Mythic Creatures by Culture & Region
Part 1: Indigenous Australia & the Indigenous Americas
The other day, I made a list of mythic creatures, mostly based on Wikipedia. I decided to try and sort this list by regions & cultures, as one does.
Note: This list is a pretty complete accounting of beings that Wikipedia documents, not of indigenous words for unverified beings in general. Just as the linked list above mentions, Wikipedia has a more complete list of deities, stories about ghosts and lake monsters or sea monsters.
I am still pondering how to deal with this list, both in order to avoid its abuse (and be responsible about its inclusions) and in order to make it a genuinely helpful list for writers and artists to make art that can steer clear of the usual "I turned the Quileutes into shapeshifters and the actual Quileute received no support from me even now that I am a RUFBA (rich and famous bestselling author)".
Australia
Aboriginal Australian
Wikipedia is terrible about Aboriginal Australian cultures and often doesn't document which culture something comes from. Edit: Thanks to the Wiki article "List of Australian Aboriginal mythological figures" I was able to list a few more figures and beings from aboriginal Australia.
Southeast Australia (New South Wales):
Bundjalung people (in New South Wales)
Dirawong
Gandangara people (in New South Wales)
Gurangatch, Mirragañ
Gamilaraay people (in New South Wales)
Baiama/Baayami, Bahloo/Baaluu, Birrahgnooloo/Birrangulu, Daramulum/Dharramalan, Ganhanbili, Kabbitha/Kubbitha, Mungoon-Gali, Ouyouboolooey, Wurrunna, Yhi/Yaraay/Yaay
Yuin people (in New South Wales)
Dulagal (predatory child-eater with red eyes, no neck and a long forehead, and walking "from side to side")
Northern Australia (Northern Territory)
Kunapipi (cross-cultural myth in Northern Australia, likely with Indonesian origins), Malingee (cross-cultural myth for Arrernte and Pitjantjatjara and others), Tjilpa-men (significant mythic figures in Arrernte, Anmatyerre, Kaytetye, Ngalia, Ilpara and Kukatja stories. Tjilpa is the Arrernte word for quoll), Manuriki (allegedly a god of beauty, has no wiki page), Mimi (fae of Arnhem Land. Definitely a part of Bininj culture (based on the fact that the picture of a Mimi shown on Wikipedia is drawn by a Bininj artist) but probably also other cultures in Arnhem land, such as the Yolngu and Maung), Ngiṉṯaka (giant lizard of Aṉangu and Pitjantjatjara folklore, like the lizard Adnoartina of Diyari lore Ngiṉṯaka is associated with Uluru), Onur (allegedly a Karraur lunar deity, but neither Onur nor Karraur have wiki pages), Wawalag (cross-cultural story across all of Arnhem land) 2 sisters (1 who gives birth) who get swallowed by Yulunggur the Rainbow Serpent who smells the blood of the newborn), Yulunggur (smells blood, lives in a waterhole, controls thunder and lightning and uses his control of the weather in the story of the Wawalag to hunt the women -- after he swallows them he sings their songs, he also regurgitates them and devours them again and finally they turn to stone, see Wawalag page on Wikipedia)
Anindilyakwa people
Ipilja-ipilja (100ft gecko of Anindilyakwa myth. Adorned with hairs and whiskers. Spews swamp water to make the clouds of the sky, thunder is ipilja-ipilja's roaring. Ipilja-ipilja's home is a swamp filled with deadly waters. Similar to legends of maratji by Tiwi and Iwaidja people)
Arrernte people
Altjira, Ankotarinja, Inapertwa (simple ancestral beings formed into all plants, birds, animals and later humans), Karora, Mangar-kunjer-kunja, Wambeen (evil lightning-hurling figure who targets travellers), Yee-Na-Pah (a thorny devil spirit girl who marries and echidna spirit man)
Binbinga people
Bobbi-bobbi (serpent of heaven, supplied humanity with flying foxes for food, gave them one of his ribs as 1st boomerang, which humans hurled at him and caused bobbi-bobbi to abandon helping humanity), Ulanji (snake god who travelled the land, at every stop in his travels giving rise to spirits which turns these places into mungai (totem animal spots).
Erathipa, a boulder that has the shape of a pregnant woman (also Warumungu story)
Bininj people
Garkain the Recluse (leathery-winged predatory being whose victim's souls are forced to forever wander the vast jungles of their final resting place), Mamaragan/Namarrkon (sacred being that for the dry season takes the form of grasshoppers and attracts aljurr (“Leichardt’s grasshopper”) during thunderstorms -- Mamaragan sits on clouds and causes the thunder and lightning), Wurugag and Waramurungundi (the first people -- Waramurungundi is said to have given birth to all living things and taught humanity their languages), Yawyawk (shape-shifting mermaids who live in waterholes, freshwater springs, and rock pools, cause the weather and are related by blood or through marriage (or depending on the tradition, both) to the rainbow serpent Ngalyod).
Diyari people
Adnoartina (the lizard guard of Uluru)
Iwaidja people
Maratji (see Tiwi section below)
Jawoyn people
Barraiya (creator of the first vagina), Eingana (goddess of death & rainbow snake whose body during the rainy season releases birds, snakes, animals, plants and children and whose body is connected with a sinew to all living things which keeps them alive)
Murrinh-Patha people
Nogomain (god who made himself from nothingness and is responsible for the birth of beautiful and good children or the finding of honey), Tjinimin (short-nosed bat god who lost his nose after hanging upside down in a tree to long, sulking because he wasn't allowed to have sex with the Green Parrot-girls, daughters of the Rainbow Serpent Kunmanggur).
Tiwi people
Maratji (lizards guarding waterholes, cause floods, thunderstorms when intruded upon -- resemble ipilja-ipilja), Papinijuwari (a type of one-eyed giant which feeds on the bodies of the dead and the blood of the sick), Wuriupranili (sun goddess, almost identical to the Yolngu sun goddess Walu's myth, though Wikipedia doesn't mention Wuriupranili having a daughter)
Warlpiri people
Bluetongue Lizard (elderly trickster), Minawara and Multultu
Warumungu people
Erathipa, a boulder that has the shape of a pregnant woman (also Binbinga story)
urkulu nappaurinnia (snake god, father of all snakes, miles long, urkulu nappaurinnia is the safer name to use in public, because if it's actual name is invoked to much it spells disaster)
Yolngu people
Bamapana (trickster spirit that causes discord), Banaitja (creator deity), Barnumbirr (creator goddess), Djang'kawu (3 creator gods, siblings), Galeru (rainbow snake who swallowed the Djang'kawu), Julunggul, Mokoi (wicked spirit that kills sorcerers who use black magic, also kidnaps and eats children), Walu (sun goddess who carries a torch from east to west each day...once accompanied by her daughter Bara, but parted ways when it became obvious that the Earth became too hot), Wuluwaid/Wuluwait (rain god),
Northeast Australia (Queensland)
Anjea (fertility goddess, according to a dubious source originating at the Pennefather River... whose inhabitants appear to have been genocided or at least disappeared. Apparently Anjea is part of a religion that involves rebirth and the goddess carries souls with them between their death and rebirth. Souls stay with Anjea for years and Anjea makes babies and places them inside wombs.)
Gaiya (a dingo of the Dreaming, larger than the tree tops who hunts humans is reborn and then domesticated to become the friendly ("man's best friend") dingos of today, story from lower Cape York Peninsula -- there's a picture book about the myth by a Lardil artist called Giant Devil Dingo, but there are more than 30 language groups in Cape York Peninsula & I have no idea whether the story is only told among the Lardil people)
Min Min light a will-o-wisp like light phenomenon in Cloncurry area (may come from folklore of the Mitakoodi, Kalkadoon and Pitta Pitta aboriginal people)
Yarri (tree-climbing predatory animal along the Herbert River (possibly part of the myths of speakers of the Warrgamay language or Warrongo language)).
Kabi Kabi people
Dhakhan (god, giant serpent with tail of giant fish, lives in waterholes, shapeshifts into rainbow to travel between waterholes, creator of the serpents/snakes that live in waterholes)
Kuku Buyunji people
Yalungur (eagle or hawk, castrated to make the first woman)
Kuuku-Ya'u people
I'wai (culture hero, represented as a crocodile in the Dreaming and as a human, brings the Kuuku-Ya'u people of Cape York Peninsula their religious rites and ceremonies)
South Australia
Bunyip (said to lurk in swamps, billabongs, creeks, riverbeds, and waterholes)
Adnyamathanha people
Akurra (snake deity), Bila (cannibal sun goddess)
Kaurna people
Tjilbruke (man of the Dreaming who through his actions creates parts of the landscape and upon his death becomes a wading bird -- in some stories an ibis, in others a crane, etc.)
Ngarrindjeri people
Kondole (Ramindjeri group among the Ngarrindjeri tell of how a man named Kondole was speared -- his attackers became animals and birds, while Kondole became the first whale and the spear wound his blowhole), Mar'rallang (twin sisters with identical names, whose lover becomes the planet Mars), Minka Bird foretells death, Muldjewangk (water spirit or spirits), Thardid Jimbo (cannibal giant), Whowie (six-legged seven-meter long frog-headed goanna who menaces people by the Murray River)
Possibly Ngarrindjeri
Kinie Ger is a character from the Dreaming: like the quoll (which is a small fox-like animal that Kinie Ger's head and chest resemble) Kinie Ger is a vicious and manipulative creature, but he has humans hands and arms, legs and feet and he uses human weapons to torment and kill the other people of the Dreaming. Kinie Ger murders children (who are of the Dreaming, meaning they are both child animals and human children) to torment their parents and he will target many other people too. When Kinie Ger finally got his comeuppance and was killed, the shy and tiny quoll came from Kinie Ger's corpse. While the story is recorded by David Unaipon (of the Ngarrindjeri people), Unaipon (who is on the Australian 50$ bill) traveled all over Australia collecting aboriginal stories from other cultures (such as the Arrernte) -- because Unaipon didn't mark which culture the story came from (but does sometimes remark "this story came from X culture") I have the suspicion this is a Ngarrindjeri story, but I could be totally off the mark.
Yara-ma-yha-who, monstrous bloodsucking dwarf, first recorded by David Unaipon, so possibly Ngarrindjeri in origin, but potentially from a totally different part of Australia (see Kinie Ger).
Tasmania
Moinee (creator deity who created humanity, child of the sun Parnuen and Vena the moon), Droemerdene (Moinee's twin brother), Rageowrapper (spirit of winds, who brings diseases)
Southeast Australia (state of Victoria)
Baiame (culture hero of the Wonnarua, Kamilaroi, Guringay, Eora, Darkinjung, and Wiradjuri peoples), Daramulum (son of Baiame, shapeshifting sky god portrayed as emu-tailed, among above-mentioned cultures and central to the religion of the Yuin nation), Lo-an-tuka, wife of Loo-errn and Loo-errn, spirit ancestor and guardian of the Brataualung people and ancestor to the Bunurong people -- Loo-errn transformed the Black Swan girls (the Koonawara sisters) into nasty beings by cursing them, then chased them across the sky, incidentally bringing granite formations into existence beneath them; Thinan-malkia, evil spirit who captures victims with nets that entangle their feet and is not attributed to any specific culture on Wikipedia; Tiddalik is a frog who drank all the water in the land, and had to be made to laugh to regurgitate it (the legend is widespread, but the Gunai people, one of the groups that tell the story, are often attributed as the authors of the Tiddalik story)
Gunai people
Nargun, fierce half-human, half-stone creature
Kulin nation
Balayang (bat god, brother to Bunjil), Binbeal (rainbow god, son of Bunjil), Bunjil (eaglehawk god), Karatgurk (the Pleiades in the stories of the Kulin's nations member group, the Wurundjeri people -- there are 7 Karatgurk sisters, but the Pleiades haven't been 7 stars since 100,000 years ago), Waang (trickster, culture hero, god, ancestral being, represented as a crow, involved in the Karatgurk story)
Wemba Wemba people
Bunyip (creature said to lurk in swamps, billabongs, creeks, riverbeds, and waterholes)
Wotjobaluk people
Gnowee (sun goddess who began as mortal woman that climbed into the sky with a torch to find her lost son, similar to Wuriupranili)
Western Australia
Karajari people
Bagadjimbiri (creator gods, two brothers who arose as dingoes, created sex organs from mushrooms and another fungus for the androgynous first humans and eventually became snakes and wandered into the sky), Dilga (fertility and growth goddess and mother of the Bagadjimbiri, when her sons were killed she drowned their murder spot in her milk and brought them back to life), Ngariman (quoll-man and enemy of the Bagadjimbiri, he was killed by drowning in the milk of their mother Dilga)
Luritja people
(Content Warning: sexual assault) Julana (god of wrongdoing, burrows through the sand to leap out and rape people), Njirana (a god and Julana's father)
Mandjindja people
(Content Warning: sexual assault) Kidili (a villain of the Dreaming whose attempts at raping women were thwarted by the Wati-kutjara brothers, who castrated him and taught him his wrongdoings -- the women got away and became the Pleiades)
Noongar people
Wagyl (rainbow serpent, lifegiving force)
WDCB (Western Desert Cultural Block)
Wirnpa - rainmaking snake, created the land around Percival Lakes (Martu people live there) during the Dreaming
Worrora cultural bloc
Wondjina mouthless cloud and rain spirits, associated with a rainbow serpent figure
Wunambal people
Ungud (fertility god, represented as snake or rainbow, sometimes male, sometimes female, sometimes androgynous, controls rainfall and monsoons, also associated with the widespread figure of Kunapipi)
North, Central & South America, Larger Indigenous Groupings
(I put the Muisca on this list because archaeologists argue over whether Muisca were an Empire or not when the Spanish arrived -- it struck me that indigenous groups that number in the millions or had large historic impact should be listed separately to emphasize either the large number of myths or their telling absence: either Wikipedia is ignoring their folklore or settlers have destroyed a lot of culture, likely both.)
Keep in mind that many of the listed "creatures" are actually wiki pages, not the names of the creatures.
Cross-Cultural
Coyote_Native; Deer Woman; Horned Serpent; Native Fairies (not a wiki page, instead an article online); Piasa; Rain Bird; Thunderbird; Transformer; Wechuge; Werewolf
Abenaki and Mi'qmak
Abenaki & Mi'kmaq beings; Apotamkin; Ask-wee-da-eed (Algonquin Abenaki not to be confused with the Algonquin dialect of Anishinaabemowin); Ato-sees (Algonquin Abenaki not to be confused with the Algonquin dialect of Anishinaabemowin) (possibly identical to Atosis); Azeban; Jenu; Jipijka'm; Kee-wakw; Kukwes; Odziozo (Algonquin Abenaki); Pamola
Anishinaabe
Aayaase; Baykok (Ojibwe); Elbow witches (Ojibwe); Memegwaans ; Memegwaanswag; Mishipeshu (Ojibwe); Mudjekeewis (Ojibwe); Nanabozho (Ojibwe); Wendigo (see linked page for information)
Aymara
Anchanchu
Aztec (mythic creatures mostly of either the Nahua peoples or the Mexica empire)
Ahuizotl killed one of Hernan Cortez' men; Chaneque; Cihuateteo; Cipactli; Death (wiki article with a section on Aztec beliefs about personified Death); Double-headed serpent; Feathered Serpent; Kukulkan; Mixtecatl; Nagual; Otomitl; Quetzalcoatl; Quinametzin; Tepēyōllōtl; Teyolía; The Stinking Corpse (giant); Tlahuelpuchi (Mexican state of Tlaxcala with deep roots in Nahua culture); Tlanchana (not Aztec but Matlatzinca); Tzitzimitl; Ulmecatl; Xelhua; Xicalancatl; Xiuhcōātl
Guarani
Aguara, among Ava Guarani (also among Chane); Ao Ao; Caipora; Curupira; Giant Water Lily Legend; Iara; Jasy Jatere; Kurupi; Luison; Maní; Mapinguari; Mbói Tu'ĩ; Moñái; Muiraquitã; Pombero; Teju Jagua
Iroquois
Awes-kon-wa (specifically Mohawk); Flying Head; Gaoh; Hé-no also among Seneca; Iroquois Myths; Jogah
Lakota
Anpao; Čanotila; Čhápa (allegedly Lakota beaver spirit according to a wiki stub page); Heyoka; Iktomi; Iya; Unhcegila; Untunktahe; Wakinyan
Mapuche
Anchimayen; Cherufe; Chonchon; Coi-coi vilu; Cola Pesce; Gualicho; Ngen; Nguruvilu; Pillan; Piuchén; Ten-ten vilu; Titivillus; Trentren Vilu and Caicai Vilu; Wekufe
Maya
Alux; Camazotz; Feathered Serpent; Qʼuqʼumatz; Vision Serpent; Wayob; Xtabay; Yum Kaax; Zipacna
Muisca
Guahaioque
Navajo
Anaye ; Chindi; Coyote_Navajo (not identical to Coyote_Native); Skin-walker; Yeii
Quechua
Amaru; Amarum; Chullachaki; Muki
NDN / First Nations Smaller Groups North, Central, South America
Cross-Cultural
Alicanto (Atacama desert in Chile); Amala a giant who holds the world; Chaná myths; Swan Maiden; Urayuli; World Turtle; Yacumama (Ashaninka but from Quechua); Yacuruna (all across the Amazon); Yahui Mixtecan; Yehasuri Catawba; Abúhukü (Cubeo people, but this one doesn't have a wiki page, iirc)
Algonquin
Chenoo
Cahuilla
Muut
Chane
Aguara, also among Ava Guarani
Cherokee
Ani Hyuntikwalaski; Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï; Moon-eyed people; Nun'Yunu'Wi; Nûñnë'hï; Spearfinger; Trahlyta; Tsul 'Kalu; Yacumama ; Tlanusi
Chickasaw
Creator: Ababinili (a god, not really a "creature" -- but Wikipedia in its infinite non-racist wisdom lists Ababinili in the creature category); Panti'
Chilote
Basilisco Chilote; Caballo marino chilote; Caleuche; Chilote Creatures; Imbunche; Pincoy; Pincoya; Sirena chilota; Trauco
Chinook-Wawa
Skookum
Choctaw
Choctaw myths
Chukchi
Ke'le ; Ke'let; Krachai; Kutkh
Cree
Mannegishi
Crow
Awwakule mischevious little people also known as Little People of the Pryor Mountains (they have 2 wiki articles, the one for "Little People of the Pryor Mountains" has way more detail than the one for "Awwakule". Yikes)
Cuiba, Colombia & Venezuela
Kayeri
Haida
Gonakadet
Halkomelem
Seelkee
Kawaiiso
Haakapainiži
Kwakwaka'wakw
Bakwas; Dzunuḵ̓wa (also among Nuu-chah-nulth folklore); Sisiutl
Lenape
Rainbow Crow
Lushootseed
Ayahos causes earthquakes, possibly connected to earthquakes around year 900 AD
Miskito
Wihwin
Muskogee
Altamaha-ha in Georgia, U.S.A
Narragansett
Chepi
Northern Paiute
Si-Te-Cah
Nuu-chah-nulth
Andaokut; Dzunuḵ̓wa also Kwakwaka'wakw; Haietlik; Malahas; Nuu-chah-nulth mythology
Pomo
Pomo religion
Powhatan
Okeus
Rapa Nui
Aku-aku
Secwepemp
Ogopogo
Seminole
Fastachee
Seneca
Djieien; Gaasyendietha; Gaoh; Hé-no also Iroquois
Shoshone
Dzoavits; Nimerigar
Taino
Hupia; Lusca (maybe Taino?); Zemi
Talamanca
Hurricane children; Káchabuké
Tlingit
Gonakadet; Ka-Ha-Si and among Tsimshian; Kushtaka
Tupinamba
Agnen; Anhangá, also found among the Mawe, Tupi. Very upsetting to missionaries. Recognized by Bantu (Umbundu) ex-slaves.
Wampanoag
Maushop; Pukwudgie (this is listed under "Ojibwe legendary creatures" & that is the point where it should be obvious that I am not the best at understanding cultural relationships and which cultures are part of a greater whole or where Wiki categorizations may be misleading or a being part of several cultural traditions.)
Pueblo
Achiyalabopa; Ahöl Mana kachina among Hopi; Ahöla kachina among Hopi; Aholi kachina among Hopi; Ahul a Hopi god; Angak kachina among Hopi; Angwusnasomtaka kachina among Hopi; Awelo similar to kachina, derived from Spanish "abuelo" (grandfather); Blue Star Kachina; Chakwaina Hopi and Zuni; Chaveyo; Eoteto kachina among Hopi; Hú kachina among Hopi; Kachina; Kokopelli; Muyingwa; Nataska; Patung; Polik-anna; Pueblo clown; Rain Bird; Toho (kachina)
Tewa
Awanyu plumed serpent
Zuni
Achiyalatopa, possibly the same as Achiyalabopa; Átahsaia; Kyanakwe
Inuit
Adlet, Greenland / Hudson Bay coast / Labrador coast; Adlivun, spirits of the dead; Agloolik; Ahkiyyini Alaskan; Akhlut; Amaguq; Amarok; Idlirvirissong; Ijiraq; Iliamna Lake Monster; Issitoq; Kigatilik; Kikituk; Nanook; Nootaikok; Qallupilluit; Qiqirn; Tariaksuq; The Goose Wife; Tizheruk; Torngarsuk; Tupilaq
allegedly Inuit; Auvekoejak
Innu (Labrador, north Quebec); Atshen
Yu'Pik (West Alaska)
Amikuk; Negafook; Qamulek
Please feel free to let me know mistakes. That includes adding disclaimers for beings being sacred and not to be used by outsiders in art, such as with the Ojibwe wendigo.
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Hi Sophie! What kind of music do you like? I’ve been curious
I can tell you straight off the top of my head that I love Beyonce, Alabama Shakes, Dolly Parton, Fall Out Boy, Laura Marling, Cardi B, Kesha, and so many others!
But! As my Spotify will tell you, haha, I actually mostly listen to Australian music, because Australia has a bonkers-good music scene, and I hope you don’t mind me taking the opportunity to spruik it.
(Putting it behind a cut because I’m popping in YouTube videos where I can / where tumblr will let me.)
Thelma Plum
I love, love, love Thelma Plum! She’s a First Nations singer-songwriter who has so many incredible songs on her (currently small!) backlog, but Better in Blak is just such an awesome song, and I can never recommend it highly enough.
(And double recommendation because she’s been hospitalised with coronavirus after touring and just got out the other day, so fingers crossed she stays well!)
Jack River
Great, fun, indie rock! She’s a gem!
Baker Boy
I’ve always enjoyed Baker Boy’s music, but I actually worked with him at one of my freelance writing gigs last year, and he was just a GEM in so many ways, plus a dream to work with on a difficult job, and it’s meant I’ll spruik him forever, haha. He’s an incredible dude, and an awesome artist. He often raps, as he does in the above video, half in English, and half in Yolngu Matha.
Plus he puts out some straight bangers, like this one!
Josh Pyke
Josh Pyke is musically so folksy, and - - I don;t know. I’ve always loved his stuff, and I’ve seen him a few times live and this song will forever be one of my favourites. I just love the idea of locking away from the world with someone you love, and this song encompasses that ten-fold.
The Waifs
This is a bit of a relatively old-school Australian folk group, but my mum and my aunt used to play them a lot for me growing up, and I just really love them. In particular, Lighthouse was always a song that meant a lot to me, I think in no small part because of this lyric:
Lighthouse man can't help us allSome he'll save and some will fallHe'll show you where the danger liesBut he can't help it if you capsizeSteer your own ship back to shoreHe'll light your way but that is all
Sampa the Great
Amazingly, one of her songs actually was on Good Girls this season! I died a little in the best way! Sampa the Great is an awesome artist, and one you should totally jump on.
Missy Higgins
And sure, she’s not for everyone, but her cover of NYE is probably one of my favourite songs of all time, and has meant so much to me over the years. I’d listen to it, if you can.
What songs do you guys love?
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