#wyandot lake

[mumblelard]

the lizard or the grape was undrinkable but punch blast has the nostalgic flavor of adolescent dextromethorphan abuse

the citgo dollar bucket giveth, and the citgo dollar bucket taketh away

[neechees]

What are all the native names for Canadian providences?

Kinda hard to answer, because the Canadian provinces are a pretty new phenomenon and are an arbitrary colonial boundary, so most Native languages do not have a translation for Canadian provinces. And to figure out names for some could be to like, still be following those colonial names.

HOWEVER, there's a few provinces that derive names from Indigenous languages: Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Nunavut means "our land" in Inuit, Saskatchewan is from the Cree kisiskâciwani-sîpiy which originally referred to the North Saskatchewan River & means "swift moving river", Manitoba is from the Ojibwe word manidoobaa meaning "Straits of the Great Spirit", Ontario is originally the Huron/Wyandot word Ontarí:io meaning "great lake", and Quebec comes from Kebec meaning "narrow strait" in Algonquin.

Also, the original name for Prince Edward Island was Abegweit which means "Land cradled by the waves" in Mi'kmaq

[honoringthor]

I’m taking the time to learn more about where I live outside of the local flours and fauna. I’m starting with

🦝The Eries . 🦝.

Their were a lot of Confederacies in the Northeast US

Chautauqua County, was once home to a people called the Erie who were nearly wiped out by the Haudenosaunee in the Beaver war. (Kind of had to drag myself out of a rabbit hole writing this)

They’re the people that Lake Erie, Erie County, and Erie, Pennsylvania are named after.

🐱The Erie were also called the Eriez, Nation du Chat, (Nation of the Cat) Yenresh, Eriechronen, and Riquérohon among other names. A lot of their various names reference long tail or cat. Possibly a reference to the now officially extinct eastern puma, a mythological entity, or raccoons. 🐈‍⬛🦝

They were Iroquoian* like most of the people living in the Northeast US. The Erie appear to have lived in a similar way to their neighbors. They lived in long houses arranged in palisaded villages because like everyone else they often got into skirmishes with neighbors. They farmed using the 3 sisters method🌽🫛🎃 The Erie are said to have used poison arrows and some wore puma or raccoon tails, hence their French name. They traded with the Sesquehannok and others. The Haudenosaunee say they came from the St. Laurence river valley and took over from a mound building society.

This information was gleaned from second hand accounts told by other indigenous peoples, especially the Huron, to Jesuit priests and trappers. Despite not really interacting with Europeans as far as we know, The Eries demise was indirectly caused by them. This was through a combination of European disease (entire communities were wiped out)and the and the demand for beaver pelts which lead to the Beaver Wars.

🦫The disagreements escalated when the Erie overhunted the beavers they used to trade for European goods. They would give the pelts to other tribes who would pay them with European stuff, except guns, no one wanted them to have guns. Because of this they encroached on other peoples territory more than usual. During this time The Haudenosaunee League were also fighting with the Huron ( and pretty much everyone else) to gain a monopoly on beaver. (The Beaver war)The Huron were loosing, badly. The Erie took in some of the Huron refugees and refused to turn them over to the Haudenosaunee,specifically the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga. The Haudenosaunee were made up of 5 other tribes at the time, now it’s 6 and they’re a confederacy now. Erie also killed a Seneca sachem, Annencraos, during a raid into Seneca territory.

The Erie weren’t immediately attacked though. The Haudenosaunee and Erie had a peace conference to avoid a war. For some reason, possibly after losing multiple sporting events, the Erie leader started killing the delegates. They then went on to launch an assault on the Seneca. This is despite their biggest allies, the Sesquehannok, being unable to help them because they were actively being attacked by the Mohawk Oneida branch of the Haudenosaunee. This isolated the Erie. The Haudenosaunee also had guns and knew how to use them.

This started a war between the Haudenosaunee League and the Erie. The Erie held their own for the first year but In the end they were defeated, dispersed and absorbed. Some Eries went to Ohio and joined the Seneca and Cayuga there,( they ended up in Oklahoma) others may have went to Virginia and became the Rochahecrian, and South Carolina where they became the Westro.

Sources

Avon history OH

Eries

*Iroquoian refers to the ethnolingustic group the Eries, Huron Wyandot , Haudenosaunee Confederacy, Petun,Sesquehannok, and Cherokee among others belong to.

Probably going to write about the beavers wars and the Seneca later. May also post about the ill fated peace conference/sporting event too.

If anyone has anything to contribute feel free, I’d like to learn more.

[daywalkers-fic]

Hellooo, I'm also writing a story in a setting inspired by late 1800s America but quite different and a bit escapist in some aspects.

I wanted to ask, how do you handle the issue of colonialism in such a story, even when the story itself doesn't strive to be historically realistic. I want to write some decent rep for some indigenous characters but what Im concerned with is..is it an alright to make my setting resemble an American environment of that time but with colonialism missing from that universe..or is it irresponsible and erasure? If I add an equivalent, how do I go about acknowledging it?

I'm sorry,.I'm aware you're not indigenous but I still wanted to ask for your general thoughts on the topic considering you're working with the same genre with a fresh inclusive perspective. Also if you know any indigenous writers/individuals who happen to be into westerns I would love to know!

ooo hi! it’s always really fun to hear about other people’s works-in-progress :’)

to start, I want to plug @writingwithcolor as a total gem of a resource !! it is run by a panel of bipoc writers. I really recommend taking the time to explore their blog: they have research guides, resource recommendations, break downs of sterotypes and tropes + very meaningful answers to many writers sending asks.

one of their moderators, Lesya, is of the Kanien'kehá:ka (Mohawk) and Wyandot (Huron) in Canada. they’ve acknowledged that since they are not from territories that have been historically associated with the “old west” (more southwestern and plains), they can’t give specifics. still, they speak as an Indigenous person and writer:

together with the other moderators, Lesya has written many posts that made me re-think a lot of things (quite literally helping reorient myself on the questions of what exactly am I trying to write, why in this setting/time period, and with whom in mind)

Is the Western genre dead?

Destroying imperialism to avoid discussing racism?

On addressing native issues in a cowboy story

Tragedy exploitation and characters of colour

Guide on Cowboys: Cowboys of Colour in the West

Alternate History and Historical Accuracy

(1800s western) non-racist White characters interacting with Black and Native people

Highlighting points from the last linked post (above) that I very much agree with + and adding some notes onto them:

consider the setting of the world, even if it is fictional, where is it inspired by?

Lesya: “the western front is a catchall and has a collection of tropes akin to Fantasy World 29, but if you want to have some grounding in history, pick a state whose history you feel you can work with and do research roughly in that geographic area (e.g what Nation or tribe you are discussing, what the state policies [of genocide] at the time were…)”

I was exited to take this as an opportunity for me to really learn more about Plains and Southwestern Indigenous history since I from the Great Lakes region of North America! I believe a foundational resource is: https://www.whose.land/en/ that gives you a starting point of whose traditional territory is the land you’re on, and/or what region and then subsequently, whose land is inspiring your story. “Indigenous” is not a monolith. Each geographical region has its own peoples, culture, history!

what is your comfort level with writing about colonialism? Is the goal historical accuracy or alternative history?

Lesya: “the 1800s was a period of pure, unadulterated racism”

Yeah 1800s is synonymous with racism. Racism was necessary to justify colonialism. It justified slavery. It justified genocide. Sciences developing “studies” and “proof” in biology and psychology at this time even helped reaffirm the idea that Black and Indigenous peoples were indeed subhuman. This was codified in laws and policies around the world. Meanwhile, industrialization and “development” was paid for with the blood and labour of marginalized peoples (the working class, migrants, and most especially, black and brown people).

Lesya: “If you’re looking for any sort of grounding in historical reality, you’re dealing with that climate. There is absolutely, positively, no way around it. There is no way to make modern anti-racism and modern levels of ignorance fit in anything grounded historically.”

that said, historical fantasy and fluffy escapism is ok, too! again, depends on your goals, capacities, intentions.

Lesya: “It’s okay if you’re not comfortable. But, you’re going to need to start looking at essentially creating a historical AU where the racism at the time was a lot less, which means colonialism at the time would be a lot less, which means ‘The Western Front’ is going to look a lot different.”

After all, the “wildness” of the “west” had in part been defined by the belief that all of this unsettled, traditional Indigenous territory was dangerous. These Lands and its inhabitants were “wild”—savage—and ought to be “tamed”.

Lesya: “If you’d rather write fluffy escapism, make Black and Native people equal for literally no reason other than you want the story to be safe for those groups to read. Pick a rough geographic area just to give your Indigenous peoples around this Western Front town a culture (or three, because the Western front is full of nomadic groups), and you’ll be fine. But it will be historical fantasy, and should really be treated as such”

finally, something I’d keep in mind is that anything you write will be biased because it came from you! After all, you are an individual with beliefs and experiences and ideas. They all impact how you carry yourself and see the world everyday, and these will impact how you interact with a fictional world too. This isn’t inherently “bad”—this should be something to keep in mind especially if you’re writing about a character with a different race, class, health, gender than you. For example, if you hold prejudice in your own life, it will probably be read in how you write certain characters, storylines, etc.

I apologize how long this took me to answer, I really had to sit down and think about this too. I hope you find this of use to you! and on the last part of the ask: I know of James Welch (Blackfoot and A'aninin), an author whose written many books set in 19th century America from the perspective of an Indigenous protagonist. Does anyone else have recommendations? In other revisionist-western/anti-western media, Los Colonos (2023) has been on my to-watch list for sometime!

[bluewingedcoyote]

US states with Indigenous names and their originators and meanings.

(from the Bureau of Indian Affairs website)

ALABAMA: From an Indian tribe of the Creek Confederacy originally called the Alabamas or Alibamons, who in turn gave the name to a river from which the State name was derived.

ALASKA: From Eskimo Aleut word "alakshak”, meaning peninsula; also said to mean "great lands."

ARIZONA: Many authorities attribute the meaning to a word meaning arid zone or desert. Others claim the name is Aztec, from "arizuma" meaning "silver bearing." Still another version: attributes the origin to the Papagos tribe of the Southwest, who named it from the locality in which they lived called Arizonac, meaning "site of the small springs" (lack of water). This place was near the present town of Nogales, and in the early 1700's, silver was discovered near there, which gives some credence to the Aztec word "arizuma."

ARKANSAS.: Origin uncertain. As usual with words of Indian origin, there are various spellings for this State name, among them Alkansia, Alkansas, and Akamsea. The word, according to some, is of Algonquin origin, and the meaning is unknown. Others say that Arkansas is a French version of "Kansas, a Sioux Indian name for “south wind people.”

CONNECTICUT: Appears to be a derivation of the Indian word "Quonoktacut" (also Quonecktacut) , interpreted by some to mean "river whose water is driven in waves by winds." Other interpretations include "long river," "the long (without end) river," and "long river place."

HAWAII: English spelling of Owhyhee, possibly from a native word meaning "homeland.”

ILLINOIS: From the Illini Indian word meaning "men" or "warriors,” supplemented by the French adjective ending "ois..”

IOWA: From an Indian tribe, "Ah-hee-oo-ba," meaning "sleepy ones" or "drowsy ones." They lived in the valley of the State's principal river, which they named for their tribe; and, in turn, the name was applied to the State.

KANSAS: Named for the Kansas or Kanza tribe of the Sioux family that lived along a river in the area and gave it the tribal name. The name translates as "south wind people," or "wind people."

KENTUCKY: Origin and meaning controversial. Pioneer George Rogers Clark claimed the name was derived from the Indian word "Kentake," meaning "meadow land." The claim is also made that it stems from the Shawnee word meaning "at the head of a river" inasmuch as they used the Kentucky River in traveling throughout the area. It is also claimed to stem from the Wyandot word "Ken-tah-ten," meaning "land of tomorrow."

MASSACHUSETTS: First of the States to have an Indian name. From the Algonquin word "Massadchu-es-et," meaning "great-hill-small-place,” possibly for the hills around Boston as seen from the bay."

MICHIGAN.: From Algonquin word "Mishigamaw," meaning “big lake” or “great water,” deriving its name from the lake of the same name. Also said to be from "Michi" meaning "great" and "Gama" meaning “water.”

MINNESOTA: From Sioux word meaning "cloudy water" or “sky-tinted water,” deriving its name from the river of the same name.

MISSISSIPPI: Meaning "great river" or "gathering-in of all the waters," sometimes referred to as the "father of waters," indicating that the Indians were aware of the immensity of the river. First written by Tonti as "Michi Sepe.”

MISSOURI: An Indian tribal name denoting "muddy water” and named for the large river.

NEBRASKA: From Sioux word describing the river from which the State gets its name, meaning "shallow water" or "broad water." Also said to be an Otos Indian word meaning "flat river," referring to the Platte River.

NEW MEXICO: Called "New Mexico" when the Mexicans referred to the territory north and west of the Rio Grande in the 16th century. May have been derived from the name of the Aztec war god, "Mexitli" still another interpretation is that it means "habitation of the god of war.”

NORTH DAKOTA: From Indian name meaning "allies. "' Indian form is - Lakota, Nakota, Lahkota, or Dakota, depending on dialect. "Allies" was used to signify the common name of the confederated Sioux tribes.

OHIO: Iroquois Indian word meaning the river of the same name. "beautiful river," taken from the river of the same name.

OKLAHOMA: Choctaw Indian word meaning “red people."

SOUTH DAKOTA: From Sioux Indian name meaning “allies.” (See North Dakota.)

TENNESSEE: Name is of Cherokee origin from a tribe located at a village site called Tanasse (also spelled Tennese). The State is named for its principal river, which has been interpreted as meaning "bend in the river." However, this has not been substantiated, and the meaning is considered to be lost.

TEXAS.: The generally accepted version is that the name is an Indian word "tejas," meaning "friends" or "allies."

UTAH: Name taken from the Ute Indians who inhabited that region, but origin of the word is unknown.

WISCONSIN: From an Indian name whose meaning is uncertain. Named after its principal river and said to mean "wild rushing channel;" also refers to "holes in the banks of a stream in which birds nest." Spelled Ouisconsin and Misconsing by early chroniclers.

WYOMING.: Name has more than one meaning as interpreted by different authorities. One meaning is "extensive plains" (from the Delaware or Leni-Lenape word "maugh-wau-wama"). Another interpretation suggests that the name means "mountains with valleys alternating."

i do desperately need everyone on this website especially people who arent american but want to rag on america to familiarize themselves with the basic romanized spelling conventions of native american languages because every day i come on here and i see people making fun of massachusetts or connecticut or mississippi or passamaquoddy or mashpee or nipissing and its like PLEASE. PLEASE THEY ARENT ENGLISH WORDS. PLEAAAAASEEEEEUUUHHH. USE YOUR MINDS TO IDENTIFY WHEN A WORD LOOKS LIKE IT MAY NOT BE ENGLISH. I DONT CARE IF YOU MAKE FUN OF AMERICA JUST PLEASE STOP BEING RACIST WHILE YOU DO IT

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.20 (before 1920)

AD 14 – Agrippa Postumus, maternal grandson of the late Roman emperor Augustus, is mysteriously executed by his guards while in exile. 636 – Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of the Levant away from the Byzantine Empire, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests and the rapid advance of Islam outside Arabia. 917 – Battle of Acheloos: Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria decisively defeats a Byzantine army. 1083 – Canonization of the first King of Hungary, Saint Stephen and his son Saint Emeric celebrated as a National Day in Hungary. 1191 – Richard I of England initiates the Massacre at Ayyadieh, leaving 2,600–3,000 Muslim hostages dead. 1308 – Pope Clement V pardons Jacques de Molay, the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, absolving him of charges of heresy. 1391 – Konrad von Wallenrode becomes the 24th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. 1467 – The Second Battle of Olmedo takes places as part of a succession conflict between Henry IV of Castile and his half-brother Alfonso, Prince of Asturias. 1519 – Philosopher and general Wang Yangming defeats Zhu Chenhao, ending the Prince of Ning rebellion against the reign of the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor. 1648 – The Battle of Lens is the last major military confrontation of the Thirty Years' War, contributing to the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in October that year. 1672 – Former Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis are lynched by a mob in The Hague. 1707 – The first Siege of Pensacola comes to an end with the failure of the British to capture Pensacola, Florida. 1710 – War of the Spanish Succession: A multinational army led by the Austrian commander Guido Starhemberg defeats the Spanish-Bourbon army commanded by Alexandre Maître, Marquis de Bay in the Battle of Saragossa. 1775 – The Spanish establish the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson in the town that became Tucson, Arizona. 1794 – Northwest Indian War: United States troops force a confederacy of Shawnee, Mingo, Delaware, Wyandot, Miami, Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi warriors into a disorganized retreat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1852 – Steamboat Atlantic sank on Lake Erie after a collision, with the loss of at least 150 lives. 1858 – Charles Darwin first publishes his theory of evolution through natural selection in The Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, alongside Alfred Russel Wallace's same theory. 1864 – Bakumatsu: Kinmon incident: The Chōshū Domain attempts to expel the Satsuma and Aizu Domains from Japan's imperial court. 1866 – President Andrew Johnson formally declares the American Civil War over. 1882 – Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture debuts in Moscow, Russia. 1905 – Sun Yat-sen, Song Jiaoren, and others establish the Tongmenghui, a Republican, anti-Qing revolutionary organisation, in Tokyo, Japan 1910 – Extreme fire weather in the Inland Northwest of the United States causes many small wildfires to coalesce into the Great Fire of 1910, burning approximately 3 million acres (12,000 km2) and killing 87 people. 1914 – World War I: Brussels is captured during the German invasion of Belgium.

[rabbitcruiser]

Great Lakes Awareness Day

Great Lakes Awareness Day celebrates the Great Lakes and highlights the issues they face, and how the lakes can be preserved. Events for the day have involved organizations such as schools, aquariums, and museums. There is not much information available online about how the day is celebrated or how it came to be.

There are five Great Lakes: Superior, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Erie. Together they make up the largest body of freshwater on Earth and stretch 750 miles from east to west. They are located on the border of the United States and Canada and touch the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, New York, and Pennsylvania. It is believed that at one time the Great Lakes were covered by a glacier—it receded towards Canada and left depressions filled with water.

Lake Huron is named after the Wyandot Indians, also known as the Huron Indians, and its surface area is the second largest of the lakes. Manitoulin Island is located in it��the largest island in a freshwater lake in the world. Lake Huron connects to Lake Michigan by the Straits of Mackinac. Lake Michigan takes its name from the Ojibwa word for “large lake.” It is the third largest Great Lake in surface area, and the second largest in volume. It is the only Great Lake completely in the United States.

Lake Erie’s name comes from the Iroquoian word for “long tail.” It is the fourth largest Great Lake in surface area, but the smallest in volume. It is very shallow, averaging just 62 feet in depth. Lake Ontario takes its name from the Huron word for “lake of shining water.” It has the smallest surface area of the Great Lakes, but is very deep, holding four times the volume of water as Lake Erie. Lake Erie and Lake Ontario are connected by the Niagara River, on which Niagara Falls is located. Lake Superior is the largest Great Lake in surface area and volume, and it is the deepest of the lakes, reaching a depth of 1,332 feet. Its name comes from the French word for “upper lake,” and fittingly, it is the farthest north of the Great Lakes.

Vessels from the United States and Canada haul about 125 million tons of cargo on the lakes each year. They haul mined materials such as iron ore, coal, stone, and salt; agricultural products such as wheat, corn, soybeans, and oats; as well as other materials. About 3,500 species of plants and animals live in the Great Lakes Basin, including over 170 species of fish. The lakes are a large freshwater fishery, being a home for species such as salmon, trout, perch, walleye, bass, and herring.

The Great Lakes face many issues, such as pollution and invasive species, illustrating why a day is needed to raise awareness about them. Over 140 federal programs for environmental restoration and management take place on the Great Lakes. Amendments to the Clean Water Act were made in 1972, helping regulate water pollution in the lakes. The Great Lakes Quality Act, also from 1972, was signed by the United States and Canada to help protect and restore the Great Lakes.

How to Observe

See if any organizations or places near you are holding any events on the day. Learn about issues the Great Lakes face, and find ways to get involved to protect the lakes. Plan a trip to explore some of the wonders of the Great Lakes. Maybe you could even explore the lakes while driving one of the Great Lakes Circle Tours. It is believed that about 6,000 ships have sunk in the Great Lakes, with about 30,000 lives lost. You could spend the day learning about some of the shipwrecks by visiting the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. One of the most famous ships to have sunk is the SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank in a storm in Lake Superior on November 10, 1975, with all 29 of its crew members perishing. It was immortalized in song by Gordon Lightfoot.

Source

[yerpenachams]

countries most closely correlated with a single language family (roughly ranked)

Japan, Japonic

Georgia, Kartvelian

Central African Republic, Ubangian (controversial classification as Niger-Congo)

Mongolian, Mongolic (point of diversity is in Mongolia, but most of the branches/subbranches are centered in Russia or China)

Australia, Pama-Nyungan (pre-contact; non-Pama-Nyungan was historically only spoken in a small part of the country)

Indonesia, Austronesian (while Taiwan is clearly the point of diversity for Austronesian, and there are several branches not spoken in Indonesia, i.e., Palauan, Chamorro, Polynesian, various Philippine branches... and there are Papuan languages spoken in Indonesia, Indonesia contains most Austronesian speakers and contains many Malayo-Polynesian branches)

India, Dravidian (~20% of the country speaks a Dravidian language, and the only language centered outside India is Brahui)

Thailand, Kra-Dai (~60% of speakers of languages in this family are Thai speakers, and 96% of Thailand speaks it as L1 or L2)

Sudan, Nilo-Saharan (This may be one of the most arbitrary. Assuming settlement of native ethnic groups was similar before Arab settlement, almost everyone in what is now Sudan spoke a language classified as Nilo-Saharan. Of course, Nilo-Saharan is a very controversial language family. Also, there were [controversial?] Niger-Congo speakers in the Kordofan/Nuba Mountains, and Beja on the Red Sea. Several few Nilo-Saharan branches aren't spoken in Sudan at all; Kunama, Nara, Surmic, Songhay and Kuliak. A few are barely spoken in the country, like Nilotic or Maban. There are so many holes to poke in this, but if you assumed the demographics of non-Arabs in the country would be directly extrapolated to 100% pre-contact, I think it would make the top 15 in the world in correlation between language family and political borders)

Korea, Koreanic (if it was a unified country)

Bougainville, Northern Bougainville & Southern Bougainville (It's hard to determine speaker counts for these languages; while the largest language in the hypothetical future country is Austronesian, these two Papuan [non-Austronesian] language families dominate the main island)

Guatemala, Mayan (Mamean, K'iche'an and Q'anjob'alan are centered in the country. Yucatecan, Huastecan and Ch'olan-Tzeltalan are not.)

Nicaragua, Misumalpan

Bolivia, Aymara (there are many language families with members in Bolivia, and isolates in Bolivia, but... about 80% of speakers are in Bolivia, and about 40% of indigenous language speakers in Bolivia speak Aymara)

Paraguay, Tupi-Guarani (While there are many minor Tupi-Guarani languages spoken outside of Paraguay, and several other language families and isolates spoken in Paraguay, the majority of people in Paraguay speak Guarani, there are still monolingual speakers, etc.)

Panama, Chibchan (pre-contact)

Uruguay, Charruan (pre-contact)

Namibia, Khoe-Kwadi (Kwadi was centered in Angola and Kalahari Khoe is centered in Botswana, but the majority of speakers of a Khoe language are Khoekhoe speakers, and 11% of people in Namibia speak Khoekhoe. Certainly not as close a correlation as in many of these countries)

East Timor, Timor-Alor-Pantar

In terms of US states, the following stick out:

Oklahoma, Caddoan (pre-contact; I know nomadic groups can be hard to pin down, apply that disclaimer to some of the items above, too)

New York, Iroquoian (there were also Algonquian languages spoken in New York, and Tuscarora, Nottoway and Cherokee were spoken further south, while Huron-Wyandot was spoken in Canada... please note that Lake Iroquoian was not the point of diversity for the family. This situation is a lot like Mongolia, with other branches being spoken outside of the state, and the sister branch, Huron-Wyandot, being spoken elsewhere, too)

Washington, Salishan (it's bizarre that anywhere on the west coast could be very closely correlated to a single language family, given the west coast is overall the most diverse area in North America, linguistically, by far. There are Chimakuan languages and a Wakashan language, Makah, spoken at the northern end of the Olympic peninsula. There are Chinookan and Sahaptian/Plateau Penutian languages spoken at the southern and eastern edges of the state. Kwalhoquia-Tlatskanai is a subbranch of Northern Athabaskan spoken in the state, too. And of course, Bella Coola and Tillamook are divergent branches of the family spoken outside of Washington, and there are Coast Salish languages in BC; the Interior Salish area also extends into BC, Idaho and Montana. However, probably at least 80% of land in Washington was settled by Salishan peoples at the time of contact)

Florida, Timucua

A lot of this is really hard to quantify, but it's an interesting overlap of figures to consider.

[writer59january13]

The Great Lakes acronym spells homes

I chose titled topic by a fanciful whim, nevertheless still consider my knowledge of aforementioned material slim.

Housing multivarious biomes

register ecological syndromes whereby constituents of NOAA

Great Lakes Environmental

Research Laboratory writ tomes.

Pellucid pearls in northeastern North America since planetary birth

Comprise Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario dearth

Largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth

Straddle Canadian–United States border

tethering partial global girth

Constituting 21% of world's surface freshwater species hearth

Total surface equals 94,250 square miles

And total volume equals 5,439 cubic miles immeasurable worth.

Lake Erie from Erie tribe, abridged form of Iroquoian word erielhonan “long tail”

Lake Huron named by French explorers for Wyandot or “Hurons” whence they did sail

Lake Michigan likely from Ojibwa word mishigami “great water” aka outsize gold quail

Lake Ontario i.e. “Lake of Shining Waters” shimmering like hammered coat of mail

Lake Superior coined from French “lac supérieur” "upper lake", an emerald watery dale

Ojibwe people called it gitchigumi medicinal to cure that, which might ail.

These five lakes each reside in separate basin

Form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water caisson

Linking east-central interior of North America to Atlantic Ocean akin to an escutcheon.

From interior to outlet at St. Lawrence River,

Water flows via Superior to Michigan-Huron southward to Erie to avoid a shiver

Finally released northward to Lake Ontario as like a well taut archer with his quiver.

The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers as an Olympic team

Populated with approximately 35,000 islands this estimate not x stream.

The Great Lakes region contains many thousands of smaller lakes,

Often called inland lakes undulating in delving, cascading and brimming

analogous to a fluid ream

Lake Michigan the only one located entirely within United States

While the others border between United States and Canada – essentially a liquid seam.

Lakes Michigan and Huron

are basically a single lake,

Sometimes called Lake Michigan-Huron,

combined doth make

Total area of 45,300 square miles (117,000 km2)

Have the same surface elevation of 577 feet (176 m),

Connected by 295-foot deep Straits of Mackinac Islands splayed like a rake.

Approximately 35,000 islands

extant throughout oceanic like sea

Largest among them

Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron brushing up against Goliath knee.

The second-largest island is Isle Royale in Lake Superior to boot

Both these islands

contain multiple lakes themselves alive with creatures that hoot.

Unadulterated details gleaned courtesy Mister Google, which website buried under virtual sediment:

The Saint Lawrence Seaway

and Great Lakes Waterway connect

the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels.

The move to wider ocean-going container ships —

which do not fit through the locks on these routes —

has limited container shipping on the lakes.

Most Great Lakes trade constitutes bulk material

and bulk freighters of Seawaymax-size

or less can move throughout

the entire lakes and out to the Atlantic.

The Great Lakes also connected

to the Gulf of Mexico

by way of the Illinois River

(from the Chicago River)

and the Mississippi River.

An alternate track is via the Illinois River

(from Chicago), to the Mississippi,

up the Ohio, and then

through the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway

(combination of a series

of rivers and lakes and canals),

to Mobile Bay and the Gulf.

Commercial tug-and-barge traffic

on these waterways quite heavy.

Pleasure boats can also enter or exit

the Great Lakes by way of

the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York.

The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes

at the east end of Lake Erie

(at Buffalo, New York)

and at the south side of Lake Ontario

(at Oswego, New York).

The Great Lakes contain 21%

of the world’s fresh surface water:

5,472 cubic miles (22,810 km3),

or 6.0×1015 U.S. gallons (2.3×1016 liters).

This equals enough water

to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states

to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m).

Although the lakes contain

a large percentage of the world's fresh water,

the Great Lakes supply only a small portion

of U.S. drinking water

on a national basis (roughly 4.2%).

Winter 2009–10 ranked somewhat mild,

the precipitation was below normal

for the Great Lakes Basin.

Mean lake levels then thought

to be slightly below

or at their levels of 2009.

An ice jam in February 2010

dropped the level in Lake St. Clair.

Since the jam got removed the level

has come back to its average.

As of March 2010, the lakes

were at the level, or slightly below,

where they were in March 2009.

The combined surface area

of the lakes equals approximately

94,250 square miles (244,100 km2)—

nearly the same size as the United Kingdom,

and larger than the U.S. states of New York,

New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island,

Massachusetts, Vermont,

and New Hampshire combined.

The Great Lakes coast measures

approximately 10,500 miles (16,900 km);

however, the length of a coastline

impossible mission to measure exactly

cuz topographical feature not well-defined.

[ainews]

In 1852, the town of Roseville, Michigan, experienced a historic event when a 12-foot-long catfish made of dunhouse buff was caught in nearby Lake St. Clair. The catch was a momentous occasion for the community, as this was the largest fish ever caught from the lake up to that point.

In addition to its significance to Roseville, this specific catfish held religious significance, as the dunhouse buff was a special type of wood made by members of the Wyandot Native American tribe. Many believed the fish to be a "gift from the great spirit," a sign of good luck and blessings to those who reunited it with the lake. The capture of the catfish and subsequent celebrations marked the beginning of an annual event called the Great Catfish Feat.

The event was held every year on the same day as the initial capture, and it featured a variety of activities for the public to enjoy. This included a boat parade, dances, and a special feast of the catfish. Entertainment included Native American singing and drumming for visitors to enjoy. The year preceding the catch of the catfish, the event had been a relatively small one, but the significance of the feat pushed it to being a popular annual event.

The Great Catfish Feat continued until 1925, with locals and the Wyandot tribe paying tribute to the special fish each year until then. In later years, the event was attended by people from all around the region, some traveling from as far away as Canada. The town hopes to revive the tradition someday, remembering the catfish made of dunhouse buff as a symbol of good luck and blessings for the community.

[sfppn]

Vast Wasteland From the Vault 123 - Fairs and Theme Parks II

Before Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and even the Internet, there was Public Access Cable. Return with us now to Columbus, Ohio in the 1990s for the journal of pop culture.

It’s part two of the team’s memories of festivals, fairs, parks, and all that jazz. You may notice that part of the opening is missing. This brings me to the fact that video tapes don’t last forever. I’m working my way through the remaining 3/4” tapes, and several of them appear to be shot. I’ll see what else I can find, but the end is coming faster than I had planned. Of course, it could be the 40+ year old video player… Thanks to TVsStevePatrick for the updated theme!

VWFTV 123

[galerymod]

Nobody is illegal in stolen land.

The last of the Muhhekunneuw ... more or less

Tribal name

Since they originally established their settlements along the Hudson River (Mahicannituck - ‘waters that are never still’, ‘water that is always flowing’), they referred to themselves in their language simply as Muhhekunneuw or Muh-he-con-ne-ok (‘the people of the waters that are never still’, ‘the people of the water that is always flowing’). Therefore, the Dutch and English referred to them as River Indians along with the tribes living along the Hudson, such as the Munsee (Northern Delaware) or Wappinger (Wappani). The Dutch distorted the name of the Wolf Clan (‘Manhigan’) into Mahigan, Mahikander, Mahinganak, Maikan or Mawhickon. The English simplified the word to Mahican or Mohican. The French referred to them as Loups (��wolves’).

Demography

All Algonquin tribes living between the Hudson River and Connecticut River were generally referred to as Mahican and were estimated to have numbered around 35,000 people by 1600. The Albany tribes, known as the Mahican Confederacy, had a population of around 8,000. By 1672, the number had been decimated to around 1,000. At the low point in 1796, there were only 300 Stockbridge (The Last of the Mohicans) living with their former Iroquois enemies, the Oneida, in Brotherton, New York. Including the Mahican living with the Wyandot and Lenni Lenape in Ohio, their total number at that time was about 600 people. Today, 1,500 Stockbridge (recognised by the state) live on or near their reservation west of Green Bay, and an estimated 1,700 Brotherton Indians (Mahican) (not recognised by the state) live on the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago.

Wikipedia more or less

It is perhaps worth noting that every white American citizen currently alive can trace their lineage solely to immigrants.

mod

It's ironic that a nation full of emigrants and immigrants doesn't want emigrants and immigrants.

The Truth About Immigrants and the Economy

Immigrants are good for the economy and our society! Don’t let anyone tell you otherwise.

For centuries, immigration has been America’s secret sauce for economic growth and prosperity.

But for just as long, immigrants have been an easy scapegoat.

One of the oldest, ugliest lies is to falsely smear immigrants as criminals.

It’s just not true. Crime is way down in America. Anyone who says otherwise is fearmongering.

And whatever crime there is is not being driven by immigration. Immigrants, regardless of citizenship status, are 60% less likely to be incarcerated for committing crimes than U.S.-born citizens.

Maybe that’s why border cities are among America’s safest.

Immigration opponents also claim immigrants are a drag on the economy and a drain on government resources.

Rubbish!

Quite the opposite, the major reason immigrants are coming to America is to build a better life for themselves and their families, contributing to the American economy.

The long-term economic benefits of immigration outweigh any short-term costs. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office estimates that adding more immigrants as workers and consumers — including undocumented immigrants — will grow America’s economy by about $7 trillion over the next decade. And those immigrants would increase tax revenue by about $1 trillion, shrinking the deficit and helping pay for programs we all benefit from.

Immigrants of all statuses pay more in taxes than they get in government benefits. Research by the libertarian Cato Institute found first-generation immigrants pay $1.38 in taxes for every $1 they receive in benefits,

This is especially true for undocumented immigrants, who pay billions in taxes each year, but are excluded from almost all federal benefits. After all, you need documentation to receive federal benefits. Guess what undocumented immigrants don’t have. Hello?

And of course, one of the most common anti-immigrant claims also isn’t true.

No. Immigrants are not taking away jobs that Americans want. Undocumented immigrants in particular are doing some of the most dangerous, difficult, low-paying, and essential jobs in the country.

Despite what certain pundits might tell you, immigration has not stopped the U.S. from enjoying record-low unemployment.

And as the Baby Boom generation moves into retirement, young immigrants will help support Social Security by providing a thriving base of younger workers who are paying into the system. The fact that so many immigrants want to come here gives America an advantage over other countries with aging populations, like Germany and Japan.  

What’s more, immigrants are particularly ambitious and hardworking. They are 80% more likely to start a new business than U.S. born citizens. Immigrant-founded businesses also impressively comprise 103 companies in last year’s Fortune 500.

And immigrants continue to add immeasurably to the richness of American culture. We should be celebrating them, not denigrating them.

It’s time to speak the facts and the truth. We need immigrants to keep our economy — and our country — vibrant and growing. They are not “poisoning the blood” of our nation. They’re renewing and restoring it.

[electerik]

Jungle River Falls, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium

[ker4unos]

EAST INDIGENOUS NORTH AMERICAN RESOURCES

The Anthropological Masterlist is HERE.

The Midwestern United States is a North American region that constitutes the northern central part of the United States.

HURON ─ “The Wyandot, or Huron, people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to the north of Lake Ontario.” ─ Huron Information ─ Huron History ─ Huron Language

LAKOTA ─ “The Lakota people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to North and South Dakota.” ─ Lakota Language ─ Lakota Language Reclamation Project ─ Lakota Dictionary

SENECA ─ “The Seneca people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to the south of Lake Ontario.” ─ Seneca Information ─ Seneca Culture ─ Seneca Language

The Northeast United States is a North American region that constitutes the northeastern part of the United States.

BLACKFOOT ─ “The Blackfoot people are an Indigenous North American military confederation that share the Blackfoot language. They are native to northeastern America.” ─ Blackfoot Culture ─ Blackfoot Language

LENAPE ─ “The Lenape, or Leni Lenape, people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to the Northeastern Woodlands.” ─ William Penn on the Lenape ─ Lenape Language ─ Lenape Dictionary

NARRAGANSETT ─ “The Narragansett people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to Rhode Island.” ─ Narragansett Records ─ Narragansett Language ─ Narragansett Language

WAMPANOAG ─ “The Wampanoag, or Wôpanâak, people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to southeastern Massachusetts.” ─ Chappaquiddick Wampanoag Information ─ Wampanoag Culture ─ Wampanoag Language Reclamation Project

The Southern United States is a North American region that constitutes the southern part of the United States.

CADDO ─ “The Caddo people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States.” ─ Caddo History ─ Caddo Language ─ Caddo Alphabet

CHEROKEE ─ “The Cherokee are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States.” ─ Cherokee Information ─ Cherokee Culture and History ─ Cherokee Dictionary

CHICKASAW ─ “The Chickasaw people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to the southeastern United States.” ─ Chickasaw History ─ Chickasaw Language ─ Chickasaw Language and Word Stress

CHOCTAW ─ “The Choctaw, or Chahta, people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to Alabama and Mississippi.” ─ Choctaw Information ─ Choctaw Culture ─ Choctaw Mythology

CREEK ─ “The Creek, or Muskogee, people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to the Southeastern Woodlands in the United States.” ─ Creek Information ─ Creek Language

*GULLAH ─ “The Gullah people are an African American people. They live in the Lowcountry Region of the United States.” ─ Gullah Culture ─ Gullah Cuisine

KIOWA APACHE ─ “The Plains Apache are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to Oklahoma and Texas.” ─ Apache Information ─ Apache Culture ─ Apache Creation Myth

PAWNEE ─ “The Pawnee people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to Oklahoma.” ─ Pawnee Information ─ Tirawa of Pawnee Legend ─ Pawnee Dictionary

POWHATAN ─ “The Powhatan, or Powatan, people are an Indigenous North American people. They are native to eastern Virginia.” ─ Important Powhatan People ─ Powhatan History ─ Powhatan Language

* - The Gullah are not indigenous North American people. They are an African diasporic people.

[todaysdocument]

Treaty Between the United States and the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot and Potawatomi Indians Signed at Detroit, 11/17/1807. 

Map of land ceded via digitreaties.org. 

File Unit: Ratified Indian Treaty 54: Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot and Potawatomi - Detroit, November 17, 1807, 1789 - 1869

Series: Indian Treaties, 1789 - 1869

Record Group 11: General Records of the United States Government, 1778 - 2006

Image description: Cession 66, a sizeable chunk of south-eastern Michigan and a bit of Ohio, encompassing Port Huron, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Flint, and Toledo. Not quite over to Lansing.

Transcription:

Whereas a Treaty between the United States of America and the Ottaway, Chippeway, Wyandotte, and Pottwamie Nations of Indians was concluded and

signed at Detroit on the seventeenth day of November last, and was duly ratified and confirmed by the President of the United States on the twenty seventh day of January in the year of our Lord one thousand Eight hundred and eight in the present year by and with the advice and consent of the Senate which treaty is in the words following to wit.

Articles of a Treaty, made at Detroit the Seventeenth day of November in the year of our Lord one thousand  eight hundred and seven, by William Hull Governor of the Territory of Michigan, and Superintendant of Indian Affairs, and the Commissioner of the United States, to conclude and sign a Treaty or Treaties, with the several nations of Indians, North West of the river Ohio, on the one part, and the sachems, chiefs, and warriors, of the Ottaway, Chippeway, Wyandotte, and Pottawatamie nations of Indians, on the other part. To confine and perpetuate, the friendship, which happily subsists, between the United States and the Nations aforesaid, to manifest  the sincerity of that friendship and to settle arrangements mutually beneficial to the parties; after a full explanation and perfect understanding, the following articles are agreed to, which, when ratified by the President, by, and with, the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, shall be binding on them and the respective nations of Indians.

Article I. The sachems  chiefs, and warriors of the nations aforesaid, in consideration of money and goods, to be paid to the said nations, by the Government of the United States as hereafter stipulated; do hereby agree to cede and forever quit claim, and do in behalf of their nations hereby, cede relinquish, and forever quit claim, unto the United States, all right, title, and interest, which the said nations now have, or claim, or ever had, or claimed, in, or unto, the lands comprehended within the following described lines and boundaries: Beginning at the mouth of the Miami river of the lakes, and running thence up the middle thereof, to the mouth of the great Au Glaize river, thence running due North, until it intersects a parallel of Latitude, to be drawn from the outlet of Lake Huron which forms the river Sinclair; thence running North East the course, that may be found, will lead in a direct line, to White Rock, in Lake Huron, thence due East, until it intersects the boundary line between the United States, and Upper Canada; in said Lake, thence southwardly, following the said boundary line, down said Lake, through River Sinclair, Lake St. Clair, and the River Detroit, into Lake Erie, to a point due East, of the aforesaid Miami river, thence West to the place of Beginning ~

Article II. It is hereby stipulated and agreed on the part of the United States, as a consideration for the lands, ceded by the nations aforesaid, in the preceding article that there shall be paid to the said nations, at Detroit, ten thousand Dollars, in money, goods, implements of Husbandry, or domestic animals (at the option of the said nations, seasonably signified, through the superindendant of Indian affairs residing with the said nations, to the Department of War), as soon as practicable, after the ratification of the treaty, by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States; of this sum, three thousand three hundred and thirty three Dollars thirty three cents and four mills, shall be paid to the Ottawa nation, three thousand three hundred and thirty three Dollars thirty three cents and four mills, to the Chippewa nation, one thousand six hundred sixty six Dollars sixty six cents and six mills, to the Wyandotte nation, one thousand six hundred sixty six Dollars sixty six cents and six mills, to the Pottawatamie nation; and likewise an annuity, forever, of two thousand four hundred Dollars, to be paid at Detroit, in manner as aforesaid, the first payment to be made on the first day of September next, and to be paid to the different nations, in the following proportions:  Eight hundred dollars to the Ottaways, eight hundred dollars to the Chippeways, four hundred dollars to the Wyandottes, and four hundred Dollars to such of the Pottawatamies, as now reside on the river Huron of lake Erie, the river Raisin, and in the vicinity of the said rivers ~

Article III. it is further stipulated and agreed, if at any time hereafter, the said nations should be of the opinion, that it would be more for their interest, that the annuity aforesaid should be paid by installments; the United States will agree to a reasonable commutation for the annuity and pay it accordingly ~

Article IV. The United States, to manifest their liberality, and disposition to encourage the said Indians, in agriculture, further stipulate, to furnish the said Indians with two Black Smiths one to reside with the Chippewas, at Saguina, and the other to reside with the Ottawas, at the Miami, during the term of ten years; said Blacksmiths are to do such work for the said nations as shall be most useful to them ~

Article V.  It is further agreed, and stipulated that the said Indian nations shall enjoy the privilege of hunting and fishing on the lands ceded as aforesaid, as long as they remain the property of the United States ~

Article VI. It is distinctly to be understood, for the accommodation of the said Indians, that the following tracts, of Land, within the cession aforesaid, shall be, and hereby are reserved to the said Indian nations, one tract of land six miles square, on the Miami of Lake Erie, above Roche de Boeuf, to include the village, where Tondaganie, (or the Dog) now lives ~ Also, three miles square;  on the said river, (above the twelve miles square ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Greenville) including what is called Presque Isle, also four miles square on the Miami Bay, including the villages where Meshkemau and Wau-gau now live ~ also, three miles square on the River Raisin, at a place called Macon, and where the river Macon falls into the River Raisin which place is about fourteen miles from the mouth of said river Raizin; also, two sections of one mile square each, on the river Rouge, at Seginsiwin village; also two sections of one mile square each, at Tonquishs village, near the river Rouge; also three miles square on lake St. Clair, above the river Huron, to include Machonces village; also, six sections, each section containing one mile square, within the cession aforesaid, in such situations as the said Indians shall elect, subject, however, to the approbation of the President of the United States, as to the places of location. It is further understood and agreed, that whenever the Reservations cannot conveniently be laid out in squares, they shall be laid out in paralelograms or other figures, as found most practicable and convenient, so as to contain the area specified in miles, and in all cases they are to be located in such manner, and in such situations, as not to interfere with any improvements of the French or other white people, or any former cessions ~

Article VII. The said nations of Indians acknowledge themselves to be under the protection of the United States, and no other power, and will prove by their conduct that they are worthy of so great a blessing ~

In Testimony whereof, the said  William Hull, and the sachems, and war chiefs representing

[page 2]

the said Nations, have hereunto set their hands and seals,

Done at Detriot, in the Territory of Michigan, the day [and] year first above written ~

William Hull

In Presense of

George McDougall

Chief Judge Ct D.H. [and] D

C Rush Atty Genrl

Jacob Visger [text faded]

Jos. Watson Secretary to the Legislature

                          of Michigan

Abijah Hull Surveyor for Michigan Terry [Territory]

Harris H. Hickman; Counsellor of Law

Abraham Fuller Hull, Counsellor at Law

and secretary to the Commission

Whitmore Knaggs      }       Sworn Interpreters

William Walker            }

Ottaws.

Au-bau-way

Ka-wach-e-wan

Saw-ga-maw

Ogouse

Was-a-ga-shick

Pottawattamies

To-quish

No-ma-me

Naw-me

Nin-ne-wa

Skush

Wyandots

Skahomat

Miere, or walk in the water

Iyo-na-yo-ta-ha

Chippawas.

Pee-wan-she-menogh

Ma-mau-she-gau-ta

(Or Bad legs)

Poo-qui-gau-boa-wie

Kiosk

Po-qua-quet

(or the Ball)

Se-gan-gw wan

Quit-chon-a-quish

or Big Cloud

Qui-con-quish

Puck-e-nese

or the spark of fire

Ne-gig

(or the Otter)

Mee-a-si-ta

Macquettequet

or Little Bear

Ne-me-kas

(or little Thunder)

Sawanabenase

Or, pe,che,ga,bu,a

or Grand Blanc

Tonquish

Miott

Meu-e-tu-ge-sheck

or the little Cedar

Now therefore to the end that the said treaty may be observed and performed with good faith on the part of the United States, I have caused the premises to be made public; and I do hereby enjoin and require all persons bearing office civil or military within the United States, and all others, citizens or inhabitants thereof, or being within the same; faithfully to observe and fulfil the said treaty and every clause and article thereof. In testimony, whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand.

Done at the City of Washington the twenty fifth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eight, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the thirty second.

[signed] Thomas Jefferson

By the President,

[signed] James Madison Secretary of State.

[mapsontheweb]

Name meanings of all Canadian Provinces and Territories

by u/Throwaway86747291

British Columbia: Name given by Queen Victoria to distinguish from American Columbia, which later became Oregon under the Oregon Treaty. Name comes from the Columbia River, which comes from the Columbia Rediviva, one of the first ships to sail it. Name of the ship comes from "Columbia" as in new land - referring to Columbus.

Alberta - Named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta

Saskatchewan - Comes from Saskatchewan River, which comes from ᑭᓯᐢᑳᒋᐘᓂ ᓰᐱᐩ kisiskāciwani-sīpiy, meaning "swift-flowing river" in the Cree language.

Manitoba - Either Cree manitou-wapow, Ojibwe manidoobaa (both mean "straits of Manitou, the great spirit"), or Assiniboine "minnetoba", meaning Lake of the Prarie.

Ontario - From Huron (Wyandot) language - Ontarí:io, meaning "great lake", or from Iroquoian languages - skanadario, meaning "beautiful water" or "sparkling water".

Quebec - Algonquin word meaning "narrow passage" or "strait"

New Brunswick - named after George III, King of Great Britain, King of Ireland, and prince-elector of Brunswick - Luneburg in modern-day Germany.

Nova Scotia - Latin for "New Scotland"

Prince Edward Island - named after Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Stratheam.

Newfoundland and Labrador - "New founde lande" was uttered by King Henry VII, referring to the new land that Sebastian and John Cabot found on their Canadian expedition. "Labrador" stems from "Lavrador", the surname of an early Portuguese explorer, Joao Fernandes Lavrador, who explored and charted the region.

Nunavut - from Inuktituk, meaning "our land"

Northwest Territories - Geographically descriptive name originally applied by the British when Canada was under their rule; initially "North-Western Territories", shortened to "North-West Territories", now Northwest Territories.

Yukon - Named after the Yukon River, which is a contraction of the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han, which means "white water river" and refers to the pale colour of the Yukon's water.