#present indefinite tense

[ieltscoachingblog]

English grammar topics, including tenses, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, sentence structure, and subject-verb agreement.

Here’s a mixed test paper that covers a variety of English grammar topics, including tenses, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, sentence structure, and subject-verb agreement. This test is suitable for advanced learners and includes multiple-choice questions along with explanations in the answer key. Mixed English Grammar Test Paper Part A: Tenses She __ (complete) her homework every day…

[jaiminiofficial]

Present indefinite tense in Hindi

Present indefinite tense in Hindi – Examples | Exercise Present indefinite tense in Hindi – वर्तमानकाल में किसी की आदत या हमेशा होने वाली कोई क्रिया व्यक्त करने के लिए सामान्य वर्तमानकाल का प्रयोग होता है। ( काल की पहचान ) वाक्य की पहचान – सामान्य वर्तमानकाल वाक्यों के अंत में ता है, ते हैं, ती है का प्रयोग होता है। Present Tense in Hindi ( Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect ) A. सकारात्मक वाक्य…

[artistic-english]

Present Indefinite (Simple Present) Tense: 10 Rules & Examples

Want to learn present indefinite tense/ simple present tense in English grammar with its structure, rules, examples, usages, and exercises? 

Learn 10 rules of present indefinite tense here. 

[rorywritesjunk]

hi please put a stop to me because now i want to write a fic of buggy being changed into a kid but still being buggy

"why am i so small??"

"no i am very very scary. don't call me cute!"

"why am i tired? i don't need a nap!! naps are for babies!" and he's out like a light the second you turn your back on him.

"i'm hungry and need a snack" "you can have fruit, buggy." "i want cookies!" "after you eat some fruit" "*sulks*"

[onlinenotebank]

Voice Change on Present Indefinite Tense of Scholar's Senior English Grammar

Voice Change on Present Indefinite Tense of Scholar’s Senior English Grammar (Page No – 156) Exercise – 1: Change to Passive Voice Answers: 1. The guilty is found by the judge. 2. Why is the child teased by you?. 3. Their lessons are done well by good pupils. 4. The bread is divided by the monkey between the cats. 5. Noisy places are avoided by people. 6. Are goods also carried by this train?. 7.…

[deliasamed]

Conjugation of To Be in Indefinite Tense

This table covers Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple, and Future in the Past forms of “to be” in Indicative mood, with affirmative, question, and negative forms:

    Affirmative Question Negative Present Simple I am Am I? I am not / I'm not You are Are you? You are not / You aren't He/She/It is Is he/she/it? He/She/It is not / isn't We are Are we? We are not / We aren't You are Are you? You are not / You aren't They are Are they? They are not / They aren't Past Simple I was Was I? I was not / I wasn't You were Were you? You were not / You weren't He/She/It was Was he/she/it? He/She/It was not / wasn't We were Were we? We were not / We weren't You were Were you? You were not / You weren't They were Were they? They were not / They weren't Future Simple I will be Will I be? I will not be / I won't be You will be Will you be? You will not be / You won't be He/She/It will be Will he/she/it be? He/She/It will not be / won't be We will be Will we be? We will not be / We won't be You will be Will you be? You will not be / You won't be They will be Will they be? They will not be / They won't be Future in the Past I would be Would I be? I would not be You would be Would you be? You would not be He/She/It would be Would he/she/it be? He/She/It would not be We would be Would we be? We would not be You would be Would you be? You would not be They would be Would they be? They would not be              Conjugation of To Be in Indefinite Tense THE IMPERATIVE MOOD AND NON-FINITE FORMS OF “TO SMILE” Conjugation of to smile in Indefinite Tense Form/Passive Word Formation: Word derivation; Word Building in English I wish, Would, and If Only in Conditionals Read the full article

[b00kdiary]

Dreamer | Rhysand (I)

Rhysand x Reader

Rhysand begrudgingly goes to Hewn City to secure a marriage pact that will indefinitely bond the two Courts together- but the fine ladies of the Court of Nightmares are not what he wants or needs.

Instead, he discovers Lady Y/N, and she has no qualms about telling him how he has failed this City and her. This is more than just coincidence, it’s fate.

Warnings: long chapters, mature content (18 +) swearing, eventual smut.

MASTERLIST - 1 and 2

"High Lord, Rhysand of the Night Court."

I reach the top of the dais as my name is announced, my footsteps echoing against the polished floor and the sound bounces through the room, through the tense silence. No one speaks, they barely breathe, as I slowly turn, my face a sheet of ice as I settle onto my throne.

I let a nonchalant smile tug at my lips, the dark mask of a tyrant slipping into place as I eye the endless room before me. A macabre and dreary setting with its ebony walls and onyx ceiling, the beasts carved into the cavernous stone a mirror to the type of Fae who lived in this City.

I emulate the darkness as I lean back, my long legs spreading apart and my fingers curling into the engraved snake form that curves around the throne, the head peering out over my shoulder, my own personal monster.

I cock my head at the dozens of males before me, Council Members, my violet eyes twinkling in amusement as they all remained bowed, knees pressed to the floor, heads lowered and waiting for my word.

"You may rise," I drawl, my tone the picture of boredom, and as Kier and his peers rise to their feet, I see the apprehension and distaste on their faces for me, for my inner circle. Kier observes me, his brown eyes flickering at the prolonged silence. "Kier?"

"As usual, it is an honour to have you here, High Lord," Kier inclines his head, scurrying forward as he speaks, his own mask of reverence slipping into place as he stops before me. "As the steward of Hewn City, I am delighted by your decision to unite our two Courts through marriage, as are the Council present here today."

I see the way my Court stiffens, Mor, Cassian and Azriel all flanked at the bottom of the dais seem to go unnaturally still, the stones in their eyes wholly- unable to hide their disapproval of this whole arrangement.

"We all have our duties, Kier, the Court must always come first," My lips tilt in a mocking smile, and Kier shrivels under the tendrils of dark power that dance around me, an omnipresent threat so at odds with my amused gaze, "My marriage to a Lady of Hewn City will be a victory for us all."

Marriage.

The word tastes like poison on my tongue, any hopes and dreams I had once harboured turning to ash in my mouth at the cold reality I was faced with. To marry a female, I didn't know or love, to mate with her and sire a child, and secure an alliance with the Court of Nightmares indefinitely.

Heavy is the head that bears the crown indeed.

"It will be an alliance venerated for generations to come, I'm sure," Kier smiles, an ugly, wretched sight and I saw Mor shiver in my peripheral, an imperceptible movement, a conditioned reaction to her father. "High Lord, may I introduce to you the fine ladies selected by the Council."

I brace myself, masking my dread with an entertained smirk, drawing on the worst parts of myself, the worst parts of this place to hide the male that roared in warning to me inside. A click of doors opening at my left, and then several soft footsteps echoing into the chamber.

I stare, unyielding and silent, as several young women stride into the room, their heads bowed and back straight, adorned with fine clothes and finer jewellery as they stop at the foot of the dais before me.

They were fine, lovely even, tall, and thin, typical of High Fae female beauty and yet, despite their soft smiles and delicate frames, I frown.

"You can't be serious, even you wouldn't be this cruel," Mor releases a horrified, tight breath and both Cassian and Azriel step forward in unison, an impenetrable wall, as Kier's eyes turn to Mor and his lip curls. "These 'fine ladies' are girls, children, how old are they?"

The room shifted at her sharp words, Kier tensing at the accusation and the males of the Council muttering amongst themselves, their eyes burning as they glared at my cousin- at her supposed insolence for speaking out of turn.

"Their age is of little significance, girl," Kier sneers, that simpering fool mask he wore melting into revulsion and anger as he took in his outcasted daughter. My fingers curled around the throne under me as he spoke, that pit of darkness inside me churning. "They have all had their first bleed-"

"Cauldron," Cassian swore, his dark hair shifting as he moved his gaze over to those girls, and I saw his throat bob at the sight- so young, broken, pawns moved and used in a game of power.

"You're disgusting," Mor hissed, and I heard the pain clawing at her throat, her face pulled into a devastated frown as she took in those girls- and it was as if she were looking into a mirror, to the girl she had once been. "These girls are not chattel; you cannot sell their innocence for your own gain-"

"These ladies are being honoured, girl, an honour that you will never understand," Kier snarled, his emphasis on honour so clear, an indirect assault on Mor's character, on the choice she made to free herself. "To marry the High Lord is a privilege, one these ladies are eager for-"

Azriel's shadows thrum around him, restless, wild, and I knew his control was wearing thin the longer Kier spoke, the longer those girls stood before us, trembling under the burden on their shoulders.

"Enough." One word, low and sinister, and every mouth in the room closed, every Fae in the room turned utterly still at the command.

I grit my teeth, letting the furious power within me radiate into the room, let it dance through the air, brush against my subjects, let them feel the warning, the threat, that I was. I smile as their faces pale, flinching back from the vile magic, a reminder that I could destroy them without even lifting a hand.

"Kier, I am going to choose to believe that this decision was made out of sheer stupidity rather than insolence," My voice is a calm storm, but my eyes- they rage with a current of violence and death, the kind that made males twice my age blanche- and they do. "I will choose to believe that you did not invite me here to waste my time- you wouldn't dare be so foolish, would you Kier?"

I shifted forward in my seat, my eyes narrowing down at the male, and it took all the restraint in me not to shatter every bone in his body, to not pluck his eyes from his head and tear his tongue from his mouth- and he sees that desire to inflict pain upon him in my gaze.

"Never, High Lord, I would not dream of-" Kier barely contains his stuttering words, a mixture of fear, indignation and humiliation lacing through his widening gaze, but like the worm he was, he bowed his head to me in remorse. "It was a grave misjudgement, one that will not be repeated again."

"Good- I desire to sire a child, Kier, not marry one," I sneer, my disgust prevalent across every hard inch of my face as I turn from Kier, moving my eyes across every last council member, "Just as I am sure you all agree, these girls have many more years left to enjoy their youth, yes?"

I make the threat clear in my words, make them clear in my eyes- touch these girls and die.

None oppose me, their hearts hammering in their chests as they nod their head in agreement, subservient and controlled- and a small kernel of satisfaction fills me, that they felt a fraction of what the girls before me did.

"Kier, join me in the Council Room," I stand from my chaise, and as if it were muscle memory, every single person in the room falls to a knee and drops their heads as I descend the stairs. "Let us discuss the consequences you'll all face should you disappoint me again."

***

"Y/N, a union between the High Lord and a Lady of Hewn City is exactly the chance we've been waiting for," Cassandra pestered, her wide eyes pleading with me, but I ignored her again, choosing to instead clean the Council Room for the next meeting with haste. "It's a chance for change."

"Who are you trying to convince, Cassie- me or yourself?" I mutter, raising a dark brow at her as I tuck in the oak chairs, shoving them into place harder than was needed. "This marriage is a farce, and you're deluding yourself by thinking otherwise."

Cassie groans, the sound reverberating through the empty room, and I try to not laugh at her as she rushes around the endless table, her sea-blue eyes rolling as she stops beside me.

"Why must you be such a pessimist?" Cassie demands, her cold, slim fingers ripping the papers from my hand and slamming them onto the table before me. "With a lady from our Court married to the High Lord, we can finally hope, we will have someone on our side- to help us, to fix this Cauldron-forsaken City-"

"And who would that be?" I scoff out a laugh, a bitter, hollow sound as I turn my hard gaze to her, strands of my loose hair brushing my hot cheeks as I move, "Thanatos's daughter despises the Court of Dreams, Kier's nieces care more about fine jewels and clothes than people, and the other daughters are afraid of their own shadows, they would shit themselves at the sight of the High Lord and his inner circle."

Cassie purses her lips at my harsh words, and I frown, sighing deeply at the look of dejection on her lovely face, hating myself for snuffing out the light that had filled her eyes. But it had to be done- some people were not meant to dream.

"I'm sorry, Cassie, I know you wish it were otherwise, I do too," I force back the lump in my throat as I turn from her, hating the way my lip trembled and my hands felt weak, "But this marriage will benefit nobody but the High Lord, his court, and the males of the Council- that's it. They have never and will never care, there is no one on our side but us."

Silence fills the room at my hoarse dead words, and the reality of them, the reality that we were truly and irrevocably stuck in this life, in this cycle of hell made my eyes burn.

"It saddens me that you feel that way, My Lady," A deep, velvety voice rasped from behind me, and the air went taut at the unfathomable power that penetrated the room.

Cassandra gasped, something spilling from her hand and dropping to the floor with a deafening crunch. My stomach twists into knots as I brace myself, all the blood leeching from my face as I turn- to where the High Lord stood, his inner circle and Kier watching on either side.

"High Lord," Cassie choked on the title, choked on her fear and before the male before us could speak, she stumbled down to a knee, her head bowed and her golden hair falling forward to shield the terror on her face.

I couldn't move, not even as the voice inside me screamed and begged for me to bow, to submit myself to him- for I had heard stories of Rhysand.

Of his abilities as a Daemati, able to shatter a person's mind without lifting a hand, of his ruthlessness as High Lord, reducing people to ash with a smile on his lovely face, of all the horrific things he had done in his five hundred years of existence.

And it seemed he saw it on my face, perhaps even saw it in my mind, the nightmares and tales, the horrors spread about him in the City, about the kind of male he was.

His violet gaze narrowed, the constellations in them beaming as he stared at me, as he cocked his head, his lips pursed into a thin line- as if observing me. I shook under the silent act, the unyielding hold he had over me, as well as the gazes of his court at his side.

"Y/N!" Cassie hissed under her breath, her head turning and her silver-lined eyes meeting mine, tears sullying the usually tranquil blue as she pleaded with me to move, to bow.

"Insolent girl," Kier spat, his gaze hard as he glared at me and the breath caught in my lungs as a dark eclipse of magic shot from him, striking against my stomach, hard enough that I lurched forward in pain and then another hit a second later, slamming into my jaw. "Bow before your High Lord."

I groaned as I fell to a knee, the impact of the bone against the polished floor striking through my whole leg and up my body, but that was nothing compared to the throb that burned through my stomach and the cut at my lip, the taste of metal filling my mouth.

I heard a gasp, a feminine sound of surprise and concern from above me as I leaned forward, my eyes pinched shut and every breath feeling like glass in my lungs as I tried to compose myself- forcing down the pain in my jaw, in my stomach, in my heart.

I heard footsteps and then the room went still, as if a blanket of ice had fallen over us.

"High Lord, she-she was being impudent-" Begging and broken words, riddled with fear and my eyes shot open at the sound of a sickening crunch, an agonised scream following it, and the aura of death filling the space.

"No, you are impudent, Kier," That voice again, but now it sounded different- the kind of mercilessness that could haunt a person's nightmares, that could be found in the darkest hollows of hell. "You do not touch her, or any other female, ever."

Another crunch and I recognise the sound now, it was bones splintering, tendons tearing, blood gushing and Kier cried out again, a horrible, strangled sound.

"Leave," The High Lord breathed the command, and I felt the floor shake under his restraint like he was funnelling his power down into the ground as an anchor. "and do not heal that hand, I want you to remember my words today, Kier."

I keep my head low, staring at the floor, unable to look up as footsteps bound away, fast and stumbling and I cringe at the sight of blood leaking against the floor, a trail following after Kier as he exits the room.

And despite the tendrils of pain still wrecking through me- I internally groaned at the thought of having to clean the blood up.

An amazed huff of air left the High Lord, it sounded almost like a laugh, but I didn't dare raise my head. Not even as he slowly sauntered over, his footsteps deliberate and slow, I didn't even look up when that trail of blood vanished, magicked away, leaving behind not even a stain in memory.

He stopped before me, and my heart thrummed so loud I knew they could all hear it.

"My Lady," Rhysand murmured, his voice soft now, like a caress of wind against my skin. I swallow down the bitter taste in my mouth, my eyes fluttering as I lift my head- to see the hand he had reaching down for me. "Please, rise."

I blink at the outreached hand, heat filling my cheeks at Rhysand's tender gaze, any whisper of violence or darkness gone, replaced by something so much sweeter. I gnaw on my cheek, my hand sweating and shaking as I reach forward, gently placing my palm in his.

The second our hands connect, something charges through me, bright and sharp and strong and for a second Rhysand's eyes widen, just for a second, but then he blinks at it's gone- as if I had imagined it.

"Thank you, High Lord," I breathe and his fingers curl firmly around my palm as I wince, my knees shaking and knocking as I rise to my feet. He whispers something gently under his breath, his head glancing sideways, and I sigh when Cassandra rises too, her slender frame curling back as she stands.

I crane my neck to meet Rhysand's eyes, and upon seeing my face, seeing the cut leaking blood at my lip, his expression hardens. He still hadn't let go of my hand, his large, ringed fingers still gripping around me like a vice, calming the trembling shakes that ran through me.

"I apologise for Kier's actions," Rhysand sighed, his dark lashes fluttering as he slowly slipped his hand from mine, moving to the pocket of his jacket, his fingers pulling free the cloth there. My hand felt cold as it fell back to my side, but as Rhysand lifted the cloth between his fingers, my head hazed.

I didn't breathe, couldn't, as Rhysand gently brushed the soft cloth against the cut at my lip, soaking the material with blood and being so careful that I didn't even feel the pain stinging at the touch. I feel the surprised stare of Cassie at my side, of his family at his back, but nothing deterred Rhysand.

"I should be the one to apologise, High Lord," I stutter, finally feeling like I can breathe as he pulls his hand away, and I blink away the fog, clearing my throat as I step back, as I let the bubble, he created around us pop. "I spoke out of turn, and I should have bowed-"

"You don't need to apologise for your honesty or anything else," He shook his head, the soft waves of his blue-black hair shifting with the movement, and I forced myself to not stare at every inch of his handsome face. "I don't punish Ladies for words spoken in earnest between friends."

I nod, uncertainty and weariness shining in my gaze as I take in his intense half-smile, a smile that seems to brighten when I glance at Cassandra, looking equally as confused as me, and I shrug weakly.

"Though I will admit I am rather taken aback by your words, Lady Y/N," I shiver at the sound of my name on his silver tongue, at the way he cocked his head down at me, a purely predatory move, as he spoke. "I would like to hear more of your thoughts on the matter."

Hear my thoughts?

I go still at his easy words, at the question rather than a command, and Cassie releases a puff of air- like there wasn't enough oxygen in the room to placate her aching lungs.

"What?" I croak and then wince at the insolence behind my words, a habit that I couldn't shake in front of the High Lord. I pinch my eyes shut at the way his lip quirks, and my embarrassment is worsened by the small chuckle that General Cassian huffs out. "I mean- I'm not sure that's-"

"Now, now- don't go all shy on me, My Lady," Rhysand purred, nonchalance highlighted in every inch of his muscled form as he tucked the cloth back into his pocket and grinned at me, like a lion before devouring a lamb. "I think we're past the point of formalities, yes?"

***

"There is no one on our side but us."

The words were so hollow and defeated, the type of ruined that spoke of no hopes, dreams, or future, just nothing. And it was hard to explain what I felt at the words, like a sharp pain as if she had reached into my chest and torn out my heart with her bare hand.

She said that they have never and will never care- 'they' being me, my court, the people around me now and the ones left behind in my City of Starlight.

Sincere words, loaded words, spoken by a female behind closed doors, in confidence to her friend- and yet, I had overheard.

I wasn't sure what to expect when stepping into this room and wasn't sure what kind of female I would be confronted with. I had anticipated a female full of loathing and darkness, a kind of anger that would burn in her eyes, that could be seen through every breath she took, in every inch of her skin as she moved.

And yet, as I stared at the girl before me, I was met with the exact opposite.

The other lady, Cassandra, had become a shaking mess the second her blue eyes laid upon me, her breaths gasping from her as if everyone would be the last. She was terrified because that was all she knew in this city; it was all she knew of me.

But Lady Y/N was different- she was frightened by me, yes, I saw it in her doe-like eyes, saw it in the memories that flashed through her mind of me, the tales of my cruelty and brutality, the blood that stained my hands and the darkness that tainted my heart.

But she didn't look away, as if she couldn't.

Here she was faced with a monster that mothers warned their children about, yet she stared at me as if she saw me- and was as beguiled by me as I was by her.

"Now, now- don't go all shy on me, My Lady," I smile, the tightness in my chest easing as a stain tints her plump cheeks, and her chocolate eyes widen, "I think we're past the point of formalities, yes?"

Her friend swallows, audible and thick, as if struggling to get down air and Azriel shifts on his feet, his brow furrowed as if concerned the girl might collapse. Y/N glances at her, and amusement fills me at the small, confused shrug she gives her.

"You won't uh-" She clears her throat, her hand coming up to brush a stray strand of hair from her face, and I watch every single movement as she tucks the silken strand over a perfectly arched ear, revealing the smooth column of her neck. "You won't turn me to dust, right?"

I snort, a short and amazed sound, and she gnaws on her lip, avoiding the cut there and I have to begrudgingly tear my gaze away when my court steps forward, my brothers half-smiling and Mor looking at Y/N as if she was as charmed by her as I was.

"No, no, Lady Y/N," My mask slips and slips until it's completely gone, and I'm glad that Kier left, glad that none but her saw me like this because it felt freeing, to be in this Cauldron-forsaken place and be able to genuinely smile. "No one will be turned to dust, on my honour as High Lord."

"Please do tell us," Mor steps forward, a small smile on her red-pained lips and Y/N's breath hitches at the eyes on her, at the attention. "Contrary to what you may think, we do care."

Y/N considers, and I can hear her heart hammering in her chest, fast and loud and endless, but despite that she lifts her chin and something raw runs through me at the look in her eyes- the bravery.

"I- I think that Hewn City is a cesspit, full of the worst kind of Fae and every amoral despicable thing a person could do happens here," She breathes, and her soft body trembles with the exhale, as if speaking these words aloud were exactly the catharsis she needed. "And to be honest, I blame you for that."

Surprise- it fills me and every single other person in the room.

"Y/N!" Cassandra gasps, and her eyes seem to widen further, impossibly big, latching onto me and full of pleading, "She doesn't mean that- she must be more delirious than anticipated from the-"

"Cassie, please," Y/N scoffs, a hollow and low sound, and the tension in the air goes thick as they glance at each other. "Someone needs to say it, it might as well be me."

I fold my arms across my chest, my lips pursing as they stare at each other, some internal telepathic conflict waging between them, in their eyes and despite my abilities, despite the fact, that it would be so easy for me to slip into their minds and wade through all their thoughts, I don't.

I glanced back at my Court, who stood just behind me, and their faces were contemplative too- not angry, nor offended, but shocked- here was this girl, no older than twenty, with eyes as soft as a doe's, telling us exactly how we have failed.

"Please, continue," I nod, and I hope my eyes are encouraging, because even if I do not wish to hear her words, she was right, they needed to be said and I needed to hear them.

"For centuries, the Court of Nightmares and the Court of Dreams have been segregated and somehow we've fallen into two categories: good and bad," She swallows, and something aches in my chest at the sorrow on her lovely face, the burden, "But no one is born bad, people aren't inherently evil but growing up in a place like this? What else is there but the horrors we see and endure, what else are we destined to become?"

Another shaky inhale, a more broken exhale, and my magic burn inside me as if every desperate breath from her is like a call and my body is begging in answer.

"Your court has washed their hands of us, all of us because it was easier to believe that we were all damned than to try to help- the small minority have ruined the majority," Silver lines her hardening gaze, and I feel us all, every single one of us, go tense at the single tear that trickled down her cheek.

I hear a strangled sound come from behind me and my burning gaze glances back- to Mor, tears brimming her eyes and her lips trembling, watching the girl before us, and feeling every single atom of hurt as if it were her own.

"Morrigan was lucky enough to escape this City, these people because she had you- but do you truly think that she is the only good person born here, that in all these years, she is the only one worthy of salvation?"

More tears leak down Mor's face and Y/N's, endless, eternal, years of suffering in one single moment and I feel the guilt of my actions barrel down at me, a truth that I have spent years avoiding coming to light, like a thunderbolt to the heart.

I let my magic hold me down, let it root me in my spot- because those tears on her cheeks are tormenting me, ruining me, and it takes everything in me not to reach out and brush them away.

"So, forgive me if I have no hope left, that died in me, in all of us, long ago," Y/N clears her throat, her chest rising and falling in powerful waves and my throat is as dry as sand as she wipes the tears from her cheeks, "I- I think we could have all been dreamers- if only you had given us the chance."

In five hundred years, the mask I wore never slipped, never faltered, never was hard to wear- until right now. Right now, as my gaze locked with her, as I saw all the horrors she endured, because of my neglect, I couldn't even find that mask within me- it was gone.

There's silence, heavy and long and burdensome for what feels like hours as I stare at her, and I don't think I could look away even if I wanted to do and I don't, I don't want to.

Y/N inhales a sharp breath as I stalk towards her and the magic in me dances and whirls and strikes through the air, dark and ominous and wholly powerful. My jaw locks as she grabs out to her friend, Cassandra whimpering as Y/N yanks the girl behind her- a shield, against me.

Brave- so utterly brave. Willing to face off with a male five hundred years her senior and her High Lord, to protect her friend.

A Queen in her own right.

I stop before her, so close that I feel her breasts brush my chest, feel the small trembles that wreck through her body, can smell the lavender and jasmine on her perfect skin. She raises her eyes to me, and I see every ounce of her character, her heart and soul, as she tries to not cower before me.

"How old are you, My Lady?" I mutter, and she shivers under my easy words, her brow furrowing at the non-threat. "And what do you do here, your role?"

"Twenty-one, High Lord." She swallows, her tongue flicking out nervously to wet her lips and my hands clench at the sight, at the moisture on her pink mouth. "My father was Captain of an import chain for the City, I was given the role of Lady-in-waiting as a reward for his work."

I sense the curiosity and shock of my court behind me, the way they imperceptibly inch closer to me, to us, drawn in by my words- by the intention behind them.

"You believe the alliance is a farce, that it wouldn't change anything?" I ask, softer, and my power slips from me, curling around her curved hips and soft thighs, moving through her silken hair and over her sensitive skin- and she shakes her head, unable to speak. "What if I were to find a Lady of Hewn City who shared your sentiments, who desired for change and salvation just as you do- would that make you more inclined to hope?"

Cassandra sucked in a sharp breath, her blue eyes widening- in realisation. And I felt the air tauten, my inner circle going still, knowingly.

But Y/N cocked her head, a youthful move, not seeing what was right in front of her.

"Yes, I think that you marrying a Lady who genuinely cares for this City and its people would be a step in the right direction," She considers, and I can't fight my smile at the tender, sincere, confusion that pinches her lovely face. "Thought I seriously doubt you will find any such female here."

"Hm," A lazy grin stretches across my face, bright and sure, drawing from the feeling blooming in my chest, raw and new and terrifying as I stare down at her, "I already have."

"High Lord? I don't understand-" Her words melt into a gasp as my fingers caress her cheek, moving ever so gently against that sore cut at her lip- and satisfaction fills me when her eyes flutter, a breathy sound slipping from her.

"I have already found the perfect Lady to marry," Her face burns as I run my eyes languidly down her figure, across her entire face and body- and she stills as realisation fills her, "All you have to do is say yes, Y/N darling."

[an-spideog]

Tá vs Is

Something that a lot of learners struggle with in Irish is when to translate "is/am/are" as "tá" and when to use "is".

Tá is a form of the verb bí in the present tense so anything I say about it applies to all of its forms. Is is something called the "copula" and again what I say about it applies to its other forms.

So for example you would say "Tá mé go maith" for "I am good" but you would say "Is múinteoir mé" for "I am a teacher". This kind of gets across the most basic rule which is that you use is when you're linking together nouns or pronouns:

Is múinteoir é - He's a teacher

Is múinteoir maith é - He's a good teacher

Is múinteoir é an príomhoide - The principal is a teacher

Is mise an múinteoir - I am the teacher

Is é an múinteoir é - He is the teacher

You can probably see above that the syntax can be a little bit complex there, the words aren't always in the same order as english and the structure can change depending on things being definite ("the teacher") or indefinite ("a teacher"). But I won't go into the details of that in this post.

Whereas you can use tá for other things, but not for linking nouns or pronouns together.

Tá sé anseo - He is here (adverb)

Tá sé go maith - He is good (adverb, kind of adjective)

Tá sé ard - He is tall (adjective)

Tá sé ar an mbord - He is on the table (preposition)

Something to note is that you can use the copula 'is' to link nouns and adjectives and nouns/pronouns like you can with tá, but it's less common and is more used for emphasis these days.

Is mór an fear - The man is big

Is láidir na mná - The women are strong

Or in another but more common structure

Is mór an fear é - He is a big man

Is láidir an bhean í - She's a strong woman

Let me know if you have questions about any of this or if you want me to go more in depth with the structure of the copula since I do think it's quite a complex part of the language.

[a-pop-of-korean]

One-Page Masterlist

안녕하세요! Hey everyone! I recently got an ask about my old masterlist, which is the same as my broken-down masterlist except it has all of my lessons on one page, rather than on multiple separate posts. Some may find this expanded version easier to navigate, so I’ll keep this up for y’all! My broken-up masterlist, of course, will still be available for those who find that more helpful :)

Hangul Lessons

Consonants

Vowels

Writing/Reading Korean Syllables

Some 받침 Rules

Diphthongs

Stroke Order

Some More 받침 Rules

Irregular Verbs

The Basics

Common Phrases

Numbers

Sino-Korean vs. Native Korean Numbers (Instagram Post)

Sentence Structure and Particles

Present-Tense Conjugations and Formal Language

Adjectives

Questions

Honorifics and Casual Language

Beginner

Negative Sentences

잘 and 못

Past Tense

Future Tense (-ㄹ / 을 것이다)

-ㄹ / 을 까요? (Shall we…? / I wonder…?)

-(으)세요 (Giving Commands / Asking Questions)

Telling Time

-고 싶다 (I want to…)

How to Say “And”

-지만 (However)

아/어/여서 (So…)

Negative Commands

Spacing (띄어쓰기)

Adverbs

ㅂ Irregular

Comparatives and Superlatives

난, 날, & 내가

Upper-Beginner

 -(으)면 (If…)

아/어/여도 (Even though…/Even if…)

(으)면 되다 / 아/어/여도 되다 (I can…/You may…)

-아/어도 되다: Asking for and Giving Permission (Instagram post)

-(으)면 되다 & -(으)면 안 되다 (Instagram post)

아/어/여야 되다 and 아/어/여야 하다(Have to / Should)

Present Progressive (-고 있다)

How to Say “Or”

-아/어/여하다

All About 중

How to Use -(으)로

Before & After

-ㄴ/은 채로

Intermediate

Describing Nouns with Verbs (-는 것)

Describing Nouns with Verbs - Past & Future Tense (-ㄴ/은 / -ㄹ/을 것)

Nominalization

것 같다 (I think… / It seems…)

-러 가다 / -러 오다

-(으)려고 (In order to…)

-기로 하다 (to Decide to do Smth)

척하다 (To Pretend)

-게 되다 

-군요 / -구나

아/어/여 보다 (to try…)

-은/ㄴ 적 있다 / 없다 (I have / have not)

-ㄹ/을 게요 (Future Tense)

겠다 

-ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다 (I can / cannot)

-ㄹ/을 때 (When…)

-ㄴ/는다면 (If)

-(으)면서 and -(으)며

-(으)니까 (Because / So)

-아/어/여주다

-(ㄴ/는)다 (Narrative Form)

Quoting

Let’s…

Quoting continued

(으)ㄹ래요? (Wanna…?)

-죠

-대로

More Quoting - 대 & 래

잘하다 & 못하다 vs. 잘 하다 & 못 하다 

-아/어 가지고

-(으)려면

-는 길에 & -는 길이다

-(으)면 vs. -ㄴ/는다면 (Instagram Post)

-았/었을 것이다

-느라고

-는 데(에)

-ㄹ/을 뻔하다

Upper-Intermediate

-ㄴ/는데

-(으)ㄴ/는지 (Whether or not)

-(이)라는…

All About 아무리

-잖아요

Expressing Surprise

-시 (Honorific)

Making Comparisons

-아/어/여지다

I might…

So that…/To the point where…

Causative Verbs

시키다

Passive Verbs (part 1)

Passive Verbs (part 2)

-ㄴ/은가 보다 & -나 보다 (I guess…)

-ㄹ/을수록

Other Meanings of 싶다

-자마자 & -는 대로(As soon as…)

-긴 하다

-치고

-김에

차라리 (Rather)

-(으)ㅁ Nominalization

-기는 무슨 & -기는 개뿔

-고 보니까

-듯(이)

버리다

-(으)면 좋겠다 & -(으)면 하다

-길 바라다

Advanced

-거든(요)

-줄 알다/모르다

-ㄹ/을 테니까 and -ㄹ/을 텐데

-았/었던

아니라 and 대신에

-ㄹ/을 리가 없다

편이다, 별로, and More

-지 그렇다 (Why don’t you…?)

-ㄹ/을 걸

-ㄹ/을 까 보다

-다면서요

-다니 part 1 

-다니 part 2

뜻이다 & 말이다

-다가

-더라고(요)

-더니

Some colloquialisms: 아니시에이팅 and 뭐 이렇게

-(으)ㅁ Sentence Ending

 -다 보니까

What does 따위 mean?

-ㄴ/는데도

Korean Idioms

Vocabulary

Must-Know People

Must-Know Places

Must-Know Things

Must-Know Verbs

Must-Know Adjectives

Countries

Months, Days of the Week, and More

Clothing (옷)

School (학교)

Autumn (가을)

Autumn (w/Pictures!)

More Questions

House / Apartment (집 / 아파트)

Emotions / Feelings ( 감정)

Animals (동물)

Loan / Konglish Words

Food and Drink (먹을 것과 마실 것)

Parts of the Body (몸)

Counters

Modes of Transportation (교통 수단)

Colors (색깔)

Colors (with Pictures!)

Weather (날씨)

Winter (겨울)

Music & Instruments (음악과 악기)

Baking Gingerbread Cookies

Emergency (비상)

Hygiene & Bathroom (위생 & 화장실)

Indefinite Pronouns

Work / Office (일 / 사무실)

Spring (봄)

Coronavirus Prevention (코로나바이러스 방역)

How to Wash Your Hands (손을 씻기)

Time (시간)

Korean Cuisine (한식)

Summer (여름)

Summer (여름) w/Pictures!

Graduation (졸업)

Identity (독자성)

Korean Text Slang

Similar Words

Makeup w/Pictures! (화장품)

Family (with Pictures!)

Pronouns

How to Say “Still” and “Already” in Korean

Tastes & Textures (맛과 질감)

K-Pop Audition

K-Pop Fandom Terminology

Different Ways to Say “Change”

Flower Names

What Does 원래 Mean?

What does 오히려 Mean?

College

Hanja Lessons

최

수

���

식

급

동

부 & 불

애

출

퇴

예

음

중

학

습

연

생

대

입

인

문

감

과 

원

특 

만

후 

무

Charts

Present, Past, and Future Tense

Question Words

잘 vs. 못 and Negative Conjugations 

Future Tenses 

-았/었던 vs. -던 (at end of lesson)

Particles

Some 받침 Rules

Gifving Commands

Conjunctions and -아/어/여서 vs. -(으)니까

-(으)면 vs. -다/라면 and Different Ways to Say “And”

How to Say “Or” (at end of lesson)

Telling Time (at end of lesson)

Comparatives and Superlatives

잘하다 & 못하다 vs. 잘 하다 & 못 하다 (at end of lesson)

Comparing 잘하다/못하다, 잘 하다/못 하다, & 수 있다/수 없다

Irregular Verbs

Pop Quizzes

Level 1

K-Pop Breakdowns

TXT - “Cat & Dog”

Twice - “Feel Special”

Enhypen - “Fever”

2NE1 - “Go Away”

Lee Hi - “Only”

“기억을 걷는 시간 (Time Spent Walking Through Memories)”

KCM - “An Old Love Story (흑백사진)”

Taeyeon - “Can’t Control Myself”

Epik High - “Lost One”

Colde - “A Song Nobody Knows”

IU - “My Sea”

Enhypen - “Polaroid Love”

유라 (youra) - “하양 (RAL 9002)″

BTS - “Ddaeng”

Stray Kids - “For You”

Woozie - “어떤 미래 (What Kind of Future)

TXT - “Eternally”

LOONA - “Heart Attack”

Stray Kids - “Muddy Water”

LOONA - “Girl Front”

Pentagon - “Daisy”

BTS - “Sea”

Semester in SK

Nami Island (남이섬)

Things to Buy at Daiso

Shopping Phrases

Ordering Coffee

Signs in Korea

Ordering at a Restaurant

Riding the Seoul Subway

Things at the 편의점

Korean Curse Words

Etiquette in South Korea

Drinking Culture

Hanja in Real Life

Holidays in South Korea

Korean Cuisine

Concert Ticketing in South Korea

K-pop Comebacks in Korea

Summer in South Korea

What I Learned

[literaryvein-reblogs]

Writing Refresher: "Each"

Each - refers to every one of two (or more) individuals/objects within a group.

Typically describes countable nouns (which you can represent in singular or plural form), rather than uncountable nouns (which cannot occur in plural form).

Can function as a distributive, pronoun, adjective, or adverb:

Distributive - a word that refers to one or multiple entities within a group of countable nouns. In some situations, words like “individually,” “exclusively,” or “separately” can be synonyms for “each.”

As an indefinite pronoun - “each” refers to a general group without naming who or what it refers to.

As an indefinite adjective, "which "each" describes nouns in a general manner without specifically naming who or what they are.

As an adverb, you can use “each” to mean “apiece.”

SINGULAR & PLURAL FORMS

The word “each” refers to a singular subject (within a group of countable nouns), so it is technically a singular word.

Writers who use “each” to refer to the subject of a sentence should modify the number of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural.

If “each” appears before a singular noun or subject, use the singular verb form.

If it follows a plural subject, use the plural verb form.

THE PRONOUN PHRASE: "EACH OF"

Can be confusing to use before a plural noun or other pronoun.

Often incorrectly used: the plural verb form (“each of them have”).

In this case, the correct choice is the singular form of the verb (“each of them has”).

EXAMPLES

“Each member of the team is interested in becoming a leader.”

The phrase “each member of the team” (which is singular) calls for using the singular present tense form of the verb “to be” (which is “is”).

“They each have multiple degrees in different subjects.”

In this example, the plural pronoun “they” requires the plural verb “have,” separated by “each,” which means that every individual member of the group possesses the same distinctions (“multiple degrees in different subjects”).

“Each one of the houses has a brand new window treatment.”

A singular verb is still correct to use with collective nouns (which are singular nouns that refer to more than one person, place, or thing).

Using the phrase “each one of” before the collective noun “the houses” makes the singular verb “has” correct.

This rule also applies to plural pronouns such as “them.”

“Each photograph in the collection was beautiful.”

In this example, “was” is the correct verb choice to refer to each singular photograph in the whole collection, which is a group.

“Each of my siblings is going to school.”

Even though “siblings” is a plural subject, the modifying phrase “each of my” requires using the singular form of the verb “to be,” which is “is.”

Source ⚜ More: Writing Basics & Refreshers

[yuk-tepat]

Diachronic change in Yuk Tepat

Yuk Tepat is often presented here as a fixed entity - “Classical Yuk Tepat” - but beneath that has undergone evolution like all languages. The following sentences both mean “A man I didn’t know came in.” The first represents the most archaic layer of old Tepat, and the second is a relatively modern colloquial version from the late Conciliarity period.

Ci niw yan-uk syow mi-yat ku hyew.

*[tsi niw ja nuk sju me jat ku hjew]

PAST enter person 1P REL NEG know to room

(Alternately: Ci niw yan syuk mi-yat ku hyew. (syuk = syu + =uk)

Hûq-khal yan i-wat ôl-yat mul nt’ôl-nyul hyew-iw.

[hɯʔ kʰal ja ni wɒ ɾl̩ jat mu ln̩ tl̩ nyɬ çø wiw]

one CLASS person of 1P PAST know NEG 3P PAST enter room CIS

Let’s unpack this. First, a couple of very notable things:

The modern sentence is much longer.

Only three words are the same in both sentences: yan, yat, hyew.

Digging deeper….

Ci was the normal particle expressing past tense in Old Yuktepat, but it has been replaced by ôl in the second sentence.

The second sentence begins with a subject noun phrase Hûq-khal yan i-wat ôl-yat mul, which is normal SVO word order. The equivalent subject noun phrase in the first sentence comes AFTER the verb. In archaic language, this is an acceptable ordering for INDEFINITE subject nouns (but actually, it would still have been unusual for a complex noun phrase like this).

The subject noun yan in the second sentence is modified by a numeral-classifier phrase hûq-khal ‘one.’ This kind of specification of number - such as ‘one’ for any old indefinite noun phrase - is more common in later Yuk Tepat.

The first person pronoun. In the first sentence, there is a clitic form -uk. In later Yuk Tepat, everything has been leveled to the invariable pronoun wat.

The subject contains a relative clause. In the first sentence, it is relativized by syow, in the second sentence it is relativized by i. I also means ‘of’ and has been generalized to all kinds of situations, while specific subordinating particles like syow - which is only used to relativize objects - have fallen out of use.

(Additionally, syow and -uk might occur together as a fused form syuk.)

The negative. The first sentence uses mi before the verb, the second sentence uses mul after the verb.

The second sentence contains a pronoun nat (contracted to nt) which follows the subject noun phrase, before the verb. Kind of like ‘The man I didn’t know, he entered the room.’

Niw and nyul ‘enter.’ Niw and nyul are the same verb basically. Niw is an older intransitive form. Most verb pairs of this sort have been leveled to only one form. In Yuk Tepat, the originally transitive form nyul has taken over everything.

The first sentence has a preposition ku ‘in, at, to.’ This is missing in the second sentence. ‘To’ is considered implicit in the verb nyul. Ku is no longer used except in fixed expressions.

The second sentence ends in a clitic -iw indicating motion toward the speaker. This is derived from the verb khiw ‘come.’

These examples are very different, but the reality may not be that extreme. Although only 3 words are identical, most words in either sentence are found in all stages of the language, although their usage may have shifted. For example past tense ci is still used, but it has a very archaic sound. It is used for DISTANT past, or in say, historical textbooks, but ôl is now the neutral past tense marker. Hence, either (written) sentence should be interpretable to someone from the other time period. Through this we also see one trend of the language’s evolution, that of reducing morphological variants to a single uninflected form.

[gwendolynlerman]

Russian vocabulary

How to remember the names of cases

Russians are taught a mnemonic rule to remember the names of cases. It is a sentence in which each word starts with the case's initial: Иван Родил Девчонку, Велел Тащить Пелёнку (Ivan had a baby girl and ordered (someone) to bring diapers).

Иван - именительный (nominative)

Родил - родительный (genitive)

Девочку - дательный (dative)

Велел - винительный (accusative)

Тащить - творительный (instrumental)

Пелёнку - предложный (prepositional)

Grammar

слово - word

корень - root

префикс - prefix

суффикс - suffix

окончание - ending

существительное - noun

склонение - declension

падеж - case

род - gender

мужской - masculine

женский - feminine

средний - neuter

число - number

единственное - singular

множественное - plural

одушевлённость - animacy

одушевленное - animate

неодушевлённое – inanimate

глагол - verb

спряжение - conjugation

лицо - person

первое - first

второе - second

третье - third

время - tense

инфинитив - infinitive

настоящее - present

прошедшее - past

будущее - future

наклонение - mood

индикативное - indicative

повелительное - imperative

условное - conditional

вид - aspect

несовершенный - imperfective

совершенный - perfective

залог - voice

активный - active

пассивный - passive

причастие – participle

деепричастие - adverbial participle

глагол движения - verb of motion

направленность - directionality

однонаправленный - unidirectional

разнонаправленный - multidirectional

прилагательное - adjective

краткая форма - short form

полная форма - long form

сравнительная степень - comparative form

превосходная степень - superlative form

местоимение - pronoun

личное местоимение - personal pronoun

определитель - determiner

возвратное - reflexive

вопросительное - interrogative

неопределённое - indefinite

определительное - emphatic

отрицательное - negative

притяжательное - possessive

указательное - demonstrative

числительное - numeral

дробное - fractional

порядковое - ordinal

числовое - cardinal

��аречие - adverb

предлог - preposition

сочетание - conjunction

междометие - interjection

частица - particle

предложение - sentence

утверждение - affirmation

отрицание - negation

вопрос - question

субъект - subject

прямой объект - direct object

косвенный объект - indirect object

координация - coordination

подчинение - subordination

безличное - impersonal

[jaiminiofficial]

Present indefinite tense in Hindi - Examples | Exercise

Present indefinite tense in Hindi - वर्तमानकाल में किसी की आदत या हमेशा होने वाली कोई क्रिया व्यक्त करने के लिए सामान्य वर्तमानकाल का प्रयोग होता है। ( काल की पहचान )

Present indefinite tense in Hindi – Examples | Exercise Present indefinite tense in Hindi – वर्तमानकाल में किसी की आदत या हमेशा होने वाली कोई क्रिया व्यक्त करने के लिए सामान्य वर्तमानकाल का प्रयोग होता है। ( काल की पहचान ) वाक्य की पहचान – सामान्य वर्तमानकाल वाक्यों के अंत में ता है, ते हैं, ती है का प्रयोग होता है। Present indefinite tense in Hindi – Examples | Exercise Present indefinite…

[olrinarts]

hi, my conlang special interest was activated, have a completely unrelated to CotL ramble about the most complicated one i've done because i'm a fool who causes myself headaches for fun (of note: I am not a trained linguist in any way shape or form, i'm just an autistic person with too much time on their hands, so there are no doubt grievous errors but by god i made it work for me)

so in the homebrew game I ran for 4, almost 5 years, I had three conlangs, one constructed alphabet for a different language (not a conlang), and one real world language i partly learned for it (that one being Iñupiat). The three conlangs were Arllthvvn (have fun guessing how to pronounce that one), its sister language Nvst'h (also have fun with that one), and an isolated language called Cinrot

Cinrot being where I went fucking HAM and went 'how can i make the most absurdly meticulous language I possibly can'

Now Arllthvvn and Nvst'h were only partial conlangs, as they were primarily substituted real world languages that were adjusted for the world's purposes

but Cinrot, my baby, was built almost from the ground up, with bits and pieces of various linguistic features I like as the structure, and the primary base for things like etymology not being any one real world language family, but from me considering the root words and deciding how my synaesthesia processed its colours/textures and then translating that to a different sound

(obviously that would be influenced by the languages i speak/partially speak, but anything similar, like the root 'pard' for cat, wasn't consciously intended; it's just what my synaesthesia said the word should be)

at the extreme base of how it works, Cinrot is an agglutinative language - essentially, there's a bunch of root words and modifiers, and you stick 'em together into a single word - that has a loose SVO word order, though VOS is more or less correct, with it being more a matter of emphasis on the verb or the subject

as an example of how i enjoy hurting myself, I'm gonna show you both noun construction and verb construction

Nouns:

Possessive indicator

plural indicator

Abstract/concrete indicator - there are four noun classes, two animate and two inanimate, with the divide being whether you're using the noun in a literal sense or an abstract/metaphorical/etc sense. Actual animate nouns, such as pard (cat) are never referred to with the inanimate indicators (vī, concrete, and tō, abstract), but inanimate nouns like vate (stone) can use animate indicators (ra, concrete, and ke, abstract) as a further metaphor - 'kevate' being used as part of a description of someone whose heart is like stone, kind of thing

the root noun

any attached adjectives

Verbs:

the root verb

pronoun of the subject/object

tense indicator

'why, verbs look easy in comparison' fool. wastrel. there are five pronouns (male/female/neutral/indefinite neuter/definite neuter), with three plural forms: animate, definitive, and indefinitive, and a total of nine tense indicators: past/present/future perfect, past/present/future imperfect, and past/present/future active, which is a tense only used in prophecies and holy stories

the one kindness I gave myself was that it was a 'perfect' language - no irregular nouns/verbs etc, though homophones existed

also i should mention i never got to use it in game ;^;

[cellarspider]

Qunlat 12/12: Summary

⭅ Previous =⦾ Index ⦾=

This is a reference post that provides links and information previously detailed in my breakdown of canon Qunlat. In the name of brevity, there will be some technical jargon in here, which all gets explained in the linked posts.

Phonaesthetics, Phonotactics, and Phonology

Qunlat’s phonological inventory and orthography are variable from source to source and actor to actor. Please consult the dictionary, orthographic/phonotactic inventory, and IPA charts I’ve put together to catalog these.

Qunlat syllables are (CC)V(CC), with a limited number of consonant clusters permitted.

“ST” can act as a word onset or coda cluster, while “BR” can only act as an onset, and “SS” can appear as a coda. All of these plus “DD” can appear in intervocalic contexts and form clusters with other consonants.

Consonantal and vowel digraphs exist, including SH, TH, AA, EE, AY, AH, EH, and OH.

A canon pronunciation respelling guide exists, but it is not fully consistent with the observed realization of the actual language.

Hyphens can be used in compound words, situations where syllable boundaries might be ambiguous, and for aesthetic considerations.

Nouns and Pronouns

Nouns have no plural forms in Qunlat.

There are no definite or indefinite articles in Qunlat.

“Maraas” can act as a negative article.

Personal pronouns distinguish between number and person, but do not have a gender distinction.

Ala - I, me Ara - you Asit - she, he, him, it, they (singular) Assam - we, us Ost - you (plural), y’all  Adim - they, them (plural)

Subject pronouns can be suffixed to verbs. -ara and -asaam maybe realized as -ra and -saam.

-Asit may have been originally intended to be analyzed as -it, or -it acts as a foreshortened version of -asit.

Verbs

The suffix -toh marks future tense on verbs.

There is no distinct form for present or past.

There is no distinct form for imperatives, beyond English phrasal order.

A possible optative or obligative mood is demonstrated in meravas, but there is not enough information to analyze whether this is the result of verb affixation or the verb itself is a marker of the mood.

Serial verb construction may be possible, but has not been authoritatively documented.

Questions

Questions feature English-like subject-object inversion.

The subject of a question is suffixed with its matching personal pronoun.

The question word “where?” is ben-dar, possibly implying that ben- can serve an added function in these contexts. 

Possession, Benefactives, Instrumental-Comitatives

Possessed nouns come before their possessor. They can be prefixed with ben-, may potentially take a suffix -e, or be unmarked.

Recipients of a benefactive action are preceded by nehraa. Inversion of this word order has been noted at least once, and may alter sentence focus.

An instrumental or comitative is preceded by say. 

Compound Words

Compounding is usually noun-noun, and is head final, unless the compound is an unmarked possessed-possessor relationship. Dvandvas may also be possible.

Verb-noun compounds are documented, as are (tentatively) adjective-nouns.

Profession Names and Nicknames

Common derivational suffixes for professions are -ari and -(a)ad. The former means “person/people (of)”, while the other is presently untranslated, possibly an agentive.

Noun-noun, adjective-noun, and verb-noun compounds may all act as profession names without derivational suffixes. Verb-noun compounds are analyzed as “[Verb]s Object”, not “[Subject] does [Verb]”.

Nicknames function similar to courtesy names. They are descriptive of the individual, and may be another profession name, even if they do not actually do that profession.

Vashoth and Tal-Vashoth names

Tal-Vashoth names have been noted to contain elements of protest or self-description. Some do not change their names at all.

Vashoth names are a mix of potential protest names, profession, descriptive, or reflect optative qualities.

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[vitser]

*drops the grammatical features of Izar and runs away*

Three genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter. Default is neuter - this actually means that animate nouns are *neuter* by default, not masculine.

Two numbers - singular and plural.

Four cases - nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. Accusative is also allative (toward), and genitive is also ablative (from), *unless* you’re using the actual prepositions (til and frå, respectively), in which 'til' is genitive and 'frå' is dative.

Indefinite article goes before the noun and inflects for gender, definite article is a suffix that inflects accordingly for gender, number, *and* case. Definite suffix is also used when the noun is being modified by 'ðit' (this) or 'ðat' (that).

Adjectives inflect for gender, number, case, *and* definiteness, and go *before* the nouns that they modify. A separate definite article is used *along* with the definite suffix if the noun is definite (in other words, you essentially say 'the' twice).

Base word order is SVO or SOV. Usually, any clause that *isn’t* the first clause of the sentence is SOV, while the first one is SVO. Changes to VSO when asking a question.

Verbs inflect for past, present, *and* future - there is no future tense auxiliary verb (technically there is but it’s only used in the past tense as a conditional marker). They also inflect for number, but only inflect for person in the singular, *regardless* of tense.

There are weak verbs and strong verbs. Weak verbs add -t/-d to form the past tense and -s/-z to form the future tense - the stem is present tense if first person singular, past tense if third, and future tense if second. Strong verbs undergo ablaut in *both* the past and future tenses, and inflect for person similarly in *all* three tenses. (Note: It is very common for native speakers to *drop* the singular person inflections of strong verbs.)

There are two past participles: the 'ge-' form, which is used with the verb 'at hava' (to have), and the -t/-d/-en form, which adjectivizes the verb - the former two are used with weak verbs, and the last one is used with strong verbs.