#research cultures

[reality-detective]

Remember these 👆 countries once had their own culture 🤔

[jonnywaistcoat]

Have you ever been to the USA, if you have the chance do cuz we are a big as country and you’d definitely re-think the idea of having one central branch for the usher foundation…

I have, yeah, and I'm well aware of how big it is, but I suspect you might be doing a lot of extrapolation as to what the Usher Foundation is and how it works, since as far as I recall it's only vaguely referenced in a brief mention or two. Like, the Magnus Institute isn't a "central branch" that covers all of Europe, or even the UK - it's an academic institution based in London. So one would assume the Usher Foundation is an Academic institution based somewhere in America (I generally imagine it in the Boston area, or somewhere in that region of New England due to the Poe connection). Also, if academic institutions were like public agencies that had a responsibility to cover geographical areas or populations, I think the more egregious problem would be the Pu Songling Centre in Beijing, as China has five times the population of the USA in roughly the same geographical area.

Also, while I do a lot of research for my stories, especially international ones, and try to get a sense of the specific area I'm writing about, I'm obviously always going to be writing as a Brit and thus with certain British assumptions about how places work. And to be honest, after living my life in an anglophone culture dominated by USAmerican media and constantly seeing those, uh, "interpretations" of the UK, there's a slight feeling of turnabout is fair play.

[wanderinggoddess]

Arun, in Mughal Era dress

(i had fun researching the fashion history so im gonna include a bit of info under the cut for anyone interested!)

First, Armand is dressed more typically for the upper class or royalty, but I wanted to paint him all dolled up. This would have been somewhat typical dress for Mughal Empire (roughly the 16th-18th centuries) royalty. Men of all classes would typically wear the Jama (the overcoat). I depicted this one as made of Dhaka Muslin, one of the finest and rarest fabrics produced from the Dhaka region. The technique has since been lost, but at the time was incredibly sought after. So much so that during the British colonizers would take the artisans and materials and force them into reproducing the fabric for little to know compensation. Dhaka Muslin was so fine that it was practically transparent, and was worn by members of the upperclass across the world. I read somewhere that it was used to dress statues of greek goddesses. Another little detail is that Armand's Jama is fastened to the right, typical of a Muslim man, rather than to the left (a Hindu man).

I based this loosely off of Caravaggio's Bachus and Depictions of Prince Salim.

All the info I got was from these three youtube videos, so it's not like any serious research!

[jstor]

Black Periodicals: From the Great Migration through Black Power by Reveal Digital, is a transformative open access resource for librarians, faculty, and students engaging with Black history, social justice, and cultural studies.

Spanning over 75,000 pages of mid-20th-century periodicals, the collection amplifies the voices of Black Americans and their global counterparts. It features a wide range of materials, including women’s advocacy newsletters, labor union publications, and international periodicals from Africa, Europe, and the Caribbean. These resources illuminate connections between early 20th-century activism and the Civil Rights era and beyond.

Whether you're building a library collection, crafting a syllabus, or diving into research, this collection provides unparalleled access to the literature, politics, and culture that shaped a pivotal century.

Explore the collection.

[serpentface]

how do you come up with the ways cultures in your setting stylize people/animals/the world in general in their artwork, i.e. jewlery, rock carvings, statues, etc? Each culture in your world seems to have a very unique "art style" and I love it a lot - makes them seem that much more 'real'. This is something I struggle with a lot in my own worldbuilding and I'd love to pick your brain if possible 😁

I think a starting point is to have a research process based in the material realities of the culture you're designing for. Ask yourself questions like:

Where do they live? What's the climate/ecosystem(s) they are based in? What geographic features are present/absent?

What is their main subsistence method? (hunter gatherer, seasonal pastoralist, nomadic pastoralist, settled agriculturalist, a mix, etc)

What access to broader trade networks do they have and to whom? Are there foreign materials that will be easily accessible in trade and common in use, or valuable trade materials used sparingly in limited capacities?

Etc

And then do some research based on the answers, in order to get a sense of what materials they would have routine access to (ie dyes, metal, textiles, etc) and other possible variables that would shape how the art is made and what it's used for. This is just a foundational step and won't likely play much into designing a Style.

If you narrow these questions down very specifically, (ie in the context of the Korya post- grassland based mounted nomads, pastoralist and hunter-gatherer subsistence, access to wider trade networks and metals), you can direct your research to specific real world instances that fit this general idea. This is not to lift culturally specific concepts from the real world and slap them into your own setting, but to notice commonalities this lifestyle enforces - (ie in the previous example- mounted nomadic peoples are highly mobile and need to easily carry their wealth (often on clothing and tack) therefore small, elaborate decorative artwork that can easily be carried from place to place is a very likely feature)

For the details of the art itself, I come up with loose 'style guides' (usually just in my head) and go from there.

Here's some example questions for forming a style (some are more baseline than others)

Are geometric patterns favored? Organic patterns? Representative patterns (flowers, animals, stars, etc)? Abstract patterns?

Is there favored material(s)? Beads, bone, clay, metals, stones, etc.

When depicting people/animals, is realism favored? Heavy stylization? The emotional impression of an animal? Are key features accentuated?

How perspective typically executed? Does art attempt to capture 3d depth? Does it favor showing the whole body in 2 dimensions (ie much of Ancient Egyptian art, with the body shown in a mix of profile and forward facing perspective so all key attributes are shown)? Will limbs overlap? Are bodies shown static? In motion?

Does artwork of people attempt to beautify them? Does it favor the culture's conception of the ideal body?

Are there common visual motifs? Important symbols? Key subject matters?

What is the art used for? Are its functions aesthetic, tutelary, spiritual, magical? (Will often exist in combination, or have different examples for each purpose)

Who is represented? Is there interest in everyday people? Does art focus on glorifying warriors, heroes, kings?

Are there conventions for representing important figures? (IE gods/kings/etc being depicted larger than culturally lesser subjects)

Is there visual shorthand to depict objects/concepts that are difficult to execute with clarity (the sun, moon, water), or are invisible (wind, the soul), or have no physical component (speech)?

Etc

Deciding on answers to any of these questions will at least give you a unique baseline, and you can fill in the rest of the gaps and specify a style further until it is distinct. Many of these questions are not mutually exclusive, both in the sense of elements being combined (patterns with both geometric and organic elements) or a culture having multiple visual styles (3d art objects having unique features, religious artwork having its own conventions, etc).

Also when you're getting in depth, you should have cultural syncretism in mind. Cultures that routinely interact (whether this interaction is exchange or exploitation) inevitably exchange ideas, which can be especially visible in art. Doing research on how this synthesizing of ideas works in practice is very helpful- what is adopted or left out from an external influence, what is retained from an internal influence, what is unique to this synthesis, AND WHY. (I find Greco-Buddhist art really interesting, that's one of many such examples)

Looking at real world examples that fit your parameters can be helpful (ie if I've decided on geometric patterns in my 'style guide', I'll look at actual geometric patterns). And I strongly encourage trying to actually LEARN about what you're seeing. All art exists in a context, and having an understanding of how the context shapes art, how art does and doesn't relate to broader aspects of a society, etc, can help you when synthesizing your own.

[akisyu]

A bit late to the trend (the curse of being a slow artist) but have some Polish and Sardinian Miku to celebrate the Brazilian (and from all over the world) Miku trend!

[lettucedoodles]

Kalim omnomnonmnomnom eat foods :3

[maxdibert]

The most surreal thing about the Harry Potter universe is that J.K. Rowling said that Beauxbatons was the magical school where wizards from not only France but also Spain and Portugal attended. So, Spanish kids going to a school in France where the classes are in French???? HAHAHAHAHA I CAN’T BREATHE

Honestly, I think there’d be an uprising in the Spanish magical congress with banners like “You won’t turn us into GABACHOS” before they’d agree to send all the kids to learn French in the Pyrenees. I mean, literally no normal spanish would ever, under any circumstances, go along with that. Zero cultural knowledge, Joanne, sorry.

[reality-detective]

Charlie Kirk: Ignorance is Bliss 🤔

[aru-art]

happy 2nd anniversary to what continues to be the game of all time!! 🪐

[zishu-arts]

that’s HER human !!

[v0idwraith]

i think it’s hilarious that we all immediately clocked trent as gay the second we laid eyes on him and we were fucking right

[longlivefeedback]

If you comment on some fanfics and not others, pick an answer that applies most commonly to when you don't comment.

[literaryvein-reblogs]

Writing Notes: The Five-Factor Model of Personality

Culture is transmitted to people through language, as well as through social norms which establish acceptable and unacceptable behaviors which are then rewarded or punished (Henrich, 2016; Triandis & Suh, 2002).

With an increased understanding of cultural learning, psychologists have become interested in the role of culture in understanding personality.

The 5 Personality Traits According to this Model

OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE

Refers to a person's imagination, feelings, actions, ideas

LOW score: More likely to be practical, conventional, prefer routine

HIGH score: More likely to be curious, have a wide range of interests, be independent

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

Competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven

LOW: Impulsive, careless, disorganized

HIGH: Hardworking, dependable, organized

EXTROVERSION

Sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression

LOW: Quiet, reserved, withdrawn

HIGH: Outgoing, warm, seeks adventure

AGREEABLENESS

Cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured

LOW: Critical, uncooperative, suspicious

HIGH: Helpful, trusting, empathetic

NEUROTICISM

Tendency toward unstable emotions

LOW: Calm, even-tempered, secure

HIGH: Anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions

Applicability

The idea that personality can be described and explained by five traits (OCEAN) has important implications, as does the fact that most personality tests were constructed and initially tested in Western countries.

Western ideas about personality may not apply to other cultures (Benet-Martinez & Oishi, 2008).

2 Main Cultural Approaches for Researching Personality

Etic traits - considered universal constructs that are evident across cultures and represent a biological bases of human personality. If the Big Five are universal then they should appear across all cultures (McCrae and Allik, 2002).

Emic traits - constructs unique to each culture and are determined by local customs, thoughts, beliefs, and characteristics. If personality traits are unique to individual cultures then different traits should appear in different cultures.

Using an Etic Framework

Cross cultural research of personality uses an etic framework and researchers must ensure equivalence of the personality test through validation testing.

The instrument must include equivalence in meaning, as well as demonstrate validity and reliability (Matsumoto & Luang, 2013).

Example: The phrase feeling blue is used to describe sadness in Westernized cultures but does not translate to other languages.

Differences in personality across cultures could be due to real cultural differences, but they could also be consequences of poor translations, biased sampling, or differences in response styles across cultures (Schmitt, Allik, McCrae, & Benet-Martínez, 2007).

Personality Test/Measure Used: The NEO-PI

Most of the cross-cultural research on the Five-Factor Model (FFM) and Big Five (OCEAN) has been done using the NEO-PI (and its subsequent revisions; i.e., it is an assessment tool developed to measure the 5 dimensions of personality according to the FFM) which has demonstrated equivalence, reliability and validity across several cross-cultural studies (Costa & McCrae, 1987; McCrae, Costa & Martin, 2005).

Research using the NEO-PI found support for the entire Five-Factor Model in Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Hungarian, German, Australian, South African, Canadian, Finnish, Polish, Portuguese, Israeli, Korean, Japanese, and Filipino samples, in addition to other samples (McCrae, Costa, Del Pilar, Rolland, & Parker, 1998).

NOTE

Personality tests rely on self-report which is susceptible to response bias like socially desirability responding.

To evaluate this possibility, McCrae and colleagues (2005) recruited students from 50 cultural groups and modified the NEO-PI to be in the third person (i.e., he, she, his, her):

The research participants were asked to complete the form on someone else that they knew very well (McCrae et al., 2005).

The same 5 factors emerged in this study.

These results provided empirical support for the FFM and for the use of self-report instruments when conducting cross-cultural personality research.

There was no reason for the students to respond in a desirable way because they were answering questions about someone else.

Sources: 1 2 ⚜ Writing Notes & References

[tobeabatman]

Here’s your reminder that permanent ”fat to thin” weight-loss is not observed or backed-up by research.

If you’re fat, then you’ll most likely never be thin for long. Anderson JW, et al. found in a 2001 meta-analysis of 29 long-term weight-loss studies, that participants maintained an avarage of 3.0 kg or 23% of their initial weight-loss after 4 or 5 years.

These studies had participants’ initial weights ranging from 73.5 kg to 148kg (btw, participants weighting 140.1 were the ones to initially lose the most weight on avarage: 44.2 kg). And I’m sorry, but a 3 kg maintained weight loss is never going to make even a short 95 kg weighting person thin, even less so a 148 weighting one.

From what I’ve observed, there is absolutely no research to support that permanent weight-loss can be achieved, with, but especially not without, surgery.

We are sold a lie of how our bodies are supposed to look, and then we are sold surgeries, pills, courses, mentorships, gym memberships, more surgeries, books, exercise equipment for weight loss, powders, and did I mention surgeries??

It’s bullsh*t.

Happy weekend!

[tomatoderby]

Angel Miku.

Corset inspired by @candymakeupartist !

Reblogs and likes are much appreciated! Please do not repost.