#system y/ wang yi

[spiritofpassionfruit]

Spoilers btw*

Something something Transmigration Crossover AU something something Luo Binghe (Bingge) becomes consumed with the idea of looking through all parallel worlds and dimensions for a Shizun that can love him and take care of him but each world's Shizun either rejects him or is already with some other self that he deems far worse than himself. It gets to the point where he is so far gone that the "Forces Above" have to step in or else he might lead many worlds to the brink of destruction. He has become too overpowered, too insane that the only way to stop this madness is to regress his soul and nurture that it with care so that it doesnt go back to its past state. And in order to make this plan work, the "Forces Above" send out the professionals among professionals (really not but they are the only hope for binghe now) to deal with this son of a virus!

Su Luxia, N1 Transmigrator from the Female Lead System; Song Qingshi, Protector of the World Tree; Abyss, up and coming star transmigrator from the World's Conciousness' Survivor Program; And System Y, new Master System. These four.... people (questionable) will have to find a way to restore Binghe's santity while not creating a complete deviancy from the main plot!

Su Luxia, transmigrated as wife #2653 : Seriously?! I'm good at canon divergence, not canon compliant!

System Y, transmigrated as another canon fodder villain: Why do I get to deal with another murder freak protagonist obsessed with someone older than them?! Well at least this one doesn't read minds.

Song Qingshi, transmigrated as the unnamed 12th peak lord: Can we still bring our husbands here? I miss Wuhuan already ):

Abyss, transmigrated as Ming Fan, pointing to Binghe: If I have to deal with this crybaby more than two seconds without seeing Prince, I will kill everyone in this room and then--

[sonderwrit]

Artist: 柒久菜菜子

[nobully]

[phoenixharp-05]

yeah, it does seem that wang yi has some character settings he cant go against in addition to the main plot but it seems more like the character settings is *for* the plot. like in the 1st world wang yi had to change his major for college, while in this one, he is improving the base while acting arrogant so it works out. it seems as long as the plot *looks* like it is going right/can be fixed to go right like with the wig and his character logic is retained, he is fine. although i wouldnt say jumping on your bff is exactly "in character", bai mo was already screwing the plot up regardless so either way, wang yi will get punished i think (unless S0 has to actually be present for punishing? im still confused because S0 just fcks off to wherever sometimes)

if bai mo and wang yi can communicate without it counting as part of the story (like fl wasnt always around, and i dont recall if qin xian was supposed to be in this scene), they might get away with it? i mean, they went straight up bdsm in the last world *and* qin xian started working at that club too so wang yi pretending to be brainwashed by qin xian or drugged or whatever is needed (we still dont know much of the plot after the brainwashing of bai mo, since supposedly it only lasts for some of the party--does bai mo/og fl pretend to be brainwashed after that?) doesnt seem out of the question. as long as it gets the job done right? my bet is that because the system stuff has been brought up and the previous worlds are discussed, it'll be automatically censored for the readers or they'll just have to pretend to be having some kind of mass hallucination

youve got a point about qin xian being interested if he found out he loved wang yi in other worlds, but it feels like itd conflict considering wang yi had to act like a jerk to him every time. although id like it more for the comedy of qin xian thinking he would never fall in love with wang yi and then slowly realizing he actually is haha

as for what bai mo will use to save them....i think changing reality like that is somewhat too op, but i also dont think she could raise the red head guy from the dead (sorry i forgot his name) so it is still up in the air. time has clearly passed in wang yi's world so idk maybe the guy will get cremated before she can do that lol

really wonder how the story is going to continue from here considering Bai Mo's goal is obviously to get Wang Yi back. She and Qin Xian will probably clash right?

[bleuxberri]

「 ｇｏｔ７ ａｕ | ｍａｆｉａ ｍｏｂ 」

ιllιlı.navigation.ılιllι

[a/n: this is only for entertainment purposes, do not come for me for writing this]

𝒋𝒂𝒚 𝒃;

name: im jae beom

hometown: goyang city, gyeonggi-do, south korea

birthday (y/m/d): 1994.01.06

age: 25

role: boss, spy, lure, seducer

code name: jb

code number: 010694

boss: the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country.

spy: a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor.

lure: tempt to do something or to go somewhere, especially by offering some form of reward.

seducer: a person who entices someone into sexual activity.

criminal record’;

gang activities

gang violence

blackmail

grand theft

accessory to murder

accessory to grand theft

left the crime scene

𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌;

name: dong yi eun

hometown: los angles, california, usa

birthday (y/m/d): 1993.09.04

age: 25

role: spy, dealer, seducer, sniper

code name: mark

code number: 090493

spy: a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor.

dealer: a person or business that buys and sells goods.

seducer: a person who entices someone into sexual activity.

sniper: a person who shoots from a hiding place, especially accurately and at long range.

criminal record;

gang activity

gang violence

1st & 2nd-degree murder

attempted murder

attempted assault

torture

left crime scene

trespassing

accessory to murder

accessory to theft

𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒔𝒐𝒏;

name: wang jia er

hometown: hong kong, china

birthday (y/m/d): 1994.03.28

age: 25

role: spy, distraction, the ears, assassin

code name: jackson

code number: 032894

spy: a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor.

distraction: a thing that prevents someone from giving full attention to something else.

the ears: listens closely to what others are saying.

assassin: a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons.

criminal record;

gang activity

gang violence

1st & 2nd-degree murder

attempted murder

trespassing

grand theft

assault & battery

accessory to murder

accessory to grand theft

𝒋𝒊𝒏𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈;

name: park jin young

hometown: jinhae-gu, changwon city, gyeongsangnam-do, south korea

birthday (y/m/d): 1994.09.22

age: 24

role: spy, hacker, driver, the eyes

code name: junior

code number: 092294

spy: a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor.

hacker: a person who uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data.

driver: a person who ensures the escape of his accomplices, for example; bank-robbers, from the scene of a crime.

the eyes: look at or watch closely or with interest.

criminal record;

hacking government systems

hacking use: building blueprints, banks, apartments, government buildings

overriding government systems

tampering with surveillance videos

assault & battery

gang violence

gang activities

left crime scene

𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈𝒋𝒂𝒆;

name: choi young jae

hometown: mokpo city, jeollanam-do, south korea

birthday (y/m/d): 1996.09.17

age: 22

role: spy, assassin, arsonist, capture

code name: youngjae

code number: 091796

spy: a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor.

assassin: a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons.

arsonist: the criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property.

capture: take into one’s possession or control by force.

criminal record;

gang activity

gang violence

1st 2nd & 3rd-degree murder

arson

torture

attempted murder (government officials)

grand theft auto

left crime scene

trespassing

accessory to hacking (government)

accessory to grand theft

𝒃𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒂𝒎;

name: kunpimook bhuwakul

hometown: bangkok, thailand

birthday (y/m/d): 1996.05.02

age: 21

role: spy, lure, assassin, arsonist, torture

code name: bambam

code number: 050297

spy: a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor.

lure: tempt to do something or to go somewhere, especially by offering some form of reward.

assassin: a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons.

arsonist: the criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property.

torture: the action or practice of inflicting severe pain on someone as a punishment or to force them to do or say something, or for the pleasure of the person inflicting the pain.

criminal record;

gang activity

gang violence

grand theft

attempted murder

accessory to murder

attempted torture

accessory to torture

hacking (government)

accessory to hacking (government)

attempted arson

accessory to arson

blackmail

𝒚𝒖𝒈𝒚𝒆𝒐𝒎;

name: kim yu gyeom

hometown: saudi arabia (born in seoul, south korea)

birthday (y/m/d): 1997.11.17

age: 21

role: spy, dealer, assassin, hooligan

code name: yugyeom

code number: 111797

spy: a person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor.

dealer: a person or business that buys and sells goods.

assassin: a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons.

hooligan: a violent young trouble maker, typically one of a gang.

criminal record;

gang activity

gang violence

1st-degree murder

attempted murder

attempted assault

torture

left crime scene

trespassing

accessory to murder

accessory to theft

[usafphantom2]

Chinese Y-20 aircraft deliver FK-3 air defense system to Serbia

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 04/10/22 - 10:57 AM in Military

A total of six Y-20 air transport planes of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) landed at Nikola Tesla Airport in Serbia on April 9, allegedly delivering the FK-3 surface-to-air missile defense system to Serbia.

Although it is not yet officially confirmed that Serbia has received the export variant of China's medium-range HQ-22 system, Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic told reporters that "new weapons systems, which will be the pride of our armed forces," will be revealed next week

Speaking to reporters on April 9, after participating in the large-scale Fire Shield 2022 exercise, which took place in the Pasuljanske Livade strip, Vucic refused to confirm that the FK-3 was delivered with Y-20 aircraft flights, which would make Serbia the first known European operator of the system.

The FK-3 is a slightly lowered variant of HQ-22, which entered service in the People's Liberation Army in 2017. HQ-22 missiles can target targets at altitudes of up to 27 km and have a declared range of up to 170 km. Guided by semi-active radar, the missiles are designed for ballistic and cruise missiles, as well as aircraft, helicopters and UAVs.

Coinciding with the peculiar arrival of six Y-20s in Serbia, China's Foreign Ministry spokesman Hua Chunying said that China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi told his Serbian colleague Nikola Selakovic in a telephone conversation that China "would strongly support Serbia in safeguarding sovereignty, territorial integrity and dignity and pursuing an independent foreign policy".

"China strongly supports Serbia in making judgments and decisions based on the fundamental interests of the country and the nation. We oppose external forces that exert political pressure on sovereign countries and oppose coercing other countries to take sides."

Serbia's FK-3's request was first revealed in 2019 in the annual report of Serbia's state-owned arms company Jugoimport SDPR. In addition to the missile defense system, China's purchases included armed CH-92A drones, which Serbia received from China in June 2020.

Serbian President Vucic also said on April 9 that he was in negotiations with France for the purchase of 12 new Rafale fighters, as well as with another country for the purchase of 12 used Rafales. He also launched a third option for a combat aircraft solution.

Vucic also told reporters that Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan assured that Serbia could buy Bayraktar TB2 armed drones.

Tags: Military AviationChinaSAM - surface air missile/Surface-Air missileSerbiaXi'an Y-20

Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, he has participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Dayton Airshow and FIDAE. He has works published in a specialized aviation magazine in Brazil and abroad. He uses Canon equipment during his photographic work in the world of aviation

Cavok Brasil - Digital Tchê Web Creation

[fresh-bag-of-ham]

a ramble about pinyin/english speakers trying to pronounce chinese words that no one asked for! hopefully this helps one person?

so Pinyin is the official phonetic romanization system for Mandarin Chinese in Mainland China. It was designed by Chinese linguists to improve literacy rates in China, so it's designed first and foremost for native speakers and not to be immediately legible to English speakers/other Roman alphabet users, unfortunately for us! (The next most popular romanization system, Wade-Giles, was designed by two Brits, but it's... not better lol. It gets used more in Taiwan, especially for names. Mao Zedong is PY, Mao Tse-tung is WG.)

The first thing you do when you're taking a beginner Chinese course is you drill consonants (technically called "initials") in groups according to how they're formed and the sets of vowels/endings (technically called "finals") that they pair with.

The most immediately annoying thing is the final "i" -- it never makes the same damn vowel sound! Ok that's not quite true, but with some initials, "i" works as a filler/neutral final and different groups of initials have different neutral vowels. These groups are:

1) zhi/chi/shi/ri -- The retroflex consonants! The group that makes the least English-like "i" sound. Pull your tongue back in your mouth and say "jury" without the y, "church" without the last ch, "shirt" without the t, and... "r" is like an English r that's approaching the french-j [ʒ] sound that you wish the pinyin "zh" represented instead. We would drill "zhi chi shi ri" over and over in class bc you say them all with the exact same mouth shape!

Zhi as in zhiji (soulmate), shi as in shijie (Senior Sister) and jing shi (The Silent Room). Chī means "to eat", also Chifeng-zun is Scarlet Peak Master. Rì means day, or sun! "Sunshot Campaign" is "Shè Rì Zhī Zhēng", all retroflex initials! Cool!

2) zi/si/ci -- The English short "i" sound. You've heard it a million times: gongzihhhhhh!!!  Gōngzǐ aka young lord, same zi as in tùzi (rabbit), and si as in everyone's fave Lan Sizhui (pronounced like sih-jway) and everyone's least fave Jiang Cheng telling Wei Wuxian to go die: "nǐ qù sǐ ba!" Don't think there's a ci I can easily point out, but fun fact the pinyin "c" is pronounced kind of like a hard "ts" sound! Tsangse Sanren not Kangse Sanren!

3) Everything else with "i" -- the long "ee" sound you've been dreaming of! This is “i” as an actual final and not plonked in as a filler. Wangji, Yanli, Xichen, Qishan, Yiling, WuJi, ni (you), didi (younger brother), bu bi (when Lan Zhan is being self-denying and says "no need"), di yi (first), qi (energy), and on and on and on. You’ve probably been pronouncing all these right all along, congrats!

The only consolation is that these combos will always make the same sound. When you hear a “ch”+ee” sound, that’s always qi and never chi.

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 10, 2020

Cortical Interactions between Prosthetic and Natural Vision. Arens-Arad, T., Farah, N., Lender, R., Moshkovitz, A., Flores, T., Palanker, D., & Mandel, Y. (2020). Current Biology, 30(1), 176-182.e2.

The effect of inhibition on rate code efficiency indicators. Barta, T., & Kostal, L. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(12), e1007545.

Stability of spontaneous, correlated activity in mouse auditory cortex. Betzel, R. F., Wood, K. C., Angeloni, C., Neimark Geffen, M., & Bassett, D. S. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(12), e1007360.

Aversive Learning Increases Release Probability of Olfactory Sensory Neurons. Bhattarai, J. P., Schreck, M., Moberly, A. H., Luo, W., & Ma, M. (2020). Current Biology, 30(1), 31-41.e3.

A complementary learning systems approach to temporal difference learning. Blakeman, S., & Mareschal, D. (2020). Neural Networks, 122, 218–230.

Reactivation of critical period plasticity in adult auditory cortex through chemogenetic silencing of parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Cisneros-Franco, J. M., & de Villers-Sidani, É. (2019). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(52), 26329–26331.

Spatial encoding in primate hippocampus during free navigation. Courellis, H. S., Nummela, S. U., Metke, M., Diehl, G. W., Bussell, R., Cauwenberghs, G., & Miller, C. T. (2019). PLOS Biology, 17(12), e3000546.

Dendritic action potentials and computation in human layer 2/3 cortical neurons. Gidon, A., Zolnik, T. A., Fidzinski, P., Bolduan, F., Papoutsi, A., Poirazi, P., … Larkum, M. E. (2020). Science, 367(6473), 83–87.

Saliency-based Rhythmic Coordination of Perceptual Predictions. Huang, Q., & Luo, H. (2020). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 32(2), 201–211.

Sharp‐wave ripple features in macaques depend on behavioral state and cell‐type specific firing. Hussin, A. T., Leonard, T. K., & Hoffman, K. L. (2020). Hippocampus, 30(1), 50–59.

Mice Reach Higher Visual Sensitivity at Night by Using a More Efficient Behavioral Strategy. Koskela, S., Turunen, T., & Ala-Laurila, P. (2020). Current Biology, 30(1), 42-53.e4.

The Sequin Illusion. Kuo, Y.-T., & Tseng, P. (2019). I-Perception, 10(6), 204166951989201.

Autistic traits influence the strategic diversity of information sampling: Insights from two-stage decision models. Lu, H., Yi, L., & Zhang, H. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(12), e1006964.

Differential Coding Strategies in Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons in the Medial Cerebellar Nucleus. Özcan, O. O., Wang, X., Binda, F., Dorgans, K., De Zeeuw, C. I., Gao, Z., … Isope, P. (2020). Journal of Neuroscience, 40(1), 159–170.

Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction. Perales, J. C., King, D. L., Navas, J. F., Schimmenti, A., Sescousse, G., Starcevic, V., … Billieux, J. (2020). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 771–780.

The Perceptual Prediction Paradox. Press, C., Kok, P., & Yon, D. (2020). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(1), 13–24.

Dynamic Axis-Tuned Cells in the Monkey Lateral Prefrontal Cortex during a Path-Planning Task. Sakamoto, K., Saito, N., Yoshida, S., & Mushiake, H. (2020). Journal of Neuroscience, 40(1), 203–219.

Hippocampal and Prefrontal Theta-Band Mechanisms Underpin Implicit Spatial Context Learning. Spaak, E., & Lange, F. P. de. (2020). Journal of Neuroscience, 40(1), 191–202.

Structure learning and the posterior parietal cortex. Summerfield, C., Luyckx, F., & Sheahan, H. (2020). Progress in Neurobiology, 184, 101717.

Fan Cells in Layer 2 of the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex Are Critical for Episodic-like Memory. Vandrey, B., Garden, D. L. F., Ambrozova, V., McClure, C., Nolan, M. F., & Ainge, J. A. (2020). Current Biology, 30(1), 169-175.e5.

[softrobotcritics]

Model-Based Control and External Load Estimation of an Extensible Soft Robotic Arm

1 Introduction

The realm of soft robotics is an ideal safe solution when dealing with collision and interaction due to compliant behavior Laschi et al. (2016); Majidi (2013); Kim et al. (2013). The properties of compliant behavior include intrinsic deformable structures Yi et al. (2018); Suarez et al. (2018), soft materials Yi et al. (2017); Polygerinos et al. (2015b); Wang et al. (2017), and backdrivable actuation methods. Various ways of achieving softness have been studied, including methods relying on compliant elements like SEA Pratt and Williamson (1995), memory effects like SMA Mohd Jani et al. (2014), dielectric elastomers like DEA O’Halloran et al. (2008), and pneumatic driven methods like PAMs Tondu and Lopez (2000) and pneu-nets Mosadegh et al. (2014). The realm of soft robotics has been actively inventing all kinds of soft machines to exploit their compliant nature in many aspects, such as soft arms that are safe to interact with Chen et al. (2017): Chen et al. (2018); Malzahn and Bertram (2014), soft fishes that swim naturally Marchese et al. (2014), soft gloves for rehabilitation Polygerinos et al. (2013, Polygerinos et al. (2015a), and soft hands that are versatile for handling objects Zhou et al. (2018); Zhou et al. (2019); Zhou et al. (2020).

The other potential use of softness is to gain valuable information from compliant behavior. ....

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Keywords: modeling, control, soft robot application, soft robot, soft arm

Citation: Chen X, Duanmu D and Wang Z (2021) Model-Based Control and External Load Estimation of an Extensible Soft Robotic Arm. Front. Robot. AI 7:586490. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2020.586490

Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 29 January 2021.

Edited by:

Concepción A. Monje

, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Reviewed by:

Alejandro Suarez

, Sevilla University, Spain

Luis Fernando Nagua

, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Copyright © 2021 Chen, Duanmu and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

[sonderwrit]

Artist: 迴柊

Loveit?

[nobully]

empatheorem event guide

Wang Yi

powers

magical wig (changes his looks to 1 specific blond-haired girl) 10min/day

mind control (no memory manipulation) 30min/day

ice manipulation (weak ice attacks) 5x/day

mental connection with S-0 ("Sao Ling"), his Villain System taken on the form of a pudgy black cat [he's...somewhere in the city]

mannerisms

varies between very formal and relaxed body language depending on who he's with, naturally fluid/graceful due to years of swordfighting and training, excellent balance and reflexes. speech is straightforward and blunt, tends to ask people about things he doesn't understand because communication is the only hope he has of "getting it."

lies as naturally as he breathes, smiles as naturally as he lies.

lacks the ability to properly experience feelings, but does a freakin' good job acting like he does; must work hard very consciously to retain "normal reactions" (and it works better with closer friends, e.g. eiden/nicolette/zhilan); without effort he just comes off as cold

knows sarcasm, tries not to overuse it.

tends to panic when things/events/dialogue goes beyond his control/expectations, or when people misunderstand him, or when anyone gets too intimate/physically close, but is also experienced at reining his reactions back in. when temper triggered, gets very loud and yell-y. may be a different, more visual way of expressing his "panic" instead.

has a specifically complicated attitude towards xerxes break that isn't quite pity, but also isn't dislike. for now it borders on resigned indifference (will still save him w/o reservations if dude's in danger though). 80% of his sarcasm output now goes here.

closet sadist who enjoys seeing people in pain. he's quite self-conscious about this and tries to hide it whenever he can.

memories

original life - digital System in charge of overseeing transmigrators' lives in novels (very vague and mostly incoherent)

human life - college student majoring in chemistry. witnessed his classmates die in a horrific accident, currently trying to reverse that.

novel 1 - sadistic big brother of a rich family

novel 2 - heartless city lord of a zombie apocalypse world + death

novel 3 - genius scientist of a secret underground lab + death

novel 4 - prodigy disciple of an aloof cultivation master (in progress)

icons

i can give u the ones he's using for his current look (long hair) tho there's a few short-haired ones mixed in that you can ignore hehe

[jiangling]

Pinyin Pronunciation Guide - Finals/Vowels

Link to Initials/Consonants Link to Other Pinyin Information/Conclusion

Confession: I actually wrote this a little over a month ago, I’ve just been super lazy with finalizing it. I don’t exactly have the best work ethic, in case you couldn’t tell.

There are varying opinions on just how important pronunciation is when learning a language. I’m a bit of a perfectionist when it comes to this thing, so I strive to have a native-like pronunciation (keep in mind it isn’t wrong to not want a perfect pronunciation, just make sure you can be understood by others). Luckily for me, there’s a perfect system in place for teaching you how to master the sounds of a language.

That system is the International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA for short.

What is the International Phonetic Alphabet?

From Wikipedia, “The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators and translators… The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of oral language: phones, phonemes, intonation and the separation of words and syllables…”

While I am going to be somewhat technical in these posts, this is still going to be a very basic use of the IPA.

This helps us because we now have a precise way to describe how to say the phonemes of Mandarin Chinese.

Of course, there’s already a system in place that organizes the sounds of Mandarin, Pinyin.

From www.yoyochinese.com

Each of the different fragments of Pinyin represent an individual sound, similar to the IPA. If we memorize the corresponding IPA and Pinyin, we can get a better understanding of pronunciation.

Luckily for you, I’ve already hunted down what Pinyin fragment corresponds to what IPA symbols, which I will reveal later in the post. But first, a small tutorial on the vowel system in IPA.

From https://en.wikipedia.org

This is the IPA Vowel Chart, a representation of the basic vowel sounds in IPA. The trapezoid shape is strange, yes, but there is a reason for it. It’s supposed to mimic the shape of your mouth. You’ll see later.

The terms at the side may seem confusing. What the heck is an “open” vowel? Or a “central” one? What does it mean when a vowel is “unrounded”? Let’s go over that.

To the left of the shape, are measurements of the vowel height.

Vowel height is named for the vertical position of the tongue relative to either the roof of the mouth or the aperture of the jaw.

So a close vowel, like [i] (the symbols in the IPA don’t exactly match to the letters in the English alphabet, especially since “i” actually represents different sounds, such as in “night” or “drink”) means that the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth. The vowel sound in “seat” is [i]. Compare this to an open vowel, which leaves an open space in your mouth, [a]. This is the vowel sound that’s in “father.” See (or feel) how your tongue is in a different position compared to [i]?

One sound that’s about in the middle in terms of height, is [ɛ], found in the word “net.” Say all three words: seat, net, father. Your tongue goes from the top of your mouth to the bottom.

At the top of the shape, are measurements of vowel backness.

Vowel backness is named for the position of the tongue during the articulation of a vowel relative to the back of the mouth.

Examples of this are the sounds [i] and [u] (found in the word “food). Say the words “feet” and “food”. Notice how with [u], your tongue is positioned further back in the mouth compared to [i].

The third concept we’ll go over is roundedness. Basically, this is whether your lips are rounded or not when saying the vowel sound. This can also be noticed in the sounds [i] and [u]. [i] is unrounded, but [u] is rounded.

So [i], to be precise, is a close front unrounded vowel. See where it’s located on the chart? In the upper left? That is where your tongue is when you make that sound. All of the symbols on the chart correspond to where your tongue is positioned when you make that sound. Additionally, the symbols are in pairs, where the left one is unrounded, and the right one is rounded.

How does this help us? Because now you can learn how to say vowel sounds that don’t exist in your native language! Chinese, of course, has these unfamiliar vowel sounds. But it has familiar vowel sounds too, so don’t worry too much!

Here is a list of all (for the most part, I may have forgotten some and made some mistakes) the vowel sounds found in Mandarin Chinese. It is split by familiar vowels and unfamiliar vowels. Included are also the English equivalents.

*Note: Assume all words are pronounced the American English way. If you speak a different version of English, you can go to the wikipedia article on the vowel, and it will show example words of where the sound occurs along with a recording of a person saying it.

Familiar Vowels

[ a ] - open front unrounded vowel - father

[ i ] - close front unrounded vowel - me

[ ə ] - mid central unrounded vowel (also called a “schwa”) - about

[ ɛ ] - open-mid front unrounded vowel - bed

[ u ] - close back unrounded vowel - boot

[ ʊ ] - near-close near-back rounded vowel - put

Unfamiliar Vowels

[ ɤ ] - close-mid back unrounded vowel

I’m not the best guide, but I’ll try and explain a good way to say this. This sound is like saying “uhhh,” but more in the back of your throat. Make sure your bottom lip is low when you say it. I guess it sounds like a person getting punched in the stomach?

[ e ] - close-mid front unrounded vowel

[ y ] - close front rounded vowel - a rounded version of [i]

[ o ] - close-mid back rounded vowel - a rounded version of [ɤ]

[ ɔ ] - open-mid back rounded vowel - a rounded version of [ʌ], found in the word “what”

However those, are not the only vowel sounds in Mandarin. There are also things called diphthongs.

A diphthong also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.

An example of a word with a diphthong is “lie”.

Diphthongs (w/ English equivalents/approximants)

[ai] - sigh

[ei] - similar to fey, but it’s important to note that the IPA transcription of fey is feɪ, with no [i]. Instead of [ɪ], this diphthong uses [i], so it’s said more like “fayeeee” instead of just “faye.”

[au] - out

[ou] - similar to now, but now is transcribed as naʊ, with no [u]. So put more of a [u] sound into “now” at the end. Nowoooo.

All that’s left is to match these sounds with the corresponding Pinyin! I’ve taken the liberty of doing that for you already. :D

A Finals

a - [a]

ai - [ai]

an - [an]

[n] is the IPA symbol for the sound “n” in “note”

ang - [aŋ]

[ŋ] is the IPA symbol for the sound “ng” in “ing”

E Finals

e - [ɤ]

ei - [ei]

en - [ən]

eng - [əŋ]

er - [ɚ]

The pronunciation of “er” can vary greatly and often depends on accent.

[ɚ] is a special symbol in IPA, but all you need to know is that it is pronounced as “ar,” like in “art.”

I Finals

i/yi - [i]

ia/ya - [ja]

[j] is the IPA symbol for the sound “y” in “you”

ian/yan - [jɛn]

iang/yang - [jɛŋ]

iao/yao - [jau]

ie/ye - [ye]

in/yin - [in]

ing/ying - [iŋ]

iong/yong - [jʊŋ]

iou/you - [jou]

O Finals

o - [ɔ]

After the consonants b, p, m, and f, the o sound is [uɔ], which results in a sound similar to “bwoouh.”

ou - [ou]

ong - [ʊŋ]

U Finals

u/wu - [u]

ua/wa - [wa]

uai/wai - [wai]

uan/wan - [wan]

uang/wang - [uaŋ]

uei/wei - [wei]

uen/wen - [wən]

ueng/weng - [wəŋ]

uo/wo - [wo]

Ü Finals

ü/yu - [y]

üan/yuan - [ɥɛn]

[ɥ] is a symbol representing [y] as a consonant.

üe/yue - [ɥe]

ün/yun - [yn]

Congratulations! You made it to the end of this tutorial! Keep in mind it is perfectly okay if you are not good with these sounds on the first try. Like most things, it takes time and practice, and you have to get used to moving your tongue and lips into unfamiliar positions. One thing that may help you is listening to recordings of native speakers.

This post will be updated later with links to future guides on pronouncing Pinyin.

Any corrections/suggestions are welcome.

再见！

EDIT: Fixed a bunch of formatting issues. I hate tumblr sometimes.

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#Pronunciation_of_finals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6167tEzV7Ac https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPA_vowel_chart_2005.png https://www.yoyochinese.com/chinese-learning-tools/Mandarin-Chinese-pronunciation-lesson/pinyin-chart-table?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=description&utm_campaign=pinyin_table a 

[libertariantaoist]

“All the world knows beauty but if that becomes beautiful this becomes ugly all the world knows good but if that becomes good this becomes bad have and have not create each other hard and easy produce each other long and short shape each other high and low complete each other note and noise accompany each other first and last follow each other sages therefore perform effortless deeds and teach wordless lessons they don’t look after all the things that arise or depend on them as they develop or claim them when they reach perfection and because they don’t claim them they are never without them”

-Lao-tzu- (Taoteching, verse 2, translation by Red Pine)

LU HSI-SHENG says, “What we call beautiful or ugly depends on our feelings. Nothing is necessarily beautiful or ugly until feelings make it so. But while feelings differ, they all come from our nature, and we all have the same nature. Hence, sages transform their feelings and return to their nature and thus become one again.”

WU CH’ENG says, “The existence of things, the difficulty of affairs, the size of forms, the magnitude of power, the pitch and clarity of sound, the sequence of position, all involve contrasting pairs. When one is present, both are present. When one is absent, both are absent.”

LU HUI-CH’ING says, “These six pairs all depend on time and occasion. None of them is eternal. Sages, however, act according to the Immortal Tao. Hence, they act without effort. And because they teach according to the Immortal Name, they teach without words. Beautiful and ugly, good and bad don’t enter their minds.”

WANG WU-CHIU says, “Sages are not interested in deeds or words. They simply follow the natural pattern of things. Things rise, develop, and reach perfection. This is their order.”

WANG AN-SHIH says, “Sages create but do not possess what they create. They act but do not depend on what they do. They succeed but do not claim success. These all result from selflessness. Because sages are selfless, they do not lose themselves. Because they do not lose themselves, they do not lose others.

SU CH’E says, “Losing something is the result of possessing something. How can people lose what they don’t possess?”

LI HSI-CHAI says, “Lao-tzu’s 5,000 word text clarifies what is mysterious as well as what is obvious. It can be used to attain the Tao, to order a country, or to cultivate the body.”

HO-SHANG KUNG titles this verse: “Cultivating the Body.”

SUNG CH’ANG-HSING says, “Those who practice the Way put an end to distinctions, get rid of name and form, and make of themselves a home for the Way and Virtue.”

                                                         –

Yesterday, we walked through the door, beginning the journey through the Taoteching, again. In that first verse Lao-tzu told us that the Immortal Way isn’t something that changes. It doesn’t become. And, names of things that change, can’t be the Immortal name. This is very important for us to understand. I said, yesterday, the Immortal Way isn’t about what will become, but of what is and what is not.

In today’s verse, Lao-tzu explains this “what is and what is not,” further. And this, also, is very important for us to understand. We act as if our universe is only made up of what is. But that is a delusion, if we think it. The Immortal Way, or Eternal Reality, is made up of both what is and what is not. You simply can’t have one without the other. It is yin and yang. As soon as “that” becomes beautiful to you, “this” becomes ugly. If “that” becomes good to you, “this” becomes bad.

Try as you might to imagine it otherwise, there is no such thing as beautiful without ugly, or good without bad. Have and have not create each other. Hard and easy produce each other. Long and short shape each other. High and low complete each other. Note and noise accompany each other. First and last follow each other. You can’t have the one without the other.

But, it goes deeper still. We need to talk about the importance of Lao-tzu’s “that” and “this” in today’s verse. What is that? And, what is this? Why does “that” become beautiful and good at the expense of “this” becoming ugly and bad?

It should be easy to understand that “that” is something external to you. It is over there. You don’t think you have it. But you want it. Why has “that” become beautiful and good? Because you have turned your eyes to it and desire it. Meanwhile, “this” is internal. It is what you already have, what you should be satisfied with,

Ah, but the moment you look outside yourself and set your eyes on “that,” “this” becomes ugly and bad to you. It is all subjective. Don’t worry. If “that” ever becomes “this,” and “this,” becomes “that,” you will only find yourself spinning around in circles with changing desires. And, if you keep on looking outside yourself, it is no telling how many times what is beautiful and good, and ugly and bad, will change.

And that isn’t the Immortal Way, the Eternal Reality. We already covered that. What changes can’t be the Eternal Reality. But, it certainly seems to be your eternal reality. Doesn’t it? However, it doesn’t have to be this way. You can break that cycle. You can “wake up.”

Notice how sages do it. They don’t look after all the things that arise. Nor do they depend on them as they develop. And, when they reach completion, sages never claim them as their own. Now watch it. Because they don’t claim them, they are never without them.

Instead of focusing on what is outside of themselves, sages cultivate what is inside of themselves. And, being content with “this,” they are never without “that.”

                                                         –

Red Pine introduces the following with today’s verse:

LU HSI-SHENG (FL. 890). High official and scholar known for his wide learning. His commentary reflects the view that Lao-tzu and Confucius were the spiritual heirs of Fu Hsi (ca. 3500 B.C.), with Lao-tzu emphasizing the yin and Confucius the yang aspects of the Way of Heaven. Tao-te-chen-ching-chuan.

FU HSI (CA. 3500 B.C.). Sage ruler of ancient times and the reputed inventor of the system of hexagrams on which the Yiching is based.

WU CH’ENG (1249-1333). One of the great prose writers of the Yuan dynasty, surpassed only by his student Yu Chi (1272-1348). His commentary shows exceptional originality and provides unique background information. It is also noted for its division of the text into sixty-eight verses. Tao-te-chen-ching-chu.

LU HUI-CH’ING (1031-1111). Gifted writer selected by Wang An-shih to help draft his reform proposals. His commentary, presented to the emperor in 1078, is quoted at length by Chiao Hung. Tao-te-chen-ching-chuan.

WANG WU-CHIU (FL. 1056). Scholar-official. He gave up a promising official career in order to devote himself to studying and teaching. Lao-tzu-yi.

WANG AN-SHIH (1021-1086). One of China’s most famous prime ministers. His attempt to intorduce sweeping reforms directed against merchants and landowners galvanized Chines intellectuals into a debate that continues to this day. He was also one of China’s great poets and prose writers. His commentary has been reedited from scattered sources by Yen Ling-feng. Lao-tzu-chu.

SUNG CH’ANG-HSING (FL. 1700). Taoist master and seventh patriarch of the Dragon Gate sect of the Golden Lotus lineage. His commentary on the Taoteching was a favorite of Emperor K’ang-hsi (r. 1662-1722). Tao-te-ching chiang-yi.

[un-enfant-immature]

Bring your best questions for these Q&A speakers at Disrupt SF

This week we’re excited to announce another addition to the TechCrunch Disrupt SF program — the Q&A agenda.

This is new for Disrupt. After chats on the Main and Next stages, select speakers will take questions from the audience in special, extended Q&A sessions.

These panels will last 30-45 minutes and be open to Disrupt attendees. Talk to Kai-Fu Lee about the evolution of artificial intelligence. Dive deeper into CRISPR by posing questions to Rachel Haurwitz. Ask Avichal Garg for advice on launching an ICO. Sessions will feature speakers across all key topics and it’s your chance to ask questions to some of the greatest minds in technology.

The only way to get involved is to snag a ticket to Disrupt SF. Click here to get a special early-bird discount until August 1. General admission and exhibitor packages are still available. For the full Disrupt SF agenda, click here. The Q&A agenda is below. We’ll be adding speakers in the weeks leading up to Disrupt, so check back often for updates.

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 5TH

Morning

Exploring Private and Public Space Exploration and book signing with Alan Stern (NASA)

Uniting Under Unity with John Riccitiello (Unity Technologies)

Afternoon

Building Brands with Emily Heyward (Red Antler), Philip Krim (Casper) and Tina Sharkey (Brandless)

Why is Hardware Hard with Cyril Ebersweiler (SOSV) and others to be announced

Space, the Final Fund Tier with Natalya Bailey (Accion Systems), Peter Beck (Rocket Labs), Tess Hatch (Bessemer Venture Partners) and Will Marshall (Planet)

On AI, ML & DL and book signing with Kai-Fu Lee (Sinovation)

Creating Communities with Dave Baszucki (Roblox)

Inside ICOs with Avichal Garg (Electric Capital), Arianna Simpson (Autonomous Partners) and others to be announced

THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 6TH

Morning

Investing in China with Hans Tung (GGV Capital) and Yi Wang (Lingochamp)

Making mobility possible with Reilly Brennan (Trucks VC) and others to be announced

Building for Voice with Jason Mars (Clinc) and others to be announced

Afternoon

Rebooting the Robots with Claire Delaunay (Nvidia), Rich Mahoney (Seismic) and others to be announced

Creating with CRISPR with Rachel Haurwitz (Caribou Biosciences) and others to be announced

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 7TH

Morning

The Future According to Quantum Computing with Dario Gil (IBM)

Inside Y Combinator with Dalton Caldwell and Michael Seibel (Y Combinator)

The Next Super Computers with Chad Rigetti (Rigetti Computing)

HealthTech on the Horizon with Robin Berzin (Parsley Health), Aaron Patzer (Vital Software) and others to be announced

Afternoon

Inside Africa’s Tech Ecosystem with Fope Adelowo (Helioslip), Ken Njoroge (Cellulant) and Tayo Oviosu (Paga Payments)

Building Lean Startups with David Hornik (August Capital) and Eric Ries (The Lean Startup)

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 6, 2020

Noise-boosted bidirectional backpropagation and adversarial learning. Adigun, O., & Kosko, B. (2019). Neural Networks, 120, 9–31.

Dopamine D1, but not D2, signaling protects mental representations from distracting bottom-up influences. Bensmann, W., Zink, N., Arning, L., Beste, C., & Stock, A.-K. (2020). NeuroImage, 204, 116243.

Temporal sequence discrimination within and across senses: do we really hear what we see? Bratzke, D., & Ulrich, R. (2019). Experimental Brain Research, 237(12), 3089–3098.

Asymmetric ON-OFF processing of visual motion cancels variability induced by the structure of natural scenes. Chen, J., Mandel, H. B., Fitzgerald, J. E., & Clark, D. A. (2019). eLife, 8, e47579.

Stimulus Reward Value Interacts with Training-induced Plasticity in Inhibitory Control. De Pretto, M., Hartmann, L., Garcia-Burgos, D., Sallard, E., & Spierer, L. (2019). Neuroscience, 421, 82–94.

Learning optimal decisions with confidence. Drugowitsch, J., Mendonça, A. G., Mainen, Z. F., & Pouget, A. (2019). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(49), 24872–24880.

Optimal Stimulation Protocol in a Bistable Synaptic Consolidation Model. Gastaldi, C., Muscinelli, S., & Gerstner, W. (2019). Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 13, 78.

How Curiosity Enhances Hippocampus-Dependent Memory: The Prediction, Appraisal, Curiosity, and Exploration (PACE) Framework. Gruber, M. J., & Ranganath, C. (2019). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(12), 1014–1025.

Modeling other minds: Bayesian inference explains human choices in group decision-making. Khalvati, K., Park, S. A., Mirbagheri, S., Philippe, R., Sestito, M., Dreher, J.-C., & Rao, R. P. N. (2019). Science Advances, 5(11), eaax8783.

Re-weighting of Sound Localization Cues by Audiovisual Training. Kumpik, D. P., Campbell, C., Schnupp, J. W. H., & King, A. J. (2019). Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 1164.

Accelerated Physical Emulation of Bayesian Inference in Spiking Neural Networks. Kungl, A. F., Schmitt, S., Klähn, J., Müller, P., Baumbach, A., Dold, D., … Petrovici, M. A. (2019). Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 1201.

Fear-Related Signals in the Primary Visual Cortex. Li, Z., Yan, A., Guo, K., & Li, W. (2019). Current Biology, 29(23), 4078-4083.e2.

Analyzing Abstraction and Hierarchical Decision-Making in Absolute Identification by Information-Theoretic Bounded Rationality. Lindig-León, C., Gottwald, S., & Braun, D. A. (2019). Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 1230.

Neural Correlates of the Conscious Perception of Visual Location Lie Outside Visual Cortex. Liu, S., Yu, Q., Tse, P. U., & Cavanagh, P. (2019). Current Biology, 29(23), 4036-4044.e4.

Individual Alpha Frequency Predicts Perceived Visuotactile Simultaneity. Migliorati, D., Zappasodi, F., Perrucci, M. G., Donno, B., Northoff, G., Romei, V., & Costantini, M. (2020). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 32(1), 1–11.

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[genefish]

New in Pubmed: A conserved interferon regulation factor 1 (IRF-1) from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas functioned as an activator of IFN pathway.

A conserved interferon regulation factor 1 (IRF-1) from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas functioned as an activator of IFN pathway.

Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2018 Feb 16;:

Authors: Lu M, Yang C, Li M, Yi Q, Lu G, Wu Y, Qu C, Wang L, Song L

Abstract Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), a family of transcription factors with a novel helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif, play important roles in regulating the expression of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes. In the present study, an interferon regulation factor 1 was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas (designated CgIRF-1), and its immune function was characterized to understand the regulatory mechanism of interferon system against viral infection in invertebrates. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgIRF-1 was 993 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 330 amino acids with a typical IRF domain (also known as DNA-binding domain). The mRNA transcripts of CgIRF-1 were detected in all the tested tissues with the highest expression level in hemocyte. CgIRF-1 protein was distributed in both nucleus and cytoplasm of the oyster hemocyte. The mRNA expression of CgIRF-1 in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 48 h after poly (I:C) stimulation (p < 0.05). The recombinant CgIRF-1 (rCgIRF-1) could interact with classically IFN-stimulated response elements (ISRE) in vitro. The relative luciferase activity of interferon-like protein promotor reporter gene (pGL-CgIFNLP promotor) was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced in HEK293T cell after transfection of CgIRF-1. These results indicated that CgIRF-1 could bind ISRE and regulate the expression of CgIFNLP as a transcriptional regulatory factor, and participated in the antiviral immune response of oysters.

PMID: 29458094 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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