#judgment on Egypt

[mybeautifulchristianjourney]

The Judgment on Egypt

1 The word of the Lord which came to Jeremiah the prophet against the Gentiles;

2 Against Egypt, against the army of Pharaohnecho king of Egypt, which was by the river Euphrates in Carchemish, which Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon smote in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah.

3 Order ye the buckler and shield, and draw near to battle.

4 Harness the horses; and get up, ye horsemen, and stand forth with your helmets; furbish the spears, and put on the brigandines.

5 Wherefore have I seen them dismayed and turned away back? and their mighty ones are beaten down, and are fled apace, and look not back: for fear was round about, saith the Lord.

6 Let not the swift flee away, nor the mighty man escape; they shall stumble, and fall toward the north by the river Euphrates.

7 Who is this that cometh up as a flood, whose waters are moved as the rivers?

8 Egypt riseth up like a flood, and his waters are moved like the rivers; and he saith, I will go up, and will cover the earth; I will destroy the city and the inhabitants thereof.

9 Come up, ye horses; and rage, ye chariots; and let the mighty men come forth; the Ethiopians and the Libyans, that handle the shield; and the Lydians, that handle and bend the bow.

10 For this is the day of the Lord God of hosts, a day of vengeance, that he may avenge him of his adversaries: and the sword shall devour, and it shall be satiate and made drunk with their blood: for the Lord God of hosts hath a sacrifice in the north country by the river Euphrates.

11 Go up into Gilead, and take balm, O virgin, the daughter of Egypt: in vain shalt thou use many medicines; for thou shalt not be cured.

12 The nations have heard of thy shame, and thy cry hath filled the land: for the mighty man hath stumbled against the mighty, and they are fallen both together.

13 The word that the Lord spake to Jeremiah the prophet, how Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon should come and smite the land of Egypt.

14 Declare ye in Egypt, and publish in Migdol, and publish in Noph and in Tahpanhes: say ye, Stand fast, and prepare thee; for the sword shall devour round about thee.

15 Why are thy valiant men swept away? they stood not, because the Lord did drive them.

16 He made many to fall, yea, one fell upon another: and they said, Arise, and let us go again to our own people, and to the land of our nativity, from the oppressing sword.

17 They did cry there, Pharaoh king of Egypt is but a noise; he hath passed the time appointed.

18 As I live, saith the King, whose name is the Lord of hosts, Surely as Tabor is among the mountains, and as Carmel by the sea, so shall he come.

19 O thou daughter dwelling in Egypt, furnish thyself to go into captivity: for Noph shall be waste and desolate without an inhabitant.

20 Egypt is like a very fair heifer, but destruction cometh; it cometh out of the north.

21 Also her hired men are in the midst of her like fatted bullocks; for they also are turned back, and are fled away together: they did not stand, because the day of their calamity was come upon them, and the time of their visitation.

22 The voice thereof shall go like a serpent; for they shall march with an army, and come against her with axes, as hewers of wood.

23 They shall cut down her forest, saith the Lord, though it cannot be searched; because they are more than the grasshoppers, and are innumerable.

24 The daughter of Egypt shall be confounded; she shall be delivered into the hand of the people of the north.

25 The Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, saith; Behold, I will punish the multitude of No, and Pharaoh, and Egypt, with their gods, and their kings; even Pharaoh, and all them that trust in him:

26 And I will deliver them into the hand of those that seek their lives, and into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of his servants: and afterward it shall be inhabited, as in the days of old, saith the Lord.

27 But fear not thou, O my servant Jacob, and be not dismayed, O Israel: for, behold, I will save thee from afar off, and thy seed from the land of their captivity; and Jacob shall return, and be in rest and at ease, and none shall make him afraid.

28 Fear thou not, O Jacob my servant, saith the Lord: for I am with thee; for I will make a full end of all the nations whither I have driven thee: but I will not make a full end of thee, but correct thee in measure; yet will I not leave thee wholly unpunished. — Jeremiah 46 | King James Version (KJV) The King James Version Bible is in the public domain. Cross References: Genesis 10:13; Genesis 37:25; Exodus 12:12; Exodus 15:9-10; Leviticus 26:36-37; Deuteronomy 32:42; Joshua 9:21; Joshua 12:22; Judges 6:5; 1 Samuel 17:5; 2 Kings 18:21; Psalm 18:14; Psalm 46:7; Isaiah 1:20; Isaiah 5:25; Isaiah 10:13; Isaiah 11:11; Isaiah 19:1-2; Isaiah 19:4; Isaiah 19:13; Isaiah 21:5; Isaiah 30:16; Jeremiah 1:10; Jeremiah 1:14-15; Jeremiah 47:2; Matthew 22:4

[asteroidgalore]

In the Egyptian Pathogen, The Triad of Darkness is Seth (86551), Sekhmet (5381) and Anubis (1912) and the Triad of Light is Amun-Re (3554), Isis (42) and Osiris (1923). These provide and balance one another.

Balance is very important in the Egyptian pathogen. Just look at the judgment scene, if the intention is not balanced with the actions, the soul of the deceased is lost. That means they can’t find their way home. 🏡

[ronnyraygun]

Some of Tim’s most underrated and disrespected looks, tbh.

[pathofregeneration]

I was called, placed on the Scale; I left (the Room), Weighed, faultless, and saved.

Prayers of Pahery (from the Tomb of Pahery, XVIII Dynasty)

[tiger-is-a-certified-idiot]

The Books of the Dead from the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt (1550bce.-1070bce.) are the world’s oldest comic books! They were written on papyrus, the earliest known form of paper.

Shown below is The Judgment of Hunefer, the most well-known Book of the Dead.

It depicts the process of the soul of an Egyptian who has died being judged and then escorted into the afterlife. Hunefer, the human scribe, drew himself convincing the gods that he lived a humble life, being escorted to the judgment by Anubis, having his soul weighed on a scale against a feather of Ma’at, and being escorted by Horus to meet Osiris. These events are drawn sequentially, from right to left and top to bottom.

[neferukaen]

This card was poking out, so maybe someone needs to see it. Didn't feel like it was for me.

The overall vibe lately has been judgement. Morals are of extra importance lately. It is hard to have them sometimes. But also some people flagrantly act evil or vile as well.

[kdmiller55]

Pride Goes Before the Fall

1 In the eleventh year, in the third month, on the first day of the month, the word of the Lord came to me: 2 “Son of man, say to Pharaoh king of Egypt and to his multitude: “Whom are you like in your greatness? 3     Behold, Assyria was a cedar in Lebanon, with beautiful branches and forest shade,     and of towering height,     its top among the clouds. 4 The waters nourished it;     the deep…

[lucidknight-blog]

PSALM‬ ‭136‬:‭1‬-‭26‬ ‭

“Give thanks to the Lord, for he is good! His faithful love endures forever. Give thanks to the God of gods. His faithful love endures forever. Give thanks to the Lord of Lords. His faithful love endures forever. Give thanks to him who alone does mighty miracles. His faithful love endures forever. Give thanks to him who made the heavens so skillfully. His faithful love endures forever. Give…

[heartofashepherd]

The Tragic Finale of the Nations (Ezekiel 32) - Daily Bible study from w...

[paulthepoke]

Great American Eclipse II, April 8, 2024

So, is the United States in the crosshairs of a potential Divine judgment? Coincidence? Myth? Or, the Creator God?

Genesis 1:14 Then God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years…” The Hebrew word for “signs” is ‘owth. It means: sign, signal, a distinguishing mark, banner, remembrance, miraculous sign, omen, warning; token, ensign, standard, miracle, proof. The eclipse is set to take place on…

[mybeautifulchristianjourney]

Israel’s Continuing Rebellion

1 Now it came about in the seventh year, in the fifth month, on the tenth day of the month, that certain of the responsible men of Israel came to get directions from the Lord and were seated before me. 2 Then the word of the Lord came to me, saying, 3 Son of man, say to the responsible men of Israel, This is what the Lord has said: Have you come to get directions from me? By my life, says the Lord, you will get no directions from me. 4 Will you be their judge, O son of man, will you be their judge? make clear to them the disgusting ways of their fathers, 5 And say to them, This is what the Lord has said: In the day when I took Israel for myself, when I made an oath to the seed of the family of Jacob, and I gave them knowledge of myself in the land of Egypt, saying to them with an oath, I am the Lord your God; 6 In that day I gave my oath to take them out of the land of Egypt into a land which I had been searching out for them, a land flowing with milk and honey, the glory of all lands: 7 And I said to them, Let every man among you put away the disgusting things to which his eyes are turned, and do not make yourselves unclean with the images of Egypt; I am the Lord your God. 8 But they would not be controlled by me, and did not give ear to me; they did not put away the disgusting things to which their eyes were turned, or give up the images of Egypt: then I said I would let loose my passion on them to give full effect to my wrath against them in the land of Egypt. 9 And I was acting for the honour of my name, so that it might not be made unclean before the eyes of the nations among whom they were, and before whose eyes I gave them knowledge of myself, by taking them out of the land of Egypt. 10 So I made them go out of the land of Egypt and took them into the waste land. 11 And I gave them my rules and made clear to them my orders, which, if a man keeps them, will be life to him. 12 And further, I gave them my Sabbaths, to be a sign between me and them, so that it might be clear that I, who make them holy, am the Lord.

13 But the children of Israel would not be controlled by me in the waste land: they were not guided by my rules, and they were turned away from my orders, which, if a man does them, will be life to him; and they had no respect for my Sabbaths: then I said that I would let loose my passion on them in the waste land, and put an end to them. 14 And I was acting for the honour of my name, so that it might not be made unclean in the eyes of the nations, before whose eyes I had taken them out. 15 And further, I gave my oath to them in the waste land, that I would not take them into the land which I had given them, a land flowing with milk and honey, the glory of all lands; 16 Because they were turned away from my orders, and were not guided by my rules, and had no respect for my Sabbaths: for their hearts went after their images. 17 But still my eye had pity on them and I kept them from destruction and did not put an end to them completely in the waste land. 18 And I said to their children in the waste land, Do not be guided by the rules of your fathers or keep their orders or make yourselves unclean with their images: 19 I am the Lord your God; be guided by my rules and keep my orders and do them: 20 And keep my Sabbaths holy; and they will be a sign between me and you so that it may be clear to you that I am the Lord your God. 21 But the children would not be controlled by me; they were not guided by my rules, and they did not keep and do my orders, which, if a man does them, will be life to him; and they had no respect for my Sabbaths: then I said I would let loose my passion on them to give full effect to my wrath against them in the waste land. 22 And I was acting for the honour of my name, so that it might not be made unclean in the eyes of the nations, before whose eyes I had taken them out. 23 Further, I gave my oath to them in the waste land that I would send them wandering among the nations, driving them out among the countries; 24 Because they had not done my orders, but had been turned away from my rules, and had not given respect to my Sabbaths, and their eyes were turned to the images of their fathers. 25 And further, I gave them rules which were not good and orders in which there was no life for them; 26 I made them unclean in the offerings they gave, causing them to make every first child go through the fire, so that I might put an end to them. 27 For this cause, son of man, say to the children of Israel, This is what the Lord has said: In this your fathers have further put shame on my name by doing wrong against me. 28 For when I had taken them into the land which I made an oath to give to them, then they saw every high hill and every branching tree and made their offerings there, moving me to wrath by their offerings; and there the sweet smell of their offerings went up and their drink offerings were drained out. 29 Then I said to them, What is this high place where you go to no purpose? And it is named Bamah to this day.

God Will Restore Israel

30 For this cause say to the children of Israel, This is what the Lord has said: Are you making yourselves unclean as your fathers did? are you being untrue to me by going after their disgusting works? 31 And when you give your offerings, causing your sons to go through the fire, you make yourselves unclean with all your images to this day; and will you come to me for directions, O children of Israel? By my life, says the Lord, you will get no direction from me. 32 And that which comes into your minds will never take place; when you say, We will be like the nations, like the families of the countries, servants of wood and stone; 33 By my life, says the Lord, truly, with a strong hand and with an outstretched arm and with burning wrath let loose, I will be King over you: 34 And I will take you out from the peoples and get you together out of the countries where you are wandering, with a strong hand and with an outstretched arm and with burning wrath let loose: 35 And I will take you into the waste land of the peoples, and there I will take up the cause with you face to face. 36 As I took up the cause with your fathers in the waste land of the land of Egypt, so will I take up the cause with you says the Lord. 37 And I will make you go under the rod and will make you small in number: 38 Clearing out from among you all those who are uncontrolled and who are sinning against me; I will take them out of the land where they are living, but they will not come into the land of Israel: and you will be certain that I am the Lord. 39 As for you, O children of Israel, the Lord has said: Let every man completely put away his images and give ear to me: and let my holy name no longer be shamed by your offerings and your images. 40 For in my holy mountain, in the high mountain of Israel, says the Lord, there all the children of Israel, all of them, will be my servants in the land; there I will take pleasure in them, and there I will be worshipped with your offerings and the first-fruits of the things you give, and with all your holy things. 41 I will take pleasure in you as in a sweet smell, when I take you out from the peoples and get you together from the countries where you have been sent in flight; and I will make myself holy in you before the eyes of the nations. 42 And you will be certain that I am the Lord, when I take you into the land of Israel, into the country which I made an oath to give to your fathers. 43 And there, at the memory of your ways and of all the things you did to make yourselves unclean, you will have bitter hate for yourselves because of all the evil things you have done. 44 And you will be certain that I am the Lord, when I take you in hand for the honour of my name, and not for your evil ways or your unclean doings, O children of Israel, says the Lord.

A Prophecy against the Negeb

45 Then the word of the Lord came to me, saying, 46 Son of man, let your face be turned to the south, let your words be dropped to the south, and be a prophet against the woodland of the South; 47 And say to the woodland of the South, Give ear to the words of the Lord: this is what the Lord has said: See, I will have a fire lighted in you, for the destruction of every green tree in you and every dry tree: the flaming flame will not be put out, and all faces from the south to the north will be burned by it. 48 And all flesh will see that I the Lord have had it lighted: it will not be put out. 49 Then I said, Ah, Lord! they say of me, Is he not a maker of stories? — Ezekiel 20 | Bible in Basic English (BBE) The Bible in Basic English is in the public domain. Cross References: Exodus 3:8; Exodus 6:7; Exodus 19:1; Exodus 20:2; Exodus 31:13; Exodus 32:1; Exodus 32:11; Leviticus 26:33; Leviticus 26:41; Leviticus 27:32; Numbers 14:30-31; Joshua 23:3; Judges 2:19; 1 Samuel 12:7; 2 Kings 6:32; Job 13:21; Psalm 106:37; Psalm 107:3; Isaiah 9:18-19; Isaiah 30:6; Isaiah 31:3; Isaiah 48:11; Isaiah 56:2; Jeremiah 2:25; Jeremiah 4:27; Jeremiah 7:20; Jeremiah 30:3; Ezekiel 6:9; Ezekiel 11:21; Ezekiel 14:3; Ezekiel 16:24; Ezekiel 16:62; Matthew 13:13; Matthew 19:17; Matthew 23:32; Luke 10:28; Acts 7:42; Romans 1:21; Romans 2:24; Romans 8:23; Romans 10:5; Romans 11:8; 1 Corinthians 10:5; 2 Corinthians 2:14-15; Hebrews 4:3; Revelation 10:6

[genuinelyshallow]

Keep believing you can make a difference

The hope we had at the beginning for humanity is gone.

The joy we had at the beginning because finally the Western world understood what was happening in Gaza for years...gone

Any respect we had for the modern world? A joke.

Any respect I had for Egypt and Arabs? Replaced by so much shame, I no longer will defend them.

The only hope we have left is Allah and ourselves.

Keep praying. Keep posting. Keep boycotting. And if you can, start your own revolution.

If you live in a country that won't take you to jail for it, make a stand. Take a walk with a sign. Raise your voice in a conference.

Boycotting works!

In Egypt, it was the least we can do. And the changes were insane. McDonald's was throwing statements left and right about how the branches in Egypt had nothing to do with supporting Israel. Their sales still plummeted by 70% ! Their branches are virtually empty except from tourists.

Pepsi ? They had to rebrand by multiple different names to foul people into buying! And Coca-Cola is worse.

Small businesses went up by 300% in profits. A local soda producer that replaced Pepsi had to even go in public and ask the people to wait because he can't keep up with the demand.

That's boycotting. A small dent in the system, but still a difference. McDonald's in Jordan promised to send donations to Palestine. Others simply stopped supporting Israel in public.

I believe we need a more aggressive way of protesting. I don't mean violence. Just something to shake the system more... vigorously?

Do what you can. Please. Children's lives depend on it.

Stand on the right side of history. Find something to answer Allah on judgment day

[marzipanandminutiae]

"EUROPEANS ATE GROUND-UP EGYPTIAN MUMMIES!!!! ALL THE TIME!!!"

sounds much more dramatic than

"Europeans sometimes consumed ground-up Egyptian mummies, or fluid found inside the chest cavities of mummies, or a type of tree resin that became associated with mummies because it kind of looked like the bitumen used in the embalming process, or the dried and ground flesh of very specific European dead- most likely a bit of all of the above at various times in various places. but it's hard to say what the proportion of each was- and at least one early Middle Eastern physician, Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi from modern-day Iran, also advised the use of the Body Cavity Liquid variety hundreds of years before the first documented use of mummy by Europeans. so it was a medicinal thing in the areas from whence the mummies came, too. unsurprising seeing as a lot of cultures- including Europeans -have done Corpse Medicine with their own people for centuries. there was also been pushback against the medicinal use of mummies in Europe since at least the 16th century; it remains unclear how popular the notion was at any given time. so the answer to Is This A Good Symbol For The Effects of European Colonialism In Egypt remains a resounding 'ehhh...?'"

"because the whole idea is, is it not, that Europeans were literally consuming the dead bodies of a non-European people who would have had no reason to sell their dead without a European market. and that's kind of true! there was a market that created a demand! but they were also already putting the bodies to these uses closer to home before Europeans started, because this whole thing began with both Arab and European doctors misinterpreting other Arab doctors who were talking about the medicinal qualities of tree resin. so really it's not as simple a situation as we might like to believe."

"and Mummy Brown paint is like this whole other situation where it was supposed to be made from ground-up mummies but often wasn't because Cost-Cutting, and a lot of artists didn't really like it anyway, and others used it thinking the name only referred to the color, and one time Edward Burne-Jones attempted an Egyptian funeral for a tube of Mummy Brown paint because he was so horrified with the origins, so while that's a more straightforward as an Oh Shit Violent Colonialism situation, people merrily waltzing into shops and buying one tube of Dead Egyptian Person, please, my good man! wasn't quite as widespread as one might now think"

"for me, the more compelling image of Europe Fucking Egypt Over is that of a white archaeologist peering curiously into a pit where Egyptian people are working tirelessly to excavate a tomb, their names to be lost to history in favor of whatever rich white person they toiled for. even that image is not without complicating factors- I, imagining it, am a white woman who cannot ask those Egyptian men what they think and feel about all their role in all this -but to me it seems more reliable than the VERY complex and often misinterpreted history of the mummy trade, even as I understand it after like an hour of research"

"on the OTHER HAND, does it even matter if people in the Middle East were already doing mummy medicine, when Europeans increased demand? does it even matter if Europeans felt bad or at least grossed out about Mummy Brown paint or if it wasn't ~always~ real mummies? maybe it doesn't! maybe my instincts as a history worker to say It's More Complicated are clouding my judgment on the nature of colonialism! or maybe they aren't! or maybe different people will think I'm right or think I'm full of shit and that's just the nature of doing public history on The Tungles!"

"anyway I have COVID and should probably go to bed now"

"this article and the Wiki page for Mummia are very well-sourced"

[whencyclopedia]

The Forty-Two Judges

The Forty-Two Judges were divine entities associated with the afterlife in ancient Egypt and, specifically, the judgment of the soul in the Hall of Truth. The soul would recite the Negative Confession in their presence as well as other gods and hope to be allowed to continue on to the paradise of the Field of Reeds.

The ancient Egyptians have long been defined as a death-obsessed culture owing to their association with tombs and mummies as depicted in popular media and, of course, the famous discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun by Howard Carter in 1922 CE. Images of the jackal-headed god of the dead Anubis or the black-and-green mummified form of Osiris have also encouraged this association in the public imagination.

Actually, however, the Egyptians loved life and their seeming preoccupation with death and the afterlife was simply an expression of this. There is no evidence that the ancient Egyptians longed for death or looked forward to dying in any way – in fact, precisely the opposite is abundantly clear – and their elaborate funerary rituals and grand tombs stocked with grave goods were not a celebration of death but a vital aspect of the continuation of life on another, eternal, plane of existence. To reach this idealized world, however, one needed to have lived a virtuous life approved of by Osiris, the judge of the dead, and the Forty-Two Judges who presided with him over the Hall of Truth in the afterlife.

The Afterlife

The Egyptians believed that their land was the best in the world, created by the gods and given to them as a gift to enjoy. They were so deeply attached to their homes, family, and community that soldiers in the army were guaranteed their bodies would be returned from campaigns because they felt that, if they died in a foreign land, they would have a harder time – or possibly no chance at all – of attaining immortality in the afterlife.

This afterlife, known as The Field of Reeds (or Aaru in ancient Egyptian), was a perfect reflection of one's life on earth. Scholar Rosalie David describes the land which awaited the Egyptians after death:

The underworld kingdom of Osiris was believed to be a place of lush vegetation, with eternal springtime, unfailing harvests, and no pain or suffering. Sometimes called the `Field of Reeds', it was envisaged as a `mirror image' of the cultivated area in Egypt where rich and poor alike were provided with plots of land on which they were expected to grow crops. The location of this kingdom was fixed either below the western horizon or on a group of islands in the west. (160)

To reach this land, the recently deceased needed to be buried properly with all attendant rites according to their social standing. Funerary rites had to be strictly observed in order to preserve the body which, it was thought, the soul would need in order to receive sustenance in the next life.

Once the body was prepared and properly entombed, the soul's journey began through the afterlife. Funerary texts inside the tomb would let the soul know who they were, what had happened, and what to do next. The earliest of these were the Pyramid Texts (c. 2400-2300 BCE) which then evolved into the Coffin Texts (c. 2134-2040 BCE) and were fully developed as The Egyptian Book of the Dead (c. 1550-1070 BCE) during the period of the New Kingdom (c.1570-c.1069 BCE). The god Anubis would greet the newly departed soul in the tomb and usher it to the Hall of Truth where it would be judged by Osiris and an important aspect of this judgment was conference with the entities known as the Forty-Two Judges.

Continue reading...

[blackhistorystoryteller]

Diverse African Cultures and Beliefs about Life After Death

Introduction

Africa is a continent rich in cultural diversity and traditions, and this extends to its beliefs about life after death. Across the vast expanse of Africa, there are numerous cultures, each with its own unique perspective on what happens when life on Earth comes to an end. In this article, we will explore some of the fascinating beliefs about life after death that are deeply ingrained in African societies.

1. The Ancestor Veneration of the Akan People (Ghana and Ivory Coast)

In Akan culture, which encompasses the Ashanti, Fante, and Akuapem people, ancestors hold a significant place in the spiritual realm. They believe that after death, the souls of the departed continue to exist and influence the lives of their living descendants. Ancestor veneration involves rituals, offerings, and prayers to keep these spirits content and receive guidance and protection from them.

2. The Reincarnation Belief of the Yoruba People (Nigeria, Benin, and Togo)

The Yoruba people have a belief in reincarnation, where it is thought that the soul of a deceased person is reborn into a new body. The deceased's name may even be given to the newborn as a way of connecting the past and present lives. The Yoruba also believe that the deceased can communicate with the living in dreams and visions.

3. The Eternal Journey in Ancient Egyptian Culture (Egypt)

Ancient Egypt is renowned for its elaborate beliefs about the afterlife. Egyptians believed in a complex journey after death, where the soul faced trials and judgment before reaching the eternal paradise known as the "Field of Reeds." To ensure a successful afterlife, elaborate burial rituals and tombs were constructed, including the famous pyramids.

4. The Importance of Ancestral Connection in Zulu Beliefs (South Africa)

Among the Zulu people, the connection to ancestors is deeply cherished. It is believed that after death, the ancestors continue to play a role in the lives of their descendants. Rituals such as sacrifices and ceremonies are performed to honor and seek guidance from these ancestral spirits. Displeasing the ancestors can bring misfortune, while pleasing them can bring blessings.

5. The Dualistic Beliefs of the Dogon People (Mali)

The Dogon people have a dualistic belief system. They believe that after death, one's soul splits into two parts: one part goes to the ancestral realm, while the other is reincarnated into a new being. This complex system reflects the Dogon's spiritual connection to both their ancestors and the cycle of life.

6. The Spiritual Transition in the Akan-Bono Culture (Ghana)

The Akan-Bono people have a unique belief in the transitional phase after death. It is believed that after a person dies, their soul goes through a period of adjustment before joining the ancestors in the spiritual realm. During this time, the soul is thought to revisit important places and people from their earthly life.:

7. The Burial Rituals of the Senufo People (Ivory Coast, Mali, and Burkina Faso)

Among the Senufo people, the transition from life to the afterlife is marked by elaborate burial rituals. They believe that after death, the deceased's spirit lingers in the vicinity of their burial site. Special ceremonies and sacrifices are conducted to ensure a peaceful journey for the departed and to maintain a connection between the living and the deceased.

8. The Concept of the "Underworld" in San/Bushmen Beliefs (Southern Africa)

The San people, also known as Bushmen, have a belief in an underworld inhabited by spirits. After death, the souls of the departed are thought to travel to this underworld, which is considered a realm of ancestral spirits. The San people often use trance dance rituals to communicate with these spirits and seek guidance.

9. The Immortality Belief of the Himba People (Namibia)

The Himba people hold a belief that the spirits of their ancestors are immortal and continue to watch over the living. They also believe in reincarnation, where the spirit of a deceased person can be reborn into a new child within the same family. This belief reinforces the strong bond between generations.

10. The Role of Dreams in Khoikhoi Beliefs (South Africa)

The Khoikhoi people place great importance on dreams as a means of communication with the deceased. It is believed that dreams can provide insights, warnings, or messages from the spirit world. Special rituals are performed to interpret dreams and receive guidance from ancestors.

11. The Journey to the "Land of the Dead" in Dinka Culture (South Sudan)

Among the Dinka people, the journey to the afterlife is seen as a migration to the "Land of the Dead." They believe that the deceased will join their ancestors in this realm, where they can continue their pastoral lifestyle. Special rites and ceremonies are conducted to facilitate this transition.

12. The Symbolism of the Baobab Tree in Many African Beliefs

Across various African cultures, the mighty baobab tree is often associated with the afterlife. It is believed that these ancient trees serve as a link between the earthly realm and the world of spirits. Many cultures bury their deceased near baobab trees, believing that the tree's roots connect with the spirits below.

Conclusion

The intricate beliefs about life after death in Africa reflect the continent's cultural richness and diversity. From ancestor veneration to reincarnation, from underworld journeys to dream communication, these beliefs offer a glimpse into the deep spiritual connections that African societies maintain with their departed loved ones. Each culture's unique perspective contributes to the fascinating mosaic of African spirituality and traditions.

[bijoumikhawal]

hello! i hope it's alright to ask you this but i was wondering if you have any recommendations for books to read or media in general about the history of judaism and jewish communities in egypt, particularly in ottoman and modern egypt?

have a nice day!

it's fine to ask me this! Unfortunately I have to preface this with a disclaimer that a lot of books on Egyptian Jewish history have a Zionist bias. There are antizionist Egyptian Jews, and at the very least ones who have enough national pride that AFAIK they do not publicly hold Zionist beliefs, like those who spoke in the documentary the Jews of Egypt (avaliable on YouTube for free with English subtitles). Others have an anti Egyptian bias- there is a geopolitical tension with Egypt from Antiquity that unfortunately some Jewish people have carried through history even when it was completely irrelevant, so in trying to research interactions between "ancient" Egyptian Jews and Native Egyptians (from the Ptolemaic era into the proto-Coptic and fully Coptic eras) I've unfortunately come across stuff that for me, as an Egyptian, reads like anti miscegenationist ideology, and it is difficult to tell whether this is a view of history being pushed on the past or not. The phrase "Erev Rav" (meaning mixed multitude), which in part refers to Egyptians who left Egypt with Moses and converted to Judaism, is even used as an insult by some.

Since I mentioned that documentary, I'll start by going over more modern sources. Mapping Jewish San Francisco has a playlist of videos of interviews with Egyptian Jews, including both Karaites and Rabbinic Jews iirc (I reblogged some of these awhile ago in my "actually Egyptian tag" tag). This book, the Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry, is avaliable for free online, it promises to be a more indepth look at Egyptian Jews in the lead up to modern explusion. I have only read a few sections of it, so I cannot give a full judgment on it. There's this video I watched about preserving Karaite historical sites in Egypt that I remember being interesting. "On the Mediterranian and the Nile edited by Harvey E. Goldman and Matthis Lehmann" is a collection of memiors iirc, as is "the Man in the Sharkskin Suit" (which I've started but not completed), both moreso from a Rabbinic perspective. Karaites also have a few websites discussing themselves in their terms, such as this one.

For the pre-modern but post-Islamic era, the Cairo Geniza is a great resource but in my opinion as a hobby researcher, hard to navigate. It is a large cache of documents from a Cairo synagogue mostly from around the Fatimid era. A significant portion of it is digitized and they occasionally crowd source translation help on their Twitter, and a lot of books and papers use it as a primary source. "The Jews in Medieval Egypt, edited by: Miriam Frenkel" is one in my to read pile. "Benjamin H. Hary - Multiglossia in Judeio-Arabic. With an Edition, Translation, and Grammatical Study of the Cairene Purim Scroll" is a paper I've read discussing the Jewish record of the events commemorated by the Cairo Purim, I got it off either Anna's Archive or libgen. "Mamluks of Jewish Origin in the Mamluk Sultanate by Koby Yosef" is a paper in my to read pile. "Jewish pietism of the Sufi type A particular trend of mysticisme in Medieval Egypt by Mireille Loubet" and "Paul B Fenton- Judaism and Sufism" both discuss the medieval Egyptian Jewish pietist movement.

For "ancient" Egyptian Jews, I find the first chapter of "The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 BC-1492 AD” by Simon Schama, which covers Elephantine, very interesting (it also flies in the face of claims that Jews did not marry Native Egyptians, though it is from centuries before the era researchers often cover). If you'd like to read don't click this link to a Google doc, that would be VERY naughty. There's very little on the Therapeutae, but for the paper theorizing they may have been influenced by Buddhism (possibly making them an example of Judeo-Buddhist syncretism) look here (their Wikipedia page also has some sources that could be interesting but are not specifically about them). "Taylor, Joan E. - Jewish women philosophers of first-century Alexandria: Philo’s Therapeutae reconsidered" is also a to read.

I haven't found much on the temple of Onias/Tell el Yahudia/Leontopolis in depth, but I have the paper "Meron M. Piotrkowski - Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period" in my to be read pile (which I got off Anna's Archive). I also have some supplemental info from a lecture I attended that I'm willing to privately share.

I also have a document compiling links about the Exodus of Jews from Egypt in the modern era, but I'm cautious about sharing it now because I made it in high school and I've realized it needs better fact checking, because it had some misinfo in it from Zionist publications (specifically about the names of Nazis who fled to Egypt- that did happen, but a bunch of names I saw reported had no evidence of that being the case, and one name was the name of a murdered resistance fighter???)