouping ‘will’ in with the past ‘-ed’ ending.

Lauren: I think that’s fair enough to start with the examples of what we have that are people are very strongly expressing their reliable feelings about the grammar – and work up from there. There’s a quote that says this really pithily, which is, “Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey,” which is from Roman Jakobson in a 1959 book.

Gretchen: That’s really pithy because it lets us say, “Well, languages can all talk about time or they can all talk about sources of evidence but that doesn’t necessarily mean that they all have tense or they all have evidentiality because those are the grammatical reflexes of those things in the real world.”

Lauren: Just as we talked about English not having grammatical evidentiality, we have languages that don’t have grammatical marking of tense. The thing I find interesting about these examples is when we don’t have something – English speakers are like, “Well, of course we can get by without evidentiality,” and then it’s a bit more of a leap for someone who’s used to speaking a language with grammatical tense imagining speaking a language without one. But if a language must convey something with tense, that’s gonna be very different to being able to talk about time more generally – without it being part of the grammar.

Gretchen: Because even if a language doesn’t have specific things that only do tense stuff, they’re gonna have words like “yesterday” or “tomorrow” or “in the future” or “in the past” or something like that. That’s still gonna let you convey that. It’s similar, again, to doing number on words. We have “dog” and “dogs” in English but we could also just have “one dog” and “two dog” and “many dog” and we would still be able to convey that information even though we wouldn’t have the specific, additional grammatical thing that’s conveying that information.

Lauren: Languages like Vietnamese and Thai and Mandarin and Burmese all don’t have these grammatically obligatory markers. People will, if they need to in context, use words in much the same way in English we talk about tomorrow or later or whatever. They don’t have that same obligatory verb marking.

Gretchen: I think that there’s a Latin-based prejudice that a lot of – especially the European tradition of approaching language which is like, “Well, if it’s not a prefix or a suffix, it’s not grammar.” That’s not what we’re saying because you could have a short little word – Mandarin, for example, has a question particle that you just put in sentences to make them a question. That’s a grammatical feature. English doesn’t have an obligatory extra word to add to questions just to make them questions. That’s a case where you do have something that’s obligatorily grammatical. So, it’s not saying that there aren’t other obligatory grammatical features that you can do even if your language is a bunch of short words rather than fewer, longer words, but it’s, “Is this obligatory?” “Is this something that you have to add to something?”

Lauren: If we had to say “now” in English any time we talked about the present, then that’s as much a choice of grammar because of its obligatoriness not just because it’s something that sticks on the end of a verb.

Gretchen: One interesting example that came up for me recently when it came to languages having tense is Scottish Gaelic, which is a language that I studied briefly when I was in middle school and then I’ve been returning to because they added Scottish Gaelic to Duolingo and, you know, it’s a language. Something that’s interesting about Scottish Gaelic is that it kind of doesn’t really for the most part have a present tense.

Lauren: Ah, interesting. So, you can obviously, once you start thinking about each language has a different way of approaching segmenting time up into grammatical tenses, it can be interesting to look across languages as to how they segment them. Vietnamese doesn’t segment time up into any specific grammatical tenses. And then a language like Scottish Gaelic has – it has a future and a past? Is that what happens?

Gretchen: Well, the thing that makes me hedge it a lot and say, “kind of doesn’t really,” is because the only verb that has a present tense form is “to be.”

Lauren: Okay. That’s a big one.

Gretchen: Right. It’s a really important verb and it does a whole lot of stuff. Then, all of the other verbs have future forms and past forms, and then they also have – and this is where you get a little bit tricky – they also have forms like the sort of de-verbal noun form. If you have a verb like “see,” there’s no just “I see.” That’s not a thing you can say in Scottish Gaelic. Irish, I think, works differently. So, I’m not talking about Irish. I don’t know how Irish works.

Lauren: I’m trying really hard to not respond with “Hm, I see.”

Gretchen: You can say things like, “I am,” in Gaelic but you can’t just say, “I see.” What you want to say instead if you’re talking about the present is “I am seeing.”

Lauren: Because you are using the “be” verb to do the present heavy lifting.

Gretchen: Exactly. You can say, “I am seeing,” “I was seeing,” “I will be seeing,” and this all uses the same form of “seeing,” which is the noun-y form – the same one that you could use for something like “Seeing is great.” Then, you also have separate forms of the verb “to see,” which mean “will see” and “saw.” In the future, you can say, “I will be seeing” or “I will see.” And in the past, you can say, “I saw,” or “I was seeing.” But in the present, all you have is “I’m seeing.” There’s no just “I see.”

Lauren: It’s a bit like the English future in terms of obligatoriness being a slightly squishy concept.

Gretchen: Right. Obligatoriness is slightly different, and this is why. It kind of has a present because “to be” conjugates everywhere in all of the different forms. It’s also weird because “have,” which you might think is also a pretty basic verb, is expressed in Gaelic by saying something is “at” someone. If I say, “I have a cat,” I would say something like, “A cat is at me.” That’s how I say “have.” Again, you can just use “be” to convey “have” because it’s got this idiomatic construction. This was something that confused me when I was first learning Gaelic in middle school because they only taught us the verb “to be.” They taught it to us in a whole bunch of tenses and stuff, and they taught us these forms like “will be seeing” and “was seeing” and “am seeing” – all with the same one form. It was like, “Guys, I just – are you gonna teach us any other verbs at some point rather than just this one ‘seeing’ form? Surely there are more verbs in this language.”

Lauren: You were going into it with your English speaker category expectations.

Gretchen: Right. On the one hand, being an English speaker gave me an advantage because English also does this in a lot of contexts, right? English often says something like, “I am seeing” or “I am eating” or “I am walking down the street,” rather than “I walk down the street” or “I eat” or “I see.” English does this more than a lot of European languages. Some people have proposed that English does this thing because of influence from Scottish Gaelic, and this link has not been proven, so it is probably not actually true. It would be a fun hypothesis if it was true, but it’s not. English does do something similar just not quite as robustly. It was really confusing to me because I was coming from having learned French, where I was given all of these verb forms, and then they were trying to keep it easy for the Gaelic learners and just give us the minimum stuff you need because you really can get very far with only “to be.”

Lauren: We’ve seen some languages with a couple of tense distinctions like English or Scots Gaelic. We’ve seen languages with no tense distinctions. If we go the other way, we can look at languages that have multiple tense distinctions beyond what we see in languages like English. They segment that passage of time up into much smaller categories.

Gretchen: Yes! I love more tenses.

Lauren: Once you see this, you’re like, “We are really underperforming in the tense category department.”

Gretchen: It’s always really exciting to see something you don’t have and you’re like, “Ooo!”

Lauren: The examples I’ve always heard of have come from the area of Papua New Guinea, which just has wonderful levels of language diversity.

Gretchen: Papua New Guinea has, like, a sixth of the languages in the world, right?

Lauren: Yeah.

Gretchen: Like, 1000 languages.

Lauren: Islands and mountains all do great things for linguistic diversity. Tifal is a language of Papua New Guinea in the Ok family. It has at least six tense distinctions. There is a present tense. Then, there is a “yesterday” past, a distant past, and a very remote past. Then, going the other way, there is a near future and a distant future.

Gretchen: Very nice. I like it.

Lauren: These are all distinct suffixes that are added to the verb to indicate the time relative to now of something that you’re talking about.

Gretchen: Again, it’s one of those things where there are ways of saying this in English but they’re not as obligatory or as directly encoded in some sort of obligatory thing. You can always say, “A long, long time ago in a galaxy far, far away.” Or sometimes people make this distinction between “will” and “gonna.” But you don’t have this robust way of distinguishing between these different – you know, remote past and just simple past.

Lauren: If I talk about when I was in school, I’m probably using the distant past rather than the “yesterday” past. Context does a lot of heavy lifting and we often don’t give it enough credit when it comes to things like marking time.

Gretchen: Well, yeah, because you might, in some contexts, talk about when I was in school as the recent past because you’re contrasting that with something that happened 1000 years ago. Then, in other contexts, you might talk about it as the remote past if you’re talking with somebody who graduated last year.

Lauren: A language may have particular grammatical categories but sometimes, when you look at how they’re used, there’re particular conventions. I don’t know specifically for Tifal, but it may be that the very remote past is only used for origins and legends and myths and those kind of things. They’re not for the time that humanity has been living like they are now. There’s multiple things happening here. There’s the tense marking – it’s how it fits with actual time. Then, there are also genre conventions like we talked about with the English narrative past that uses the present.

Gretchen: Right. Again, even if you have a language where there’s a tense that indicates this myth and legend type past, it’s like how in English you use “once upon a time” to signal that something’s a fairy tale, but you can also use “once upon a time” to signal that you’re talking about something as if it’s a fairy tale. When you say, “Once upon a time, these two linguists got together and started a podcast,” this doesn’t mean that it’s a myth, but it’s we’re talking about Lingthusiasm’s origin story as if it were a myth using the myth frame even though, yes, very clearly this happened in a fathomable past where we were actually there and it’s not like Cinderella where it’s a fairy tale story.

Lauren: Context and genre are really important when we’re thinking about how language is used as well as the abstracted structure of it.

Gretchen: I think it’s neat to emphasise how these different types of tenses can be subverted so that there’s a canonical use and then there’s a playful use where you could put something as if it’s in that space as well. We talk about tense as “It’s time,” but it’s not always, strictly speaking, “time.” Another thing that comes up a lot when you talk about tense is other relationships that people could have to time. Sometimes, you talk about something as being an ongoing thing, or you talk about something as happening at one discrete point, or you talk about certain attitudes that you have towards whether something is happening or not. Those are generally lumped into different categories like mood and aspect, which can relate to tense but aren’t exactly the same thing as tense. I think we have to save those for another episode.

Lauren: We’ve already talked about evidentiality, which is often lumped into those categories. We’re talking about tense now. We’ve still got aspect and modality to look forward to.

Gretchen: Stay tuned for more things about how we think about time. But this one is just about where it is with respect to the personal timeline.

Lauren: Once you start looking at the variation, and you’re like, “Oh, I would like three past tense distinctions.” Another thing that would be very nifty is a grammatical tense that is specifically for the current day. If we want to give it a Latinate category, the hodiernal tense, from Latin for “today.” It’s always so much fancier when you say it in Latin, for real.

Gretchen: I know! It’s really fun. I always try to not get too bugged down on the terminology, but then sometimes learning that there’s actually a fancy terminological word for something is the most delightful part. You can have a hodiernal tense.

Lauren: Hodiernal tense is in Mwera, which is a Bantu language of Tanzania. And apparently, Gretchen, the passé composé in French in the 17th Century was possibly used as hodiernal.

Gretchen: Oh, that’s neat. So, passé composé in French, if you were to literally translate into English, it’s like putting “have” before all of your past verbs. Things like, “I have written,” “I have gone,” “I have seen,” “I have walked,” except it’s used in French as a general past. You would say something like, “I have walked,” when in English you would say, “I walked.” There is this other form in French that’s equivalent to “I walked” which is only used in literature now. It’s not used in ordinary conversations or even in casual writing. It’s one of those cases where something starts out as this restricted, casual, only “today” or something tense, and then it gets gradually expanded into being used as a default, unmarked past tense. Then, the other one becomes literary.

Lauren: Also a good reminder that the role of tenses aren’t fixed and static forever. Language is always changing, and evolving, and maybe one day English will have something we can call a definite grammatical future just in the way that French, for a brief period in the 17th Century, may have had hodiernal tense for a while.

Gretchen: That is neat. Certain words that start out as being very concrete can achieve this level of grammaticalisation. This is a thing that I really enjoy about grammaticalisation because when words become used grammatically, they often also get shorter. The original form, the concrete one, can’t necessarily shorten the same way as the grammatical one. Here’s an example – you can’t say, “I’m gonna the airport.”

Lauren: No. That does not sit with me.

Gretchen: You can say, “I’m gonna go to the airport.”

Lauren: Yes. That’s fine.

Gretchen: You think of “going to” and “gonna” as being equivalent to each other. They kind of are, but not in the literal sense. If I’m like, “I’m gonna the airport,” uhhhh... something’s broken – doesn’t work. Whereas, you can say, “I’m gonna go to the airport,” “I’m gonna fly to Rome,” or something like this, but you can’t do it in that bit. The same with “will,” which starts out meaning something like “want” or “wish” before it went to future.

Lauren: As in, like, a legal will?

Gretchen: Yeah. Exactly.

Lauren: Like, a thing that you write. Yeah.

Gretchen: But when it refers to the future, it can get shorted into “-ll,” as in “I’ll” or “you’ll” or something like this. But you can’t have “my last’ll and testament.”

Lauren: I think my brain got broken by trying to think of – that does not work, no.

Gretchen: No. It just doesn’t work. Even though “will” starts out as meaning “want” or “wish,” this “-ll” bit, that can only be used in a tense sort of way. Maybe that’s where – if we develop a future tense in English – that’s where it will develop. That would be interesting because that would be putting future tense on “I” and “you” and other pronouns rather than putting it on the verb like we currently do.

Lauren: There is definitely cases where we have tense being on things other than the verb in other languages. English wouldn’t be the first language to do this. But when you’re used to thinking about tense as being a feature of the verb and being marked somewhere very close to the verb, it is definitely – English wouldn’t be the first language to do this. One example of a language that can do this is Kaiadilt, which is an Australian language. If you wanted to have a difference between the sentence, “I will go to the beach” and “I went to the beach,” you mark it with a suffix on the noun “beach.”

Gretchen: So, “I go to the present beach,” “I go to the future beach,” “I go to the former beach”?

Lauren: Yes.

Gretchen: I mean, I guess you can do this in some restricted contexts in English. You can say, “My former teacher” or “the late Mr. So-and-So,” or “This is an ex-parrot,” and that can refer to something that is no longer whatever the thing is.

Lauren: These are suffixes that go onto the noun in the way that we think of tense suffixes going onto a verb.

Gretchen: Right. But these are specifically talking about – it’s not that it’s not a beach anymore.

Lauren: No. It is still very much an existing, ongoingly, beach.

Gretchen: That’s interesting. It’s just that I’m not there anymore. Okay. Sometimes, we talk about language being constrained by the biological laws of human anatomy. There’re certain sounds we can make, there’re certain sounds we can’t make. There’re certain ways we can configure our hands. There’re certain ways we can’t configure our hands. Sometimes, we talk about language as being constrained by the fact basically all of its speakers of human languages are on this pale blue dot that’s revolving around the sun, and we have words for days and years because we all share this as part of the human experience. I think maybe another element of this is talking about languages being constrained by physics. We don’t have any natural human languages that have words for the tenses involved in time travel because time travel, so far, is not a thing, so none of the languages have had to develop them. But, in theory, this could happen.

Lauren: This would be very difficult to approach as an English speaker because, as we’ve demonstrated in this episode, one of the ways we test the obligatoriness and the grammaticality of tense as opposed to talking about time is to check people’s intuitions because if something’s obligatory, then removing it or changing it should change people’s intuitions. If you’re talking about using past tense, we expect that events that are bounded by the past can’t be interacted with in the same way as events that will happen in the future. We use that as part of our intuition building. Can you imagine, Gretchen, how much linguistic theory would be broken if suddenly a whole bunch of sentences could be valid because people could time travel?

Gretchen: Right. So, saying something like, “I was there tomorrow” or “I will be there yesterday” – suddenly, maybe you need to be able to do this because you’ve time travelled.

Lauren: The Cambridge Grammar of English is already big enough, and this is my main argument against time travel.

Gretchen: It’s already, like, 2000 pages, and if it’s time travel, we’d need to double the size of the tense chapter.

Lauren: It’s gonna be a lot of work. It could be fun though.

Gretchen: I think it could keep linguists employed for a long time figuring out how to do this.

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Lauren: For more Lingthusiasm, and links to all the things mentioned in this episode, go to lingthusiasm.com. You can listen to us on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, SoundCloud, or wherever else you get your podcasts. You can follow @lingthusiasm on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Tumblr. You can get IPA scarves, IPA ties, and other Lingthusiasm merch at lingthusiasm.com/merch. I tweet and blog as Superlinguo.

Gretchen: I can be found as @GretchenAMcC on Twitter, my blog is AllThingsLinguistic.com, and my book about internet language is called Because Internet. To listen to bonus episodes, join our Discord chatroom, and help keep the show ad-free, go to patreon.com/lingthusiasm or follow the links from our website. Recent bonus topics include a special neural net generated episode of Lingthusiasm – where we read out the results of the neural net – the future of English, and onomatopoeia. Can’t afford to pledge? That’s okay, too. We also really appreciate it if you can recommend Lingthusiasm to anyone who needs a little more linguistics in their life.

Lauren: Lingthusiasm is created and produced by Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne. Our senior producer is Claire Gawne, our editorial producer is Sarah Dopierala, and our music is Ancient City by The Triangles.

Gretchen: Stay lingthusiastic!

[Music]

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