#protein catabolism

[k-star-holic]

'Pale Moon' Kim Seo-hyung applauded at Cannes Festival

Source: k-star-holic.blogspot.com

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Notebooks of Satyendra Sunkavally, page 61.

[fullofseoul]

Fasting Zones

Whilst fasting I decided to do some research into fasting and the different zones so that I could understand how to lose more weight whilst on a fast and wanted to share it with everyone. 

I’m not promoting fasting in any way but I realise a lot of us do it and I want people to be informed and stay safe. Remember to keep yourself hydrated on a fast, drink some water or 0 cal drinks and please take a break if you start to feel sick or dizzy. You come first. 

Anabolic - 0-4hrs

This zone lasts 4 hours on average and is usually spent processing the last meal you ate. After your body breaks down the carbs, protein and fat into glucose, amino acids and fatty acids your body converts this into energy for later use. People who snack a lot or have frequent meals usually spend most hours of the day in this state. 

Depending on your diet and activity levels you can decrease this time, moving into the next zone faster, such as the fat burning zone. 

Catabolic - 4-16hrs

This zone lasts 12 hours on average where the body’s blood glucose and insulin levels drop and you’ll start to use up the stored glycogen and fat for energy, this is called the breakdown state. Glucose is still the primary fuel source in this state, however when your glycogen reserves are nearing empty, you’ll start using fat. 

Depending on how active you are during the day, doing exercise during this time will use up the glycogen stores quicker, moving you into the next zone.

Fat Burning - 16-24hrs

Whilst your body may always be burning fat, this zone is where it accelerates. Your body will now be in fat burning mode. Your body will always use some amount of glucose however it is now more dependant on fatty acids for fuel. Your brain still needs glucose to function, any glucose still being produced within the body will primarily be used by the brain whilst the rest of the body relies on fat for fuel. 

Ketosis - 24-72hrs

Your fast is now a multi-day fast. Exercise can accelerate the transition into this zone. Your primary fuel source is fatty acids and ketone bodies plus glucose. The body now relies more and more on fat and ketone bodies in this state and will prioritise burning fatty acids with ketone bodies being spared for the brain. 

Ketone bodies: this refers to 3 molecule types acetone, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Acetoacetate and BHB can be used for energy production. 

It is suggested that a healthy fast end after 3 days due to health risks. Take a break, eat a meal, drink lots of water and rest. You did well to reach three days, don’t risk your health. 

Deep Ketosis - 3+ Days

The body is now in a prolonged fasting zone. After day 3, glucose and insulin levels stay low and hunger will stay suppressed. You’ll see a decrease in IGF-1 a hormone involved in growth and development. Insulin and Glucose production will fall around 30% or more. 

[tamamita]

how does one lose muscle mass?

Uhh, generally when your body is in the state of catabolism, which means that your body isn't getting enough carbs or fat to digest in order to maintain your body, meaning that it has to break down or degrade larger molecules in your cells to absorb energy. Now, most bodybuilders or weightlifters wish to avoid the catabolism of proteins by eating carbs or chugging on some protein shakes, especially post-workout to recover. However, if there is no "fuel" in reserve and, worst case scenario, if it runs out of everything else, it'll go for your body's proteins or amino acids, which is there to maintain your bodily functions. In short, Your body is literally eating itself to survive. We also call this starvation.

[beakers-and-telescopes]

Genetically Modified Bacteria Produce Energy From Wastewater

E. Coli is one of the most widely studied bacteria studied in academic research.  Though most people probably associate it with food/water borne illness, most strains of E. Coli are completely harmless.  They even occur naturally within your intestines.  Now, scientists at EPFL have engineered a strain of E. Coli that can generate electricity.

The survival of bacteria depends on redox reactions.  Bacteria use these reactions to interconvert chemicals in order to grow and metabolize.  Since bacteria are an inexhaustible natural resource, many bacterial reactions have been industrially implemented, both for creating or consuming chemical substrates.  For instance, you may have heard about researchers discovering bacteria that can break down and metabolize plastic, the benefits of which are obvious.  Some of these bacterial reactions are anabolic, which means that they need to be provided external energy in order to carry it out, but others are catabolic, which means that the reactions actually create energy.  

Some bacteria, such as Shewanella oneidensis, can create electricity as they metabolize.  This could be useful to a number of green applications, such as bioelectricity generation from organic substrates, reductive extracellular synthesis of valuable products such as nanoparticles and polymers, degradation of pollutants for bioremediation, and bioelectronic sensing.  However, electricity producing bacteria such as Shewanella oneidensis tend to be very specific.  They need strict conditions in order to survive, and they only produce electricity in the presence of certain chemicals.  

The method that Shewanella oneidensis uses to generate electricity is called extracellular electron transfer (EET).  This means that the cell uses a pathway of proteins and iron compounds called hemes to transfer an electron out of the cell.  Bacteria have an inner and outer cell membrane, so this pathway spans both of them, along with the periplasmic space between.  In the past, scientists have tried to engineer hardier bacteria such as E. Coli with this electron-generating ability.  It worked… a little bit.  They were only able to create a partial EET pathway, so the amount of electricity generated was fairly small.

Now, the EPFL researchers have managed to create a full pathway and triple the amount of electricity that E. Coli can produce.  "Instead of putting energy into the system to process organic waste, we are producing electricity while processing organic waste at the same time -- hitting two birds with one stone!" says Boghossian, a professor at EPFL. "We even tested our technology directly on wastewater that we collected from Les Brasseurs, a local brewery in Lausanne. The exotic electric microbes weren't even able to survive, whereas our bioengineered electric bacteria were able to flourish exponentially by feeding off this waste."

This development is still in the early stages, but it could have exciting implications both in wastewater processing and beyond.

"Our work is quite timely, as engineered bioelectric microbes are pushing the boundaries in more and more real-world applications" says Mouhib, the lead author of the manuscript. "We have set a new record compared to the previous state-of-the-art, which relied only on a partial pathway, and compared to the microbe that was used in one of the biggest papers recently published in the field. With all the current research efforts in the field, we are excited about the future of bioelectric bacteria, and can't wait for us and others to push this technology into new scales."

[science-lover33]

Exploring the Marvels of Biological Macromolecules: The Molecular Machinery of Life (Part 1)

In the captivating realm of biochemistry, biological macromolecules stand as the cornerstone of life itself. These intricately structured molecules, each with its unique role, orchestrate the complex symphony of biological processes. Let's dive deep into the world of macromolecules and unravel their astounding intricacies.

Carbohydrates, a group of organic compounds, are fundamental biomolecules in biochemistry. These compounds, composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, play multifaceted roles in various biological processes, acting as both an essential energy source and critical structural elements.

Monosaccharides: The Building Blocks

At the most basic level, carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides, which are simple sugars. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of monosaccharides. They serve as the fundamental building blocks from which more complex carbohydrates are constructed.

Polysaccharides: Storage and Structure

Carbohydrates manifest as polysaccharides, intricate macromolecules created by linking numerous monosaccharide units. Glycogen, found in animals, and starch, prevalent in plants, are storage forms of glucose. In contrast, cellulose, another glucose-based polysaccharide, forms the structural component of plant cell walls.

Energy Production: Glucose Metabolism

Carbohydrates' primary function within biological systems is to provide energy. Glucose, a hexose sugar, undergoes catabolic processes such as glycolysis and cellular respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular energy currency. The controlled release of energy from carbohydrates fuels vital cellular functions.

Regulation of Blood Glucose: Hormonal Control

Maintaining blood glucose levels within a narrow range is crucial for homeostasis. Hormones like insulin and glucagon intricately regulate glucose levels, ensuring cells have a steady supply of this essential fuel source.

Structural Carbohydrates: Cellulose and Chitin

Carbohydrates also contribute to the structural integrity of cells and organisms. Cellulose, a linear polymer of glucose, forms the rigid cell walls of plants. Similarly, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, provides structural support in the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids: Molecular Signaling

Carbohydrates are often attached to proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids) on cell surfaces. These complex molecules participate in cell recognition and molecular signaling, which is crucial for various cellular processes, including immune responses and cell adhesion.

[tchaikovskym]

Stress systems

There are many things happening during stress, and it all starts with my beloved nemesis, the hypothalamus. It senses a stressor and gets to work by switching on other parts.

Sympathetic nervous system

It goes right to adrenal gland (right above your kidneys). The secretory cells there are actually a part of the nervous system, but that's a secret, don't tell anyone.

Either way, it produces adrenaline and noradrenaline (see how it makes sense paired together with the name "adrenal gland". however, if you are american then they produce epinephrine and norepinephrine).

This causes visceral stress reactions:

increased heart rate and strength

vasoconstriction (smaller diameter of blood vessels) in inner organs (mainly digestive) and skin (to not waste precious blood on them)

vasodilation (opposite of the prev point) in heart, lungs, brain and skeletal muscle (because those are the bad guys you need for fighting or running away)

glycogenolysis in the liver (where you would normally have glucose stored as glycogen just in case, and this is the case)

sweating (let the toxins out babey), hindering digestive processes (not relevant at the moment)

Anterior pituitary

This bad boy is up there with my beloved nemesis, and it is there to activate a bunch of hormonal systems.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or, ACTH. Abbreviations are there to make life easier for real). This guy will go to adrenal gland, but to a different par of it! In turn, we will get:

aldosterone - to keep inside sodium (and due to all known laws of chemistry and physics, water with it. so, basically, no pee in bladder!), but! at the same time it stimulates hydrogen ion excretion (to not make it awfully acidic in the organism)

glucocorticoids (most popular babe being cortisol) - to promote gluconeogenesis (a bit different process of what I described earlier. this has nothing to do with storage. this has everything to do with the Krebs cycle. long story short, more glucose! in circulation!). They also promote protein catablosim (it literally breaks down stuff in order to get energy. it would be like chopping up your bed for fire to keep the war forces running or smth. this was a bad metaphor but you got me). And! Finally - hindering inflammatory reactions. To keep one alert etc. (But beware! if the stress is prolonged it means that your body cannot deal with pathogens)

Somatotropin, also known as growth hormone, also takes part in stress reaction. It's target is liver, where somatomedins are produced, which, in turn, increase fat catabolism. You see I think we've finally reached the breaking down of all the main substrates with this. Energy: available!

Finally, we've come to thyroid-stimulating hormone, which does what the name says. In turn, it produces thyroid hormones, which increase the breaking down of carbohydrates to get even more energy

Conclusion: awfully lot of systems that work together to make energy available.

[sarpedon]

its been morbidly fascinating to see how health and wellness advice has evolved online. it has reached a point where the more reasonable advice in those circles (80/20 food rule, 150min of physical activity per week, 7-8k steps per day, etc) wont get you any interaction because everyone already does all of those things. in order to get any traction, the advice has to be something people aren't doing, something people need to Work On. 80/20 becomes avoid all UPFs which becomes avoid all added sugars which becomes avoid refined carbs which becomes avoid any fruits or vegetables with a high glycemic index, all while eating 1-1.2g of protein per lb of body weight (nevermind that the recommendation is actually per kg of bodyweight, that's too attainable, we cant have attainable goals). and while you're eating healthy don't forget you need to stay active! 150min of physical activity per week is too easy so it becomes 45-60min per day, but make sure you aren't doing too much cardio because cardio is catabolic and you need to be lifting heavy weights to build muscle, no wait you actually need to be lifting lighter weights for more reps in order to encourage hypertrophy, no wait you need to be doing medium reps of medium weights with progressive overload to balance hypertrophy and strength but also you need to be doing yoga and mobility work every day and 10k steps is a minimum but really you should be aiming for 12k, maybe 15k, and you need to be walking outside because you need sun but also get a walking pad because sitting is TERRIBLE for you and you should be walking and getting your steps while you work, and also you NEED to take up running because it is so good for your physical and mental health, but remember that too much cardio is bad!

the scrambling to move the bar of what counts as a healthy active lifestyle in order to ensure its unattainable for the vast majority is really really interesting. and the (100% intended) result is that most people feel like they're never doing enough, because if you feel like you are satisfied with the fitness routines you have created for yourself, how are these people going to grab your attention?

[sukimas]

i'm not gonna reblog this post because it is overall quite good and i just have a nitpick with this part but actually the way the body processes food is pretty much combustion. like it produces CO2 and water from hydrocarbons. that's all combustion is.

food (kilo)calories are also just a measure of energy present in the food. you'll notice if you go to europe that the big label at the top of nutrition facts says Energy and not Calories. but actually, all levels on nutrition facts are theoretical; you are not going to necessarily absorb all the iron, protein, or ascorbic acid in the food either, but the amount present there is still labeled.

a calorie is defined as the measure of energy it takes to heat 1 g of water up 1 degree celsius. why we use that (x1000) to measure food calories is because a number of foods are mostly water, and so are you, but your body is of course measured in kg so it's useful to use kcal. also calorimetry measures energy of complete combustion by the change in temperature of water surrounding the combustion; many bond dissociation energies are reported in kcal/mol still rather than kJ/mol. we use bomb calorimeters because if we don't allow the internal volume to change, we can get a more accurate estimate of bond dissociation energy. calorimetry is not a hack nutritionist's plot against you, but simply the best measure we have of measuring the energy present in materials. we cannot know exactly what's in food structurally or even chemically, so we can't run molecular dynamics simulations to estimate the energies present in catabolism.

now, are energies measured by bomb calorimetry misleading as to how your body processes food? yes. your body does perform combustion on anything it can break down into glucose and co., but it doesn't necessarily perform complete combustion. some small amounts of carbon monoxide are produced in the digestive tract due to this, even! it depends on the type of food you eat how completely it combusts. for example, if you eat a tablespoon of sugar, it'll probably be processed into almost all the calories, whereas if you eat a tablespoon of rye with the same amount of theoretical glucose, it probably won't. this is a significant gripe i have with the quote unquote health food industry, actually- a lot of things are estimated as having higher amounts of accessible calories than they really have, so people end up calorie-cutting by labels in order to diet but then it's compounded by the fact that a number of the calories are entirely inaccessible. so if you calorie-cut to 1600 kcal/day but you're only eating fruits, vegetables, ancient grains, and lean meat, you're probably processing those "1600 kcal" into 1300 or less kcal!

but kilocalories aren't the only misleading thing on food labels, and while eyeballing nutrition facts can help you get enough of essential nutrients like vitamin A and K and the like, in many cases it won't be in the most easily accessible form, so you might malnourish yourself. iron is a big problem here, and why i recommend impossible foods so much to people who are vegetarian and especially vegan; heme is one of the few types of iron that the human body can process, so that impossible foods contain it without being meat makes them extremely important to a non-iron-supplemented vegetarian diet. anyway, digression aside, are the beauty and food industries intentionally being misleading about how accurate kcal are? almost certainly. is the utilization of the kilocalorie (and bomb calorimetry generally) for measurement of energy in foods due to this? almost certainly not.

(P.S.: if you'd like to know why your body isn't constantly on fire due to the fact that you're combusting all the time, that would be because thermodynamics of combustion (a reaction where the products are ludicrously heavily favored) are distinct from the kinetics of combustion commonly (in the atmosphere with so much available oxygen, the rate laws dictate that combustion goes really fast. in your body with enzymatic processes, it goes fairly slowly). everything that can combust is combusting, just very slowly, from paper to gas to sugar- if you leave glucose out in the air, it'll slowly slowly slowly burn even without heat applied; the enzymes in your body get over that initial heat/energy barrier, though, and burn it quicker. however, since there's no continual heat applied, it won't set off a chain chemical reaction and burn very quickly unless something's extremely wrong with your body. eat your antioxidants)

[humancelltournament]

Propaganda!

A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells. They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins, and its lumenal proteins. Besides degradation of polymers, the lysosome is involved in various cell processes, including secretion, plasma membrane repair, apoptosis, cell signaling, and energy metabolism.

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. It is also used as a medication to treat a number of health conditions. Its effect is opposite to that of insulin, which lowers extracellular glucose. It is produced from proglucagon, encoded by the GCG gene.

[anulithots]

imagine hyperfixating on ur ap class. couldnt be me (is literally me with apush help)

im in ap bio too and im cooked, can u explain like what the hell the golgi and the lysosomes do

(@apush-relevancy)

oooh being interested in history is so cooollll akfdakdfjasdklfj. (I wishhhhh but alas, biology person)

OOHH ORGANELLLSS I LOOOVEEE THEMMM kdjfklasdjf

Okay so the Golgi apparatus is your post office. Anything that needs to go anywhere, inside or outside of cell goes to the golgi apparatus first, so that way the 'people'/enzymes in the cell can add in the 'shipping labels' and send it through a vesicle to where it needs to go.

(The way I have my bio story going is somewhat dark academia/vibes I like/ I'm doing what I want. SO I'd story-fy it like the Endoplasmic reticulum is this.... kind of 'person building horror factory' of sorts, like each amino acid is like a body part, strung together than formed into a person/protein. From here the person/protein is newly formed and confused, so I'd have the golgi body be like the 'welcome protein! Here's your life's purpose and now we shall send you to your post for the rest of your life! :)'.

So from the ER the confused and horrified person goes near a section of the wall/er's membrane, which becomes a little vehicle/carriage-y thing/vesicle studio Ghibli style. THey get dropped of in this large dark academia post office via the carriage melding back with the wall. Now they are inside. Other proteins flock to new protein, give the protein clothes (label), give a quick overview of the protein's new life (the protein is very confused and overwhelmed) and send it off in a new wall carriage (vesicle).

The Golgi body also sends off other materials too, it has proteins running around and packaging things, sending things left and right. NOt sure ifff I'll have proteins be living things in general and not just people... in which case we'll have enzyme witches and owls flocking around here. Craziness. The new protein is traumatized)

AND YOU KNOW WHAT'S MORE TRAUMATIZING?

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are full of proteases, and other catabolic proteins and acids and suches and such. Imagine you hear of the slaughterhouse, that if you don't do well at your job, if you get tired or worn out, if the cell decides it doesn't need you anymore, it'll send you to this large, foreboding organelle. WIthin here are these assassins, desgined to kill all who enter. No one leaves alive

:)

Then they reuse the materials for other things. Yayyy. (Reused hearts for new proteins how wholesome)

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE ASK!!!

I should have a biology rambles tag.

Hmmmm...

Lobotomy for my brainrot.

[k-star-holic]

Kim Seo-hyung, a pictorial behind-the-scenes cut..."Trade Mark" Short Cuts Hair's Infinite Transformation

Source: k-star-holic.blogspot.com

[nutritioneducationwithlsfitness]

ICMR NUTRITION GUIDELINES 2024 BREAKDOWN : LSFITNESS

Statement 1 : Some protein powders, marketed in packages as protein supplements, contain protein from multiple sources. Protein powders may also contain added sugars, non-caloric sweeteners and additives such as artificial flavoring, hence, are not advisable to be consumed on a regular basis.

My Take: Protein powders that contain proteins from multiple sources are known as protein blends. These blends often include whey protein, casein protein, albumin, and others. Protein blends are completely safe for use if they are manufactured and processed in facilities that adhere to strict safety standards, such as those following HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) guidelines.

Statement 2 : Protein powders may also contain added sugars, non-caloric sweeteners and additives such as artificial flavoring, hence, are not advisable to be consumed on a regular basis.

My Take: Protein powders may contain added sugars, non-caloric sweeteners, and artificial flavorings. However, these additives are commonplace in many foods we consume today. Rather than casting a negative light on whey protein supplements, it would be more beneficial to implement strict regulations that limit the use of added sugars. Additionally, encouraging the use of healthier non-caloric sweeteners, such as Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and replacing artificial flavorings with natural ones could improve the nutritional quality of these supplements.

Statement 3 : Whey protein is rich in branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Recent evidence suggests that BCAAs may increase the risk of certain non-communicable diseases (NCDs). As mentioned above, adequate non-protein energy from carbohydrate and fat is essential for dietary proteins/AA to be utilized for protein synthesis and for related functions in the body. Consuming high level of protein, especially in the form of protein supplement powders, is therefore not advisable.

My Take: Whey protein is indeed rich in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs): leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Recent evidence has shown a direct correlation between elevated plasma levels of BCAAs and insulin resistance, but this does not necessarily mean it is caused solely by high consumption of BCAAs. The condition may also be due to dysfunctional BCAA catabolism, existing insulin resistance, or being overweight or obese.

Elevated plasma BCAA levels have been observed in individuals who are overweight or obese and exhibit insulin resistance, and these levels are higher compared to healthy individuals. Observational studies have found that plasma BCAA levels are also elevated in patients with Type 2 diabetes when compared to age and BMI-matched controls without diabetes.

Insulin plays a critical role in the metabolism of BCAAs. Results from Mendelian randomization studies indicate that insulin resistance drives higher plasma BCAA levels, and large-scale genetic studies suggest a causal role of diminished BCAA catabolism in underlying insulin resistance.

Dysfunctional BCAA catabolism may lead to the accumulation of a number of BCAA catabolic metabolites in the plasma of insulin-resistant individuals with obesity or Type 2 diabetes, including BCAA-derived acylcarnitines, 3-HIB, 2-HB, and 2-KB. These can have toxic effects on cellular functions. It has been shown that acylcarnitines can cause mitochondrial dysfunction in several tissues and anaplerotic stress, thus dysregulating glucose and fat oxidation.

While there is evidence that elevated BCAA levels can impair insulin signaling pathways, it remains unclear whether elevated BCAA levels are a cause or a consequence of insulin resistance. Most studies measure plasma BCAA levels rather than in peripheral tissues, so future research focusing on peripheral tissues could provide a better perspective on tissue-specific BCAA catabolism.

Statement 4 : Most athletes can get the recommended amount of protein through food alone, without the use of supplements. Protein powders are not required. Moreover, prolonged intake of a large amount of protein is associated with potential dangers, such as bone mineral loss and kidney damage.

My Take: Athletes can obtain the recommended amount of protein through their diet alone, depending on what they eat.

For example, a non-vegetarian athlete can easily meet protein needs from sources such as chicken breast, mutton, and whole eggs while maintaining overall caloric intake, as these sources contain fewer ancillary calories.

Conversely, let's consider an athlete who follows a vegan diet. Major vegan protein sources like tofu, cereals and millets, and pulses and legumes do provide some protein. However, if an athlete relies solely on these foods without supplements, the total calorie count may exceed caloric requirements due to the additional carbohydrates and fats in these protein sources.

Regarding the safety of protein consumption, prolonged intake of a significant amount of protein—ranging from 25-75 grams daily—has not been associated with potential dangers such as bone mineral loss and kidney damage. In fact, studies have shown a positive impact on bone mineral density.

The European Society on Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN) advocates for a higher protein intake of 1.0–1.5 g/kg/day to help slow age-related muscle loss.

There is no evidence to suggest that a high protein diet can cause kidney damage in individuals with healthy renal function. However, those with kidney disease, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), should limit their protein intake.

[castingcomets]

In my senior year of highschool we had a final project in AP Biology which was open-ended and could be just about anything. I rewrote (and performed) Thrift Shop to be about various branches of biology using the terminology that we had used that year. I titled it "Niche Shop."

These are the lyrics.

^ So you can follow along.

Hey… You wanna go niche shopping?

I’m an organism I’m alive You can tell by how all my cells utilize I’m- I’m- I’m growing, adapting and I’m showing, This is my response

Walk into a niche like what up I’m an organism Organ cells, organelles, carbon-based organ systems If I’m surviving, got the traits you wanna copy Got ‘em like- “Damn, I better acquire mimicry”

Factor in, fitness my kin Nat select me as a king Dressed as a warning or I’m camouflaged from everything The strongest or the fastest, sharper than Damascus But if you really wanna live, you gotta have looooong… Telomeres!

Hoofin’ it, wingin’ it, gonna optimal forage it Passin’ up through the TD forest Humus is a freebie nourish Not rockin’ semelparity but, I am a rarity 1.8 meters too much room for a disparity!

An issue of polarity, Irregularity of molarity, Disrupts cellular activity Lacking biologic dexterity

Dehydration synthesis, poly or di Covalent bonding with all the mama-saccharides!

They had an H ion, I took an H ion For ETC so I can have the energy to hang on Mito makes a maze of its membranes To gain energy used in transduction signal pathway chains

I could take some bases, Rough ‘em up and misplace The wild types would be like “Oh, he got the lactase”

I’m gonna eat some carbs I need energy and I’m on guard I’m- I’m- I’m drinking, drying and I’m linking, This is glycosidic

I’m gonna bond some peptides There are four structures so please stay wise I’m- I’m- I’m asking, amino group and acid, But don’t forget nucleotides (AUOHW!!)

What’chu know about being hydrophobic? What’chu know about being hydrophilic? I’m diffusion’, I’m movin’ right through that fatty bilayer Meet the mosaic and all its necessary players!

Thank Aunt Ester, for linking glycerols and fatty acids It’s an asset keep ‘em like molasses Metabolism, you can have in catabolic (bolic) Minus delta G or you can have it anabolic (bolic)

Prokaryotes, no nucleus All have membranes like eukaryotes Cyto-structure and ribosomes and DNA in that cytoplasm Eukaryotes have organelles in that cytoplasm Lysosomes and vacuoles in that cytoplasm

They’re like “oh, that peroxisome, that’s hella tight” I’m like “yo… that makes hydrogen peroxide” Competitive inhibition will render us quickly illin’ Catalyse that catalase to cure our condition

Don’t forget, ‘bout the mosaic composition Don’t forget, about what lets somethin’ else in That receptor is hella though But havin’ a common one in a pandemic is a hella NO

Peep gang, come take a look at my DNA Find all the nights I spent with retroviral RNA

[Interlude] In your DNA … viral RNA … turned to DNA … and then to RNA Immune … poppin’ cells … yeah!

I’m gonna place some tags Ubiquitin be quittin’ on all these proteins This cellular machine, RNA in vaccines An acid for every codon

I made God to be in my image All these kids descend from my lineage I have eternal DNA My fitness is secured through advantageous traits [X2]

As DNA replicates Every cell from a cell - this never dates I’m- I’m- I’m growing, adapting and I’m showing, This is my response

Are those your Grandpa’s genes?

[tamamita]

Does your digestive system ever work really hard when you’re working out? It happens to me sometimes and I’m wondering if it happens to anyone else.

That's absolutely normal, your body is using up your glycogen (basically your stored energy). Glycogen in your muscles are converted into the nucleotide ATP, which is required for muscle contraction. When your body uses up that energy, your body is gonna tell you that it's low on power through the state of hunger. In order to compensate for the wasted energy, your body requires the necessary minerals to refuel in the form of carbs, fat and protein. This is why it's recommended to drink a shake of whey protein and to eat shortly after your workout session as your body needs to recover. Taking too much time will result in your metabolism entering a catabolic state, which means your body will break down molecules or body tissues into simpler ones in order to compensate, this will eventually lead to muscle atrophy and fatigue. In other words, starvation. So remember to drink your shake once you're done!

[mmjjbbaannkkss]

Copasetic Bodybuilding Open Letter?

We have to look at the three training types that I know-of.

We have size, strength, and stamina. The combinations exist, obviously. What I basically know is:

My bodybuilding is for working on size, or was anyway, my veins have come to the surface, and while that's not inherently strange to gym rats, it's time for my cardio... that for example is doing 12 reps at 20lbs, then 30, ...60, etc, when I reach that limit, I might do targeted/spot training, hitting 60lbs x12 till I'm toast. Where efficacy loses to diminishing returns or loses out to recovery time. Unless you're in your garage, at work. IDK. The powerlifter has worked his way up to incredible weight, ie 750 let's say, at 4x reps, but isn't going running for 2hrs. The runner isn't squatting 200lbs, but 20, but can do that all day. Google: Twitch fibers. And surely some combinations exist, again like training camp, work, etc.

So there's this chasing the pump, the mind-muscle connection each rep that starts at volume, but isn't exclusive, inherent to the muscle maturation. Legs of steel, pythons for arms. The hypertrophy effectively pumps water, blood, and sweat into muscles, but takes a lot of energy, and fuel/nutrients. At first, work on strength in small doses, it's the foundation of powerlifters, bodybuilders, and athletes. (Bodybuilding is a sport btw.) Muscle maturity, muscle memory, instinctual contraction/protraction (pull, push) comes later.

There it becomes another instinct to tame, the ego inflates, the vanity crushes self-confidence, these are the mentioned gym rats. And there's something beneficial to cardio and prolonging the heart's lifespan.

You, oneself even, like healthy people. That's not a vanity of youth, it's that flippant and whimsical singleing mindset that objects to varying types of health. You can track your diet with a calorie counter app, without skipping meals, and peel off the fat, to show your muscles. You can do progressive (weight increases each set) overload for hypertrophy, you can prog. ov. one heavy weight at fewer reps and increase the weight each week, or you can run a little farther than you did yesterday. Like you were playing a game, then adolesence came, and it was more like adult-essence, sitting around, learning shit in general education instead of focusing on your major/vocational training. What you put into your actions will determine the results, yeah?

Mr Olympia was pumping iron backstage, AT the competition, so I based my hypertrophy training on flexing, even without the phone camera. Mind = blown. Yet, if someone asks me to hit my 1RM, I have to warm up to it, visualisation and practice are ideal. (and I have to start cardio, endurance, patience, because reasons.) Get a job, get healthy, then see what you need for work.

Bodybuilders can lose waterweight, in a week. If they have a high protein diet, when their muscles look for energy and water, they'll undergo catabolism, consuming the muscles for protein for the rest of the muscles, essentially shrinking. But the ego will suffer if you think size is more important than health, and the mind will panick if you don't know muscle maturity/experience can build back quickly, with rest, nutrition, proper form/movements.

Let me be really mean - you don't want to be on the 600lb people tv show, and running to the gym to save your life. Calorie counter app diets, google/yt video instructions. Mind muscle connection: experience the rep, or remember the rep, the advice crossword is hazy af for now.

You're doing this because it's expected, and tbh the roles have balanced a little, everyone looks the same now.

POSING: Dudes, that selfie is better if you activate your abs first, you're young, simple as an arm curl is still 1 rep, pump up, then take your shots. Chicks, try dancing to some metal, I personally like Deftones (maybe Rx Queen), but it's your reflection.

OH YEAH, google dot bard, has it's LLM in the current year and * dwarfs GPT's, it's a chatbot that remembers the conversation, but it's also Google. just type "act as a personal trainer." first, in your Q. Or tell it to act like whoever. Really amazing.