#what is Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

[paralysnooze]

OK, I'm seeing a lot of "Gi-Hun and In-Ho are brothers/ siblings" theory with the evidence mostly leading into... Them being lactose intolerant?

I've left comments before and I'd like to copy and paste them here in a post. In summary:

Gi-Hun and In-Ho both have separate mother's.

Lactose Intolerance is very common in Korea.

Sources will be listed below ^^

Here are my comments:

1) I think them being brothers is just too silly. I mean, In-Ho already have his little brother Jun-Ho, their mother is alive too. Gi-hun is just a few years older than In-Ho AND in the early episodes of season 1, Gi-hun's mother was alive.

So what the "Gi-hun and In-Ho are brothers" theory is suggesting is that Gi-hun could possibly be adopted by a different family when he was a baby and both of the Hwang brothers don't know that?? What are the evidences here? I just think it's silly.

2) Fun fact: a lot of Koreans are actually lactose intolerant! When "balanced diet guide-lines" was being implemented all over the world, it was encouraged for kids and peeps to drink milk for growth and health.

Unfortunately, people found out a lot of Koreans are lactose intolerant (might be because of ancient genes stuff. It also applies to other Asian groups but personally, from where I'm from, there's not a lot of lactose intolerant people).

So one of the solutions for that is fermented milk which reduces the lactose! (Really delicious! Especially flavored ones? Mann.)

Also, in season 1, Gi-hun asks for chocolate milk instead of regular milk. A little bit of searching, chocolate = fats = slows down/ lessens the symptoms. It's probably different for people, but it's possible that it's helpful to some. (I just wanna mention it lol)

Sources:

Why 90% of Asians are Lactose Intolerant

Revealing Joseon period People’s single nucleotide polymorphism associated with lactase gene by ancient DNA analysis of human remains from archaeological sites in Korea

Chocolate milk conspiracy

[vidalinav]

Stu(died) Chapter 6.5

Basically this is the beginning of chapter 7 except I change povs and so it annoyed me. So this is a short chapter.

~

Nesta has never liked the holiday season. Mostly, it's cold and there's no sweater warm enough, too few blankets to cover herself with, and her roommates don't subscribe to the idea of leaving the thermostat at a sweltering 78.

That's the advantage, Nesta thinks, of Emerie and Gwyn going home for the holidays.

Admittedly, it's also a bit sad.

78 and her heart is a solid 32 degrees Fahrenheit. The freezing point of water.

She's been holed up in this apartment, even as most students leave back to their respective families. Even Cassian leaves a week ago. Not that Nesta cares to keep track. She just knows because he keeps sending them photos of him making snow angels to their group chat.

Emerie sends photos of herself on a beach in Miami, because of course she lives somewhere warm. Gwyn, however, lives out in the boonies and barely gets cell reception on a good day. She sends a thumbs up just to tell them she's alive.

She tells them she's going home soon, but really Nesta plans on taking extra shifts if they're offered. No sense in trucking home. She missed the last bus there anyway.

So, Nesta makes do with the Christmas tree her friends put up together. Homemade ornaments and all. She makes do with Netflix and shitty rom-coms, and she ignores all semblance of Cassian who keeps calling her and texting her and sending her pictures.

As if she cares.

She won't tell anyone that she saves them in her phone. She won't tell her friends that he has a routine. Check-ins like some godforsaken good morning texts as if they're dating or something. Calls at midnight because he knows she's not sleeping. He asks what she watches since she's always watching something when he calls. Nesta's surprised she even answers.

But she does.

Every time.

She answers every text with a snark reply. Answers every photo with a wicked emoji. Her voice isn't even happy when she talks to him and yet he calls and calls and calls.

She swears there must be something wrong with this guy.

~

Or perhaps there's something wrong with her...

Nesta will blame genetics--her DNA with its single nucleotide polymorphisms. If she gets her hair from her father and her eyes from her mother, it only makes sense that her unreasonable obsession with staring at her phone comes from one of them too.

Nesta cannot stop staring at her phone.

It's been 24 hours and not one notification.

Cassian has been killed.

Or at least... he's been maimed.

Maybe shot.

Worse, he might be talking to another girl.

Nesta shakes her head at the thought. Ugh. What is she even thinking? Vomit worthy thoughts and she'll blame recessive genes and the human genome. What has become of her?

She looks at the screen again, sees nothing, and throws the phone on the bed.

She needs a hobby. One of those boring ones too. Paint by numbers or diamond dots. Something that will take her hours. A form of self-flagellation. A punishment for thinking about frat boys instead of studying for the MCAT.

Because she has to study for the MCAT. The MCAT is not going to take itself.

She contemplates this as her phone vibrates.

Nesta will not admit to anyone that she jumps at the sound and rushes to pick it up.

She groans as she sees who it is.

"What do you want Feyre?"

Her little sister huffs. "That's the Christmas spirit! Say that again but in a drearier way, I think you missed the bah humbug."

"You have five minutes," Nesta says, looking at the clock. It's only 12:15. What else is she suppose to do for 9 more hours?

"Hey! You gave me 15 minutes last time. You're shortchanging me."

"Fine. You get 15 minutes. Talk fast."

Feyre laughs and Nesta pauses at the sound, glad that her little sister sounds happy even if she only calls to ask for money.

"I'm calling to see what you're doing right now."

"Why?"

"Because... Well... I need someone to pick me up from the airport."

Her little sister uses her nice voice as she says it, too.

It’s a shame that Nesta has never been one for niceties.

~~~

Azriel says he’s been playing it too easy and that’s the only reason he’s not snapping Nesta a pic of his pie. Apple crisp with little lace edges.

His exact words were: why would she buy the cow, if she could get the milk for free?

Cassian is no cow, but he knows Nesta loves roast beef. He knows so much about her and yet she barely answers his texts.

So fine, maybe Azriel is right.

Maybe Nesta doesn’t even really like him that much.

Worse, what if she likes someone else?

Cassian shakes his head. No. Impossible. Nesta's his. He's already decided, as possessive as that may seem. How could she not be? She spent Thanksgiving with his family. They've kissed. Twice.

They've made out even.

But still she doesn't reach out to him. She responds with a thumbs up when he asks how she is. She replies with a heart to his message when he tells her he's baking her favorite dessert.

Stupidly short replies for her stupid, dumb... boyfriend? Friend with minimal benefits? Student she tutors?

Cassian shakes his head again.

He needs to get a hobby.

Except he's baking... that is his hobby. He's already cleaned his room. He's watched football with his brothers. He's taken his little sister to the science museum.

Nothing can stop him from gripping his phone and shaking it.

Why won't she call???

Nesta's face lights up his screen and Cassian presses the call button with the speed of a world record.

“Cassian,” she says in a voice so soft, he could swoon.

“I’ll be right there,” he says immediately.

~

Okay next chapter is car ride to Nesta's house with Feyre in tow. Also Nesta doesn't have a car right now. I'll explain that later.

@unhealthyfanobsession

[kemetic-dreams]

What is the DNA haplogroup of modern Egyptians?

Haplogroup E1b1b1

Wikipedia (E1b1b): E-M215, also known as E1b1b and formerly E3b, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a division of the macro-haplogroup E-M96, which is defined by the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M215. In other words, it is one of the major patrilineages of humanity, linking from father-to-son back to a common male-line ancestor ("Y-chromosomal Adam"). It is a subject of discussion and study in genetics as well as genetic genealogy, archaeology, and historical linguistics.

The E-M215 haplogroup has two ancient branches that contain all the known modern E-M215, E-M35 and E-M281 subclades. Of the latter two, the only branch that has been confirmed in a native population outside of Ethiopia is E-M35. E-M35 in turn has two known branches, haplogroup E-V68 and haplogroup E-Z827, which contain by far the majority of all modern E-M215 carrying men. E-V68 and E-V257 have been found in highest numbers in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, but also in lower numbers in parts of the Middle East and Europe, and in isolated populations of Southern Africa.

The Study authors consider Mtdna L0 thru L4 exclusively African.

Wikipedia quote: Haplogroup L3 descendants notwithstanding, the designation "haplogroup L" is typically used to designate the family of mtDNA clades that are most frequently found in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, all non-African haplogroups coalesce onto either haplogroup M or haplogroup N, and both these macrohaplogroups are simply sub-branches of haplogroup L3. Consequently, L in its broadest definition is really a paragroup containing all of modern humanity, and all human mitochondrial DNA from around the world are subclades of haplogroup L.

repeat - and all human mitochondrial DNA from around the world are subclades of haplogroup L.

Basal J*(xJ1,J2) is found at its highest frequencies among the Soqotri/Socotra (71.4%).

The people of the Island of Soqotri/Socotra are the genetically PUREST of ALL ARABS.

This is what they look like!

[novascommonplaceblr]

DNA can predict your success in school???

Disclaimer! I'm not an expert and am not claiming to be one, so if there's any misinformation here or if I've misunderstood something, please do mention it to me!! Also, if you have the time I would love if you could provide feedback on my writing so that I can improve :) !!

Today I read an article about how DNA can be used to predict success in school, and while the potential benefits are clear, the drawbacks made me question whether it can be truly useful as it brings forth a host of potential issues that I'll touch upon below.

Starting off with the results of the study, the research over the past two decades compared the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) between people in different stages of education and found that some are linked to education. They then created polygenic scores - scores that showed how many SNPs each person had that were linked to education - and found that some people had higher scores and therefore had a higher tendency to exhibit the mannerisms of a model student eg. finding it easier to concentrate.

Could these scores be helpful? Absolutely - they could lead to more tailored support for those who are genetically predisposed to struggle ever so slightly with their studies, and can be used to create an even playing field for everyone! Furthermore, they can inspire students to try to maximise their genetic potential and see just how far they can go in terms of education - from a high school certificate to PhDs.

However there is a key issue here - these polygenic scores and results from genetic research as a whole are not even close to being as representative of the diverse global population as they should be. Currently around 80% of behavioural genetic research has been focused on those of European ancestry, so any results from these studies may not be applicable at all to other demographics which is worrying as it promotes inequalities while simultaneously undermining the ethical pillar of justice.

Another issue is the results, if told to these students, may severely impact their confidence and motivation to improve. It can be easy to give up on trying your best if you are operating under the idea that your genes are your destiny. This could possibly be mitigated with proper support in educational settings and explanations of the scores along with encouragement, however this is a reactive approach rather than a proactive one.

There is also the possibility that these results can be misused to target those with lower polygenic scores, for example schools could end up putting these students in lower sets and not allowing them to challenge themselves enough in the classroom to reach their full potential, not to mention the possibility of misuse if this information falls into the wrong hands. The number of individuals with access to these scores should perhaps be limited and reviewed constantly, along with the security of the method of access, if it is digital.

Furthermore, what if previously top scorers begin to feel pressured to meet their genetic expectations later down the line when studies become more difficult? If a student is not achieving as highly as their polygenic score indicates that they should be, they might become overwhelmed and adopt unhealthy studying habits to make sure that they reach their full potential, despite the fact that genetics is only one piece of the puzzle - there is so much more that can aid or detriment your ability to study at any one point. This can perhaps be mitigated by putting more support systems in place for students and constant reminders that despite what their genes indicate, they are more than just their genes, and that while they should try to achieve as much as they can, they should prioritise their health and wellbeing at all times.

Overall, if these scores were used on a wider scale, it seems as though it could be really beneficial, especially with the use of it to help even out the playing field in school and widening access to higher education - but using it in a safe manner is crucial, especially in a world where many students are susceptible to tying their self worth to their educational outcomes. Also, to truly maximise any benefits from research, genetic studies should be done on a range of different backgrounds so that everyone can benefit from any developments that arise as a result.

If anyone has read to this point - would you want to see just how far in education your genes indicate that you could get to? :0

Article - Using DNA to Predict Success in School | Psychology Today

[meditating-dog-lover]

Skin - histamine intolerance?

I know I have problems with allergies and based on my bloodwork, my IgE, plasma histamine, and eosinophil counts are normal-high to high.

I am managing my environmental allergies through minimizing exposure, taking allergy shots, and taking anti-histamines when possible.

I don't have many food allergies to begin with.

I just recently did some blood work and I have normal-high histamine (<1.5 ng/mL). Ideal ranges are 0.3-1 ng/mL. So my level is a bit higher than what is idea, but not significantly higher.

I checked my plasma histamine level back in April and had the same result. But my eosinophil count went down (450 cells/uL now and the upper limit is 500 cells/uL so my count is within range but above the median).

I did not retest my IgE which was 199 kU/L, which is high. My doctor says that it's not that high. It's true because I've seen people who have up to 5000 kU/L IgE measurements. But just because my count is not significantly high, doesn't mean I don't have allergy/inflammation symptoms that aren't bothering me. But I'm still happy it's not significantly higher.

I'm doing my part in addressing my environmental allergies now. But there could be more to my allergy profile. Thinking of it as a histamine cup. Histamine intolerance may be an issue.

I've done vitamin D and flax oil. Vitamin D helped me with my immunity and dental health, flax oil helped me with my painful menstrual cramps and my eczema to a certain degree. But I feel like despite this, my skin can be better and there is something that I still need to address in order to heal it. I am reducing stress with CBD oil as stress triggers my skin flares. But I know there is an allergy/histamine issue because allergies makes my skin worse, I even develop hives and sometimes will flare if I touch an allergen (my dogs and mold). And it's also because I haven't see the best improvement after taking supplements like zinc, vitamin D, and flax oil/omega-3 which are key anti-inflammatory nutrients.

Jennifer Fugo (the founder of Skinterrupt who is a nutritionist that specializes in skin health) speaks of a histamine cup - where many little triggers can be added in a cup and when too many are combined, the cup will overflow and cause a lot of issues. In my case this can be it, where it's not just my dog causing my skin issues but that being one component of my histamine cup that just caused it to overflow. Kind of like a straw breaking a camel's back. Same with my wool/alpaca sweater. What caused this overflow? I'm trying to figure this out.

It comes down to a condition called histamine intolerance, which I likely have due to my plasma histamine levels. Some foods out there are high in histamine and some promote histamine release. In other cases there might be a mutation or deficiency in the diamine oxidase (DAO) enzyme, which is a digestive enzyme that breaks down histamine. I have not been tested for this but I would like to. Another cause is mast cell activation syndrome, but I don't believe I have this problem because my mast cell/tryptase levels are normal. Also certain gut bacteria can trigger mast cells to release histamine (could this be MCAS?) and some bacteria themselves will produce histamine such as morganella, klebsiella, and more. I'll be testing for those.

Because my histamine is high but my tryptase is normal, this means that I have some sort of non-mast cell related histamine release. So I could be reacting to a food high in histamine or releases histamine (chart below), have a DAO mutation (would like to test for this and may consider reaching out to my functional medicine doctor, but I heard genetic testing is expensive but I think there could be a genetic factor here). In the case of DAO, there could be a deficiency in enzymatic production and output, or just a complete mutation/single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the genetic sequence coding the enzyme protein, rendering it ineffective. I don't think genetic testing checks for levels/deficiencies however, so I'll likely need another test here.

Estrogen dominance is another thing that can cause histamine intolerance, which I do have. I quit taking my DIM supplement because it's expensive and I'm allergic to ragweed (it has milk thistle in it). I am consuming more broccoli which naturally contains DIM. I'm not quite sure what to do here.

So overall the issue can be: (1) foods that contain or induce the release of histamine, (2) DAO enzyme deficiency or mutation, (3) gut microbiome issues where the microbiome consists of microorganisms that produce histamine, (4) mast cell activation (I don't have this issue because my tryptase levels are normal) and (5) estrogen dominance

Problem is these foods are good lol (health and taste wise).

I'll figure something out here.

[eurofinsgenomics755]

Enhancing Precision in Quantitative PCR: The Power of TaqMan Probes

In the realm of molecular biology, precise and accurate detection of nucleic acids is essential for research, diagnostics, and therapeutic development. Among the various tools available, TaqMan Probes stand out as a gold standard for quantitative PCR (qPCR) applications. In this blog, we'll explore what makes TaqMan Probes so powerful, their applications, and how they are transforming modern molecular techniques.

What are TaqMan Probes?

TaqMan Probes are a type of hydrolysis probe used in real-time PCR (qPCR) to increase the specificity and sensitivity of the assay. They consist of a short oligonucleotide sequence labeled with a fluorescent reporter dye at one end and a quencher dye at the other. When the probe hybridizes to its target DNA sequence, the proximity of the quencher suppresses the fluorescence of the reporter dye. During PCR amplification, the 5' nuclease activity of Taq polymerase cleaves the probe, separating the reporter from the quencher and resulting in an increase in fluorescence. This fluorescence is directly proportional to the amount of target DNA, allowing for precise quantification.

Key Advantages of TaqMan Probes

High Specificity: TaqMan Probes are designed to hybridize to a specific sequence within the target DNA, ensuring high specificity. This minimizes the risk of non-specific amplification and false-positive results, making them ideal for complex samples.

Sensitivity: The fluorescent signal generated by TaqMan Probes is highly sensitive, enabling the detection of low-abundance targets. This is crucial in applications such as pathogen detection, where the target nucleic acids may be present in minute quantities.

Quantitative Accuracy: TaqMan Probes provide precise quantification of target DNA, as the increase in fluorescence is directly proportional to the number of amplified molecules. This makes them indispensable for applications requiring accurate quantification, such as gene expression analysis and copy number variation studies.

Applications of TaqMan Probes

Clinical Diagnostics: TaqMan Probes are widely used in clinical diagnostics for detecting and quantifying viral and bacterial pathogens. Their high specificity and sensitivity ensure accurate diagnosis, which is essential for effective treatment and management of infectious diseases.

Genetic Research: In genetic research, TaqMan Probes facilitate the study of gene expression, genotyping, and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis. Researchers rely on TaqMan Probes to measure gene expression levels accurately, helping to elucidate the roles of specific genes in health and disease.

Environmental Testing: Environmental scientists use TaqMan Probes to monitor the presence of pollutants and pathogens in water, soil, and air samples. This helps in assessing environmental health and ensuring compliance with safety standards.

Agricultural Biotechnology: In agriculture, TaqMan Probes are employed to detect genetically modified organisms (GMOs), monitor crop pathogens, and study plant gene expression. This aids in improving crop yield, disease resistance, and overall agricultural productivity.

Optimizing Your qPCR Experiments with TaqMan Probes

To maximize the effectiveness of TaqMan Probes in your qPCR experiments, consider the following tips:

Design: Ensure that your probes are designed with optimal specificity for the target sequence. Use online tools and databases for probe design.

Concentration: Optimize the concentration of your probes to balance sensitivity and specificity. Too high a concentration can lead to non-specific binding, while too low a concentration can reduce sensitivity.

Controls: Include appropriate positive and negative controls to validate your results and detect any potential contamination or non-specific amplification.

Conclusion

TaqMan Probes have revolutionized the field of quantitative PCR by providing unparalleled specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. Their versatile applications in diagnostics, research, and environmental monitoring make them indispensable tools for scientists and clinicians alike. By incorporating TaqMan Probes into your qPCR assays, you can achieve precise and reliable quantification of nucleic acids, driving forward your research and diagnostic efforts.

Stay updated with the latest advancements in qPCR technology and TaqMan Probes by subscribing to our newsletter. Enhance your molecular biology toolkit with the precision and reliability of TaqMan Probes today.

[123567-9qaaq9]

Informative Report on Personalized Medicine Biomarker  | BIS Research 

Personalized medicine biomarkers are characteristics that can be objectively measured and evaluated to indicate an individual's predisposition to a particular disease, their likelihood of responding to a specific treatment, or their potential for experiencing adverse reactions to certain medications. 

The global clinical biomarkers market was valued at $24.80 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach $53.20 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 7.93% between 2023 and 2033.

Personalized Medicine Biomarker Overview 

Personalized medicine biomarkers encompass various biological characteristics that can predict disease susceptibility, treatment response, and adverse reactions to medications.

Types of biomarkers include 

genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and gene mutations, as well as molecular markers like protein expression levels and metabolite profiles.

Role of Personalized Medicine Biomarker  

Disease Risk Assessment and Prevention 

Early Disease Detection and Diagnosis 

Treatment Selection and Personalization 

Personalized medicine biomarkers are indispensable assets in modern healthcare, empowering clinicians to deliver individualized, evidence-based care that maximizes patient outcomes and improves quality of life. 

Download the report and get to know the interesting facts Click Here ! 

Market Dynamics 

Market Drivers 

Growing Demand for Clinical Biomarker Products

Increase in Industrial Activity in Clinical Biomarker Landscape

Environment Changes Provoking Swift Care and Diagnosis

Market Restraints 

High Price of Products/Services Limiting Adoption of Clinical Biomarkers in Low-Income Countries

Complex Regulatory Frameworks Delaying Approval of New Clinical Biomarkers Tests

Discovering New Biomarkers Presents Difficulty

Market Opportunities 

Technological Advancement in Biomarker Testing

Increased Research Funding for Executing Research and Development Exercise

Discovery of Novel Biomarkers Expanding Precision Medicine Horizons

Grab a look at our sample page click here! 

Market Segmentation

By Product Type 

By Clinical Area 

By Technology 

By End Users 

Click here to visit our Precision medicine page ! 

China has been able to procure its place as one of the leading contributors to the clinical diagnostics market in the past five years. Major growth was significantly attributed to the increasing adoption of clinical biomarkers in oncology or rare disease space.

Uses of Personalized Medicine Biomarker   

Tailored Treatment Selection 

Enhanced Treatment Efficiency 

Early Disease Detection 

Accelerated Drug Development 

Key Players in Transitional  Biomarker Market 

Abbott Laboratories

Agilent Technologies, Inc.

ALCEN

Recent Developments in the Global Clinical Biomarkers Market

•In August 2023, Quest Diagnostics launched the AD-Detect test for Alzheimer’s disease in the U.S., offering consumers the first opportunity to acquire and evaluate a blood-based biomarker test for assessing the potential risks of developing AD

•In September 2023, Becton, Dickinson and Company partnered with Navigate BioPharma Services, Inc. to develop and commercialize flow cytometry-based companion diagnostics and clinical decision tools. The collaboration combined Navigate BioPharma's expertise in biomarker assay design for clinical trials with BD's extensive portfolio of flow cytometry instruments, reagents, software, and in vitro diagnostics (IVD) development services.

Key Question Answers 

QWhat are the major market drivers, challenges, and opportunities in the global clinical biomarkers market?

Q What are the business development strategies, such as business expansion, acquisitions, and funding, which are implemented by the major players to sustain in the competitive market?

Q Which is the dominant product and service type developed by the leading and emerging players for clinical biomarkers?

QHow is each segment of the market expected to grow during the forecast period from 2023 to 2033?

Conclusion 

In conclusion, personalized medicine, driven by biomarker identification, stands as a transformative approach in healthcare. Through the precise understanding of individual genetic, molecular, and physiological characteristics, tailored treatment strategies can be developed, offering patients more effective therapies with fewer side effects. Biomarkers serve as invaluable tools in this paradigm, enabling clinicians to predict disease risk, diagnose conditions earlier, and monitor treatment responses in real-time.

[denovotech]

What are the different types of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION PROBES

Denovo technologies , a leading provider of life science products and services in India, offers a wide range of cutting-edge solutions for researchers and scientists. Among their extensive product portfolio, we offers various types of in situ hybridization probes, an essential tool for studying gene expression and localization within cells and tissues. In this article, we will delve into the different types of in situ hybridization probes available under  Denovo technologies under their applications in scientific research.

RNAscope:

Denovo technologies provides RNAscope, a powerful and highly sensitive in situ hybridization technology that enables the detection and visualization of RNA molecules within intact cells and tissues. RNAscope probes are designed to target specific RNA sequences, allowing researchers to identify and study gene expression patterns with single-molecule resolution. This technique has proven invaluable in fields such as cancer research, neuroscience, developmental biology, and infectious disease studies.

BaseScope:

BaseScope is another innovative in situ hybridization assay offered by us. It is specifically designed for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and point mutations in RNA transcripts. BaseScope probes enable researchers to identify and analyze genetic variations at the RNA level, providing insights into disease mechanisms, drug response, and personalized medicine.

miRNAscope:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that play critical roles in gene regulation. We offers miRNAscope, a specialized in situ hybridization assay designed to detect and visualize miRNA expression patterns within cells and tissues. By studying miRNA localization, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of miRNA function and their involvement in various biological processes, including development, cell differentiation, and disease progression.

Custom In Situ Hybridization Probes:

Denovo technologies understands the unique research requirements of scientists and offers custom in situ hybridization probes tailored to specific gene targets. Researchers can collaborate with our  experts to design and develop custom probes that precisely target the genes of interest. This flexibility allows researchers to explore gene expression patterns and cellular localization in a highly specific and personalized manner.

Applications and Benefits

The availability of diverse in situ hybridization probes from Denovo technologies empowers researchers to investigate gene expression and localization in a wide range of biological samples. These probes enable the identification of specific RNA molecules, SNPs, and miRNAs, providing valuable insights into cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic targets. The benefits of using Our in situ hybridization probes include:-

High sensitivity and specificity: The probes are designed with exceptional sensitivity and specificity, ensuring accurate detection and localization of target molecules within the cells and tissues.

Single-molecule resolution: 

The  probes enable the visualization of gene expression at the single-molecule level, allowing researchers to study cellular heterogeneity and rare cell populations.

Versatility: The different types of in situ hybridization probes cater to various research needs, from studying gene expression patterns to identifying genetic variations and miRNA localization.

Customization: Our  custom probe development service offers researchers the flexibility to design probes that precisely target their genes of interest, enhancing the specificity and accuracy of their experiments.

Conclusion

Denovo technologies comprehensive range of in situ hybridization probes, including RNAscope, BaseScope, miRNAscope, and custom probes, provides researchers with powerful tools for investigating gene expression and localization. These probes enable the visualization of RNA molecules, identification of genetic variations, and study of miRNA function, facilitating groundbreaking discoveries in fields such as cancer biology, neuroscience, and personalized medicine. By partnering with Denovo technologies, scientists can access state-of-the-art in situ hybridization technologies and advance their research endeavors with confidence.

[nuadox]

Quick test analyzes DNA to improve crops

- By Roseli Andrion , FAPESP Innovative R&D -

All living beings have cells containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries genetic information for their development and functioning. In agriculture, DNA can be analyzed in search of biological targets to improve processes and to protect crops and animals from attack by microorganisms. This is what Doroth does.

A biotech startup based in Piracicaba, a city in São Paulo state, Doroth is one of the first companies to produce microfluidic chips for quick tests using onboard loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The lab-on-a-chip technology analyzes DNA to detect mutations, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), transgenes, resistant genes and barcodes (short sequences of base pairs). No laboratories or trained technicians are required, and biological targets for crop treatment are identified directly on-site.

LAMP is a high-performance method used to detect a variety of pathogens, including parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses. It entails a similar gene amplification technique to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, which was widely deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

“A PCR test for COVID-19 can now be more than 99% accurate, reaching 99.6% with the right protocol, but it has to be processed in a laboratory. Our solution takes this level of accuracy out into the field to help farmers,” said Rodrigo Gurdos, a biotech engineer who founded Doroth and is currently its new business director. 

The startup has pioneered this type of monitoring in agriculture and is now focusing on detecting biological targets in grains, leaves and the air, although the method can be applied to any kind of biological sample. 

It is supported by FAPESP’s Innovative Research in Small Business Program (PIPE).

Its clients include Suzano, FMC Agrícola, Corteva and Genesis Group. “Corteva wants to detect transgenes in leaves in order to charge royalties. Suzano aims to detect Ralstonia, the bacterium that causes the main eucalyptus seedling disease [bacterial wilt], before the first symptoms appear,” Gurdos said.

FMC Agrícola wants to detect Phakopsora pachyrhizi, a fungus that attacks soybean plants. “This microorganism disperses aerially, and the company wants to detect it before it contaminates crops,” he explained. In particular, the company aims to avoid the onset of Asian soybean rust, the disease that most affects this crop in Brazil and can wipe out an entire plantation without proper management.

The lab-on-a-chip Doroth uses to conduct these tests has all the reagents required to extract DNA from samples and perform a LAMP analysis. “The chip with the sample is inserted into our device, which resembles a capsule espresso machine. You pop in the sample with the chip, and the machine does all the processing automatically without any human intervention,” Gurdos said, adding that the device is built to withstand the harsh conditions typically encountered in the field, including bumpy transportation and high temperatures, among others. 

Combating Asian soybean rust

The research that led to the firm’s foundation started in 2018. “At that time we wanted to find out which was the biggest crop in Brazil and the worst disease faced by farmers. The biggest crop was soybeans, with about 43 million hectares, and the worst disease was Asian soybean rust,” he recalled. Farmers tend to try to ward off the disease by spraying crops with fungicide once a fortnight. The soybean cycle lasts about 110 days from planting to harvest. “Spraying occurs four or five times in this period, representing exorbitant and unnecessary costs. We wondered whether this behavior would change if they knew the disease had arrived.”

It was no easy task to develop the solution based on this insight. The technology was very new. They had explored LAMP in 2018, but it became widely used only in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. “The advantage of LAMP is that it requires a single temperature. The reaction is produced in the range of 67 °C. PCR requires thermocycling [cyclical temperature changes], which is very hard to perform outside the laboratory. LAMP testing is quick and highly accurate on site,” Gurdos said. A PCR machine costs as much as BRL 100,000 (now about USD 20,400). “Our product costs a fraction of that amount.”

As time passed, the team discovered other applications for the technology. “An example is identification of resistant genes. Weeds are usually combated with herbicide, but farmers often don’t know which is the best herbicide to use. Our system can determine within one hour whether the species that’s attacking a crop has a gene that’s resistant to a given molecule. The farmer can avoid that active ingredient and choose a more effective herbicide,” he explained.

The startup currently has a staff of 16, most of whom have PhDs, an unusually high proportion in this market, as professionals with doctorates and postdoc qualifications are found mostly in universities. “We have this structure thanks to FAPESP’s support via PIPE. It’s an investment that allows us to make mistakes. Faliure is part for the course in science, but run-of-the-mill investors don’t understand that,” Gurdos said.

The firm is observing other markets, such as cattle breeding and the diseases that disturb this activity. “We can identify the best antibiotic to give cattle for treatment and to stop the disease spreading. We’re not only pioneers but also the only firm that can now perform these tests. We’re in the vanguard of this technology, and we’re very proud of being an entirely Brazilian project,” he said.

Scaling up

The firm aims to industrialize the solution and scale up to mass production within the next two years. “We have to learn how to do this because no such industrial facility exists yet,” Gurdos said. Next, it plans to expand into other segments, such as cattle breeding. “It’s interesting because the companies themselves come to us with their difficulties. We aim to have 30 or 40 professionals in the team by the end of 2025.”

And it does not stop there. Doroth’s technology can be used in extreme situations, such as future pandemics. “Our current focus is agriculture, but there’s nothing to prevent our entirely indigenous technology from being used in other areas in an emergency. That isn’t our focus, but the potential is there if needed,” he said.

Doroth perfected the concept developed by Lucira, the first company in the world to use LAMP for quick COVID-19 testing. “Lucira is our benchmark, but it’s a disposable test kit, whereas in our case only the ‘coffee pod’ is disposable,” he said.

The name Doroth is a Brazilian version of Dorothy, the heroine of the Wizard of Oz and the device used in Twister, the 1996 movie, to release hundreds of sensors into the center of a tornado and send data back to weather scientists on the ground. When the startup was founded, it was called 2-seq, but it soon became evident that this was not a good name. “Twister gave us our first notion of how the Internet of Things [IoT] could be used in agriculture. We liked Dorothy so much that we opted for this name, and everyone likes it,” Gurdos said.

This text was originally published by FAPESP Agency according to Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC-ND. Read the original here.

--

Header image: The firm is one of the first to produce microfluidic chips for quick tests using onboard loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Credit: Doroth.

Read Also

Technique using light and artificial intelligence is effective in selecting immature soybean seeds

[genahealthx]

The Science Behind DNA Testing for Health and Diet

In the pursuit of better health and well-being, we often look to science for answers. But what if the answers were hidden within us all along, in our very DNA? This is the fascinating world of DNA testing for health and diet, where the secrets to personalized nutrition and optimal wellness are unlocked through the analysis of our genetic code. Here, we delve into the science behind DNA testing for health and diet, exploring the intricate processes that make it all possible.

Understanding the Human Genome:

At the heart of DNA testing for health and diet lies the human genome. This is the complete set of genes present in our DNA, containing all the information necessary for our body's structure and function. Genes are the instructions that determine everything from our eye color to our susceptibility to certain health conditions.

Genetic Variations and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs):

One of the key principles of DNA testing is the identification of genetic variations known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs (pronounced "snips"). SNPs are variations in a single DNA building block (nucleotide) at a specific location in the genome. These variations can influence how our bodies metabolize nutrients, respond to different foods, and even our predisposition to certain health conditions.

Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics:

The fields of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are at the forefront of DNA testing for health and diet. Nutrigenomics examines how our genes interact with nutrients and how our diet can impact gene expression. Nutrigenetics, on the other hand, focuses on how our genetic makeup influences our response to different foods and nutrients. Together, these fields provide the foundation for personalized nutrition recommendations based on an individual's unique genetic profile.

The DNA Testing Process:

DNA testing for health and diet involves a straightforward process:

Sample Collection: A sample of DNA is collected, typically through a saliva sample or cheek swab. This sample contains the genetic material needed for analysis.

DNA Extraction: The DNA is extracted from the sample and purified to remove any contaminants.

Genotyping: The DNA is then analyzed to identify specific genetic variations (SNPs) related to health and diet.

Data Interpretation: The data is interpreted in the context of scientific research and databases to provide personalized dietary recommendations and insights into potential health risks or advantages.

Personalized Nutrition Recommendations:

The true power of DNA testing for health and diet lies in its ability to offer personalized nutrition recommendations. By understanding how your genes influence your response to certain nutrients, you can tailor your diet to optimize your health. For example, you might discover that you have a genetic predisposition to low vitamin D absorption, prompting you to increase your intake of this vital nutrient.

Beyond Diet: Health Insights:

DNA testing doesn't just stop at diet recommendations. It can also provide insights into your genetic predisposition to various health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or lactose intolerance. Armed with this knowledge, you can take proactive steps to manage and mitigate these risks.

Ethical Considerations and Data Privacy:

As with any advanced technology, DNA testing for health and diet comes with ethical considerations and concerns about data privacy. It's crucial to choose reputable and secure testing providers and to understand how your genetic data will be used and protected.

The Future of Personalized Wellness:

The science behind DNA testing for health and diet is unlocking a new era of personalized wellness. By deciphering the intricate code written within our genes, we gain a deeper understanding of our bodies and how to nourish them optimally. It's a journey that holds the promise of healthier, more tailored lives, where our genes become our allies in the pursuit of well-being.

For more personalized inquiries or to explore our services further, you can also contact us directly:

Email: contact@genahealthx.com

Visit us: genahealthx.com

Phone: +91 93558 70172

Stay connected and embark on your wellness journey with us!

[thebrokencrescent-blog]

📆 Nov 2020 📰 What’s the Role of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Lupus Development?

EBV is a nearly ubiquitous virus that infects the majority of the world’s population. Following exposure to the virus, it remains in a person’s system, usually dormant except for occasional reactivation of the lytic cycle of viral reproduction. A surrogate for EBV reactivation can be measured by the sero-prevalence of antibodies elicited by the immune system’s response to viral capsid antigen and early antigen.

One of the big questions rheuma­tologists receive from their patients is, “If I have lupus, will other members of my family get it?” says Judith James, MD, PhD, a rheuma­tologist, researcher and vice president of clinical affairs at Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City.

A genetic connection exists, and family members of SLE patients are known to be at greater risk than the general population, she says. “But can we identify which of these family members might be more prone to getting lupus? Could we identify them years before they develop lupus and recruit them for primary prevention trials?”

Dr. James is a co-author of a study, published in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, exploring whether reactivation of EBV and single nucleotide polymorphisms in EBV are associated with a transition to SLE.1

“Ours is the first study to try to understand the cause/effect relationship between viral reactivation and SLE—to see if EBV reactivation precedes SLE clinical onset or autoantibody development,” she says.

Her study found that baseline viral capsid antigen and early antigen immunoglobulin levels are higher in those SLE patients’ family members who later transitioned to SLE than in those who did not transition and with healthy controls.

The researchers looked at 436 individuals who were relatives of SLE patients but did not themselves have SLE, gathering detailed demographic, environmental and clinical information and blood samples with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests for antibodies against various viral antigens, including viral capsid antigen and early antigen. The participants had been enrolled in the Lupus Family Registry and Repository and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Gullah Health studies, and gave their consent to be recontacted by researchers. They were approached approximately 6 years after the baseline testing. The aim was to see if they transitioned to SLE over those years. 13% of the relatives, in fact, transitioned to SLE by the time of follow-up contact.

“Our research looked at a specific type of immune response to EBV,” Dr. James says. “The data show that the relatives had increased reactivation of EBV prior to transitioning to SLE and increasing levels of EBV antibodies associated with SLE disease transitioning. If you have antibodies to early antigen, then you’re at highest risk for transitioning to SLE.”

Reactivation of EBV could be used to identify patients who require closer scrutiny for the development of SLE. Rheuma­tologists could ask lupus patients’ family members, especially those who test positive for anti-viral capsid antigen and anti-early antigen, to come back for reevaluations, perhaps annually...

[squishmallow36]

So I had an idea for a fedex fic that was essentially 'what if Fitz didn't find sophie that day and now in canon present day, he's asking dex for help finding her because we know that dex is able to find people through security cameras and such'

The problem with this, aside from the fact that i have to remember what happens in canon and adjust it to fit (like Alden's mind being permanently broken bc no sophie to heal it and the gnome plague pandemic still going on a year later and kenric not being able to be burnt to a fiery crisp during fintan's healing. Among others.) is that Fitz doesn't have an image that Dex can reverse google search, only a stand of DNA

this is where the genetics summer camp starts to come into play. I'm not sure how familiar with DNA you are but just to be safe, i shall explain. It's a big super loooong chain and there are three pieces: a deoxyribose sugar (don't worry about him), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. These bases are what matter. They come in four flavors (plus an extra bonus one for RNA): Adenine (A), thymine (t), guanine (g), and cytosine (c). (RNA's bonus one is uracil because it's easier to make than thymine but not as good for long term storage). I could go into which ones link together and pyridines / pyrimidines but that doesn't matter.

Anyway humans have about 3 billion of these units in their cells, and I'd hazard a guess that elves are similar enough shaped that I'm using that same number for them too because I don't have any good reason to give them more.

During the summer camp, we got shown a whole bunch of fun genetics resources but we don't have to worry about all five of them. Only two.

The first one was the gtex portal which in addition to showing pretty colors on a graph showing where in the human body a certain gene is expressed, it also shows eQTLs (we didn't get explained what that stands for but it does have a wikipedia page it turns out) and then on each line of the table it shows things like which phenotypes make the gene express more or less. (Phenotypes are /probably/ something you've covered in a bio class. Gregor mendel and his Peas. Tall plant = TT or Tt and short plant = tt. That kind of thing). It also showed the SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism, i.e. one nitrogenous base changing to a different nitrogenous base) identifier (which looks like rs1194337. The letters are the same but the numbers change)

This could then be put into the last website which shows the proportion of people with each allele, broken down geographically for even more fun. In this case, instead of being an arbitrary letter like the mendel pea example above, it shows which nucleotides specifically on that one tiny portion of the genome.

In case that doesn't make any sense, here, have a picture of all the pretty pie charts.

The red represents how many people have thymine in that spot and the blue represents how many people have cytosine in that spot. Yes this is a gene associated with asthma so not the one i'll be presenting in the fic but i already had the picture so. Yeah. Also the one that's really really red is in Peru because it's not super cleae from the abbreviations.

What do the pie charts have to do with the fic? I don't know. But I'll find a way.

At this point you've probably stopped reading but I'm still writing anyway. So the word (is it a word? Abbreviation? Letters?) SNP reminded me of a veritasium (i think?) youtube video that I watched stars know how long ago about DNA tracking for catching criminals and how much information ancestry.com is giving up and the like, and I remembered that having blue eyes is a trait that's controlled by a SNP like this.

Off to google we go to find its number and lo and behold it's rs12913832. The phenotype AA = blue, GA = brown, and GG = brown. A single bit flip like this is most certainly something that Dex's computer program /should/ be able to read and recognize this and end up with an ai image of a brown-eyed sophie than can then be reverse image searched. I don't know how to program that so i'm just leaving that part under suspension of disbelief.

But given that these are elves, Dex is certainly going to think it's a bug in the code and now he's at the point where he's trying to understand genetics so he gets to learn about them (or, rather, i get to ramble to the audience) while he realises that the fork man gave sophie at least one adenine right there, causing her eyes to be brown.

Guess who did a three day summer camp thing and is now writing it into a fedex fic.

Definitely couldn't be me (/lying)

ooooh, wanna infodump?

[zombiepineapple]

Hiding Secret Messages in DNA Steganography

Cryptography is protecting data. Steganography is hiding it. There are several methods for hiding messages in DNA sequences. One recent study compared "three DNA-based techniques (substitution, insertion, and complementary) in terms of its capacity, cracking property, Bit Per Nucleotide (BPN), and payload.”

This basically takes a string of DNA and applies it as the variable in an algorithm. Which is best is decided by BPN. They found that substitution was most imperceptible and best for smaller messages. The insertion method was the hardest to crack while the other two eventually have a limit to how complex their BPN can get.

In the insertion technique, the secret message is inserted into the DNA sequence data.

The complementary technique is when one side to the DNA is changed to complement the other side, which is the secret message.

Substitution simply means whole parts of the DNA sequence are replaced by the secret message. Here you can see the translation key. The letter “A” in the secret message, for example, could be written as “GCU”, or any of the other three that equate in the key to the letter “A”.

Another case study of a similar method was “hiding undetectable secret messages within the single nucleotide polymorphisms of a genome and detecting mutation-induced errors.” This is basically hiding a message in a scientifically engineered cell. These secret messages show up as benign mutations so the body doesn’t reject the cells. It should be noted that any engineered cells should be watermarked (like one would an image) for various reasons.

Some are using PCR primers as the secret keys to the messages, because there are too many primers to brute force a DNA sequence. From there, a secondary key can be used in the form of an enzyme. So a scientist gets a cell in a petri dish, runs the enzyme on it, runs the PCR primer on it, writes down the DNA code, then goes to their key to decipher the secret message.

What will they think up next?

Sources

Terkawi, N. S., Berriche, L., Alamar, A. A., Albrahim, M. A., & Alsaffar, W. S. (2021). Comparative Study of Three DNA-based Information Hiding Methods. International Journal of Computer Science and Security [IJCSS], 15(2), 45+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A687005442/CDB?u=lirn55593&sid=bookmark-CDB&xid=c64214be (Links to an external site.)

Na, D. (2020). DNA steganography: hiding undetectable secret messages within the single nucleotide polymorphisms of a genome and detecting mutation-induced errors. Microbial Cell Factories, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01387-0 (Links to an external site.)

‌ Cui, M., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Advancing DNA Steganography with Incorporation of Randomness. ChemBioChem, 21(17), 2503–2511. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202000149

[searchvoidstar]

An amazing error message if you put more than 2^24 items in a JS Map object

One of the fun things about working with big data is that you can often hit weird limits with a system.

I was personally trying to load every "common" single nucleotide polymorphism for the human genome into memory (dbSNP), of which there are over 37 million entries (there are many more uncommon ones)

Turns out, you may run into some hard limits. Note that these are all V8-isms and may not apply to all browsers or engines (I was using node.js for this)

const myObject = new Map(); for (let i = 0; i <= 50_000_000; i++) { myObject.set(i,i); if(i%100000==0) { console.log(i) } }

This will crash after adding approx 16.7M elements and say

0 100000 200000 ... 16400000 16500000 16600000 16700000 Uncaught RangeError: Value undefined out of range for undefined options property undefined

That is a very weird error message. It says "undefined" three times! Much better than your usual "TypeError: Can't find property 'lol' of undefined". See https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=11852 for a bug filed to help improve the error message perhaps. Now, also interestingly enough, if you use an Object instead of a Map

const myObject = {}; for (let i = 0; i <= 50_000_000; i++) { myObject['myobj_'+i]=i; if(i%100000==0) { console.log(i) } }

Then it will print....

0 100000 200000 ... 8000000 8100000 8200000 8300000

And it will actually just hang there...frozen...no error message though! And it is failing at ~8.3M elements. Weird right? This is roughly half the amount of elements as the 16.7M case

Turns out there is a precise hard limit for the Map case

For the Map: 2^24=16,777,216

For the Object it is around 2^23=8,388,608 HOWEVER, I can actually add more than this, e.g. I can add 8,388,609 or 8,388,610 or even more, but the operations start taking forever to run, e.g. 8,388,999 was taking many minutes

Very weird stuff! If you expected me to dig into this and explain it in deep technical detail, well, you'd be wrong. I am lazy. However, this helpful post on stackoverflow by a V8 js engine developer clarifies the Map case!! https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54452896/maximum-number-of-entries-in-node-js-map

V8 developer here. I can confirm that 2^24 is the maximum number of entries in a Map. That's not a bug, it's just the implementation-defined limit.

The limit is determined by:

The FixedArray backing store of the Map has a maximum size of 1GB (independent of the overall heap size limit)

On a 64-bit system that means 1GB / 8B = 2^30 / 2^3 = 2^27 ~= 134M maximum elements per FixedArray

A Map needs 3 elements per entry (key, value, next bucket link), and has a maximum load factor of 50% (to avoid the slowdown caused by many bucket collisions), and its capacity must be a power of 2. 2^27 / (3 * 2) rounded down to the next power of 2 is 2^24, which is the limit you observe.

FWIW, there are limits to everything: besides the maximum heap size, there's a maximum String length, a maximum Array length, a maximum ArrayBuffer length, a maximum BigInt size, a maximum stack size, etc. Any one of those limits is potentially debatable, and sometimes it makes sense to raise them, but the limits as such will remain. Off the top of my head I don't know what it would take to bump this particular limit by, say, a factor of two -- and I also don't know whether a factor of two would be enough to satisfy your expectations.

Great details there. It would also be good to know what the behavior is for the Object, which has those 100% CPU stalls after ~8.3M, but not the same error message....

Another fun note: if I modify the Object code to use only "integer IDs" the code actually works fine, does not hit any errors, and is "blazingly fast" as the kids call it

const myObject = {}; for (let i = 0; i <= 50_000_000; i++) { myObject[i]=i; if(i%100000==0) { console.log(i) } }

I presume that this code works because it detects that I'm using it like an array and it decides to transform how it is working internally and not use a hash-map-style data structure, so does not hit a limit. There is a slightly higher limit though, e.g. 1 billion elements gives "Uncaught RangeError: Invalid array length"

const myObject = {}; for (let i = 0; i <= 1_000_000_000; i++) { myObject[i]=i; if(i%100000==0) { console.log(i) } }

This has been another episode...of the twilight zone (other episodes catalogued here) https://github.com/cmdcolin/technical_oddities/

[botanyyoke44]

Exploring The Very Best Market Entrance Method For Reagents And Also Strategies Relating To Peptide

What Are Sarms Kinds?

Content

Peptide

Write-up Information.

Bsn Progressed. Strength N O Xplode 2.0

Selective Electrosynthesis For Late Stage Peptide Functionalization: A Green Chemistry Strategy.

Nevertheless, it pays to do your research study when it comes to vitamin C skincare, as formulations on the market differ hugely in regards to concentration, strength as well as stability. ' Vitamin C need to be made use of for skin care in focus of approximately 20 per cent. Higher percentages can possibly trigger even more inflammation,' claims Dr Mahto. What's even more, the item you select demands to be effectively stabilised to make certain maximum absorbency right into the skin.

At what age should you start retinol?

Begin in Your Mid '20s or Early '30s "Your mid-twenties are a great time to start using retinol," says Ellen Marmur, M.D. "Many patients who have used it for years swear by it."

So, leeches evolved a healthy protein called hirudin, which potently hinders thrombin. The total evidence-base connected with collagen supplements is restricted.

Peptide

The peptides have applications in tumor imaging in addition to in cancer cells treatment by means of targeting of payloads and also practical inhibition of ɑvß6. ɑvß6 plays several regulatory features in tumors consisting of TGFß activation, cell proliferation, MMP production, cell intrusion and survival.

Exonucleases, they damage the phosphodiester bond starting from one end of the chain. The ester link is a very high-energy bond releasing an incredible amount of energy upon hydrolysis. Like the rest of the bonds talked about earlier, it is additionally broken down by including a water particle. It is a modified kind of ester linkage in which the oxygen bridge is utilized to attach a carbon atom with a sulfur atom. It is developed as an outcome of the reaction in between the carboxylic group of one particle as well as the thiol group (- SH) of another particle. The carboxylic team sheds the oxygen as well as hydrogen while the thiol group loses its hydrogen and also a thioester bond is formed.

Article Details.

CRPS is a chronic problem connected with joint injuries, which brings about unpleasant and also inflamed joints, as well as adjustments in skin colour. There is additionally sign up now! that collagen supplements might assist in the therapy of rheumatoid joint inflammation; which is an inflammatory type of joint inflammation that brings about swelling as well as discomfort in the joints. But this proof is mixed, and there is much stronger proof to sustain well established clinical therapies for rheumatoid joint inflammation, such as the medicine methotrexate.

A small number of human studies have actually additionally found that taking collagen supplements might assist to maintain and also enhance bone mass. Nevertheless, comparable to the research studies associated with muscle mass, we can't eliminate that the positive influence of collagen in these studies might result from a boost in total protein consumption, instead of a details benefit pertaining to collagen. Consequently, supplementing with vitamin C might be useful for joint wellness in those who have a reduced consumption of this vitamin. There is additionally some evidence which recommends that supplementing with 500mg of vitamin C each day for 50 days may decrease the threat of establishing complex local pain disorder after a wrist crack.

Bsn Progressed. Stamina N O Xplode 2.0

The ability of radiolabelled variations of the peptide to precisely localise to ɑvß6-expressing xenografts in vivo, consisting of bust as well as pancreatic, has actually been demonstrated by PET DOG as well as SPECT. Human MHC class I molecules are encoded by a collection of genes-- HLA-A, HLA-B as well as HLA-C (HLA means 'Human Leukocyte Antigen', which is the human equivalent of MHC particles located in the majority of animals). These genes are extremely polymorphic, which means that each person has his/her very own HLA allele set. The consequences of these polymorphisms are differential sensitivities to infection and also autoimmune diseases that may arise from the high diversity of peptides that can bind to MHC course I in various individuals. Also, MHC class I polymorphisms make it practically impossible to have a best cells suit in between contributor as well as recipient, and hence are in charge of graft denial. The normal procedure of antigen discussion via the MHC I molecule is based on a communication between the T-cell receptor and also a peptide bound to the MHC class I molecule. There is likewise a communication in between the CD8+ molecule on the surface of the T cell and also non-peptide binding areas on the MHC course I molecule.

Cyclolab And EpiPharma Form Joint Venture - Contract Pharma

Cyclolab And EpiPharma Form Joint Venture.

Posted: Mon, 11 Jan 2021 15:43:30 GMT [source]

Hydrogen bond is created as in between a hydrogen atom as well as a very electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen. When a hydrogen atom comes within the electron affinity of a very electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen, electrostatic pressures of attraction among the proton of hydrogen and the single set of electrons in oxygen or nitrogen. Endonucleases, they can damage the phosphodiester bond even from within the chain of nucleotides.

Careful Electrosynthesis For Late Phase Peptide Functionalization: A Green Chemistry Technique.

It strongly hydrates skin for 24 hr, in addition to visibly restoring and also firming skin. Infused with Olay's Vitamin B3 & Peptides, its moisture-binding formula passes through up to 10 layers deep right into skin surface & assists optimize surface cell revival. It highly moistens skin for 24-hour, visibly restores & companies skin. Especially designed with SPF30 to assist safeguard skin from damaging UVA as well as UVB rays.

How do you make homemade peptides?

The overall process goes like this: 1. Remove the FMOC protecting group from the amine side of the amino acid. 2. Add the next amino acid in the chain and coupling activation reagents. 3. Repeat step's 1 and 2 until the sequence is complete. 4. Cleave the peptide from the resin.

A glycoprotein is a substance consisting of carbohydrate covalently linked to protein. The carbohydrate may remain in the type of a monosaccharide, disaccharide. oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, or their derivatives (e.g. sulfo- or phospho-substituted). Proteoglycans are a subdivision of glycoproteins in which the carbohydrate devices are polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Infused with Olay's Vitamin B3 & Peptides, its fragrance-free moisture-binding formula permeates as much as 10 layers deep into skin surface & assists optimize surface cell renewal.

A few little researches have actually found that eating collagen, in the type of gelatin, may bring about a decrease in cravings. It is worth keeping in mind that each of these researches included less than 25 individuals, as well as none determined real adjustments in weight.

Bioactive Peptides

Hence, peptide presented in complex with MHC class I can just be recognised by CD8+ T cells. This interaction belongs of so-called 'three-signal activation design', and in fact stands for the initial signal. The next signal is the communication between CD80/86 on the APC as well as CD28 externally of the T cell, followed by a 3rd signal-- the production of cytokines by the APC which totally activates the T cell to provide a details response. In order to can involving the key elements of adaptive immunity (uniqueness, memory, diversity, self/nonself discrimination), antigens have to be refined as well as provided to immune cells. Antigen discussion is mediated by MHC class I molecules, and also the course II particles discovered on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and certain various other cells. The carboxyl team of the muramic acid is frequently replaced by a peptide having residues of both L- and also D-amino acids, whereas that of L-talosaminuronic acid is replaced by a peptide containing L-amino acids only.

The toughest evidence is connected to skin health and decreases in joint pain from workout or osteoarthritis. As one of the most bountiful healthy protein in the body, collagen serves a number of vital architectural features. Dietary collagen is more difficult for our body to absorb, as compared with hydrolysed variations. It is also essential to keep in mind that collagen supplements are usually stemmed from fish-- for that reason any person who has a fish allergic reaction must avoid this sort of supplement. Vegan collagen supplements are readily available, which are made from genetically customized bacteria and yeast.

Retinoids should be your initial port of telephone call, according to the professionals. They're often described as the gold criterion in skin care, many thanks to their capacity to motivate cell turnover at warp speed. In other words, clinical research study showing the results of collagen drinks on skin is lacking, so if you seek a more tried-and-tested means to enhance your skin wellness, you might be better spending your money in other places. Happily, there are a handful of alternatives verified to enhance the skin's collagen degrees when applied topically. Study the research subjects of 'Introducing chemical performance in fmoc-peptide gels for cell culture'. Gelatine is a substance originated from the collagen of pets such as chickens, cattle, pigs and fish.

' Eating a well balanced diet plan with appropriate protein-- either plant based or pet-- will certainly improve collagen manufacturing,' says Griggs. What's more, vitamin C is located in abundance in most fruits and vegetables, so make sure you're obtaining your 10 a day. Of course, rubbing on the skincare isn't the only way to top up your collagen levels.

Kind I collagen is vital for skin flexibility and stamina, and a loss of collagen in the skin, which occurs naturally with aging, can bring about wrinkles. It is also one of the most bountiful protein in the body-- bookkeeping for about 30% of our total protein web content. Collagen is an important part of connective tissues-- which give assistance, framework as well as protection in our body, as well as binding with each other organs or various other tissues. The coiling of RNA chain onto itself occurs by means of hydrogen bonding.

Multi-weight Hyaluronic Acid hydrates as well as plumps, while sophisticated Prebiotics balance skin's microbiome to make sure maximum skin wellness.

provensarms.com from communications in between electrons of the dual bond of the carbonyl team and also those of the C-- N bond such that the latter gets partial (about 40%) double-bond residential properties.

This ultra-hydrating formula integrates the most up to date age-defying technology to proactively deal with the look of expression lines and lessened volume.

This then clears the means for the other Peptides in the facility to permeate the skin, such as Matrixyl 3000 and also Argirelox.

Linus Pauling, in the 1930s, used X-ray diffraction to check out the nature of the peptide bond developed between two amino acids.

He reported that the peptide team (Carbon Monoxide-- NH) has a stiff planar structure.

All kinds of gelatine for use in medications are manufactured under strict hygiene and safety and security guidelines. Hence, venom-based insecticides can assist deal with the 1000 or two insect pests that minimize the world's crop production by an approximated 10-- 14%. The cone snail-- the world's most dangerous snail-- causes hypoglycaemia to sedate fish prior to capture.

One more little study located that taking a day-to-day collagen peptide supplement for 6 months brought about improvements in nail toughness as well as development. However, this only consisted of 25 participants, as well as there was no sugar pill team-- which decreases the stamina of this evidence. There is some emerging evidence which recommends that taking hydrolysed collagen supplements may help to lower creases and improve collagen degrees in the skin, along with skin hydration and also skin elasticity. However, there are issues with several of the researches in this area, for instance some are really tiny, as well as do not use a control team. Additionally, even more studies are needed in connection with the possible use of collagen supplements in skin disease like eczema. In fact, collagen is thought to comprise around 75% of our skin's dry weight.