#veterinary emergency

[grlmsgrotto]

PET EMERGENCY DONATION POST

More information on the twitter thread i made as it happened last night HERE

to put it simple because my hands are not doing great and I can't type much; my youngest cat, nu, is having a veterinary emergency and the solution is to have her spayed immediately / as soon as possible. im asking for help in a really sudden and desperate situation because i have no income as im disabled, i can offer art and voice acting in exchange for help but please anything helps please share or donate anything helps im genuinely terrified i don't want her to suffer at all

donation link here

[lemonsharks]

GoFundMe Link

Hello fellow humans and thank you to the buds who have donated!

Last Tuesday, this little gremlin:

...Had a mass of things she should not have eaten surgically removed from her intestine. Another six hours without surgery and she would have died.

She spent two nights at the emergency vet, and my household now has $6,000 worth of debt about it. (Down from 8k, thank you thank you thank you.)

@taraljc is a freelance graphic designer, I am a freelance copywriter, and our combined income is not great.

And, unfortunately, the nature of the debt makes it particularly imperative to pay it down quickly. It is of a nature that makes everyone's lives absolutely miserable until the debt is gone.

The number on the GFM is also not representative; as we're reusing an existing GFM from last year for out of spoons reasons. Housing insecurity, amirite?

The amount raised so for this far for this fucking disaster of a week is roughly $2,000? and a bit?.

Spending breakdown:

Debt repayment $2,000

Cat post-op supplies, transportation to and from the emergency vet, a little food in line with our spoons count: ...and a bit. 😔

Debt remaining: $6,000

I know everyone is probably spent out and donated out but if you see this I would personally appreciate it if you would reblog the post instead of liking the post. Get more eyeballs on it.

GoFundMe Link

[oceanpeony]

Want to help Minmo grow strong and healthy? Then please consider donating to help out my sweet child! Can't/don't want donate? Then just sharing around is more than enough to help! Full details can be found here as well.

https://gofund.me/36794690

Tldr Minmo’s been to the vet twice, third time will be today. She’ll have an x-ray at the least which is more expensive than the last two visits. Will possibly need further treatment. I am a disabled person living off of disability payments alone which are far below the poverty line, making it hard to get by day to day without any extra expenses.

[indigoraen]

It feels a little awkward and vulnerable to come out of my internet hibernation to ask for help, but I've seen the kind of reach tumblr can have.

My pretty boy became sick and needed hospitalization this month. While he is now luckily at home and slowly recovering, the veterinary costs were as astronomical as they often are. I live in a state with an incredibly high cost of living, and paying off the cost of his treatment - alongside everything he'll need to avoid a reoccurrence of hospitalization in the future - is actively impacting my ability to afford rent, let alone costs for utilities, food, and my own monthly medicine.

I have a full invoice and cost breakdown linked at the GoFundMe and will provide updates/proof of payment as funds are acquired. We are both deeply grateful for any help at all and I appreciate you even reading this post.

[sixbucks]

Scout found a snake in the back yard. I couldn’t see the bite so I couldn’t understand why her leg was swelling and she was chewing it. Doctor says it wasn’t a poisonous snake, which makes sense since she’s still alive. She doesn’t want to smile for the camera right now. Yeah, that’s my foot. That’s not my hair on the carpet.

[iheartvmt]

Nothing like ending the day with a little goat kid attacked by a dog. 🙏 he made it through the night and is on the mend this morning!

[scorbunnyvllgr]

Digital artist available. Fanart, fantasy, DnD, OC, and more. I've opened commissions to help pay for my cats veterinary expenses. 🐱 Please DM me for more details.

[asphaltvalkyrie]

THANK YOU OP.  I’ve worked in the vet field for years and I’ve seen every one of these conditions devastate multiple families, including my own (lost a very dear old cat to a FATE.)

Pyometra especially gets me since its so easy to prevent and so few people know about it.

One of the hardest things about working in a veterinary ER is delivering bad news. I feel like at least once a shift someone is blindsided by their pet being diagnosed with a condition they’ve never heard of before. In many cases this is unavoidable but I really feel that some of the most common critical emergencies I see would be easier for owners to process if they had prior knowledge about the illness.

The following infographic is far from a comprehensive list and truthfully I have a LOT more to say about diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of each of these conditions. However, this image shows just a few of the major points that I wish owners had been able to prepare for prior to hearing about them in the ER. Some of these conditions are preventable and some are not but they all require an owner to make difficult decisions in a crisis situation. If your pet fits into one of these categories, please just do a quick google about the condition, and maybe discuss with your vet signs that you can watch for at home.

[medvetpequenosanimais]

Neoplasia pode causar sepse?

A sepse devido à quimioterapia ou neutropenia relacionada ao câncer é uma das emergências mais comuns tratadas na medicina oncológica.

Em humanos, a sepse é uma causa comum de morte em pacientes com câncer, excedendo todas as outras causas combinadas.1-7 À medida que a popularidade de cães e gatos aumenta e o uso de quimioterapia e radiação aumenta na prática privada, é provável que esta observação se repita. na medicina contra o câncer canino e felino. Como cães e gatos tendem a esconder seus sintomas até o final da doença, a condição de sepse pode estar bastante avançada quando reconhecida pela primeira vez e requer intervenção imediata da equipe de saúde canina e felina.

A neutropenia secundária a malignidade ou mielodisplasia, ou como resultado dos efeitos mielossupressores da quimioterapia ou radioterapia, é um fator predisponente comum para o desenvolvimento de sepse em cães e gatos. Choque séptico é o estado de colapso circulatório que ocorre secundário a sepse e/ou endotoxemia avassaladoras. Esta síndrome é frequentemente fatal, com uma taxa de mortalidade de 40% a 90%.

A seguir estão os fatores predisponentes para sepse associada à neutropenia:

A neutropenia pode ser causada pelos efeitos mielossupressores da quimioterapia. Os efeitos mielossupressores dos agentes quimioterápicos podem ser categorizados como altos, moderados ou leves. Esses medicamentos causam um nadir (parte mais baixa da contagem de glóbulos brancos) em momentos diferentes após a administração).

Cães e gatos esplenectomizados são suscetíveis a sepse avassaladora quando infectados com uma cepa de bactéria encapsulada contra a qual não produziram anticorpos.

Cateteres vasculares ou urinários de demora têm sido associados a um aumento na prevalência de sepse. Quanto mais tempo o cateter estiver presente, maior será a probabilidade de infecção, especialmente em cães e gatos neutropênicos.

A aquisição frequente de amostras de sangue aumenta muito o risco de sepse em cães e gatos com câncer.

A hospitalização prolongada pode resultar em consequências graves, em parte porque o paciente está continuamente exposto a cepas bacterianas resistentes aos antibióticos mais comumente utilizados nessa prática.

A desnutrição é uma causa grave de debilitação e diminuição da resistência a infecções bacterianas, especialmente em cães e gatos com neutropenia.

Cães e gatos com disfunção neurológica ou pacientes que não deambulam por qualquer causa também apresentam risco aumentado de sepse.

Sempre que possível, estes fatores de risco devem ser evitados ou minimizados e os problemas associados devem ser reconhecidos e corrigidos precocemente para reduzir a probabilidade de sepse.

Defeitos na imunidade celular são causa de sepse em cães e gatos com câncer. A disfunção imune celular, embora extraordinariamente difícil de diagnosticar em cães e gatos, pode ser devida a uma causa subjacente ou ao resultado da administração de agentes antineoplásicos e/ou corticosteróides. Esses defeitos podem resultar em várias infecções bacterianas, micobacterianas, fúngicas e virais. A disfunção imunológica humoral também está associada a um aumento da prevalência de sepse em pacientes humanos com câncer e pode causar problemas semelhantes em animais. Cães e gatos agamaglobulinêmicos ou hipogamaglobulinêmicos são suspeitos de serem suscetíveis a infecções. O mieloma múltiplo e a leucemia linfocítica crônica são neoplasias comuns associadas à disfunção imunológica humoral em pessoas e também são causas prováveis em cães e gatos.

Fonte:

Gregory K. Ogilvie. Care Beyond a Cure: Oncologic Emergencies--Help!!!! World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2005 . Disponível em: <Care Beyond a Cure: Oncologic Emergencies--Help!!!! - WSAVA2005 - VIN>

[ataleoftwopitties]

Heatstroke in Dogs: "How hot is too hot?"

Heatstroke is a life-threatening emergency when your dog's body temperature becomes too high and cannot be cooled effectively. Early detection and aggressive therapeutic intervention is required to increase the chances of survival, as well as avoiding secondary complications.

Initial symptoms may include:

Panting, Increased thirst --- indicating heat stress; a dog is still generally alert and ambulatory

Hypersalivation or foaming at the mouth, Weakness and/or collapse --- indicating progression to heat exhaustion; a dog may become non-ambulatory and although still mentally aware, may be too tired to react or get up

Heatstroke then occurs when a dog cannot regulate their body temperature, and it rises to 105 degrees F or higher.

Dogs who are elderly, obese, have thick and/or dark-colored coats, shortened muzzles (i.e. brachycephalic breeds), or pre-existing heart or respiratory conditions are at heightened risk for heatstroke.

If a dog's temperature remains elevated for too long, severe damage will begin to occur to the organs ---

Gastrointestinal: GI dysfunction will occur from inadequate blood supply and poor perfusion throughout the tract, which may then result in vomiting and/or diarrhea +/- blood.

Cardiac: Blood vessels will dilate and cardiac output increases, leading to the redistribution of blood flow and widespread hypoxia. This may then cause ventricular arrhythmias and ultimately, heart failure.

Neurologic: The brain will start to swell and bleed in certain areas, resulting in seizures, nystagmus (rapid eye movement), anisocoria (uneven pupil sizes), or even coma.

Renal/Hepatic: Kidney and liver failure result from decreased perfusion, hypoxia, and tissue damage. Even if a dog recovers from heatstroke, the kidneys and liver may have permanent damage that will require lifelong treatment.

Other complications from heatstroke may include:

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

Rhabdomyolysis

With all of this in mind, heatstroke can be very serious and warrant an ER visit +/- hospitalization. Treatment will involve strategically cooling your pet and intensive care to avoid the secondary complications described above, and death. This might include IV fluids, GI protectants, antibiotics, oxygen therapy if your pet is in respiratory distress, and various other medications to treat cardiac and metabolic dysfunctions. In more severe cases, a dog may even require a blood/plasma transfusion. Length of hospitalization will depend on the pet's response to treatment and can range anywhere from 24 hours to weeks, if complications arise.

In the event heatstroke in a dog is suspected, owners should make every attempt to begin cooling as they transport to a veterinary facility - wetting their fur with cool (not ice cold) water, driving with the windows down (or air conditioning at its maximum capacity) can make all the difference. Studies have shown that pets who are actively cooled down before being taken to a hospital are ~2.5x more likely to survive heatstroke compared to those who are not.

Unfortunately, many dogs continue to die every year from heat-related causes - or are euthanized when there is a lack of funds for their treatment, or simply very poor prognosis. Measurements need to be taken to spread awareness about heatstroke and advocating for its prevention in our pets.

For more tips on how to keep your pet cool during heatwaves, read my other post - "5 Tips on How to Keep Your Dog Cool".

Sources/Further Reading:

Cohen, Aly. “Heatstroke: A Medical Emergency.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine - Riney Canine Health Center, Canine Health Information. 

Flournoy, W. Shannon, et al. “Heatstroke in Dogs: Clinical Signs, Treatment, Prognosis, and Prevention.” Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians, vol. 25, no. 6, June 2023. 

Hall, Emily, et al. “Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs.” Animals, vol. 10, no. 8, 31 July 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081324. 

Magazanik, A., et al. “Tap Water, an Efficient Method for Cooling Heatstroke Victims - a Model in Dogs.” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, vol. 51, no. 9, 1 Sept. 1980. 

Newfield, Amy. “Providing Care for Dogs with Heatstroke.” Today’s Veterinary Nurse, 16 May 2019. 

Tabor, Brandy. “Heatstroke in Dogs.” Today’s Veterinary Practice, 2014. 

[bordercityblonde]

My friend’s dog is currently being treated at our local emergency animal hospital and any donations would make a huge difference in helping with the large cost of vet bills. Please consider helping out if you can 🫶🏻

[wolfchanw]

Looking like cats! Three weeks old tomorrow!

[juniperpublishers-jdvs]

Detection and serotyping of African Horse Sickness virus circulating in Kenyan horses

Abstract

African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious and non-contagious disease of equidae transmitted mainly by Culicoides species. The disease is caused by AHS virus (AHSV), a linear dsRNA virus, within the genus Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family, having 9 different serotypes. Kenya has experience death of horses due to AHS, despite vaccination. The vaccine used has two parts, administered 2-3 weeks apart. Part 1 is trivalent, while part 2 is tetravalent, however, it lacks serotypes 5 and 9. The objective of this study was to determine AHSV serotypes circulating in Kenya to inform the best vaccine and control strategies for AHS. Samples were collected from 37 horses (24 dead, 13 live) in different regions in Kenya including Nanyuki (n=14), Nairobi (n=6), Nakuru/Naivasha (n=14) and Kisumu (n=3). Majority of horses showed different clinical signs characteristic of the acute pulmonary form, however, some showed the cardiac form. Whole blood samples were taken from the live animals, while heparinized blood, spleen, lung and lymph node samples were taken from dead animals (preserved in 10% buffered glycerin) and shipped in dry ice to the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL) in Dubai for serotyping. All serotypes were detected from our samples except AHSV-6. Serotypes 2 and 4 were detected in all the regions with AHSV-4 having higher frequency (32.4%) than AHSV-2 (24.3%). All serotypes except AHSV-1 was detected in Nakuru/Naivasha region, with higher frequency of AHSV-7 (13.5%) followed by AHSV-4 (8.1%). AHSV-4 was the most frequent in Nanyuki while AHSV-2 was the most frequent in Nairobi. From these results we recommended that the horses in Kenya should be vaccinated with a vaccine containing all the 9 serotypes since all serotypes are circulating in Kenya.

Keywords: African Horse Sickness; Horses; Serotypes; Kenya

Introduction

African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious and non-contagious disease of Equidae transmitted mainly by Culicoides species (biting midges) especially C. imicola and C. bolitinos, although other arthropod vectors have been implicated in the transmission of this disease [1]. AHS disease is caused by nine distinct serotypes of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) [2], a linear double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus belonging to the Orbivirus genus in family Reoviridae should be [3]. AHSV genome consists of 10 segments of linear dsRNA, encoding seven structural (VP1 – VP7) and five non-structural (NS1-3, NS3a and NS4) proteins [3,4]. The NS proteins are involved in virus replication, assembly and transport from infected cells. The VP2 and VP5 are involved in virus attachment and cell entry, hence these proteins contain the antigenic determinants which elicit serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies and therefore, they are the most variable proteins and are used to determine the virus serotypes [5-7].

Upon the bite by the infected vector, the AHSV at first replicates in nearby lymph node before spreading throughout the entire body via the circulatory system, causing primary viraemia leading to lungs and lymphoid tissues infection. The virus predilection site is vascular endothelial cells where it causes extensive damage leading to pervasive hemorrhages [8]. In horses, the viraemia usually lasts between 4–8 days, whereas in donkeys, it may last for up to 4 weeks. In zebra, the viremia may be extended to approximately 40 days post-infection [7,9]. AHSV infection manifest in four forms: cardiac form, pulmonary form, mixed form, and horse sickness fever [8,10]. The cardiac form is characterized by a fever, edema of the head, neck, chest, petechial hemorrhages in the eyes, ecchymotic hemorrhages on the tongue, and colic. This form of disease may cause mortality of upto 50%. The pulmonary form (the most serious with >95% mortality) is associated with a rapid onset of symptoms including fever, depression, severe respiratory distress, severe dyspnea, coughing, and sweating.

Mixed form is a combination of the cardiac and the pulmonary form and is the most common leading to more than 70% mortality within 3-6 days. Horse sickness fever form is the mildest (with no reported mortality) where the animal just develops a moderate fever and some edema of the supraorbital fossae [8].

Studies have shown that mules and donkeys are less susceptible to AHS than horses, however, zebra has been shown to be resistant to the disease [11]. Besides Equidae, AHS has also been reported in ruminants such as camels, goats, and buffalo [12]. The first AHS case was recorded in Yemen following an epidemic that occurred in 1352 [13]. Although AHS is believed to have originated in Africa, the 1st case was only recorded in 1569 by Father Monclaro [14]. The most severe outbreak caused by AHSV serotype 9 (AHSV- 9) occurred in Asia between 1959–1961 causing over a quarter million equid deaths. This was followed by epizootic of AHSV-9 in 1965 which spread throughout Northern Africa and Spain [14]. After these outbreaks, AHS was confined to sub-Saharan Africa for about 20 years until 1987, when AHSV-4 was reported again in Spain [15]. Senegal reported AHS outbreak in 2007 which was found to be caused by AHSV-2 [16]. Recently, The AHS has been reported in Chad (2019) and Thailand (2020) [17,18]. AHSV is listed as a notifiable equine disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) [19]. Vaccination is the main control strategy for AHS in both endemic and epidemic scenarios [20,21]. Live attenuated vaccine is the most common, however, a wide range of other vaccine candidates have been tested, including some that may provide cross-serotype protection against AHSV, but none have been used in the field to date, due to a lack of commercial viability [22]. The currently used live attenuated vaccine (LAV) comes in two vials containing 3 (AHSV-1, -3 and -4) and 4 (AHSV- 2, -6, -7 and -8) AHSV serotypes each, hence, it lacks AHSV-5 and AHSV-9 [23]. AHSV-5 was withdrawn in 1990 from the vaccine after documentation of residual virulence [24]. However, AHSV- 9 has never been included due to its low incidence especially in southern Africa where vaccine is produced. Additionally, cross protection between serotypes 1 & 2, 3 & 7, 5 & 8 and 6 & 9 has been documented [20,23], therefore, protection against AHSV-9 is expected to be provided by AHSV-6. AHS outbreak caused by both AHSV-5 and -9 was reported in South Africa in 2006, leading to questions of competency of the LAV for sufficient protection against the two serotypes. Mellor and Hamblin reported that gene segment re-assortment between wildtype and vaccine strains may result in new genetic variants or reversion to virulence of attenuated vaccine strains [14]. For example, recently whole genome sequences comparison of AHSV isolates which caused 2004 and 2014 outbreaks in Western Cape, South Africa, with AHSV vaccine and reference strains showed convincing evidence of re-assortment between and reversion to virulence of viruses within the vaccine itself [25]. In Kenya, AHS is an endemic disease affecting many horses and donkeys [26]. Recently, in Kenya, horse owners have been losing horses to AHS, despite vaccinating with commercially available AHS vaccine, mostly with LAV from Onderstepoorst Biological Products. We hypothesize that there could be reversion to virulence of some vaccine strains or there could be gene segment reassortment between wildtype and vaccine strains as has been reported elsewhere. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine AHS serotypes circulating in Kenyan horses during the study period. This information is imperative for developing effective control strategies for AHS in the country including safe efficacious vaccines.

In this study we collected from 37 horses (24 dead, 13 live), in different geographical areas mainly in Kenya including Kisumu (n=3), Nanyuki (n=14), Nairobi (n=6) and Naivasha/ Nakuru (n=14). The horses in the study areas are mainly kept in paddock grazing system and at night they are kept in stables or in open fields near owner’s homestead, except in Nairobi where they are kept and fed entirely in stables. Horse owners use insect repellants and acaricide for insects and tick control, respectively. The affected horses showed different clinical signs of AHS mainly characteristics of per-acute or acute pulmonary form including high fever, severe pulmonary oedema, dyspnea and a frothy nasal discharge. However, some horses showed the cardiac form of AHS characterized by fever, edema of head, petechiae on the ventral surface of the tongue, tachypnoea and tachycardia. Paired whole blood samples taken from 13 live horses for processing serum. While samples from 24 horses that succumb to disease including heparinized blood, spleen, lung and lymph node were taken during postmortem (tissues were preserved in 10% buffered glycerine). The samples were store at -20oC before shipped on dry ice to the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Dubai United Arabs Emirates for serotyping using the Virus neutralization test and real time RT-PCR, after screening them for AHSV antibody using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). The results were presented as descriptive statistics using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc., CA, USA).

Overall, all nine serotypes of AHSV were detected in the samples collected except serotype 6 (AHSV-6). Our results showed that AHSV-2 and AHSV-4 occurred most frequently in the Kenyan horses with AHSV-4 (32.4%) occurring in higher frequency than AHSV-2 (24.3%) (Figure 1a). AHSV-7 (13.5%) was third most frequent followed closely by AHSV-9 (10.8%) and AHSV-5 (8.1%), respectively. Serotypes 1, 3 and 8 were less frequent. The dominance of AHSV-4 and AHSV-2 in the study area, raises the question of the efficacy of the multivalent vaccine (LAV) currently being used in Kenya and possibility of reversion to virulence of these serotypes. In terms of regional distribution (Figure 1b), AHSV-2 and AHSV-4 was detected in samples from all the regions, with high frequencies of the two serotypes (18.9% and 10.8%, respectively) recorded in Nanyuki region. AHSV-1 was detected in the Kisumu and Nanyuki regions, while AHSV-3 and AHSV-8 was detected only in Nairobi and Nanyuki regions, respectively. AHSV- 5 was detected in Nanyuki and Nakuru/Naivasha regions, while AHSV-9 was detected in Nairobi and Nanyuki with higher frequency recorded in Nanyuki (Figure 1b). AHSV-7 was exclusively detected in Nakuru/Naivasha region and in high frequency than any other serotype in that region.

We also analyzed the serotype distribution between the samples from the sick horses that were a live and those that succumb to the disease (Figure 1c). In the live horses, serotypes 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 were detected with AHSV-2 occurring in higher frequency (16.2%) than the rest. On the other hand, all the serotypes, except AHSV-8, were detected from the samples of the dead horses, with higher frequency of AHSV-4 (27%) followed by AHSV-7 at 10.8% and AHSV-2 (8.1%). Although many horse owners did not avail to us the information about vaccination status of the affected horses, we examine the distribution of the serotypes based on known vaccination status of the horses. Our results showed that all serotypes were detected in vaccinated horses except AHSV-7 and 8, with AHSV-2 and AHSV-4 occurring in slightly higher frequency (Figure 1d). Serotype 8 was only detected in the unvaccinated dead horse in Nanyuki region. On the other hand, AHSV-3 was detected in one vaccinated horse which was alive in Nairobi area.

The detection of AHSV-5 and AHSV-9 that is not present in the vaccine (LAV) that is mostly used in Kenya indicates that the vaccine may not be protective against these serotypes. Besides, AHSV-5 and AHSV-9 is reported to be antigenically closely related to AHSV-8 and AHSV-6, respectively [24,27], and since AHSV- 6 was not detected at all in our samples one would assume that the vaccine is offering total protection against AHSV-6 and by extension should offer protection against AHSV-9, which was not the case.

African Horse sickness virus was previously reported in Kenya, where Davies and colleagues showed that all the 9 serotypes of AHSV were circulating in the country [28]. Most recently, Gichure and colleagues reported AHS in donkeys in Kenyan highlands with prevalence of between 27 – 35% depending on the seasons [26]. One of our study sites was in the same area where Gichure et al conducted their studies, hence we hypothesize the possibility of AHSV circulating between horses and donkeys. Furthermore, all our study sites also have a sizeable number of zebras and donkeys, thus we also hypothesize the possibility of zebras, as reservoir host, since zebra are resistant to AHS disease [11]. AHS has been detected in Equidae in other countries in Africa including Namibia [29,30], Ethiopia [31,32], Sudan [33], Zimbabwe [34], Senegal [16], South Africa [25] among others. Currently, information about the prevalence of AHSV or its potential risk factors among equids in Kenya is limited. Since horses play an important role in horse races and companion, and donkeys play a role transport in remote areas, the control of AHSV and other emerging diseases in these equids is urgently needed in the country.

Conclusion

AHS outbreak in in Kenya has significant consequences for horse owners especially effect on sporting activities, indicating the pressing need to develop new, safe, efficacious and cost-effective vaccines for AHS. From our pilot results we concluded that the horses in Kenya should get vaccine with all the 9 serotypes since all serotypes are circulating in Kenya. The development of crossprotective AHS vaccines with long shelf life, rapid protection and could be differentiated from natural infections should be a foremost priority for research. From this pilot study, we recommend further investigation to evaluate the immune responses of horse population and other equids, in endemic areas such as Kenya, which have long-term exposure to AHSV and resistance/tolerance to AHS. Furthermore, the ecology of endemic maintenance of the AHSV in other equids such as zebra and donkey populations is unexplored, therefore, genetic and environmental drivers of AHSV vector competence need urgent research attention in Kenya. Finally, it is worth noting that, using our results, CVRL in United Arab Emirates has developed an inactivated vaccine containing all 9 serotypes which produces high ELISA and neutralizing antibodies, which need further evaluation in the field to establish its efficacy [18,35].

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[arsonistmoth]

PLEASE HELP IF YOU CAN

Please help me if you are able, my cat, my boy duggie, has a lump on his side that is clearly infected and bothering him. It's oozing puss and feels so swollen. Where I live there are only 3 vet offices and none of them are cheap. The lowest one is 159usd for an exam. If you can spare even a little please help. Paypal: @ Goatsgalore96 Venmo @ CallenGGoat Cashapp: $calgoat96

[leoandreeda]

Please, help me save my Rudy.

This is my pet, Rudy. She got hit by a bus a couple days ago and needs tests and surgeries that are too expensive for me and my family alone.

This was Rudy yesterday. She's awake and may look alright but all the problems she has are on the inside.

We can't have her home (she needs surgeries) and she hasn't been able to sleep without the meds unless we visit her. She even fell asleep in my mom's hand.

Please help us with anything. I'll be eternally grateful.

Shares are very appreciated too.

There's more info in the link down here:

Please, help me save my Rudy.

[iheartvmt]

I hate it here 😔

Not my case, but two of my friends are involved in his care. So sick of the gun violence plaguing this city, and the nation as a whole.