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Medicinal and Nutritional Values of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc (Kulattha): A Conceptual Study-Juniper publishers

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Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc commonly known as horse gram is a kind of legume of tropics and subtropics. Its medicinal uses are known to Ayurveda and Sri Lankan traditional physicians for centuries. Present study was undertaken to collect data on medicinal uses and nutritional values of M. uniflorum. Ayurveda pharmacodynamic properties of M. uniflorum are Kashaya Rasa, Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna Guna, Ushna Veerya and Katu Vipaka. Various medicinal preparations such as Dhanyamla and decoctions are prepared using seeds of M. uniflorum. It is mainly used as a tonic, astringent, diuretic and also recommended in rheumatism, neuralgia and other several diseases. Horse gram seeds are rich in natural phenols; mostly phenolic acids, flavonoids and the major anti-oxidants. Horse gram is considered as animal fodder and its full potential as a part of human diet has not been exploited completely. It can be consumed as seeds, as sprouts or as meal by itself. Horse gram is an excellent source of protein (22-24%). Seeds contain carbohydrates (57.2%), fat (1.1%), vitamins, minerals (3.2%) and good amount of soluble fibers. Extract of these seeds shows potent anti-adipogenic, anti-hyperglycemic anti-hyper cholesterolemic activities. It acts against oxidative stress. It is concluded that Horse gram can be used as a multifaceted treatment as well as a wholesome food.

Keywords: M. uniflorum; Kulattha; Dhanyamla; Anti-oxidants; Food

Introduction

Medicinal plants are used as a source of drugs for treatment of various illnesses all over the world, from ancient times to the present day. They serve as sources of important raw materials for manufacturing traditional and modern medicines. Food legumes, an essential component of balanced human diet are recognized as the second most important group of crops after cereals [1]. M. uniflorum (horse gram) is one of the legumes which are having high nutritious as well as ethno-medicinal values in the developing countries. Nowadays, to meet the ever increasing demand for vegetable protein there is an increase demand towards underutilized legumes as new alternate protein sources [2]. Besides nutritional importance; M. uniflorum has been known to its excellent remedial values due to presence of non-nutritive bioactive substances.

The seeds of M. Uniflorum contain bioactive substances such as phytic acid, phenolic acid, fiber, enzymatic/proteinase inhibitors which have significant metabolic and physiological effects [3]. Hence, in view of immense medicinal and nutritional importance of M. uniflorum, this review is an effort to compile the information reported on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. This collection will be helpful to generate interest towards the plant and may be useful in developing new medicinal formulations which are more effective and have more therapeutic values.

Experimental

Data was collected from Ayurvedic and Sri Lankan traditional medical texts, interviews conducted with traditional physicians, scientific journals and using web sources. The collected data was analyzed.

Results

Taxonomic classification [4]

Kingdom: Plantae

Class: Magnoliopsida- Dicotyledons

Subclass: Rosidae

Order- fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Subfamily: Faboideae

Tribe: Phaseoleae

Subtribe: Phaseolinae.

Genus: Macrotyloma (Wight &Arn.) Verdc - macrotyloma

Species: Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.

Plant profile

Synonyms of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc [5,6]

Scientific Name: Dolichos biflorus

Sanskrit Name: Kulattha, Kulathika, Sweta beeja

Sinhala Name: Kollu

English Name: Horse gram, madras gram, poor man’s pulse

Hindi Name: Kulit, Kultthi

Arabic Name: Habbul Kulth

Chinese Name: Bian Dou

Distribution of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc

M. uniflorum is native to African countries such as Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania; Asian countries such as Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Taiwan and Australasian countries such as Australia [7] (Figure 1).

Morphological Characters

Morphological characters of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc are given in (Table 1), (Figure 2).

Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamic Properties

Ayurvedic pharmacodynamic properties of M. uniflorum are tabulated below Table 2 [10,11].

Phytochemicals isolated from M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc

Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants may possibly be due to existence of various phytochemical components. Phytochemical screening studies reveal the existence of flavonoids, urease, glycosides, lenoleic acid, polyphenols, beta Sitosterol, amino acids- glycine, alanine, cysteine, serine, isoflavones, genistein, isoferririn,cumesterol, psoralidin, galactosidase, glucosides and streptogenin [12]. The seeds of M. uniflorum contain extractable total phenolics and tannins. Dry heated samples were found to have considerable amounts of phenolics and tannins than in raw samples [13,14]. Phenolic acids are isolated from the ethanolic extract of the seeds of M. uniflorum by reversed phase HPLC. There were eight phenolic acids components and the most abundant was p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxy benzoic acid. The successive extracts of root, seeds of M. uniflorum have revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glucosides, lignins, phenols, saponins, tannins and sterols. Alkaloids are the lead molecules of curative importance from Macrotyloma species. Phytochemicals containing in M. uniflorum and their structures are given in (Table 3 & 4).

Traditional uses of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc

Various parts of the plant M. uniflorum are used in medical systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani for thousands of years for various ailments both internally and externally.

Internal applications of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc

The decoction of dry seeds of M. uniflorum is used in traditional medicine for amenorrhea, with rock salt for urolithiasis, bile stones, conjunctivitis, rheumatism, piles, with rock salt for diabetes mellitus, dysuria, colic and flatulence (with Asafoetida), oedema, with pepper for mumps, goiter and phlegmatic conditions [21]. Decoction of seeds is also useful in the management of postpartum syndrome or to promote the discharge of lochia [8]. Infusion of whole seed is an excellent remedy for rheumatic pain and hypertension. Infusion of seeds with cow’s milk is useful in the management of helminthes disorders [22]. Kanji (gruel) of dry seeds with jaggery is a remedy for jaundice. Anjana (collyrium) made with powder of seeds is applied for conjunctivitis. Dumapana (inhalation of the smoke) is beneficial for patients suffering from hiccough. The powder of toasted seeds is consumed with curd for gastric ulcers [23]. Intake of horse gram seed powder with some water is beneficial in skin rashes and boils. Seeds boiled with water are indicated for obesity. Soup prepared from seeds is administered for haemarrhoides, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Decoction of root is given for leucorrhoea. Juice of plant provides a good cure in diarrhea [24].

External applications of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc

Powder of baked seed is rubbed over the body to manage excessive perspiration. Poultices of seeds are used to induce sweating. Paste of seeds is applied over the skin to enhance complexion. Paste of seeds is also applied for the goiter and mumps [25].

Prepared Medicines by using M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc

The seeds of M. uniflorum are used to prepare drugs such as Kulatthadi Pralepa (paste), Kulatthadi Gruta (ghee), Kulattha Yusha, Dhanyamla (sour gruel) and Dantimuladi Kwatha [26,27].

Pharmacological Investigation

Pharmacological activities of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc are tabulated in Table 5.

Researches carried out to find Pharmacological activities of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc

Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect: Kumar, et al. [28] demonstrated that M. uniflorum extracts have strong activities against hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Antihypercholesterolemic effect of M. uniflorum extract is examined in rats by assessing its effects on food consumption, weight gain, serum lipid profile, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transamianse (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and body fat [28]. Researchers reported that the consumption of ethanol and water extract of the plant for 5 weeks resulted a significant decrease (p <0.01) of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) SGOT and SGPT levels. There was a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p <0.01). They also discovered ethanol extract-treated group has shown a significantly higher fecal excretion of cholesterol level than those treated with water extract. Body weight of rats in the water extract-treated group was significantly lower than that in the ethanol extract-treated group.

Anti-microbial activity: According to Kawsar, et al. [29], Ram, et al. [30] and Gupta, et al. [31] extracts from M. uniflorum seeds had shown significant activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [29-31].

Anti-helmintic activity: The seeds of M. uniflorum have anthelmintic activity which can be beneficial in eliminating worms [34]. Philip, et al. tested he alcohol extracts of M. uniflorum seeds for their anthelmintic activity. These extracts exhibited potent anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma and its activity was comparable with that of the standard, albendazole [35].

Analgesics and anti-inflammatory effect: Giresha et al., assayed the aqueous extracts of M. uniflorum coat and pulp by invitro method for inhibition of human secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) as a function of anti-inflammatory activity. The extract effectively neutralized indirect hemolytic activity and showed similar potency in neutralizing the in vivos PLA2 induced mouse paw edema [36].

Anti-diabetic activity: Gupta et al., investigated the antidiabetic effect of α-amylase inhibitor isolated from the seeds of M. uniflorum in streptozotocin- nicotinamide induced diabetic mice. They have determined the biochemical parameters such as serum total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels [38]. Purwar, et al., found that M. uniflorum α-amylase inhibitor (MUAI) inhibited both the mouse pancreatic and human salivary α-amylase. MUAI reduced the serum glucose level in the treated diabetic mice. Histological findings revealed minimum pathological changes in the treated diabetic mice as compared to the diabetic control [38].

Anti-choliolithic activity: Bigonia, et al. found that M. uniflorum seed exerted antilithogenic influence by decreasing the formation of lithogenic bile in mice. Both the methanolic and acetone extracts (ME and AE) were capable of decreasing cholesterol hyper-secretion into bile and increasing the bile acid output. The maximum effect was found in the AE as it decreased the papillary proliferation of gallbladder and hepatic fatty degeneration. Antioxidant property of polyphenol and tannin in AE may provide its potential antilithogenic effect [39].

Anti-histaminic activity: Suralkar et al., screened the ethanolic extract of M. uniflorum seeds for their anti-histaminic activity by using histamine induced contraction on goat tracheal chain preparation and histamine induced bronchoconstriction in Guinea pigs. Histamine induced contraction of isolated goat tracheal chain preparation was significantly subdued by the ethanolic extract of M. uniflorum seeds. The guinea pigs were significantly protected against histamine induced bronchospasm as indicated by delay in the preconvulsivedyspnoea time (PCT) following the exposure of histamine aerosol [39].

Anti-peptic ulcer activity: Panda, et al., evaluated the antiulcer activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the seeds of M. uniflorum (MUSE) and p-coumaric acid against indomethacin (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and absolute ethanol (necrotizing agent) induced ulcers in rats. A dose-dependent decrease in the ulcer index could be seen in both models after the pre-treatment with MUSE and p-coumaric acid. MUSE and p-coumaric acid elicited significant antioxidant activity by attenuating the ulcer elevated levels of malondialdehyde and restored the ulcerdepleted levels of reduced glutathione and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase [40].

Anti-oxidant activity: Singh, et al. reported the in-vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic seed extracts of M. uniflorum [42]. As per Ravishankar, et al. administration of M. uniflorum extract to rabbits with high-fat diet induced oxidative stress, showed improvement in anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and increased glutathione concentration [41].

Free radical-scavenging capacity: Siddhuraju, et al. revealed that among the various extracts, 70% acetone extracts of dry-heated samples of brown variety of M. uniflorum as well as raw and dry-heated samples of black variety exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity. Generally all extracts showed good antioxidant activity (53.3-73.1%) against the linoleic acid emulsion system but were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the synthetic antioxidant, BHA (93.3%) [44].

Anti-urolithiatic activity: M. uniflorumwas found to be effective in preventing the deposition of the stones in experimental rats. Chaitanya, et al. reported the antiurolithiatic activity of aqueous and alcohol extracts of M. uniflorum seed on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in albino rats [46]. Das, et al. noticed an excessive urinary excretion of oxalate, calcium and phosphate was resulted after the feeding of ethylene glycol [47]. As per their findings of Atodariya, et al. and Bijarnia, et al. the seeds of M. uniflorum are endowed with significant antiurolithiatic activity and the alcoholic extract of M. uniflorum showed better anti urolithiatic activity than aqueous extract [48,49].

Diuretic activity: Ravishankar, et al. explored the diuretic effect of ethanolic seed extracts of M. uniflorum in albino rats. The urine volume, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride and Bicarbonate contents were measured after the oral administration of extracts at doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. Diuretic effect was significant in experimental animals treated with of M. uniflorumextracts compared to the control, Furosemide (5mg/kg) [53].

Hemolytic activity: The 1-butanol extract showed the significant hemolytic activity by mouse erythrocytes. Kawsar, et al. reported the presence of compounds such as methyl ester of hexadecanoic, ethyl ester of hexadecanoic acid mixture and n-hexadecanoic could be constituted a possible chemotaxonomic marker [54].

Hepatoprotective activity: Parmar, et al. discovered the significant hepatoprotactive properties of M. uniflorum seeds against D-Galctosamine and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats [55].

Toxicological studies: Kawsar, et al. analyzed the aerial parts of M. uniflorum for their cytotoxicity effects. Crude extracts of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), 1-butanol (1-BuOH) and aqueous (H2O) were screened by using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay technique. Most of the extracts were found to be non-toxic and this indicates that the ethnobotanical use (oral applications) of the M. uniflorum is justified [62].

Nutritional Values of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc: M. uniflorum seeds are known as the poor man’s pulse crop in Asian countries, especially India. It is commonly used for both food and fodder. The use of dry seeds of horse gram is limited due to their poor cooking quality. Recently, the US National Academy of Sciences recognized this legume as an upcoming potential food resource [63].

Methods of consuming: Seeds are the edible part of the plant and consumed as a whole (boiled) seed, as sprouts, as a curry or as whole meal in Asia, popular especially in southern Indian states. Procedures such as de-husking, germination, cooking, and roasting can be undertaken to enhance the nutritional quality of horse gram [64].

Protein content: Horse gram is the most protein-rich lentil found on the planet. The seeds have twice the protein content as of cereal grains. Mean protein value of horse gram seeds is almost equivalent to winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), gram (Cicer arietinum) and soybean (Glycine max) [65,66].

Carbohydrate (CHO) content: M. uniflorum seeds contain common and abundant forms of CHO, viz sugars, fibers, and starches. The digestibility of starches as a legume is lower than that of cereal. Contain less carbohydrate (55- 65%) and energy compared to cereals. CHO available in M. uniflorum seeds has low glycemic index [67].

Fatty acid content: Saturated fatty acids level in the seeds of M. uniflorum is considerably low. It is about 72.49% unprocessed seeds and about 71.99% in toasted seeds. Seeds are rich sources of Linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid. Raw seeds contain 45.58% and toasted seeds contain 40.33% of Linoleic acid [18].

Dietary fiber content: Whole grains are the best sources to get fiber into a balance diet. Fibers are of two types, soluble and insoluble. Horse gram seed contains 28.8% total dietary fibers, mainly insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) 27.82% and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) 1.13% with IDF: SDF 24.6 [68]. Horse gram flour contains 16.3% total dietary fiber (14.9% insoluble and 1.4% soluble and 2.2% resistant starch) [69]. Seeds of M. uniflorum contain more insoluble dietary fiber than kidney bean (Phaseolus aconitifolius) [70].

Micronutrient content: Horse gram has the highest calcium content among pulses. As a legume, Horse gram is deficient in methionine and tryptophan, though it is an excellent source of iron and molybdenum [71,72].

Anti-oxidant source: The unprocessed horse gram seed is loaded in polyphenols, flavonoids and proteins, the major anti-oxidants which are also available in fruits and other food materials. The greater part of anti-oxidant properties is limited to the outer coat of seed and its removal would eliminate these properties.Macro and micro nutrients composition of dry seeds of M. uniflorum is given in (Table 6 & 7).

Amino acid composition of ?M. uniflorum

Anti-nutritional factors: Anti-nutritional factors reduce the bioavailability of nutrients [73]. Horse gram flour also contains such factors viz, trypsin inhibitor (9246±18 TIU/g), phytic acid (10.2±0.4mg/g), polyphenols (14.3±0.4mg GA/g) and oligosaccharides (26.8mg/g) [70]. The consumption of horse gram as a human food is limited due to existence of high level of enzyme inhibitors, haemagglutinin activities, oligosaccharides, tannins, polyphenols and phytic acid compared to the other legumes [77,78]. Conventional processing methods such as de-husking, germination, cooking, and roasting have been shown to produce beneficial effects by decreasing the content of undesirable components which results in enhanced acceptability and nutritional quality in addition to optimal utilization of horse gram as human food [79].

Protease inhibitors: Horse gram habitually contains inhibitors of proteases that reduce the digestibility of dietary proteins. Protease inhibitors form irreversible trypsin enzyme and trypsin inhibitor complex in the intestine. These protease inhibitors resemble other Bowman-Birk protease inhibitors and characterized by low molecular weight, high disulfide content with low content of aromatic amino acids. They can bind as well as inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin either independently or simultaneously [81,82]. Trypsin inhibitor activity is significantly higher in horse gram flour (9246 TIU/g) as compare to chickpea (6452 TIU/g) and cowpea (6981 TIU/g) flour [70]. In germinated seeds trypsin inhibitor activity is 16% less than that of un-germinated horse gram seeds (950 x 103 TIU/g seed) [83]. As germination induces changes in the Bowman-Birk type proteinase inhibitors in both qualitative and quantitative ways, it facilitates protein hydrolysis for utilization in germination process [84]. Trypsin inhibitors are thermo-labile and their inhibitory activity can be reduced noticeably by thermal treatment [85].

Discussion

According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamic properties M. uniflorum is capable of pacifying vitiated Vata Dosha by its Madhura Rasa, Ushna Guna and Ushna Veerya. It pacifies vitiated Kapha Dosha, due to Kashaya Rasa, Laghu Guna, Ruksha Guna and Ushna Veerya. Therefore it can be used to treat a variety of ailments, originating through a multitude of causes.Seeds are having scientifically proven bioactivities such as anti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic, diuretic, antioxidant and chemo modulatory. Therefore it can be beneficial in the management of the diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and stroke.

M. uniflorum seeds reduce blood sugar levels and post-prandial hyperglycemia, decrease absorption of the carbohydrate from the gut and abundant of soluble fiber. Therefore the seeds are useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.Further M. uniflorum seeds reduce serum cholesterol levels, inhibit the hepatic cholesterol genesis, increase excretion of fecal sterol and decrease insulin activates lipoprotein lipase which leads to hypertriglyceridemia. Seeds are also capable to possess hepatoprotective and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. All the above-mentioned effects can contribute potentially toward reduction of hypercholesterolemia and obesity.Seeds of M. uniflorum are excellent sources of polyphenols. They are capable of removing free radicals, chelating metal catalysts, activating antioxidant enzymes, reducing tocopherol radicals and inhibiting oxidase. Due to its anthelmintic properties, the seeds of M. uniflorum are useful in treating amoebic dysentry, bowel hemorrhage and colic pains.

Conclusion

Administration of horse gram can be used as a multifaceted treatment as well as a wholesome food that should be included in our diet on a regular basis.

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urologistinnoida · 5 years ago

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Kidney Stones: Risks and Consequences

Knowing the most frequent complications produced by the kidney stones are essential since improper kidney stone treatment in Noida can impair the functioning of the kidneys, making it more difficult for the toxins that our body produces to leak.

Dr. Shailendra Goel, a urologist in Noida explains that "if a patient has renal colic means you are removing a calculus that is blocking one or both kidneys. If both are compromised, it corresponds to a urological emergency, since the patient can quickly present renal failure with the consequences that it entails.”

Likewise, it indicates that if the obstruction is unilateral, it is very feasible that the other kidney can replace the function of the organ that is compromised and the patient can continue to urinate, but the permanent obstruction of a kidney for a few weeks will lead to deterioration in the compromised kidney function that may become irreversible. Another complication that is generated with the obstruction of a kidney, is the greater probability of developing a urinary infection that in this context could quickly trigger a septic picture, warns urologist in Greater Noida.

In addition, urologist in Vaishali clarifies that “everything indicated above is in the context of obstructive lithiasis at the ureteral level, but in the case of coral-shaped lithiasis (coral-shaped kidney stones) these are usually colonized with bacteria, generating a chronic inflammatory process of the kidney which slowly deteriorates its function until it generates its exclusion or a serious infectious condition ”.

It also specifies that "in the context of complicated lithiasis associated with urinary infection or causing renal failure, this accumulation of toxins can rapidly compromise the liver, circulatory and finally neurological function, putting the patient's life at risk".

Diseases related to kidney stones

The best urologist in Noida points out that there are multiple pathologies that are associated with the formation of stones. Among them, the most frequent are:

Intestinal disease: fluid loss or chronic diarrhea can alter urinary PH by breaking the balance in the urine. This increases the possibility of the formation of uric acid stones, calcium stones, and even struvite stones.

Diabetes: the mechanisms by which this disease increases the incidence of urolithiasis are varied, ranging from the modification of the gastrointestinal epithelium to immunosuppression that increases the risk of urinary infections and the subsequent appearance of struvite stones.

Obesity: people with a BMI greater than 30, excrete a greater amount of oxalate, uric acid, sodium, and phosphate. All these changes significantly increase the risk of kidney stone formation.

Gout: Many times, the diagnosis of this disease is made by relating it to the formation of recurrent uric acid stones.

Hyperparathyroidism: the disease that affects this gland generates enough alterations of phosphorus and calcium metabolism for the formation of stones with this composition.

Prevention measures

To prevent the appearance of kidney stones, the urologist in Ghaziabad recommends the following measures:

Control of chronic pathologies: chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, gout, hyperparathyroidism, among others, generate favorable conditions for the formation of stones.

Increased fluid intake: lithiasis formation occurs because the crystals removed in the urine fail to dissolve in the proper amount. The type and quantity of liquid recommended are variable, obviously, water is better because it has no associated sugars, nor does it generate any other types of unwanted contribution.

Decrease salt intake. The high salt intake increases the appearance of kidney stones.

Maintain a low-protein diet of animal origin: exaggerated protein consumption, especially in patients suffering from changes in uric acid management, favors the production of lithiasis.

Urologist in Delhi states that these recommendations are general and that it is always necessary to carry out an aqueous metabolic study for each patient suffering from kidney stones.

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buyayurvedicproductsonline · 6 years ago

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CURCUMIN TEA - PRESERVA WELLNESS

Urolithiasis is a term used when a solid piece of material known as kidney stone occurs in urinary tract consisting of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Generally, if the kidney stone in your urinary tract is small, it is likely to pass on its own without causing any problem. If a stone in urinary tract grows more than 5 millimetres, it can cause blockage of one of the ureters or the tubes which connect kidneys to urinary bladder.

Kidney stones are no recent day problems since descriptions of surgery to remove kidney stones from humans date back to as early as 600 BC. In recent times, nearly 12% of world population is affected by kidney stone disease. In India, especially in northern India, high burden of urinary stones is indicated in the working- age population.

Let us first take a look at probable risk factors for kidney stones:

Low Fluid Intake:

It leads to dehydration which is a major risk factor for stone formation.

Obesity:

Increased Weight is another Leading Factor For Kidney Stones.

Dietary Factors:

High consumption of animal protein, sodium, sugars including honey and refined sugars, grapefruit juice, apple juice, oxalates as in star fruit and spinach may increase the risk of formation of kidney stone. Drinking fluorinated tap water also increases the risk of kidney stone formation. Proper dietary intake of potassium can possibly reduce the risk of stone formation because potassium promotes urinary excretion of citrate thereby inhibiting calcium crystal formation. Animal protein in diet increases an acid load which in turn increases excretion of calcium and uric acid in urine and reduces citrate excretion giving way to formation of renal stones.Artificial supplements of vitamin C and D have also been linked to formation of kidney stones.

Underlying Metabolic Disorder:

Some of the underlying metabolic disorders which can cause kidney stones include

Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis- characterised by failure of acid secretion by specific cells of kidney.

Dent’s Disease- which affects proximal renal tubules in kidney.

Hyperparathyroidism- an increase in parathyroid hormone in blood.

Primary Hyperoxaluria- excessive excretion of oxalate in urine.

Medullary Sponge Kidney- which is a congenital disorder of kidneys. 3-20% of people with kidney stones have medullary sponge kidney.

Crohn’s Disease- a type of inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus and is associated with hyperoxaluria and malabsorption of magnesium.

Binge Drinking- Some theories have linked heavy episodic drinking with an intention of becoming intoxicated due to dehydration caused by the alcoholic episodes.

People Undergoing Chemotherapy- People who undergo chemotherapy for slow-growing blood cancers or conditions in which lymphocytes are produced in excessive quantities develop symptomatic kidney stones 1.8% of the time according to a study.

Kidney stones vary in consistency. Not all of them are made up of same crystals. Different types of kidney stones include:

Calcium Stones:

These are the most common type of calcium stones. They are generally made of calcium oxalate but may also consist of calcium phosphate or maleate. There should be regulation on amount of consumption of oxalate rich foods such as potato chips, peanuts, chocolate, beets, and spinach. Required amount of calcium in your diet can prevent formation of kidney stones. However, according to some studies people who take artificially formed calcium or vitamin D as dietary supplement have a higher risk of developing kidney stones.

Uric Acid Stones:

These stones are more common in men than in women and can be found in people with gout and people undergoing chemotherapy. Acidic urine predisposes a person to uric acid stones. Rise in urine’s acidic level can be a result of a diet rich in purines which are colourless substances found in animal proteins such as fish, shellfish, and meats.

Struvite Stones:

Women with urinary tract infections are more prone to struvite stones. They can be large and obstruct urinary flow. The main way to avoid struvite stones is to treat underlying infection.

Cystine Stones:

These are rare and can occur in both men and women with a genetic disorder called cystinuria. In cystinuria, the amino acid Cystine builds up and forms stones instead of going back into the blood stream.

Your physician will reach the diagnosis of renal stones by analysing your symptoms:

Pain: Renal colic or pain due to kidney stone disease is described as one of the strongest pain sensations. Excruciating intermittent pain from the flank radiates to the groin or the inner thigh as stone obstructs the ureter or renal pelvis. It typically lasts for 20 to 60 minutes with wave like motions in ureter trying to expel stone.

Urinary Urgency: Kidney stone pain is often accompanied with a sudden, compelling urge to urinate.

Restlessness and Sweating: The episodes of pain make the sufferer restless and sweat a lot.

Hematuria: The presence of red blood cells can be noted in urine in renal stone.

Nausea and Vomiting: These may be the accompanying symptoms in painful episodes due to kidney stone disease.

Imaging studies such as renal ultrasonography, CT scan, intravenous pyelogram can be advised for confirmation of diagnosis.

Keep some tips handy to prevent and manage your kidney stones:

Have a Daily Detox Routine:

To avoid formation of renal stones, follow a routine of drinking a curcumin tea by the name of ‘Daily Detox Tea’ by Preserva Wellness daily. An improved version of turmeric tea forming a curcumin tea blend of herbs helps in flushing out toxins and thereby prevents accumulation of contents which would lead to stone formation. The herbal contents of this Ayurvedic herbal product which is better than a mere turmeric tea include fennel, Tulsi, fenugreek, lemon, Ashwagandha and ginger. It assists kidneys to perform their job of excretion in a better way and thereby promotes renal functioning.

Have a Bottle of Nephrogold Tablet:

If you are suffering with kidney stone disease, look for an Ayurvedic herbal product which also gives curcumin supplementation. Nephrogold Tablets by Preserva Wellness fulfil the criteria for a pure curcumin enriched Ayurvedic herbal product. It is composed of herbs like varun, shilapushp, gokhru, prickly chaff flower which are efficient in cleansing accumulation of toxins in kidneys, dissolving renal stones and flushing them out.

Drink Plenty of Water:

Do not let yourself dehydrate. If you are prone to recurrent kidney stones, make an effort to drink plenty of water such that daily urinary output is two litres.‘I would gladly pass a kidney stone for you, dear- said no one EVER!’ Make the passage of renal stones easier with Ayurvedic herbal products by Preserva Wellness.

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mado-science · 7 years ago

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Fascinating book on pet health. I learned a lot about pet food, vaccinations, pet behavior and health care. We have a wonderful Vet for our rescued himmy cat. Dr Molly loves animals and it shows in the compassionate care she provides. Reading Dr Royal's book makes us realize that a good vet who has a holistic approach will surely benefit our beloved pets. I wish all pets had such good care. Thanks to Dr Royal, Dr Molly, Dr Cordell and all the good vets for their contributions to animal health. Go to Amazon

Perfect Timing I received Dr. Royal's book as a gift - the same week I found out my lovely German Shepherd rescue had osteosarcoma. My vet in New Mexico was sorry to say not much could be done other than to keep him comfortable the last days of his life. Upon discovering the blood tests looked fairly good and the cancer hadn't metastasized, I made the difficult decision to have his cancer-laden leg removed. My vet did an excellent job in surgery and post surgery. It's been two months since the surgery. With several post-surgery acupuncture treatments from my local vet in conjunction with consulting with Dr. Royal, my pooch is like a new dog. His appetite's now better than ever, and (on three legs) he's chasing rabbits. He went through Dr. Royal's liver detox program and is now on her cancer treatment plan. I've haven't skimped when it came to what I thought was "quality" pet food and/or treats but never realized the horrific affect these choices could be having on my animal companions - even from the so-called "best" kibbles/snacks around. He's now eating homemade/organic mashes and Darwin's Pet Food meals along with an assortment of supplements recommended by Dr. Royal and I'm happily amazed at the results. If given a choice, I'd much rather invest in a pro-active wellness plan than vet bills for a sick and unhappy pet. That said...read this book and you're guaranteed to walk away with a bounty of wisdom and insight on the ways you can keep your animals healthy...the natural way. Thanks Dr. Royal!!! Go to Amazon

Incredibly Informative Having several dogs one with skin allergies and losing a couple to cancer I knew something wasn't right in what we were doing as pet parents. I started feeding my Grandpup (Naya's a 4 year old Chihuahua mix) on raw meat in her kibble when we took over her care. Thinking of a dog we had early on, who ate mostly from our plates and what he hunted, who lived a long healthy life, I wanted a healthy diet for Naya as well. As I was reading this book I weaned her off the kibble and on to a raw meat diet as suggested by Dr Royal. It's been a month and she's feeling and looking great. She's lost about a pound and is fit as can be. Thank you, Dr Royal. Go to Amazon

A book full of advice from a highly respected vet I took my Doberman to Dr Royal and she was so thorough with him and gave me a lot of very useful advice and information. She doesn't only give medicine to cure an ailment, she gives you the tools to Go to Amazon

Pet lover's guide to caring for your pet the natural way. Dr. Royal's love for animals was such a natural easy way to follow. My little guy had surgery once for calcium oxalate urolithiasis this year and the problem was back within months. His vet's answer to his crystals in the urine was that maybe he would have to have this surgery every 6 months - horrible surgery! And the recovery was long and painful. My little teddi wasn't himself and everyone noticed. Dr. Royal's ideas on how to cook were great and I took him off of all the medicine - which was regular people medicine! Not suited to a little guy who weighs 9 pounds. I do give him a pet vitamin and his flea and tick and heartworm medicine. And not an accident in the house since we started - I do stick to the recomended foods for dogs with stones and crystals. Read the book from front cover to back and keep handy for reference. Thank you Dr. Royal! Go to Amazon

A must read for dog nerds like me Great read. I have 3 fur babies and have used this book as a guide to slowly switch them to biologically correct diets. This book has a wealth of information and it I reference it on a weekly basis. It does a really nice job of giving you enough options and tips to make a slow, gradual transitions but also to find what works best for your time/budget. Go to Amazon

She loves animals and it shows! This veterinarian and author has had extensive experiences with wild and domestic animals and shares a number of her memorable cases with the reader. Dr. Royal provides recipes for those inclined to follow raw food diets for their pets, but she is not over the top about such a regiment. She writes about her transition in her beliefs and practices over the years from traditional western veterinary care to learning about and incorporating eastern methods such as acupuncture to treat her patients. Go to Amazon

Great information and stories! If you are considering a raw diet for your pet, or are interested in a different perspective on caring for and training your dog, I highly recommend this book. I learned so much, and switched my dog to a higher quality kibble that met her requirements. Good read! Go to Amazon

Enjoyed! Switched my dog to an all raw diet Excellent Five Stars Good read Must read for pet lovers This book is awesome! Her love of animals comes thru Five Stars A MUST READ FOR NATURAL PET FEEDING Two Stars

#biological #science #book

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farmshareprime-blog · 7 years ago

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The Good, the Bad and the Healthy

Of first importance is the health status of the animals, and to be successful it is critical that you maintain a healthy herd. To do this you need good genetics and nutrition for your animals. However, the best genetics and nutrition are useless without a good herd health plan.

A health plan includes:

1. Biosecurity Plan - for the reduction of risk of exposure or spread of diseases on your farm. This includes disease, parasites, and poisons. Basic biosecurity plans are used to help reduce exposure risk and spread of different diseases and parasite problems between and within farms and should be in place before you purchase your first animal.

The place to start is with the construction of a quarantine (isolation) facility. This is a location where animals can be held separate from the rest of your herd. The quarantined animals should have no direct contact and should not share a common food or water source with other animals on the farm. This should also be an area that is easy to clean and sanitize. This area can be used for housing of sick animals as well. This facility will be used for all newly purchased and returning animals (from shows or exhibits) before they are added to the production herd.

a housing of sick

newly purchased

returning animals

2. Vaccination Program - to protect your animals from the most common diseases and if exposed or contracts the disease, previous vaccinations help reduce the recovery period

Common Diseases and Vaccination Programs

Enterotoxemia - commonly called “overeating disease” and is caused by Clostridium perfringens. This bacteria is almost always present in the environment and in the ruminant digestive tract.

Urinary Calculi - This condition also is called urolithiasis or urinary stones. It is caused by an imbalance of phosphorous and calcium.

Tetanus - caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. These bacteria live in the soil, in faeces and in dust on the goat’s skin.

Contageous ecthema - commonly called soremouth or orf, is caused by a virus and affects predominately younger animals. In kids, scabby lesions develop on the lips, gums and sometimes on the eyelids and ears.

Contagious foot rot - also known as virulent foot rot or malignant foot rot is a specific, lingering or reappearing, tissue-destroying disease affecting the outer skin between the toes and hoof matrix .

Caseous lymphadenitis (CL or cheesy gland or abscess disease ) - caused by a bacteria invading the lymph nodes of goats and sheep, causing abscesses. These lesions show up as lesions under the skin in various areas of the goat’s body and grow in size until they rupture and spread infection in the herd.

White muscle disease in kids - does occur in areas where does have been subjected to selenium-deficient and/or vitamin E-deficient diets during or prior to gestation.

Floppy kid syndrome - more appropriately called acidosis of newborns. Unlike white muscle disease, which affects kids from birth, with this syndrome, the kids are normal and active after birth and for the first 3 to 5 days.

3. Parasite Control Program - to prevent high mortality rate

Common Internal Parasites and Deworming Programs

- The predominant parasite problem is Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm). Common roundworms of cattle feed on mucous and protein in the digestive tract causing unthriftiness, while the barber-pole worm feeds on whole blood, causing death due to anemia.

The following suggestions are made to minimize the occurrence of experiencing a serious internal parasite infestation.

Do not use the same pastures for kidding every year.

Rotate pastures used for grazing every three to six months.

If possible, all animals that are de-wormed should be held in a dry lot for at least 24 hours. This is because most de-wormers do not kill the parasite eggs, just the adult worms. Waiting 24 hours will help the animal eliminate most of the parasite eggs in the dry lot and not on pastures, where other animals may ingest the eggs.

Prevent the post-kidding rise in parasite egg production because goats are very susceptible to worms while lactating

Have a veterinarian perform a fecal egg count to check the effectiveness of any de-worming or parasite control programs. This should be done before and 10 to 14 days after de-worming. The amount of fecal egg reduction will show if that dewormer is effective on the farm.

Select animals that are parasite-resistant. These are goats that have a natural resistance to internal parasites. These animals are often identified through the use of fecal egg counts and Faffa Malan Chart (FAMACHA) eye scores.

Common External Parasites and Control Program

Goats are susceptible to many of the same ectoparasites as other livestock species, such as flies, lice and ticks. Many of the ectoparasites are spread by direct contact, or having infested animals in close association with other animals. To reduce the unwanted parasites you should control by:

Keeping barns and pens cleaned

Insecticide dispensers that can be placed in barns, sheds and other structures occupied by goats can be purchased that will emit small doses of insecticide automatically

Signs of a Healthy Goat

look vigorous and stand correctly.

attentive and its hair coat will be smooth.

have alert “shiny” eyes.

Signs of a Poor Health Goat

animals that do not wish to stand

separate themselves from the herd

look depressed

Normal Vital Signs of a Goat

Critical to the success of a goat operation is the attention and effort provided to the proper care and maintenance of a whole herd health program which includes the following:

establishing goals and objectives for the operation

developing a relationship with a local veterinarian who can help in outlining the health management protocols for the different production phases of the operation

following proper sanitation procedures throughout the operation,

developing sufficient herd immunity through appropriate vaccination procedures,

assuring adequate nutrition and providing for effective parasite prevention and control.

Sources:

http://articles.extension.org/sites/default/files/GoatProduction_KY_RevENE.pdf

http://agecon.okstate.edu/meatgoat/files/Chapter%206.pdf

#farmshareprime #dvboerfarm #goatfarming #businessplan #agriprenuers #kambing #tulongtulongsaPagsulong #atinangbukas #kayamoPilipino #animalhealth

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