Angel
Mercury - Tiriel
In medicine, Mercury is associated with the nervous system, the brain, the respiratory system, the thyroid and the sense organs. It is traditionally held to be essentially cold and dry, according to its placement in the zodiac and in any aspects to other planets.
Astrology, Mercury represents the principles of communication, mentality, thinking patterns, rationality/reasoning, adaptability and variability. Mercury governs schooling and education, the immediate environment of neighbors, siblings and cousins, transport over short distances, messages and forms of communication such as post, email and telephone, newspapers, journalism and writing, information gathering skills and physical dexterity.
Saint
Mars - Sébastien
Sebastian is a popular male saint, especially today among athletes.[3][4] In medieval times, he was regarded as a saint with a special ability to intercede to protect from plague, and devotion to him greatly increased when plague was active. As a protector from the bubonic plague, Sebastian was formerly one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. In Catholicism, Sebastian is the patron saint of archers, pin-makers, athletes (a modern association) and of a holy death.
Diety
Mercury - Ogun
As a father creates his tools, the children of Ogun open their own paths to what they want. They are conquerors and act quite artistically. It is curiosity that leads them to unravel things and discover the paths on their own. Ogun is the orisha of iron and war. The great warrior who gives his children a lot of will to fight for what they want and a great power of conquest. In matters of the heart, he loves to take the initiative. He rules impulsive and temperamental people.
Elements
As the “scout signs” which generate the seasons, cardinal signs govern creativity. These signs are restless, active, self-motivated, ambitious, and they often are the leaders in their communities. They can be a bit domineering, but that comes part and parcel with their best qualities of being enterprising, independent, creative, spontaneous and forceful.
Plutonium Lightning and Ice
Bible
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (German: Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus) is a book written by Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician. Begun as a series of essays, the original German text was composed in 1904 and 1905, and was translated into English for the first time by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1930.[1] It is considered a founding text in economic sociology and a milestone contribution to sociological thought in general.
CALEBISM Rosicrucian Fellowship (CRF) Mercury-Mars-Pluto Invocation Planetary Intelligence Planetary Heavens of Astrology Astral Body as Religion
Rosicrucianism is a spiritual and cultural movement that arose in early modern Europe in the early 17th century after the publication of several texts announcing to the world a new esoteric order. Rosicrucianism is symbolized by the Rosy Cross or Rose Cross. There have been several Rosicrucian (or Rosicrucian-inspired) organizations, since the initial movement was founded, including the Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross (1750s–1790s), the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (1865–present), and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (1887–1903).
The Rosicrucian Fellowship (TRF) ("An International Association of Christian Mystics") was founded in 1909 by Max Heindel with the aim of heralding the Aquarian Age and promulgating "the true Philosophy" of the Rosicrucians.[1] It claims to present Esoteric Christian mysteries or esoteric knowledge, alluded to in Matthew 13:11 and Luke 8:10, to establish a meeting ground for art, religion, and science and to prepare the individual through harmonious development of the mind and the heart for selfless service of humanity.[2]
The school's teachings hold that man is a Spirit with all the powers of God, powers that are being slowly unfolded in a series of existences (rebirths) in a gradually-improving body, a process under the guidance of exalted Beings ordering our steps in a decreasing measure as man gradually acquires intellect and will. For this purpose we live many lives[18] of increasingly fine texture and moral character. Through the "Law of Cause and Consequence" we constantly set new causes into operation which will create new destiny to balance and improve the old destiny brought from the past. All causes set into action in one life cannot be ripened in one existence but "Whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap".
The astral body is a subtle body posited by many philosophers, intermediate between the intelligent soul and the mental body, composed of a subtle material.[1] In many recensions the concept ultimately derives from the philosophy of Plato though the same or similar ideas have existed all over the world well before Plato's time: it is related to an astral plane, which consists of the planetary heavens of astrology. The term was adopted by nineteenth-century Theosophists and neo-Rosicrucians.
The word "possession" is used here in its neutral form to mean "a state (sometimes psychological) in which an individual's normal personality is replaced by another". This is also sometimes known as 'aspecting'. This can be done as a means of communicating with or getting closer to a deity or spirit, and as such need not be viewed synonymously with demonic possession. In some religious traditions including Paganism, Shamanism and Wicca, "invocation" means to draw a spirit or Spirit force into one's own body and is differentiated from "evocation", which involves asking a spirit or force to become present at a given location
The Rose Cross (also called Rose Croix and Rosy Cross) is a symbol largely associated with the legendary Christian Rosenkreuz; Christian Kabbalist, alchemist, and founder of the Rosicrucian Order.[1][2] The Rose Cross is a cross with a rose at its centre, often red, golden or white[3] and symbolizes the teachings of a Western esoteric tradition with Christian tenets.[4][5][6]
Mercury (Sun)-Pluto (Moon)-Mars (Rising)
Trinity Invocation Possession: Angel, Saint, et Deity (Ex. Mercury Angel, Mars Saint, Ogun)
Caleb Faith Pendant is a beautiful reminder of faith and devotion: Crown of Life & Crown of Glory, Palm Frond; Rum; & Cigarillos, Heavenly Soldier Tudor Rose, Holy Death
Caleb Patronage: Boxers, Arithmetic Skills, Musicians, Rhum et Tabac, Painters, Chefs, Robbers, Guns, (Pain Killers) Prescription Drugs, Poverty Trap, Gold, Diamants, Potatoes, British Game Meat Deli Rolls-Waffle Sandwiches
Saints as Dieties: Because of this, saints were considered to be spiritual guides and mentors, who would add their prayers in heaven to those offered by Christians still living in the material world. In this way, they would “intercede” with God on behalf of those who asked for their aid. Intercession of the Saints is a Christian doctrine that maintains that saints can intercede for others. To intercede is to go or come between two parties, to plead before one of them on behalf of the other. The practice of praying to saints for their intercession can be found in Christian writings from the 3rd century onwards. Intercessory prayer is the act of asking a saint in heaven to pray on behalf of oneself or for others.[1]
A shrine (Latin: scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: escrin "box or case")[1] is a sacred or holy space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they are venerated or worshipped. Shrines often contain idols, relics, or other such objects associated with the figure being venerated.[2] A shrine at which votive offerings are made is called an altar. (Saint Sebastian)
Basilicas are Catholic church buildings that have a designation, conferring special privileges, given by the Pope. Basilicas are distinguished for ceremonial purposes from other churches. The building need not be a basilica in the architectural sense (a rectangular building with a central nave flanked by two or more longitudinal aisles). Basilicas are either major basilicas, of which there are four, all in the Diocese of Rome, or minor basilicas*, of which there were 1,810 worldwide as of 2019. (Saint Sebastian)
Mix Plantation Agronomics, Slovaj Hegelo-Lacanian (Philosophy of Spirit and Culture), Shaman Oversoul Philosophy, Five Heavenly Crowns, De Coelesti Hierarchia, St. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica for a Tchad Angelology Treatise Philosophy Bible.
Aesthetics and Religion
Abstract
A systematic consideration of the multiple relationships between aesthetics and religion demands a sorting-out of concepts and issues. “Aesthetics” may be understood as practice (art) and as theory. It can refer to a number of overlapping subjects, including art, symbol, feeling, beauty, taste, imagination, and perception. A theological or religious aesthetics considers any of these topics in the light of God, revelation, and the sacred. The contemporary world has seen a renewal of interest in religious aesthetics. Art has been increasingly recognized as an important theological “text” that complements the written word, and as a crucial component of communication of the Christian message. The theological consideration of art and beauty is made complex by the secularization of the contemporary world, which raises the question of the relation of aesthetics to Christian “conversion.”
Island Records Model
Each Club has a Bassline Genre
Ex. Beach Club, Night Club, and Hôtel Raves
Each Label has an Energy Drink
Mixing
Prémix Vocal Auto Tune
Arpeggio Scales Melody without Highs or Lows
Syncopated Percussions
Dance EQ
Mozart Effect Audio Clips
Beat Process
Layered 808s
Saw 303 Pedal
Simple Snare
Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales
Lyrics
Refrain (Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales & Syncopated Percussions)
Refrain (Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales & Syncopated Percussions)
Refrain (Saw 303-Arpeggio Scales, Saw 303 Pedal, & Syncopated Percussions)
Verse (Tension Release)
Ballards (Lyrics)
Cover Art
Headshots with Graffiti Tag
Pick-up Song Title
Ex. Friends with Benefits
Cologne-Spirits Sponsored Mixtapes
Vodka
Fougère
Genre Influences: Sean Paul Tomahawk Technique; Unruly (Popcaan) Where We Come From; (UK) Drum n' Bass Production
The effects of dancehall genre on adolescent sexual and violent behavior in Jamaica: A public health concern
Aim: To determine the extent to which dancehall music/genre impacts adolescent behavior.
Results: Of the 100 adolescent cases (50 male, 50 female), females (40%) were more likely to gravitate to sexually explicit lyrical content than their male counterparts (26%). Females (74%) were also more likely to act upon lyrical contents than males (46%). There was no significant difference where males (100%) and females (98%) subconsciously sings the dancehall lyrics even without hearing it; as well as inspire their dreams 64% and 62% respectively. However, more females (74%) than males (46%) acted on lyrical contents of the dancehall genre.
Dancehall Culture
Donna P. Hope defines dancehall culture as a "space for the cultural creation and dissemination of symbols and ideologies that reflect the lived realities of its adherents, particularly those from the inner cities of Jamaica."[41] Dancehall culture actively creates a space for its "affectors" (creators of dancehall culture) and its "affectees" (consumers of dancehall culture) to take control of their own representation, contest conventional relationships of power, and exercise some level of cultural, social and even political autonomy.
Kingsley Stewart outlines ten of the major cultural imperatives or principles that constitute the dancehall worldview. They are:
It involves the dynamic interweaving of God and Haile Selassie
It acts as a form of stress release or psycho-physiological relief
It acts as a medium for economic advancement
The quickest way to an object is the preferred way (i.e., the speed imperative)
The end justifies the means
It strives to make the unseen visible
Objects and events that are external to the body are more important than internal processes; what is seen is more important than what is thought (i.e., the pre-eminence of the external)
The importance of the external self; the self is consciously publicly constructed and validated
The ideal self is shifting, fluid, adaptive, and malleable, and
It involves the socioexistential imperative to transcend the normal (i.e., there is an emphasis on not being normal).
Yvës’s & Delëvoix's Grigori Sin
Thorn Crown (Sin, Passion, Glory)
Raver’s Birth (Visual-Spatial—Kinaesthetic Learner Gemini-Cardinal Sign-Mars (Men) Gemini-Cardinal Sign-Moon (Women) Planetary Intelligence Birth; Chromosomes Prenatal Hormones, Sensory processing disorder (SPD) Fetus Alcohol Consumption)-Audio Clips Extended Production-Raiding Warfare Capture thé Flag (Fornication and Adultery)
Culture Theory (Esthétique Antagonique) (Hersey)
Cinnamon and Spice Speech (Fornication)
Cul-de-sac Drugs Mink Mile Warlordism
cul-de-sac est Sub-culture for Prescription Médication with After Hours Esthétique
Solvent Levelling Effect Chemical Reaction Engineering et Placebo Effect (manufacturing), Suicide Tuesdays Levelling Effect (Rolling Tobacco, Oxytocin, Pain Killers, and Hydrocolloids Ecstasy) [Brain Receptors Dealing], Cash Back Program (Buy within 3 days of paycheck for extra Tobacco), Razor-Razor Blade C2C: Streetwear and PC Gaming (Business Model), Popcorn Marketing (Prices) Ecstasy-Opiods Singer-Dealers/Ecstasy-Xanax Producers-Drug Robbery (Rave Teams), et Hotel Chains Budgeting, Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account (Money)
Safrole Oil et Opium mixed with Soil for Flowers, meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine
Mu Receptors for Opioids et NMDA Receptors for Ecstasy
Business Model: Lean enterprise is sometimes simply referred to as "lean." Although both terms came into popular usage in the 1990s, the concept itself was devised by Toyota Motor Corporation when it introduced the Toyota Production System (TPS). Developed by Eiji Toyoda and Taiichi Ohno, the Toyota Production System (TPS) integrated socio-technical management philosophy and was practiced between 1948 and 1975. The lean enterprise philosophy was also inspired by telecommunications giant Motorola, which implemented a manufacturing principle known as Lean Six Sigma in 1986. The concept of work cells is based on the platform of lean manufacturing, which focuses on value creation for the end customer and reduction of wastage. Work cells, which are also referred to as workcells, are typically found in manufacturing and office environments. Manufacturing cells are sets of machines that are grouped by the products or parts that they produce. This type of system is used in the cellular manufacturing concept and is distinct from the traditional functional manufacturing system, which groups all similar machines together. Insurance companies base their business models around assuming and diversifying risk. The essential insurance model involves pooling risk from individual payers and redistributing it across a larger portfolio. Most insurance companies generate revenue in two ways: Charging premiums in exchange for insurance coverage, then reinvesting those premiums into other interest-generating assets. Like all private businesses, insurance companies try to market effectively and minimize administrative costs.
White Collar Sub-collar Crime
Red
Grey
Dark Psychology
Social Scalping
Feminist Manipulation
Creating an External Enemy
Frame Control
Erotic Self Care
Citric Acid Pills
Seamen Volume Pills
Hyaluronic Acid Pénis Filler
Rings Gymnastics
Weighted Jump Rope
Capture thé Flag Raiding Guérilla Warfare
Prophylaxis: (Putting Self in an Advantage while putting Opponent in Disadvantage) and Initiative: Making Threats or Responding to Threats (Chess Psychology)
Three Circles of Emotional Regulation (Drive System, Soothing System, Threat System)
Machine Pistols et Molotov Cocktails
Trafficking P4P and Embezzlement are my Short Sentencing Laws.
Holacracy Structure
Owner — Gold Refinery, Lapidary, Textile Mills, Foundry, Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account
CEO — Painter (Art Gallery et Artisanal Real Estate Money)
Culture Antagonique for Big Pharma avec After Hours Esthétique, Art Gallery Painters is an Industrial Subculture for Nuit Blanche.
CSO — Chef (Imports)
Culture Antagonique for Bocuse d'or avec After Hours Esthétique, Pool Rooftop Hotel Chefs is an Industrial Subculture for Québécois Gastronomique.
Marketing Director — Olfactory Arts Model
Culture Antagonique for Pitti Uomo avec After Hours Esthétique, Baisers Parfumé Festivals is an Industrial Subculture for Fougère Models.
Promoter — Synth n' Grind Artist et Tennis
Synecdoqu Argot Cul-de-sac
Rajoux: answer my question or there is a Gun in your mouth.
Pardicé Minuit: Sensory experience and cultural expression
Cul-de-sac: I sell pills for a living.
Baisons: Fuck me tonight
Bayens: Can I have your number for a date
Braqons: Let’s bang this out
Calmais: I am using Fear not Trust
Garçez: Lawless Urban Youth
Martyr-Congo: Head on thé Floor or Diamant
Pécho: Gangster
Pécho is verlan for the French word ‘choper,’ which translates to grab. However, pécho takes that word to a new level. It can mean things like ‘to date someone,’ ‘to buy drugs,’ ‘to sleep with someone,’ or even… ‘to grab something.’ Use it carefully!
Bastille: Trap Artist Résidences
The Storming of the Bastille (French: Prise de la Bastille [pʁiz də la bastij]) occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury, fortress and political prison known as the Bastille.
Diaphragm Expansion Inhales
Lung Inhale through Mouth, Release through pushing down Diaphragm, Diaphragm Nasal Inhale Catch.
Paradis Minuit Nez Qui Coule Inhale: Push Down Diaphragm Hold
Penthouse Complexes as Forts Party Invite Structure
5% of Squad has Girlfriends
Girls get invitéd to parties with no Sausage Fest and Trust Barrier is Broken for Hook Ups
Girls invite Girls to Bangers
Républiqons Sensual Virginty
De Coelesti Hierarchia Raves
Pluto Planetary Intelligence
Parking Ticket Free Brabus Dealerships (Angel Status)
Pool Access Lifeguard Summer Competitions
Ecstasy
Républiqons Dancehall
Undergarments Shopping
Oral Sex
Masturbation
Dirty Dancing
Sexting
Esthétique Antagonique
An Aesthetic Theory et Culture Antagonism avec Industrial Subculture, Heritage Assets, et Edgy Arts.
Union Minière
Tabac
Chocolat
Robusta
Diamant
Automobile
Vedette Bioesthétique
Women's Cosmétiques Procédure:
Heart Booty Lift
Diamond Face
Body Etching
Lipodissolve
Blonde Wavy Hair
Grey Eyes
Pheomelanin
Barre Exercise & Hyaluronic Fillers
Interior design is both a science and an art. When designing a space, we are creatively working to evoke a particular concept or emotion. This is the same process a painter uses.
Mâle Cosmétiques Procédure:
Diamond Face
Body Etching
Lippodisolve
Blonde Coils Hair
Grey Eyes
Pheomelanin
Hyaluronic Acid Pénis-Full Body Fillers and V-Taper Systematic Calisthenics Gymnastics Rings with Leucine, L-Carnitine, Créatine, and Keto BHB
COUP D'PIED Hyperarch Fascia ACE Gene Type IIx Supercompensation Training: Isometric Stretching, (Deadlift Complexes) Metabolic Resistance Training; 200m-High Jump Cross Training; French Contrast Warm Up 10 Seconds Wall Sit-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset; Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank; Keto BHB for Metabolism, Creatine-L-Carnitine L-Tartrate-Leucine for mTOR are my Supplements.
Shaman King Culture Boxing Hooligans: Bassline Dancehall Républiqons EDM Football Skills YouTube, FIFA Mount Hermon (FIFA Street), cul-de-sac, Tournament Clinics Retained Earnings Youtube Money, Gambling Games: Rolle Cinq (Captain, Ship, Crew), Live-Pool Betting Monopoly, Armor-type Over Soul: These O.S. are the most efficient form of Furyoku-based constructs. Armor-types represent the pinnacle of O.S. magic and are the most practical type of O.S. because of their resilient, highly dense Furyoku composition. This method makes them equally formidable in terms of raw power. Plutonium Lightning Body Armour Syncrétism Oversoul
COUP D’PIED Club Fragrance Brand Activation: Leather: A family of fragrances featuring honey, tobacco, wood and wood tars in the middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather. Fougère (IPA: [fu.ʒɛʁ]): Meaning fern in French, built on a base of lavender, coumarin and oakmoss, with a sharp herbaceous and woody scent. Named for Houbigant's landmark fragrance Fougère Royale, many men's fragrances belong to this family. Amber or "Oriental": Large class featuring sweet, slightly animalic scents of ambergris or labdanum, often combined with vanilla, tonka bean, flowers and woods. Can be enhanced by camphorous oils and incense resins, evoking Victorian era "Oriental" imagery. Citrus: The oldest fragrance family that gave birth to lightweight eau de colognes. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of more tenacious citrus fragrances. Chypre (IPA: [ʃipʁ]): Meaning Cyprus in French, this category is named after the François Coty's Chypre (1917), which was the first modern fragrance built on an accord of bergamot, oakmoss, and labdanum. Example: Guerlain Mitsouko, Rochas Femme (MODIFIER SCENT). Aquatic, Oceanic, Ozonic: The newest category, first appearing in 1988 Davidoff Cool Water (1988), Christian Dior Dune (1991). A clean smell reminiscent of the ocean, leading to many androgynous perfumes. Generally contains calone, a synthetic discovered in 1966, or more recent synthetics. Also used to accent floral, oriental, and woody fragrances. A fragrance wheel [1] also known as aroma wheel, fragrance circle, perfume wheel or smell wheel, is a circular diagram showing the inferred relationships among olfactory groups based upon similarities and differences in their odor [1]. The groups bordering one another are implied to share common olfactory characteristics. Fragrance wheel is frequently used as a classification tool in oenology and perfumery. Brand Activation is marketing that both builds a brand's image and drives a specific consumer action through one or more of six identifiable disciplines, which help bring a brand to life by connecting and interacting with the consumer on a personal level.
COUP D’PIED Crème au Rhum Casual Fashion House: Olfactory art is an art form that uses scents as a medium. Olfactory art includes perfume as well as other applications of scent. A business incubator is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting with management training and office space, and ending with venture capital financing. Olfactory Arts Festivals and Business Incubators. For the men, short-sleeved dress shirts, golf shirts, and khaki pants or nice jeans all work. A long-sleeved button down with dressier shorts and boat shoes are fine, too. Espadrilles (Spanish: alpargatas or esparteñas; Catalan: espardenyes; Basque: espartinak, French: espadrilles)[1] are casual, rope-soled, flat but sometimes high-heeled shoes. They usually have a canvas or cotton fabric upper and a flexible sole made of esparto rope. The esparto rope sole is the defining characteristic of an espadrille; the uppers vary widely in style. Slip-ons are typically low, lace-less shoes. The style which is most commonly seen, known as a loafer, slippers, or penny loafers in American culture, has a moccasin construction. One of the first designs was introduced in London by Wildsmith Shoes, called the Wildsmith Loafer.[1] They began as casual shoes, but have increased in popularity to the point of being worn in America with business suits. Another design was introduced as Aurlandskoen (the Aurland Shoe) in Norway (early 20th century).[2] They are worn in many situations in a variety of colors and designs, often featuring tassels on the front, or metal decorations (the 'Gucci' loafer). For smokers, the first cigarette of the day is often accompanied by a cup of coffee. Researchers say this may be more than a habit, finding chemical compounds in roasted coffee beans may help quell the effects of morning nicotine cravings. Sangster's Original Jamaica Rum Cream Liqueur is a rum and cream based liqueur produced in Jamaica. It was invented by Dr. Ian Sangster, who arrived in Jamaica in 1967 with a contract to lecture at the University of the West Indies. A humidor is a humidity-controlled box or room used primarily for storing cigars, cigarettes, cannabis, or pipe tobacco. Either too much or too little humidity can be harmful to tobacco products; a humidor's primary function is to maintain a steady, desirable moisture level inside; secondarily it protects its contents from physical damage and deterioration from sunlight. For private use, small wooden boxes holding a few dozen or fewer cigars are common, while cigar shops may have walk-in humidors. Many humidors use hygrometers to monitor their humidity levels. Crème au Rhum Desserts cookbook, collection of recipes, instructions, and information about the preparation and serving of foods. At its best, a cookbook is also a chronicle and treasury of the fine art of cooking, an art whose masterpieces—created only to be consumed—would otherwise be lost. Cigar and Crème au Rhum Collection Books. A plantation economy is an economy based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few commodity crops, grown on large farms worked by laborers or slaves. The properties are called plantations. Plantation economies rely on the export of cash crops as a source of income. Prominent crops included Red Sandalwood, cotton, rubber, sugar cane, tobacco, figs, rice, kapok, sisal, and species in the genus Indigofera, used to produce indigo dye. Aftershave Balm Lotion Body Splash offers you a pleasant fragrance that is not overpowering, as it is lighter and less concentrated. The fragrance of a body splash typically lasts for up to 4 hours, which is why you will need to apply it at least twice a day for ensuring that the fragrance lasts till evening.
Jardins du Festival City
Chad Jardins Quatorze Saints Assistants [Favelas] (Jardins Gomorroha; Gomorrha. / (ɡəˈmɒrə) / noun. Old Testament one of two ancient cities near the Dead Sea, the other being Sodom, that were destroyed by God as a punishment for the wickedness of their inhabitants (Genesis 19:24) any place notorious for vice and depravity.)
Synecdoqu Républiqons Language Arts Culture Antagonique for Language Arts Français avec After Hours Esthétique, Synecdoqu Argot Cul-de-sac is Industrial Subculture for Patois (Yoruba Code Switching)
Culture Antagonique for Language Arts Français avec Dirty Realism Esthétique, Synecdoqu Républiqons is an Industrial Subculture for Patois (Yoruba Code Switching)
Pocket Pita Gastronomy/Diet: Charcuterie Rolls (Cinnamon Rolls Alternative) [Meat Pastry], Corn Flour, Sheep Cheese, Yukon Gold Potato, Black Beans, Rice Pudding, Root Végétable Salt, Avocados, Bananas, Nectarines, Jack Rabbit (Éléments: Fruits and Veggies as D-asparatic Acid Carbs, Root Végétable Salt, Leucine as main Protéin, Omega-3 Dairy)
Workout: French Contrast Warm Up 10 Seconds Wall Sit-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset et French Contrast Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank
Declared to be of National Tourist Interest in Andalucía, the Bread Festival is celebrated in honour of Saint Sebastian. This is the main festival day in the village, where the brotherly union is complete; there are fireworks, doughnuts, bread rings and the traditional procession of the image of the Saint.
Favela (Portuguese: [fɐˈvɛlɐ]) is an umbrella name for several types of working-class neighborhoods in Brazil. The term, which means slum or ghetto, was first used in the Slum of Providência in the center of Rio de Janeiro in the late 19th century, which was built by soldiers who had lived under the favela trees in Bahia and had nowhere to live following the Canudos War. Some of the last settlements were called bairros africanos (African neighborhoods). Over the years, many former enslaved Africans moved in. Even before the first favela came into being, poor citizens were pushed away from the city and forced to live in the far suburbs.
The cocaine trade has affected Brazil and in turn its favelas, which tend to be ruled by drug lords. Regular shoot-outs between traffickers and police and other criminals, as well as assorted illegal activities, lead to murder rates in excess of 40 per 100,000 inhabitants in the city of Rio and much higher rates in some Rio favelas.[27] Traffickers ensure that individual residents can guarantee their own safety through their actions and political connections to them. They do this by maintaining order in the favela and giving and receiving reciprocity and respect, thus creating an environment in which critical segments of the local population feel safe despite continuing high levels of violence.
Drug use is highly concentrated in these areas run by local gangs in each highly populated favela. Drug sales run rampant at night when many favelas host their own baile, or dance party, where many different social classes can be found. These drug sales make up a business that in some of the occupied areas rakes in as much as US$150 million per month, according to official estimates released by the Rio media.
The designer drug situation in Ibiza
Abstract
A total of 137 urine samples and 46 serum samples, corresponding to 154 self-confessed designer drugs consumers in Ibiza island, were analyzed for the presence of designer drugs: amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives (methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), p-methoxymethylamphetamine (PMMA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), etc.), ketamine and γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Among this population, coming both from the forensic clinic and from the emergency room of a hospital, a total of 99 cases were found positive for some designer drug. This study shows the prevalence of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) among designer drug users, sole or in association with other drugs. Also, the mixture of MDMA with other designer drugs, ethanol and/or cocaine is shown to be more likely to produce toxic symptoms requiring clinical attendance in a hospital emergency room. These findings along with the consumption history, the concentrations of drugs and metabolites in urine and serum and the toxicological significance for the interpretation of some MDMA metabolites such as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) are discussed in this study.
What is polydrug use? 'Polydrug use' is a term for the use of more than one drug or type of drug at the same time or one after another. Polydrug use can involve both illicit drugs and legal substances, such as alcohol and medications.
Music as an Element of Tourism Innovation: Types of Nightlife Premises in Ibiza (Spain)
The island of Ibiza is a western Mediterranean destination known internationally for its nightlife. The aim of this paper is to make a proposal to classify the different types of premises in the Ibiza nightlife offer. This involves making a first definition that allows to delimit which businesses are parts of the sector. The methodology used is based on the case study and specifically, on the review of the promotional actions and activities carried out, completed with the visit to the premises. The classification has been made based on the offer marketed and not only on the legal forms used, as innovation goes ahead of the existing legal classifications. Although it is a particular application, due to the international importance of Ibiza, it is a good starting point to classify the nightlife offer of many other tourist destinations. The resulting typology divides the sector into two large groups: nightclubs and other premises. While nightclubs have musical parties as their main activity declared, the other premises have accommodation or catering as their main activity, with music being an element of differentiation. Nightclubs are divided into several subgroups, depending on their size and relevance. The other premises are subdivided into Beach Clubs, Hotel Clubs, Party Boats, Lounge Clubs, Disco Pubs, among others.
The impact of global nightlife in Ibiza: Youth tourism
The promotion of the island’s image through its parties with the release of record labels, elaborate shows (Bensa, 2002), and the transformation of buildings into large entertainment businesses (Rosa, 2002), made it possible to return to the already known name of Ibiza and to catapult it as a symbol of entertainment and partying (Allemand, 2010). This development was something that occurred not only at the national and international scale; rather, it was something that transformed the island into a global icon (Amirou, 2000). The process of reinterpreting the hippy alternative image in a contemporary global context (Jauréguiberry, 1994), came from local businessmen (from the island and from elsewhere). They were the actors who understood the authenticity of the island to convert it into a unique product that went beyond tourism. Given the party reputation of the island, the traditional sun and beach tourists began to stay away, which made it possible to attract visitors who were willing to spend large sums of money to experience the nightlife in Ibiza. There was a shift from tourism to the experience of shows and culture. In this manner, by the mid-2000s, Ibiza had become internationally renowned in the electronic music industry (its own record labels and invited DJs) and for its nightclubs (Goulding, 2011) (such as Space, Privilege, Amnesia, Café del Mar, Pacha, Ushuaia, and Esparadis); it also has become one of the most sought-after stages during the summer in show business (with parties organized by the Matinée group, La Troya, Supermarxé, and Circuit). Simultaneously, from the cultural perspective, the construction of the image of the island had a minimal physical impact and, on the contrary, made it possible to emphasize the natural Mediterranean environment of the island and the libertarian heritage of the reinterpreted hippy movement (Perrot, 1997). With its network of nightclubs (Sönmez, 2013), Ibiza began to generate an entertainment niche that attracted record labels and international DJs, which transformed Ibiza into not only one of the destinations in the global circuit but also a destination with international renown, almost exclusively during the summer period (Fontaine, 1996). The dissemination of the reputation of its parties crossed borders, attracting people from all over the world to Ibiza. Simultaneously, it became a world-renowned destination through the dissemination of its parties through video, the Ibiza-based record labels, and the lyrics to songs that include Ibiza as an icon and that have been emulated in other parts of the world, such as “Ibiza’s Party.” This highlights the island’s own style, which is defined by freewheeling parties and a relaxed environment that goes beyond labels or conventionalism. We find ourselves with the case of one of the few non-urban destinations that has managed to concentrate and attract nightlife (Fig. 5), even going so far as to displace some of the international record labels and entertainment events in the main cities.
Urban economics is broadly the economic study of urban areas; as such, it involves using the tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance. More specifically, it is a branch of microeconomics that studies the urban spatial structure and the location of households and firms (Quigley 2008). Microeconomics studies the decisions of individuals and firms to allocate resources of production, exchange, and consumption.
Upper-tier Municipal Government, Urbaneconomics, et Microeconomics. An upper-tier municipality is one formed by two or more lower-tier municipalities. Municipal responsibilities set out under the Municipal Act and other Provincial legislation are split between the upper-tier and lower-tier municipalities. A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposes[1] in some nations. The term is derived from the Old French comté denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount.
Festival Métropolitain for Culture Theory, Tourism, et Religion Theory; City dedicated for Culture.
Advisory Textbooks
The Grammar of Romance: A Comparative Introduction to Vulgar Latin & the Romance Languages (History), Art Gallery Sponsored Class, The Parisian Field Guide To Men's Style, Aesthetic Theory (Fashion), The Drugtakers: The Social Meaning of Drug Use by Jock Young, Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison, The French Connection in Criminology: Rediscovering Crime, Law, and Social Change (Law); Québécois Mirrors of Princes Literature De Administrando Imperio ("On the Governance of the Empire") et De ordine palatii (On the governance of the palace), Game Theory Network (Life Studies), Solvent Levelling Effect Chemical Reaction Engineering (Science), Blue Océan Strategy, INSEAD Knowledge, est Parisien/France Nouvelle Influenced; Lacanien Triad et Tableau Économique (Art Financing), Larousse Gastronomique, Institut Paul Bocuse Gastronomique: The Definitive Step-by-Step Guide to Culinary Excellence (Gastronomique), St. Thomas Aquinas: The Summa Theologica, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Bible Studies) are Advisory Textbooks
Banks
By asset size, the largest four banks in the world are Chinese, according to the 2023 annual rankings by S&P Global Market Intelligence. They include the Industrial & Commercial Bank of China, the China Construction Bank, the Agricultural Bank of China* Chad AgFund (Agriculture Central Hedge Fund) and the Bank of China, holding more than $19.87 trillion in combined assets.
Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited, or simply Temasek, is a global investment company owned by the Government of Singapore. Incorporated on 25 June 1974, Temasek has a net portfolio of US$287 billion (S$382 billion) as of 2023, with S$27 billion divested and S$31 billion invested during the year.
Agriculture Central Hedge Fund, Mining Unions, Conservation Peninsula Agronomique Engineering, Commodities Options Exchange (Credit Spread Options, Farm REITs, Crop Production; Fertelizers and Seeds; Equipment; Distribution and Processing Stocks, Ag ETFs and ETNs, Ag Mutual Funds), Tableau Économiques, Farmland REITs, Mardi Gras-Basiers Parfumé Art Financing (Visual Arts, Culinary Arts, Olfactory Arts)
Chadian Gastronomy (Masculine Neuroprotective Gastronomy)
Purple Food: High Carbs et High Fat with Fatty Acid Protein
D-Asparatic Acid Food Testosterone
Frog Legs
Mollusks (such as clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, octopus, squid, abalone, snail).
Lobster
Lobster rolls
Clam
Clam cakes
Clams casino
Fried clams
Stuffed clams
Crab cake
Mussels
Oysters
Fried oysters
Oyster stew
Raw oysters on a halfshell
Scallops
Moules-frites/Mosselen met friet: mussels cooked or steamed with onions and celery served with Belgian fries. The recipe has often been referred to as the country's national dish[3] but is also popular in the neighboring Nord region of France.
Starch
Purple Sweet Potatoes
Gaufres/Wafels: Belgian waffles, sometimes eaten as a street snack and sold by ice-cream vans. Among the better-known styles are the Gaufre de Liège or Liège waffle, Brussels waffle, and the stroopwafel.
Citrus Fruit Estrogen Detox
Heating Process
Bake
Grill
Boil
Sautée
Pan-Fry
Starch Thickening Agents Sauces
Buttermilk et Clam Juice Flavor
Cooking Wine
Soups
Chowder
Bisque
Vegetables
Sautée and Breaded
Salads and Dressings
Raw Seafood
Spinach and Egg
Sautée Fruit Salad
Fruit Vinaigrette
Cuisses de grenouille Salade Rollé Grill
Pocket Pita
Butter
Compound
Beurre Rouge
Cheese
Soaked in Wine
Bread Bowl
Sourdough
Héritage Asset
Farmer's Market
Auguste Escoffier Mother Sauces
Hollandaise, Tomato (Sauce Tomat), Bechamel, Espagnole, and Veloute.
Publishing Imprint Movie Company
Attrape-moi si tu peux Motor Vehicle Theft, Défense Lawyers, Planetary Intelligence (Démons et Angels) Impure Aesthetic Thrillers
Literary Device
Film Literature
in establishing the limits of both the novel (Newspapers) and the film, argues that novelist and film director meet in the attempt “to make you see”, the former through the mind; the latter through the eye.
“impure” aesthetic, one tinged with the markings of society, ideology, and sexual desire.
Capitalism, Betrayal,
Romance
Poetic Réalisme
Poetic realism films are "recreated realism", stylised and studio-bound, rather than approaching the "socio-realism of the documentary". They usually have a fatalistic view of life with their characters living on the margins of society, either as unemployed members of the working class or as criminals.
Self-destructive Escapism
Escapism is mental diversion from unpleasant aspects of daily life, typically through activities involving imagination or entertainment. Escapism also may be used to occupy one's self away from persistent feelings of depression or general sadness.
Surréalisme-Synecdoqu-Métonymie Screenplay
Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike scenes and ideas.[1] Its intention was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality.[2][3][4] It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media as well.
a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs
the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.
Allégorie
a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.
Suspense is created by withholding information or revealing it slowly, creating a sense of mystery or uncertainty about what will happen next.
A thriller generally keeps its audience on the "edge of their seats" as the plot builds towards a climax. The cover-up of important information is a common element.[2] Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists, unreliable narrators, and cliffhangers are used extensively. A thriller is often a villain-driven plot, whereby they present obstacles that the protagonist or hero must overcome.
Slavoj Žižek Lacanianism or Lacanian psychoanalysis is a theoretical system that explains the mind, behaviour, and culture through a structuralist and post-structuralist extension of classical psychoanalysis, initiated by the work of Jacques Lacan from the 1950s to the 1980s.
Extra
Non-Fiction Movie
Prequal TV Série
Fictional TV Série
Black Separatism
Black separatism is a separatist political movement that seeks separate economic and cultural development for those of African descent in societies, particularly in the United States. Black separatism stems from the idea of racial solidarity, and it also implies that black people should organize themselves on the basis of their common skin color, their race, culture, and African heritage.[1] There were a total of 255 black separatist groups recorded in the United States as of 2019.
Black Separatism: I chose Street Culture, French Culture Antagonism, Pharmaceutical, Bioesthétique, Dancehall, Artisanal Plantations, Public-Private Sectors with Intrapreneurship, Market Extension Mergers Joint Ventures, BioTechology Economy, and Mining Union (HOW DO AFRICANS IMMIGRATE?)
Chad new Identity
République Paradis d'Couronne avec Antilles Dutch Drapeau but avec Cinq Couronee Christianity
Demonym est Républiqons
Holy City are Grigori Cities
Sun Angels and Church Homes
Religious Names for Favelas ex. Sodom and Gomorra, Mount Hermon, and Garden of Eden
5 is thé National Team Captain's Number for Cinq Couronee Christianity
Host diplomacy can be defined as diplomatic events hosted or initiated by a country that has the ability to set and execute agendas, which other participants find attractive and are willing to support
Festival Métropolitain for Culture Theory, Tourism, et Religion Theory; City dedicated for Culture.
According to Butler (1980), under destination life cycle, an area undergo an evolutionary cycle of six stages. These stages are exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline. Mostly all tourists' destinations passes through all these mentioned stages.
A heritage asset is an item which has value because of its contribution to a nation's society, knowledge and/or culture. Such items are usually physical assets, but some countries also use the term in relation to intangible social and spiritual inheritance.
Monégasque Joint Venture Plantations et Market Extension Mergers avec Incubators Enterprise.
Paradis d’Couronee Waves
Level 2 Temple Drop Fade
≠ Head and Eyebrow Part
Pencil Mustache
Waves Products
Pomade
Wave Butter
Wave Shampoo
Sea Salt Spray
Shower Brush Method
Detangle Hair with Comb
Soak Hair for a Couple Minutes
Scramble Wash
Create Thick Lather and Shower Brush #1
Training Pattern
Create Thick Lather and Shower Brush #2
Training Pattern
Lather and Lay Down Pattern with Hands
Put on Durag and Rinse
When hair is dry use Wave Butter, Pomade and Sea Salt Spray
Chadian Social Class Structure
Monopoly Families (Monégasque Joint Venture Plantations et Market Extension Mergers avec Incubators Enterprise)
Upper Class
Government
Middle Class
Cul-de-sac Favelas Socioeconomic Status Socioeconomic Development Centres: Agronomics and Real Estate Economics
Holy Rosary
The word “Rosary” means a chain of roses and the roses are prayers.
Delëvoix Holy Rosary with Raphaël.
1. Crown of Life
2. Crown of Glory
3. Praying Hands
4. Fleur-de-lys
Chadian Milk Filtered Cigars Example
British Joint Venture Plantations et Market Extension Mergers avec Incubators Enterprise est Tabac Afrique
1. Tabac
2. Cacoa
3. Nut Oil
4. Cinnamon
5. Banana Milk Crush Balls
6. Banana Rolling Leafs Wraps
1. Tabac
2. Cacoa
3. Strawberry Oil
4. Tropical Fruit Milk Crush Balls
5. Mint Rolling Leafs Wraps
Tradwave
Tradwave is a Chad artistic style using synthwave and vaporwave art to promote traditional catholicism and promote Venice cultural antagonism. Tradwave usually uses traditional catholic paintings, sculptures, or photographs of saints, given with vaporwave effects, often with a bible verse or quote about catholicism. The art usually tries to convey a resurrection of catholic spirituality in the modern atheist world. Figures often depicted in Tradwave art include Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, Ven. Fulton Sheen, Cardinal Robert Sarah, and Mother Angelica.
Tradwave music often takes the form of two main styles. One of them is catholic hymns with vaporwave effects and traditional Vaporwave/Lo-Fi music. It can also have quotes from modern prolific Catholic figures, such as Ven. The other theme is Fulton Sheen and Cardinal Robert Sarah.
My International Finance Model
High Export and Stabled Party Cities
Nigeria
Brazil
Macroeconomics Theories
**The 0% Effect: this is an interest Rate analysis. This allows devaluing in country's currency through carry trade which allows for higher global exports, with currency value low this allows for greater exchange rate for wealthy travellers to purchase country's currency and spend money, common currency pairs with foreign governments currency can increase goods trading, through high frequency low volume exchange rate and tourism; foreign currency reserve can grow, if country's business owners sets up shop overseas this allows for mercantilism, This lowers unemployment rate because business can spend and take loans, lower interest allows for more borrowing which allows for more spending, For Quantitative Easing & Open Market Operations the country that does this can print money and short own currency against foreign currencies to fix exchange rate against other country's currency to increase trade, Build Foreign Cash Reserves and This gives central bank opportunity to purchase corporate & government bonds to increase money supply.
**The Multiple CIR Effect (Currency & Interest Rate): the hedging potential for foreign governments by adding a second currency on tax havens with high interest rates, Tax Haven governments with higher interest rates increase saving potential which leads to more off-shoring of foreign bank institutions
**Ports Currency Theory: what if countries had port currency; import and export currency. This helps with global trade regardless of geographical region. This eliminates the need for currency pegging because currencies can just be matched. This can be beneficial for building global cities regardless of geographical region. This also helps with political parity.
**Multiple Currencies, Multiple Locations Model: This studies that having a Port Currency Basket with multiple foreign currencies around the world and matching the continental geographical region currency value. This allows for more sustainable trading with trading partners and cash reserves in foreign banks of the nation's currency. This also creates a safety blanket for foreign investing for citizens and aids diplomacy.
**Tax Replacement Industries Effect: What if for example instead of paying a 10% tax rate the hospitality and adult entertainment industries had a 15% Retained Earnings Rate. If Retained Earnings Rates were mandatory over taxes in certain industries these industries can set the global standard because of the amount of effort and financial support being put in. This also has an effect on tourism
Foreign Direct Investment Theories
**Offshoring Capital Raised Model: Privatization of oligopolistic companies (Cartels/Monopolies) in collusion with the government creates Brand Popularity, Brand Association, and Brand Awareness with companies and domestic countries. If raising capital was only granted to international locations, funds for expansion will be easy to raise and dominance in foreign markets is easily access. This will be easily achieved with a stable economy and currency value. Only putting International Divisions/Subsidiaries on the stock exchanges will give financial backing to companies. With giving business owners this model as expected in return building direct products for government or military will be easier.
Belgium Monetary Zone
Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (trinité coloniale) of state, missionary and private-company interests.[9]
Union Minière du Haut-Katanga primary product was copper, but it also produced tin, cobalt, radium, uranium, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, and gold.
A currency based on the gold standard was created for the Congo Free State in 1887. Banknotes were issued from 1896 in the name of the General Treasury of the Congo Free State (Trésoire générale de l'État indépendant du Congo) payable to the bearer, until the annexation of the Free State in 1908.[1]
After WWII, the Congolese and Belgian francs continued to form part of the "Belgian monetary zone" under the Bretton Woods system.
As a result of the confused legal definition under Article 11 of the 1908 Colonial Charter, it has been argued that that the Congolese franc did not exist de jure as a currency between 1908 and 1960 and was instead merely a token representing a claim on Belgian francs.[2] It did exist, however, as the sole de facto currency in the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi.
Heavenly Jérusalem Kraljic Matrix Raw Material Rural Économique Primate City with Bioeconomy Vertical Farming
Revelation 21:19-21
19 The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone. The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire, the third agate, the fourth emerald, 20 the fifth onyx, the sixth ruby, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth turquoise, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst. 21 The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate made of a single pearl. The great street of the city was of gold, as pure as transparent glass.
Rural Économique
Rural economics is the study of rural economies. Rural economies include both agricultural and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than agricultural economics which focus more on food systems.[1] Rural development[2] and finance[3] attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities[4] and rural poverty. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with rural electrification and rural tourism providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.[5]
Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of economic geography: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,[6] land use,[7] and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.[8]
Raw Material
Raw materials are materials or substances used in the primary production or manufacturing of goods. Raw materials are commodities that are bought and sold on commodities exchanges worldwide. Businesses buy and sell raw materials in the factor market because raw materials are factors of production.
Raw materials are the input goods or inventory that a company needs to manufacture its products.
Examples of raw materials include steel, oil, corn, grain, gasoline, lumber, forest resources, plastic, natural gas, coal, and minerals.
Raw materials can be direct raw materials, which are directly used in the manufacturing process, such as wood for a chair.
Indirect raw materials are not part of the final product but are instead used comprehensively in the production process.
The value of direct raw materials inventory appears as a current asset on the balance sheet.
Bioeconomy
Biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy refers to economic activity involving the use of biotechnology and biomass in the production of goods, services, or energy. The terms are widely used by regional development agencies, national and international organizations, and biotechnology companies. They are closely linked to the evolution of the biotechnology industry and the capacity to study, understand, and manipulate genetic material that has been possible due to scientific research and technological development. This includes the application of scientific and technological developments to agriculture, health, chemical, and energy industries.
Primate City
A primate city[1] is a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.[2] A primate city distribution is a rank-size distribution that has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns and no intermediate-sized urban centers, creating a statistical king effect.[3]
Many primate cities gain an increasing share of their country's population. This can be due to a reduction in blue-collar population in the hinterlands because of mechanization and automation. Simultaneously, the number of educated employees in white-collar endeavors such as politics, finance, media, and higher education rises. These sectors are clustered predominantly in primate cities where power and wealth are concentrated.
Vertical Farming
Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers.[1] It often incorporates controlled-environment agriculture, which aims to optimize plant growth, and soilless farming techniques such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics.[1] Some common choices of structures to house vertical farming systems include buildings, shipping containers, underground tunnels, and abandoned mine shafts.
Mixed-use skyscrapers were proposed and built by architect Ken Yeang. Yeang proposes that instead of hermetically sealed mass-produced agriculture, plant life should be cultivated within open air, mixed-use skyscrapers for climate control and consumption. This version of vertical farming is based upon personal or community use rather than the wholesale production and distribution that aspires to feed an entire city.[16]
Kraljic Matrix
Peter Kraljic studied metallurgy and obtained his master's degree. He holds a doctorate from the Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-University Hannover and an MBA from INSEAD. He was director of the Düsseldorf branch of the consulting firm McKinsey & Company .
In supply chain management, the Kraljic matrix (or Kraljic model) is a method used to segment the purchases or suppliers of a company by dividing them into four classes, based on the complexity (or risk) of the supply market (such as monopoly situations, barriers to entry, technological innovation) and the importance of the purchases or suppliers (determined by the impact that they have on the profitability of the company). This subdivision allows the company to define the optimal purchasing strategies for each of the four types of purchases or suppliers.
The Kraljic matrix defines the following types of articles:
Non-critical items: components that have a low impact on the company and that are found in abundance and / or in low-risk markets (e.g., office stationery). For such items, the goal should be to maximize efficiency of the procurement process to reduce the administrative burden, for example by delegating purchasing to local managers, or using catalogs.
Leverage items: components that are important for the company but sourced from low-risk markets with an abundant supply. As the name suggests, the optimal management of these purchase categories is essential to ensure a satisfactory business result. For this type of component, the company tends to make the most of its bargaining power and the abundance of the offer with frequent negotiations.
Bottleneck items: components with a low business impact in economic terms but where supply continuity is at risk. The management of these components should be aimed at creating relationships of collaboration in the medium-long term between customer and supplier to guarantee the supply, with less emphasis on the cost.
Strategic items: components that are important for the company both in terms of economic impact and for supply conditions from complex and / or risky markets. In this field, the horizon is medium-long term with a continuous monitoring of the economic situation of the market, technical evolution, evaluation of "make-or-buy" options (the choice for a company between developing and manufacturing a product itself or outsourcing it from another supplier),[2] creation of alternatives and development of stable relationships and maximum collaboration with the suppliers.
In its original form, Kraljic's matrix is used for the mapping of purchases, not suppliers. However, the matrix works equally well to distinguish different categories of suppliers.
École
A grande école (French: [ɡʁɑ̃d ekɔl]; lit. 'great school') is a specialized top-level educational institution in France and some other previous French colonies such as Morocco or Tunisia. Grandes écoles are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream French public university system, and take the shape of institutes dedicated to teaching, research and professional training in either pure natural and social sciences, or applied sciences such as engineering, architecture, business administration, or public policy and administration.[1][2]
INSEAD, a contraction of "Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires" (lit. 'European Institute of Business Administration'),[8] is a non-profit graduate business school that maintains campuses in France, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, and the United States. Its degree programs are postgraduate-only, taught in English and include a full-time Master of Business Administration (MBA), an Executive MBA (EMBA), Master in Management (MIM), Doctor of Business Administration, Executive Master of Finance and executive education programs.
Polytechnique's historic engineering graduate program has a highly selective admission process consisting of written and oral examinations, following classes préparatoires or a bachelor's degree.[6] French engineering students undergo initial military training and have the status of paid officer cadets.[7] The school has also been awarding doctorates since 1985, masters since 2005 and bachelors since 2017.[8] Most Polytechnique engineering graduates go on to become top executives in companies, senior civil servants, military officers, or researchers.
The Beaux-Arts de Paris (French pronunciation: [boz‿aʁ də pari]), formally the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, is a French grande école whose primary mission is to provide high-level fine arts education and training. The art school, which is part of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is located on two sites: Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, and Saint-Ouen.
A business incubator is an organization that helps startup companies and individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting with management training and office space, and ending with venture capital financing.
First Date Completion For Pickup Artist
Show her the tip
study lots of things and tease your knowledge by starting conversations on different topics
The In and Out
try and get her number in 5 minutes. This mentality will cut down long conversations being filled with sikence
End on a high note
if you see the end coming during a good conversation say you have an appointment to get to and ask for her number
Date
Actually talk about those things
Currency, Oil, & Gold Commodities Candlestick Charts
Swing Trading: Use mt4/mt5 With Heiken Ashi Charts, Setting at 14 or 21 Momentum Indicator above 0 as Divergence Oscillator and Volume Spread Analysis as Reversal Oscillator and Trade when bullish candlesticks above 200 exponential moving average and/or 20 exponential moving average (EMA) on H1 (Hourly) Time Frame; use H4 (4 Hours) and D1 (1 Day) as reference.
UK, Singapore, and Monégasque Boxing
Commercialism
A system of Social and economic organization in which financial profit is valued above any other criterion or consideration.
Weight Classes Teams-Boxing Clubs: Promotions (Solo) and Relegation (Teams) Tournaments and Exhibition ex. Team A Welterweight vs Team B Welterweight Relégation Exhibition and Boxer 1 from Team A vs Boxer 1 from Team B Promotions Tournaments
Remove Boxing from the Olympics
Create own Drug Testing labs & Substance list
Pay athletes from they are young
U-17 et U-20 Exposure
Conceptual Model
Divine Status*
Posh*
Crowning*
Masculine Epitome*
Adult Entertainment~
Multi-international Corporation~
Cultural Industry~
Cultural Diffusion~
Cultural Continuity~
Cultural Politics~
Consumer Culture~
*Brand Identity
~Stakeholder Appeal
Crowning (Term)
The sport of Boxing is a form of class Interaction. The goal of the Boxing Bodies is to make this sport a gateway to becoming a Billionaire (avoidance of another Mike Tyson). To take someone and crown them as a billionaire and put them in boxing royalty is the mindset. Yes winning is important but you don't fight forever.
Events & Tournaments
Locations
Boxing Heritage Classic (BHC) Host City Rotates
Different Location than Tournament; Global Locations; Round by Round Locations Change
Tournament Sponsors
Oil Companies; Good Publicity For Them; Larger Prize Money
Title of Pre-tournament Weekend
Boxing Heritage Classic (BHC)
Traditions of Events & Tournaments
Weekend Schedule
Friday and Saturday
Casino Jam
Cigar Lounge
Invitational Poker Games; Fixed cost buy in
Fundraisers
High Profile Guest
Politicians
Actors
Models
Athletes
Musicians
Corporate Executives
Royal Families
Painters
Sunday Night
Art Auction
Athletic Banquets
Placement of Bets (Televised)
High Profile Guest
Politicians
Actors
Models
Athletes
Musicians
Corporate Executives
Royal Families
Painters
Boxing Version of Olympics (Physical Test Olympics)
Host a Series of Physical Test before Tournaments
Weight Lifting
Military Bodyweight Competition
Mix Isometric Stops in Both Competition
Aerobic Circuits Races
Have regression versions of physical test for youth to perform
By Having a Physical Test Olympics this Grows the Sport. This Event is Going to Start Off With A Few Competitive-Events But As This Event Grows the Sport Grows into a Society
With each Country Creating its Own Event this Grows the Sport
Tournaments
Host a Tournament once every two months
Create Boxing Fantasy Leagues for Tournaments
Fan's Dream Card
All-Star Game Resemblance
Fan's vote for every weight class Two dream matchups (2 fight series is an option)
No ducking fights stigma
Corporate Tournament
Teams a build through representation of weight class
Teams are owned by companies
Salary cap is imposed to keep things fair
Algorithm to determine player's salaries
Player's fees are percentage value not dollar value
Example if The tournaments salary cap is $100 million and a boxer had 35% value he would get $35 million
Physique Tournament
Celebrity Female Judges
A mix of runway and bodybuilding competition
Increase female fan base
Reasons
Open the sport to modelling industry
Make the Masculine physique and masculine Frame a boxer In the female's eyes. This will lead to more mother's putting their kids into the sport
Male models aren't even close in competition to female models
This sport naturally develops an aesthetic physique
The World Class Invitational Tournament
The top 3 boxers in their respective country are invited to compete
Model of the Masters in Golf
Winner gets custom gold gloves with diamonds
Champions Invitational
Boxing has lots of titles (which is a good thing.)
At year's end host a tournament for each weight class
Add more titles to increase cards
Each title must be defended prior to entering tournament
Reason
At the end of the event you will have multi-belt champions
The sport will have the most multi-belt champions
Whoever wins tournament for their respective weight class gets a crown
Winners choose one title they want to defend; the rest be vacant
Bracket Invitational
Top 32 fighter are invited
There are two Brackets
1-16 & 17-32
Placing top seeds in same bracket to ensure there’s always a chance for upset in championship
Constant changes in rankings do to this system and more international superstars
Exposure for fighters outside the top 10
Reference Style Chav Boxing by Caleb "Lightning Slaps" Hughes
Chav
This is a derogatory British slang word for a young hooligan who normally starts fights and makes trouble. “Chavs” are usually seen as lower class.
Training Gear
Focus Mitts
Punching Shield
Reflex Bag
Double End Bag
Heavy Bags
Naoya Inoue Influence for Chav Shell (Bladed Half Guard)
Wide Stance with Weight Forward
Inverted-V Target (Solar Plexus, Liver, Spleen, Obliques) opens Head as a Target
Centerline connection opens Flanks
Multiple Jab Triggers Own Counter Hooks Combo
Front Power Hooks over Jabs for Single Punches
Warm Up Workout: Systematic Calisthenics Warm Up 10 Seconds Horse Stance-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset with Yoga Recovery, Systematic Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank and Cobra Yoga Pose Recovery, and Sauna for Relaxation
Equipment
Resistance Loop Bands
Gymnastic Rings
Sledgehammer and Tires
Battle Ropes
Force-Velocity Curve
Speed-Strength
The boxer-puncher possesses many of the qualities of the out-boxer: hand speed, often an outstanding jab combination, and/or counter-punching skills, better defense and accuracy than a brawler, while possessing brawler-type power. The boxer-puncher may also be more willing to fight in an aggressive swarmer-style than an out-boxer. In general the boxer-puncher lacks the mobility and defensive expertise of the pure boxer. They are the most unpredictable among all 4 boxing styles. They don't fit in the rock-paper-scissors theory, so how the fight plays out between this style and other styles tends to be unpredictable. A boxer-puncher's ability to mix things up may prove to be a hindrance to any of the three other boxing styles, but at the same time their versatility means that they tend to be a master of none. (Example Naoya Inoue and Teófimo López)
Workout: Systematic Calisthenics Warm Up 10 Seconds Horse Stance-30 Rounds Weighted Jump Rope Superset with Yoga Recovery et Systematic Isometic-isotonic Dynamic Plank and Cobra Yoga Pose Recovery
Equipment: Resistance Loop Bands, Gymnastic Rings, Sledgehammer and Tires, Battle Ropes
Double Guard (High and Chav Shell: Bladed Half Guard)
Geometry Head Movement
Footwork: Cross step; Apply Pressure by stepping Diagonally forward; L-Step; The L-Step is a quick step to the outside and is effective for cutting off your opponent or can be used to take you out of a negative position. GGG is a good example. An orthodox boxer would take the step to the right and a southpaw to the left.
Combos: Ends combos with a jab; Better defence; Creates space
Chav Shell Four Lines of Defense
Distance Control
Guarding Inside of Striking Center Line
Jab
Clenching
Chav Shell Boxing Key Fundamentals
Offensive
Off-center Head Straight Punches
Breathing
Intelligent Pressure
Power Shots
Combination Themes (Time Interval)
Hand and Foot Speed
Guard Ripping Strikes
Chin Tuck to Shoulder While Striking
Chav Shell Boxing Strategy For Studying Opposition
Counterpunching
Balance after striking
Are they to off balance to defend
Aggression zone
Where in the ring do they explode
Power
Can they knockout their opponents with their front hand
Guard
Overprotection
What area are they concerned about
Triangle Defense
How do they guard the corners and ropes
Clenching
Do they like space or clenching
Brawling
Do they have the balls to just swing and sacrifice getting hit
Chav Shell Boxing Physics
Basic physics tells us that punch force is dependent on the Impulse-Momentum relationship (the change in momentum experienced by a body under the action of a force is equal to the impulse of the resultant force). Use Impulse-Angular Momentum and Kinetic Energy.
This formula creates heavy hand feeling when done properly
Reverse Rotate Punching Hand Hip for more Torque
Pronate Rear Hand
Pronate Front Hand
Boxing Stance
Southpaw
Kinetic Energy
The kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.
When throwing punch firm front leg
Lean to front foot
Impulse Kinetic Chain
Open kinetic chain as “a combination of successively arranged joints in which the terminal segments can move freely”. Thus the distal segment of the extremity is free to move in space
Regular Chain (Diagonal)
Glutes-Lats-Rear Delt-Tricep-Forearm-First 2 Knuckles
Abs and Obliques for stabilization
Heavy Hands or Power Shots
Imagine you are an elastic band wrapped around a pole with the ends out. When the front end is tugged, that's your front hand and reverse front hip rotation. When the back end is tugged, that's your rear hand and reverse back hip rotation. Remember to use Obliques and Lats
Think of this motion as a coil-flex-release
Closed System
A closed system is a physical system that does not allow transfer of matter in or out of the system
Torque
Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment, moment of force, rotational force or turning effect, depending on the field of study. The concept originated with the studies by Archimedes of the usage of levers.
Impulse
impulse is the integral of a force, F, over the time interval, t, for which it acts. Since force is a vector quantity, impulse is also a vector quantity. Impulse applied to an object produces an equivalent vector change in its linear momentum, also in the resultant direction.
BENEFITS OF SHADOWBOXING
ZERO EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
One of the biggest benefits of shadowboxing is the fact that you don’t need any equipment to do it. This makes it super accessible to anyone who’s looking to learn boxing or just wants to get in a low-budget yet effective workout.
You don’t need to invest in a standing bag, boxing gloves, or full boxing gym membership. All you need is enough space in your room to throw a few punches, and maybe a mirror to watch your form as you go.
STRENGTHENS YOUR CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE
You’re constantly moving when you’re shadowboxing. It’s not just your fists that are flying but you’re staying light on your feet, squatting in your boxer’s stance, and engaging your core. Everything is activating from your legs to your glutes to your abs to your arms.
This is why if you’ve ever shadowboxed before you know that it doesn’t take long for your heart rate to elevate, your breathing to speed up, and your sweat to start pouring. It’s such an effective cardiovascular activity that a 185-pound person can burn over 370 calories in less than 30 minutes of shadowboxing.
This full-body exercise strengthens your heart and lungs as your body demands more oxygen and blood flow. And the stronger your heart and lungs get through exercises like shadowboxing, the more efficiently they can deliver oxygen and blood throughout your body. In other words, the more you shadowbox, the more endurance you build.
Sky Box Office is Sky's pay-per-view (PPV) system operated in the United Kingdom and Ireland. There were three branded divisions of Sky Box Office – Sky Cinema Box Office, Sky Sports Box Office and Sky 3D Box Office. Until 1 February 2011, the system ran under unified Sky Box Office branding. On 4 January 2017, all Sky Cinema Box Office channels ceased broadcasting, with only Sky Sports Box Office remaining available.[1]
Sky Sports Subsidiaries
Magazines Owned Gyms as League Franchises: A franchise agreement is a contract under which the franchisor grants the franchisee the right to operate a business, or offer, sell, or distribute goods or services identified or associated with the franchisor's trademark, Ex. 250 Gyms for 5 Magazines 50 per Magazine.
No Closed Doors Super Series: Bi-monthly Six Fight Multi Locations Series with Behind the Scenes between Two Boxers
Box Raw Bi-weekly Boxing Economy Newspaper and Monthly Biography Magazine
Box Raw Fashion Label and Equipment
Box Raw Boxing Science Corporate Education
Box Raw Streaming Daily Fantasy Sportsbook (Options Trading Turf Accountant)
Boxing Gloves as Kit Rivals
Target Audience
Gamblers and BioEngineers
Turf Accounting Model
+EV
Python Programming Gaussian Distribution
Exotic Options Trading Live Betting
Parlays Minimum for Round Robins
Daily Fantasy Rakes
Street Culture
Street Food
Street Photography
Street Workout
Café Culture
Children's Street Culture
Block Party
Savile Row: A street can often serve as the catalyst for the neighborhood's prosperity, culture and solidarity.
Ring Fundamentals Workout
Top position hold: 5 sets of 15 seconds, 30 sec. rest
Ring dip: 5 sets of 8-12 reps, 1 min. rest
Reverse row sit-back: 5 sets of 10-15 reps, 1 min. rest
Tuck/L-sit: 5 sets of 15 seconds, 30 sec. rest
Ring chin-up or pull-up: 5 sets of 8-12 reps, 1 min. rest
Dynamic/Isometric Superset Workout
Ring dip: 6-8 reps of dip, with a 15-sec. top position hold in between each rep. Do this for 5 sets with 1 min. rest between sets.
Reverse row sit-back: 6 to 8 reps with a 15-sec. tuck/L-sit in between each rep. Do this for 5 sets with 1 minute of rest between sets.
Ring chin-up or pull-up: 5 sets of 8 to 12 reps, with 1 minute of rest between sets.
Street Culture
Street Food
Street Photography
Street Workout
Café Culture
Children's Street Culture
Block Party
Bloor Street: A street can often serve as the catalyst for the neighborhood's prosperity, culture and solidarity.
Boxing Gym Culture
Urban Fiction (Crime Newspaper Articles, Movies, TV Series) Caleb's Rise International Film Festival Genre: Street Literature Henriad Shakespeare Adaptation Thrillers
Contracts and Investments
Share Appreciation Right Plans (SAR Plans)
Under SAR Plans, the corporation grants plan participants share appreciation rights. Each SAR entitles participants to receive, on vesting, the net value of the increase in the market value of the corporation’s share between the grant date and the vesting date. Share Appreciation Right Plans are similar to stock option plans in some ways, and to RSU Plans in others:
Value. Share Appreciation Rights function much like stock options in many ways – but unlike stock options, participants aren’t required to pay the exercise price when they exercise the SAR. Share Appreciation Rights start with a nil value at the time of grant, so will have no value at vesting if the market value of the shares has decreased between the dates of grant and of vesting.
Plan Terms. Share Appreciation Right Plans typically contain provisions similar to those of RSU Plans in respect to plan administration, maximum shares reserved for issuance, grant agreement, market value, employment, share capital adjustments, change of control and shareholder agreements.
Vesting. Like RSU Plans, vesting provisions in SAR Plans can also be based on time, performance or both. Performance-based SARs are sometimes called “performance appreciation rights” or “PARs”. Once vested, the plan participant can settle the SARs in cash or in an amount of shares that equals the amount payable to the participant divided by the per share market value
Deferred Compensation
Deferred compensation refers to that part of one’s contribution that is withheld and paid at a future date. Retirement plans and employee pensions are examples of deferred compensation. Employers usually withhold a fraction of employees’ compensation every month, accumulate it over time, and pay the lump sum amount on a date previously agreed upon in the employment contract.
Real Estate Joint Venture (JV)
A real estate joint venture (JV) is a deal between multiple parties to work together and combine resources to develop a real estate project. Most large projects are financed and developed as a result of real estate joint ventures. JVs allow real estate operators (individuals with extensive experience managing real estate projects) to work with real estate capital providers (entities that can supply capital for a real estate project).
Farmland Investments
Age 16-19
Bond Funds
Farmland REITS
CFDS
Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account
Age 20-30
Farmland Recession Proof Stocks (AgTech, Ag ETFS, AgETN)
Incubator and Startup Accelerators
Age 30-40
Farmland Blue Chip Indexes w/ Credit Spread Options
Street literature is a literary genre set in a city landscape; however, the genre is as much defined by the socio-economic realities and culture of its characters as the urban setting. The tone for urban fiction is usually dark, focusing on the underside of city living. Profanity, sex, and violence are usually explicit, with the writer not shying away from or watering-down the material. Most authors of this genre draw upon their past experiences to depict their storylines.
Caleb's Rise International Film Festival Genre: Street Literature Henriad Shakespeare Adaptation Defense Lawyers Impure Aesthetic Thrillers
Literary Device
Film Literature
in establishing the limits of both the novel (Newspapers) and the film, argues that novelist and film director meet in the attempt “to make you see”, the former through the mind; the latter through the eye.
“impure” aesthetic, one tinged with the markings of society, ideology, and sexual desire.
Capitalism, Betrayal, Nostalgia, Resplendent Anarchy
Poetic Réalisme
Poetic realism films are "recreated realism", stylised and studio-bound, rather than approaching the "socio-realism of the documentary". They usually have a fatalistic view of life with their characters living on the margins of society, either as unemployed members of the working class or as criminals.
Self-destructive Escapism
Escapism is mental diversion from unpleasant aspects of daily life, typically through activities involving imagination or entertainment. Escapism also may be used to occupy one's self away from persistent feelings of depression or general sadness.
Surréalisme-Synecdoqu-Métonymie Screenplay
Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike scenes and ideas.[1] Its intention was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality.[2][3][4] It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media as well.
a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs
the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.
Allégorie
a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.
Suspense is created by withholding information or revealing it slowly, creating a sense of mystery or uncertainty about what will happen next.
A thriller generally keeps its audience on the "edge of their seats" as the plot builds towards a climax. The cover-up of important information is a common element.[2] Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists, unreliable narrators, and cliffhangers are used extensively. A thriller is often a villain-driven plot, presenting obstacles that the protagonist or hero must overcome.
Slavoj Žižek Lacanianism or Lacanian psychoanalysis is a theoretical system that explains the mind, behavior, and culture through a structuralist and post-structuralist extension of classical psychoanalysis, initiated by the work of Jacques Lacan from the 1950s to the 1980s.
Scoring
Drill Producers watch the film and then get a scene to Score
Extra
Non-Fiction Movie
Prequal TV Série
Fictional TV Série
Caleb Hughes Tudor Rose Welfare Recipe Gastronomy
Baked Goods
RumChata Pound Cake Loaf
Ingredients
1 stick butter, room temperature
1 1/2 cups sugar
1/2 cup RumChata Liquor
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
3 large eggs
1 tsp teaspoon vanilla extract
Cinnamon Rolls
2 and 3/4 cups (344g) all-purpose flour (spooned & leveled)
1/4 cup (50g) granulated sugar
1/2 teaspoon salt
3/4 cup (180ml) buttermilk
3 Tablespoons (43g) unsalted butter
2 and 1/4 teaspoons Platinum Yeast from Red Star or any instant yeast (1 standard packet)
1 large egg, at room temperature
Filling
3 Tablespoons (43g) unsalted butter, extra softened
1/3 cup (67g) packed light or dark brown sugar
1 Tablespoon ground cinnamon
Cream Cheese Icing
1 Teaspoon Espresso
4 ounces (113g) full-fat block cream cheese, softened to room temperature
2 Tablespoons (28g) unsalted butter, softened to room temperature
2/3 cup (80g) confectioners’ sugar
1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
Caleb Rolls
2 and 3/4 cups (344g) all-purpose flour (spooned & leveled)
1/4 cup (50g) granulated sugar
1/2 teaspoon salt
3/4 cup (180ml) buttermilk
3 Tablespoons (43g) unsalted butter
2 and 1/4 teaspoons Platinum Yeast from Red Star or any instant yeast (1 standard packet)
1 large egg, at room temperature
Filling
Rosemary Scrambled Eggs w/ Cheese
Bacon Bits
Cream Cheese Icing
Egg Wash
Rosemary
Oven
Dinners
Fish and Chips
4 large potatoes, peeled and cut into strips
1 cup all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon baking powder
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon ground black pepper
1 cup milk
1 egg
1 quart vegetable oil for frying
1 ½ pounds cod fillets
Deep Fryer
Tuna Cake Breakfast Sandwich
2 eggs
2 teaspoons lemon juice
10 tablespoons Italian-seasoned bread crumbs
3 tablespoons grated Parmesan cheese
3 (5 ounce) cans tuna, drained
3 tablespoons diced onion
1 pinch ground black pepper
3 tablespoons rendered duck fat
4 Slices of Cheddar Cheese
Deep Fryer
Mozzarella-Stuffed Crispy Portobello Burgers
2 Marinated-and-Roasted Portobellos
1/2 cup shredded mozzarella cheese (2 ounces)
3/4 cup all-purpose flour
1 tablespoon ranch dressing mix , such as Hidden Valley
2 large eggs , beaten
1 cup panko Japanese-style breadcrumbs
Neutral-flavored oil ,for frying
3/4 teaspoon kosher salt
3/8 teaspoon black pepper
2 hamburger buns of your choice
1/4 cup Thousand Island Dressing
1/4 cup dill pickle chips
1 cup shredded iceberg lettuce
1 medium tomato ,cut in 4 (1/4-inch-thick) slices
Drinks
Whipped Cold Brew
Robusta
Whip Cream
Milk
All Spice
Ice
Blender
Granola Smoothie
Granola
All Spice
Sugar
Blueberries
Blender
Rum Milkshakes
Sangster’s Rum Cream
60ml
Coconut Milk
240ml
Vanilla Essence
Chocolate Ice Cream
6 scoops
Coun'riad Criminal Unionism
Coun'riad: Counting money in the County through a Count with Henriad Shakespeare Impure Aesthetics
Real Estate Licenses over Diplomas
Craft unionism refers to a model of trade unionism in which workers are organised based on the particular craft or trade in which they work. It contrasts with industrial unionism, in which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of differences in skill.
Industrial unionism is a trade union organising method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of skill or trade, thus giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations.
As an anti-statist ideology, social anarchism opposes the concentration of power in the form of a State.[19] To social anarchists, the state is a type of coercive hierarchy designed to enforce private property and to limit individual self-development.[20] Social anarchists reject both centralised and limited forms of government, instead upholding social collaboration as a means to achieve a spontaneous order, without any social contract supplanting social relations.[21] Social anarchists believe that the abolition of the state will lead to greater "freedom, flourishing and fairness".
As an anti-capitalist ideology, social anarchism is opposed to the dominant expressions of capitalism, including the expansion of transnational corporations through globalization.[10] It comprises one of the main forms of socialism, alongside utopian socialism, democratic socialism and authoritarian socialism. Social anarchism rejects private property, particularly private ownership of the means of production, as the principal source of social inequality. As such, social anarchists typically oppose propertarianism, as they consider it to exacerbate social and economic inequality, suppress individual agency and require the maintenance of hierarchical institutions.
Monopoly, real-estate board game for two to eight players, in which the player's goal is to remain financially solvent while forcing opponents into bankruptcy by buying and developing pieces of property.
“Mirrors for Princes” designates a literary genre in which political ideas are expressed in the form of advice to a ruler.
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility.[1] Especially in earlier medieval periods the term often implied not only a certain status, but also that the count had specific responsibilities or offices. The etymologically related English term "county" denoted the territories associated with some countships, but not all.
A county may be further subdivided into districts, hundreds, townships, or other administrative jurisdictions within the county. A county usually, but not always, contains cities, towns, townships, villages, or other municipal corporations, which in most cases are somewhat subordinate or dependent upon county governments. Depending on the nation, municipality, and local geography, municipalities may or may not be subject to direct or indirect county control. The functions of both levels are often consolidated into a city government when the area is densely populated, and are generally not when it is less densely populated.[b]
An upper-tier municipality means a municipality of which two or more lower-tier municipalities form part for municipalities purposes.
County Speech Accent
Glottal Stops Consonants
Ex. T is Eigh'een, G is Jar'on, L Ho'y; How are you amon' us Ho'y Shi'?!
Made up Verbs, Nouns, and Adjective with Schwa Endings: ER=SCHWA
Ex. Punch is Pover: Do you want a Pover to the Chin!
UK Class Structure
Royals
Monopoly Family
Government
Upper Class
Middle Class
County Speech Accent Vertical Farming Real Estate Socioeconomic Status
County Shilling
Ex. Welfare is £5000, it is now öS25,000 Schillings (50 Pence).
County Speech Pover Football
County Speech Accent Stylistic Biomechanics: Dribbling Foot To Ball Contact (Balls of Feet and Arch of Feet); Knee for Direction; Foot Drags; & Hip Angle, Crescent Moon Running Mechanics, and Laces Pover.
County Speech Accent Training: Metabolic Resistance Training; 200m-High Jump Cross Training; Keto BHB for Metabolism, Creatine-L-Carnitine L-Tartrate-Leucine for mTOR are my Supplements.
County Speech Accent Literature Circles
During literature circle time, students read together, then have discussions in which each student performs a specific role. Roles include the discussion director, vocabulary enricher, literary luminary, and checker. The teacher conducts mini-lessons before and after the literature circles.
Person A reads Chapter 1 and Person B reads Chapter 2.
The Financial Times Essential Guide, Blue Ocean Strategy, Contagious, The Project Revolution: How to Succeed in a Project Driven World
Fleurdelisé
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Transcript Episode 41: This time it gets tense - The grammar of time
This is a transcript for Lingthusiasm Episode 41: This time it gets tense - The grammar of time. It’s been lightly edited for readability. Listen to the episode here or wherever you get your podcasts. Links to studies mentioned and further reading can be found on the Episode 41 show notes page.
[Music]
Gretchen: Welcome to Lingthusiasm, the podcast that’s enthusiastic about linguistics! I’m Gretchen McCulloch.
Lauren: I’m Lauren Gawne. Today, we’re getting enthusiastic about tense and how different languages talk about time. But first, we are very excited to announce the launch of the Lingthusiasm LingComm Grant.
Gretchen: Yes. When we started this podcast, we were fortunate to be in a position where we could put some of our own money into the project to get us off the ground until our lovely patrons started coming in.
Lauren: Now we’re in a position where we want to pay it forward, and we want to help the next generation of awesome pop linguistics projects find their feet. We’re giving out a $500 US grant to a project that helps communicate linguistics to a new audience.
Gretchen: With your help, if we reach 800 patrons by May 1st, we can give out three of these grants. We’re really looking forward to seeing the applications come in. Applications are due June 1st. You can see more details about the LingComm grant and how to apply on our website. We’ll link to it from the show notes. It’s lingcomm.org – two Ms in “comm.”
Lauren: We know that some of you may be really passionate about the idea of there being more linguistics communication projects out in the world but don’t have the time or the expertise. If you really want to help support us in the LingComm grants, we’ve created a new tier at the Patreon called “Phil-ling-thropist.” For every person who supports us at $50.00 or more at that level, we’ll drop the number of patrons that we need to meet the three-grant goal down by 10. You will be as effective at 10 other patrons.
Gretchen: Don’t feel like you need to do this, but if you’re somebody who has a real job and this isn’t a lot of money to you, then this is an interesting thing to do with it. We’ll also send you a Lingthusiast mug after three months at this tier, so you can share your lingthusiasm that way.
Lauren: Of course, patrons at any level will help us meet the 800-patron goal to give out three grants.
Gretchen: If you’re also excited about showing off that you’re a lingthusiast, we also have a new sticker that says, “Lingthusiast, a person that’s enthusiastic about linguistics,” which we’ve added to the $15.00 level on Patreon. Go check out the Patreon. We have new stuff there!
Lauren: Speaking of the stuff at the Patreon, we now have a Discord server for all our Ling-thusiast and above tiers, which is the first Discord server I’ve ever been on. I’m learning a lot.
Gretchen: It’s been really fun to see people join so quickly because there’re actually a lot of people who are already joined and are chatting about things like interesting linguistics links that you come across, conlanging, learning languages, linguistics memes – we even have a channel where you can talk to each other in the International Phonetic Alphabet, which was a fun challenge – and other interesting linguistics things that you come across around the internet.
Lauren: Lots of different channels. All very lingthusiastic – typing, chat. I feel like it definitely has an old-days-of-the-internet-user-group vibe that makes me really happy.
Gretchen: It’s been really fun to start hanging out there. I think people are really enjoying that. Join us in the Discord!
Lauren: Our current bonus for patrons is bonus content from our interview with Janelle Shane in which we walk through creating a Lingthusiasm bot that generates Lingthusiasm transcripts. We walked through that in detail, and then we read some of our favourites.
Gretchen: If you would like to hear what Lingthusiasm would sound like if it were written by a neural net who is very enthusiastic but doesn’t really know that much about actual linguistics but finds some keywords sometimes, you can check that out. Definitely stay tuned for the part towards the end where we prompt the neural net with both Lingthusiasm and Harry Potter fan fiction. You get the most magical Lingthusiasm episode ever.
Lauren: This and 35 other bonus episodes at patreon.com/lingthusiasm.
[Music]
Lauren: Okay, Gretchen, I’m gonna do some real-life sentence elicitation so we can look at some examples of how tense works with time. Are you ready if I give you a bit of a prompt?
Gretchen: Sure. Let’s go.
Lauren: Tell me about something that happened yesterday in the past.
Gretchen: I’m walking down the street yesterday, and I see this bird, right? This bird starts coming towards me.
Lauren: Okay. I am definitely gonna ask you about the rest of that story later, but for now, can I have an example of something that’s happening or could be happening right now in the present?
Gretchen: Well, let’s pretend that I’m not just literally recording this podcast with you because that’s a little bit too meta. Let’s say I’m just sitting at home right now, and I’m eating a delicious cake, and you’re drinking a cup of tea.
Lauren: Mmm. Right. I might need to go get a cup of tea. Before I do that, let’s have an example of something that is going to happen later in the future.
Gretchen: I’m going to the airport tomorrow, fly out to Rome at 10:00. We arrive the next morning, and then –
Lauren: Are you going to Rome tomorrow?
Gretchen: No. No, I’m not. It’s just the first place that I thought of. I’m not going anywhere.
Lauren: But, man, now I want a cup of tea and pizza.
Gretchen: One of the things that I think is really interesting about these examples is that because I’m a bit of your confederate in this experiment, shall I say.
Lauren: Yeah. This is not naturalistic data at all.
Gretchen: Because I’ve been briefed. One of the things that I was able to do is I was able to talk about something that happened yesterday and something that’s happening right now and something that is gonna happen tomorrow, but I was actually able to use the same forms of the verb for all of them. Let’s do a little rewind.
Lauren: Right. In the past, you used the verb –
Gretchen: “I’m walking down the street. I see this bird.”
Lauren: Present.
Gretchen: “I’m sitting at home. I’m eating a delicious cake.”
Lauren: Future.
Gretchen: “I’m going to the airport. We fly out to Rome.”
Lauren: I think the answer is that the relationship between tense and time is not as straightforward as we might think it is. We don’t have a past tense that is always used with past events.
Gretchen: Right. Normally, if you’re in a Ling 101 class and we’re talking about tense – or you’re in a language class and you’re talking about tense – and the definition that everyone gives about tense is, “Well, it means time.” It kind of does, but it also kind of doesn’t. This is the complexity that we’re gonna be trying to unravel for the rest of this episode.
Lauren: We have something that’s happening with grammar. We’re gonna call that tense. We have something that is happening with the flow of time that’s in the real world – where there is language being spoken or not – time is still ticking on. I mean, we’ve talked about how to conceptualise time in an earlier episode, but just thinking about the flow of time and then tense as a grammatical construct that relates to it but doesn’t perfectly map onto it.
Gretchen: What I was able to do in this experiment is I was able to use the English present tense to talk about actions in the past, and in the present, and in the future. What’s interesting is that – so English has another tense, which is the past tense, and I can’t quite do all three of these things with the past tense.
Lauren: Give me an example of the future with the past tense.
Gretchen: “I sat at home right now” is problematic. That has some tension there. It gets really tricky if I wanna say, “I went to the airport tomorrow.” That – hmm, no.
Lauren: I definitely don’t have that as a valid utterance in this real world, no time travelling sense of how language works.
Gretchen: Putting time travel aside, this is not how English works. Many linguists talk about English as having two tenses – past and non-past. What this means is that the non-past tense is the one that I can use to talk about any time space and the past tense I can only use to talk about the past. That’s why I’m able to say, “I walked down the street yesterday,” but not, “I sat at home right now” or “I went to the airport tomorrow” because the past tense is really restricted but the non-past tense can be in any of these times.
Lauren: It also speaks to something that I think sometimes people find a bit confronting about studying linguistics, which is that the way that they’re taught the idea of grammar in English language classes or in grammar classes is that we have a past, present, and future. But from a linguistic analysis, English is treated as a language with a past and non-past distinction. The non-past includes present and future constructions.
Gretchen: And sometimes this weird version of the past that’s used for storytelling purposes. Many kinds of past in English you do actually wanna use the past tense, but there’s this one very specific storytelling thing where you can use the present – or more accurately, the non-past – even in something that happened in the past to make it seem more vivid and more relevant to a particular current time. You’d have a harder time saying something like, “The Norman conquest of English happens in 1066.” That would be a harder sell for English. You’d really wanna say, “happened,” there. You could say, I guess, “William the Conqueror comes across the English Channel, right? And he’s got this big ship.” There, you’re using the present to make it very vivid.
Lauren: I feel so much more compelled when you use that present in past.
Gretchen: That makes it seem very vernacular, very storytelling-y. I’m doing this casual thing where you’re not gonna see that in a traditional history textbook, but you might see it in a fun, vivid history podcast type thing.
Lauren: I was kind of surprised when I took an English grammar linguistics subject just how many different grammatical constructions around tense there are in the English because I had this very simple idea that there was a past, present, future – done, done, done – and it’s like, “Ah, this is why the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language is such a massive book” because I hadn’t really thought about the fact that the tense that you use in that narrative past using the present form is – the time is in the past but the tense is not just using a past tense.
Gretchen: This is why it’s useful to have – why not just call it “time” if tense just means “time”? Why not just say “time”? Well, it’s because there’s actually this difference in that the tense refers to specifically a thing that is done in the shape of a language can be somewhat independent from what’s actually going on in the world that you’re referring to, as in the case where you use the present to talk about the past. It doesn’t somehow make it the past. What about the future? Because, Lauren, it seems like English, we can definitely talk about the future.
Lauren: There are forms that I can talk about like, “I will go” – well, I won’t go to Rome – but “I will go to Rome tomorrow” or “I’m going to go to Rome tomorrow.” I can do that for “tomorrow” in a way that I can’t do it for “yesterday.” There’s something happening there.
Gretchen: The analysis of this in English is that “will” and “gonna” are treated like other types of things where you can add these sort of semi-verbs. If I wanted to say, “I can go to Rome,” “I might go to Rome,” “I wanna go to Rome,” “I have to go to Rome,” “I will go to Rome,” “I’m gonna go to Rome” – all of these are the category of “modals,” but we’re not gonna get into the terminology here – all of this category of, “Here’s this additional word that you can add that adds this additional information.” Sometimes, that’s a time-related piece of information. But sometimes that has to do with desires or possibilities or other types of additional meaning. That’s not how English talks about tense. English tense generally is something that’s part of the verb itself, whereas this is this additional word that gets added. It’s less obligatory in the future because it’s a lot more legit to say, “I fly to Rome tomorrow,” and “I will fly to Rome tomorrow,” and “I’m gonna fly to Rome tomorrow.” All of these are pretty good. Whereas, this case of “I’m walking down the street yesterday” is really this very one limited context. With “I fly to Rome tomorrow,” there’s a lot more places where you can use that. You don’t have to do this thing with “will.” You have these other options like “gonna” or just using the non-past form of the verb.
Lauren: There’s something about obligatoriness when it comes to tense.
Gretchen: It kind of reminds me of – remember the episode where we talked about evidentiality and how some languages you have to indicate the source of evidence that you have for something and other languages you can indicate the source of evidence, but you don’t have to?
Lauren: Yeah.
Gretchen: There’s this similar thing going on with tense where, in some contexts, you have to indicate this piece of time information – or in some languages – and in other contexts you don’t have to indicate this time information.
Lauren: For English, it’s a language where evidentiality is completely optional. You can add some words to express a phenomenon. Then tense, especially with the past/present distinction, is obligatory.
Gretchen: Mostly obligatory. I think everything is a continuum, right?
Lauren: Yeah. I definitely am always wary of anyone who has discrete and absolute categories for things because every time you’re like, “It’s obligatory,” you’ll find a context in English like that narrative present where you’re like, “Oh, no! It’s broken my brain.” Whereas, if you take a “Let’s just look at what the language is doing and build up our analysis,” it causes a lot less existential anxiety.
Gretchen: That’s the other thing about looking at what a language is doing is that it’s often useful to look at it internally based on whatever this language does in really unambiguous cases where it’s tense. That’s what we can use as our diagnostic for these more ambiguous cases. If English didn’t have past tense either, then maybe we would say that “will” was a future tense. But because English does this thing with suffixes generally or irregular forms of the verb to be past, then we can say, “Well, ‘will’ is clearly doing that’s different from that and it seems like it makes more sense if we group ‘will’ in with ‘can’ and ‘might’ and ‘should,’ rather than grouping ‘will’ in with the past ‘-ed’ ending.
Lauren: I think that’s fair enough to start with the examples of what we have that are people are very strongly expressing their reliable feelings about the grammar – and work up from there. There’s a quote that says this really pithily, which is, “Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey,” which is from Roman Jakobson in a 1959 book.
Gretchen: That’s really pithy because it lets us say, “Well, languages can all talk about time or they can all talk about sources of evidence but that doesn’t necessarily mean that they all have tense or they all have evidentiality because those are the grammatical reflexes of those things in the real world.”
Lauren: Just as we talked about English not having grammatical evidentiality, we have languages that don’t have grammatical marking of tense. The thing I find interesting about these examples is when we don’t have something – English speakers are like, “Well, of course we can get by without evidentiality,” and then it’s a bit more of a leap for someone who’s used to speaking a language with grammatical tense imagining speaking a language without one. But if a language must convey something with tense, that’s gonna be very different to being able to talk about time more generally – without it being part of the grammar.
Gretchen: Because even if a language doesn’t have specific things that only do tense stuff, they’re gonna have words like “yesterday” or “tomorrow” or “in the future” or “in the past” or something like that. That’s still gonna let you convey that. It’s similar, again, to doing number on words. We have “dog” and “dogs” in English but we could also just have “one dog” and “two dog” and “many dog” and we would still be able to convey that information even though we wouldn’t have the specific, additional grammatical thing that’s conveying that information.
Lauren: Languages like Vietnamese and Thai and Mandarin and Burmese all don’t have these grammatically obligatory markers. People will, if they need to in context, use words in much the same way in English we talk about tomorrow or later or whatever. They don’t have that same obligatory verb marking.
Gretchen: I think that there’s a Latin-based prejudice that a lot of – especially the European tradition of approaching language which is like, “Well, if it’s not a prefix or a suffix, it’s not grammar.” That’s not what we’re saying because you could have a short little word – Mandarin, for example, has a question particle that you just put in sentences to make them a question. That’s a grammatical feature. English doesn’t have an obligatory extra word to add to questions just to make them questions. That’s a case where you do have something that’s obligatorily grammatical. So, it’s not saying that there aren’t other obligatory grammatical features that you can do even if your language is a bunch of short words rather than fewer, longer words, but it’s, “Is this obligatory?” “Is this something that you have to add to something?”
Lauren: If we had to say “now” in English any time we talked about the present, then that’s as much a choice of grammar because of its obligatoriness not just because it’s something that sticks on the end of a verb.
Gretchen: One interesting example that came up for me recently when it came to languages having tense is Scottish Gaelic, which is a language that I studied briefly when I was in middle school and then I’ve been returning to because they added Scottish Gaelic to Duolingo and, you know, it’s a language. Something that’s interesting about Scottish Gaelic is that it kind of doesn’t really for the most part have a present tense.
Lauren: Ah, interesting. So, you can obviously, once you start thinking about each language has a different way of approaching segmenting time up into grammatical tenses, it can be interesting to look across languages as to how they segment them. Vietnamese doesn’t segment time up into any specific grammatical tenses. And then a language like Scottish Gaelic has – it has a future and a past? Is that what happens?
Gretchen: Well, the thing that makes me hedge it a lot and say, “kind of doesn’t really,” is because the only verb that has a present tense form is “to be.”
Lauren: Okay. That’s a big one.
Gretchen: Right. It’s a really important verb and it does a whole lot of stuff. Then, all of the other verbs have future forms and past forms, and then they also have – and this is where you get a little bit tricky – they also have forms like the sort of de-verbal noun form. If you have a verb like “see,” there’s no just “I see.” That’s not a thing you can say in Scottish Gaelic. Irish, I think, works differently. So, I’m not talking about Irish. I don’t know how Irish works.
Lauren: I’m trying really hard to not respond with “Hm, I see.”
Gretchen: You can say things like, “I am,” in Gaelic but you can’t just say, “I see.” What you want to say instead if you’re talking about the present is “I am seeing.”
Lauren: Because you are using the “be” verb to do the present heavy lifting.
Gretchen: Exactly. You can say, “I am seeing,” “I was seeing,” “I will be seeing,” and this all uses the same form of “seeing,” which is the noun-y form – the same one that you could use for something like “Seeing is great.” Then, you also have separate forms of the verb “to see,” which mean “will see” and “saw.” In the future, you can say, “I will be seeing” or “I will see.” And in the past, you can say, “I saw,” or “I was seeing.” But in the present, all you have is “I’m seeing.” There’s no just “I see.”
Lauren: It’s a bit like the English future in terms of obligatoriness being a slightly squishy concept.
Gretchen: Right. Obligatoriness is slightly different, and this is why. It kind of has a present because “to be” conjugates everywhere in all of the different forms. It’s also weird because “have,” which you might think is also a pretty basic verb, is expressed in Gaelic by saying something is “at” someone. If I say, “I have a cat,” I would say something like, “A cat is at me.” That’s how I say “have.” Again, you can just use “be” to convey “have” because it’s got this idiomatic construction. This was something that confused me when I was first learning Gaelic in middle school because they only taught us the verb “to be.” They taught it to us in a whole bunch of tenses and stuff, and they taught us these forms like “will be seeing” and “was seeing” and “am seeing” – all with the same one form. It was like, “Guys, I just – are you gonna teach us any other verbs at some point rather than just this one ‘seeing’ form? Surely there are more verbs in this language.”
Lauren: You were going into it with your English speaker category expectations.
Gretchen: Right. On the one hand, being an English speaker gave me an advantage because English also does this in a lot of contexts, right? English often says something like, “I am seeing” or “I am eating” or “I am walking down the street,” rather than “I walk down the street” or “I eat” or “I see.” English does this more than a lot of European languages. Some people have proposed that English does this thing because of influence from Scottish Gaelic, and this link has not been proven, so it is probably not actually true. It would be a fun hypothesis if it was true, but it’s not. English does do something similar just not quite as robustly. It was really confusing to me because I was coming from having learned French, where I was given all of these verb forms, and then they were trying to keep it easy for the Gaelic learners and just give us the minimum stuff you need because you really can get very far with only “to be.”
Lauren: We’ve seen some languages with a couple of tense distinctions like English or Scots Gaelic. We’ve seen languages with no tense distinctions. If we go the other way, we can look at languages that have multiple tense distinctions beyond what we see in languages like English. They segment that passage of time up into much smaller categories.
Gretchen: Yes! I love more tenses.
Lauren: Once you see this, you’re like, “We are really underperforming in the tense category department.”
Gretchen: It’s always really exciting to see something you don’t have and you’re like, “Ooo!”
Lauren: The examples I’ve always heard of have come from the area of Papua New Guinea, which just has wonderful levels of language diversity.
Gretchen: Papua New Guinea has, like, a sixth of the languages in the world, right?
Lauren: Yeah.
Gretchen: Like, 1000 languages.
Lauren: Islands and mountains all do great things for linguistic diversity. Tifal is a language of Papua New Guinea in the Ok family. It has at least six tense distinctions. There is a present tense. Then, there is a “yesterday” past, a distant past, and a very remote past. Then, going the other way, there is a near future and a distant future.
Gretchen: Very nice. I like it.
Lauren: These are all distinct suffixes that are added to the verb to indicate the time relative to now of something that you’re talking about.
Gretchen: Again, it’s one of those things where there are ways of saying this in English but they’re not as obligatory or as directly encoded in some sort of obligatory thing. You can always say, “A long, long time ago in a galaxy far, far away.” Or sometimes people make this distinction between “will” and “gonna.” But you don’t have this robust way of distinguishing between these different – you know, remote past and just simple past.
Lauren: If I talk about when I was in school, I’m probably using the distant past rather than the “yesterday” past. Context does a lot of heavy lifting and we often don’t give it enough credit when it comes to things like marking time.
Gretchen: Well, yeah, because you might, in some contexts, talk about when I was in school as the recent past because you’re contrasting that with something that happened 1000 years ago. Then, in other contexts, you might talk about it as the remote past if you’re talking with somebody who graduated last year.
Lauren: A language may have particular grammatical categories but sometimes, when you look at how they’re used, there’re particular conventions. I don’t know specifically for Tifal, but it may be that the very remote past is only used for origins and legends and myths and those kind of things. They’re not for the time that humanity has been living like they are now. There’s multiple things happening here. There’s the tense marking – it’s how it fits with actual time. Then, there are also genre conventions like we talked about with the English narrative past that uses the present.
Gretchen: Right. Again, even if you have a language where there’s a tense that indicates this myth and legend type past, it’s like how in English you use “once upon a time” to signal that something’s a fairy tale, but you can also use “once upon a time” to signal that you’re talking about something as if it’s a fairy tale. When you say, “Once upon a time, these two linguists got together and started a podcast,” this doesn’t mean that it’s a myth, but it’s we’re talking about Lingthusiasm’s origin story as if it were a myth using the myth frame even though, yes, very clearly this happened in a fathomable past where we were actually there and it’s not like Cinderella where it’s a fairy tale story.
Lauren: Context and genre are really important when we’re thinking about how language is used as well as the abstracted structure of it.
Gretchen: I think it’s neat to emphasise how these different types of tenses can be subverted so that there’s a canonical use and then there’s a playful use where you could put something as if it’s in that space as well. We talk about tense as “It’s time,” but it’s not always, strictly speaking, “time.” Another thing that comes up a lot when you talk about tense is other relationships that people could have to time. Sometimes, you talk about something as being an ongoing thing, or you talk about something as happening at one discrete point, or you talk about certain attitudes that you have towards whether something is happening or not. Those are generally lumped into different categories like mood and aspect, which can relate to tense but aren’t exactly the same thing as tense. I think we have to save those for another episode.
Lauren: We’ve already talked about evidentiality, which is often lumped into those categories. We’re talking about tense now. We’ve still got aspect and modality to look forward to.
Gretchen: Stay tuned for more things about how we think about time. But this one is just about where it is with respect to the personal timeline.
Lauren: Once you start looking at the variation, and you’re like, “Oh, I would like three past tense distinctions.” Another thing that would be very nifty is a grammatical tense that is specifically for the current day. If we want to give it a Latinate category, the hodiernal tense, from Latin for “today.” It’s always so much fancier when you say it in Latin, for real.
Gretchen: I know! It’s really fun. I always try to not get too bugged down on the terminology, but then sometimes learning that there’s actually a fancy terminological word for something is the most delightful part. You can have a hodiernal tense.
Lauren: Hodiernal tense is in Mwera, which is a Bantu language of Tanzania. And apparently, Gretchen, the passé composé in French in the 17th Century was possibly used as hodiernal.
Gretchen: Oh, that’s neat. So, passé composé in French, if you were to literally translate into English, it’s like putting “have” before all of your past verbs. Things like, “I have written,” “I have gone,” “I have seen,” “I have walked,” except it’s used in French as a general past. You would say something like, “I have walked,” when in English you would say, “I walked.” There is this other form in French that’s equivalent to “I walked” which is only used in literature now. It’s not used in ordinary conversations or even in casual writing. It’s one of those cases where something starts out as this restricted, casual, only “today” or something tense, and then it gets gradually expanded into being used as a default, unmarked past tense. Then, the other one becomes literary.
Lauren: Also a good reminder that the role of tenses aren’t fixed and static forever. Language is always changing, and evolving, and maybe one day English will have something we can call a definite grammatical future just in the way that French, for a brief period in the 17th Century, may have had hodiernal tense for a while.
Gretchen: That is neat. Certain words that start out as being very concrete can achieve this level of grammaticalisation. This is a thing that I really enjoy about grammaticalisation because when words become used grammatically, they often also get shorter. The original form, the concrete one, can’t necessarily shorten the same way as the grammatical one. Here’s an example – you can’t say, “I’m gonna the airport.”
Lauren: No. That does not sit with me.
Gretchen: You can say, “I’m gonna go to the airport.”
Lauren: Yes. That’s fine.
Gretchen: You think of “going to” and “gonna” as being equivalent to each other. They kind of are, but not in the literal sense. If I’m like, “I’m gonna the airport,” uhhhh... something’s broken – doesn’t work. Whereas, you can say, “I’m gonna go to the airport,” “I’m gonna fly to Rome,” or something like this, but you can’t do it in that bit. The same with “will,” which starts out meaning something like “want” or “wish” before it went to future.
Lauren: As in, like, a legal will?
Gretchen: Yeah. Exactly.
Lauren: Like, a thing that you write. Yeah.
Gretchen: But when it refers to the future, it can get shorted into “-ll,” as in “I’ll” or “you’ll” or something like this. But you can’t have “my last’ll and testament.”
Lauren: I think my brain got broken by trying to think of – that does not work, no.
Gretchen: No. It just doesn’t work. Even though “will” starts out as meaning “want” or “wish,” this “-ll” bit, that can only be used in a tense sort of way. Maybe that’s where – if we develop a future tense in English – that’s where it will develop. That would be interesting because that would be putting future tense on “I” and “you” and other pronouns rather than putting it on the verb like we currently do.
Lauren: There is definitely cases where we have tense being on things other than the verb in other languages. English wouldn’t be the first language to do this. But when you’re used to thinking about tense as being a feature of the verb and being marked somewhere very close to the verb, it is definitely – English wouldn’t be the first language to do this. One example of a language that can do this is Kaiadilt, which is an Australian language. If you wanted to have a difference between the sentence, “I will go to the beach” and “I went to the beach,” you mark it with a suffix on the noun “beach.”
Gretchen: So, “I go to the present beach,” “I go to the future beach,” “I go to the former beach”?
Lauren: Yes.
Gretchen: I mean, I guess you can do this in some restricted contexts in English. You can say, “My former teacher” or “the late Mr. So-and-So,” or “This is an ex-parrot,” and that can refer to something that is no longer whatever the thing is.
Lauren: These are suffixes that go onto the noun in the way that we think of tense suffixes going onto a verb.
Gretchen: Right. But these are specifically talking about – it’s not that it’s not a beach anymore.
Lauren: No. It is still very much an existing, ongoingly, beach.
Gretchen: That’s interesting. It’s just that I’m not there anymore. Okay. Sometimes, we talk about language being constrained by the biological laws of human anatomy. There’re certain sounds we can make, there’re certain sounds we can’t make. There’re certain ways we can configure our hands. There’re certain ways we can’t configure our hands. Sometimes, we talk about language as being constrained by the fact basically all of its speakers of human languages are on this pale blue dot that’s revolving around the sun, and we have words for days and years because we all share this as part of the human experience. I think maybe another element of this is talking about languages being constrained by physics. We don’t have any natural human languages that have words for the tenses involved in time travel because time travel, so far, is not a thing, so none of the languages have had to develop them. But, in theory, this could happen.
Lauren: This would be very difficult to approach as an English speaker because, as we’ve demonstrated in this episode, one of the ways we test the obligatoriness and the grammaticality of tense as opposed to talking about time is to check people’s intuitions because if something’s obligatory, then removing it or changing it should change people’s intuitions. If you’re talking about using past tense, we expect that events that are bounded by the past can’t be interacted with in the same way as events that will happen in the future. We use that as part of our intuition building. Can you imagine, Gretchen, how much linguistic theory would be broken if suddenly a whole bunch of sentences could be valid because people could time travel?
Gretchen: Right. So, saying something like, “I was there tomorrow” or “I will be there yesterday” – suddenly, maybe you need to be able to do this because you’ve time travelled.
Lauren: The Cambridge Grammar of English is already big enough, and this is my main argument against time travel.
Gretchen: It’s already, like, 2000 pages, and if it’s time travel, we’d need to double the size of the tense chapter.
Lauren: It’s gonna be a lot of work. It could be fun though.
Gretchen: I think it could keep linguists employed for a long time figuring out how to do this.
[Music]
Lauren: For more Lingthusiasm, and links to all the things mentioned in this episode, go to lingthusiasm.com. You can listen to us on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, SoundCloud, or wherever else you get your podcasts. You can follow @lingthusiasm on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Tumblr. You can get IPA scarves, IPA ties, and other Lingthusiasm merch at lingthusiasm.com/merch. I tweet and blog as Superlinguo.
Gretchen: I can be found as @GretchenAMcC on Twitter, my blog is AllThingsLinguistic.com, and my book about internet language is called Because Internet. To listen to bonus episodes, join our Discord chatroom, and help keep the show ad-free, go to patreon.com/lingthusiasm or follow the links from our website. Recent bonus topics include a special neural net generated episode of Lingthusiasm – where we read out the results of the neural net – the future of English, and onomatopoeia. Can’t afford to pledge? That’s okay, too. We also really appreciate it if you can recommend Lingthusiasm to anyone who needs a little more linguistics in their life.
Lauren: Lingthusiasm is created and produced by Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne. Our senior producer is Claire Gawne, our editorial producer is Sarah Dopierala, and our music is Ancient City by The Triangles.
Gretchen: Stay lingthusiastic!
[Music]
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