#ice worlds

[carvente]

Pachyrhinosaurus dueling on the snow, Prehistoric Planet art by me

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[the-all-seeing-salmon]

With the recent launch of the Europa Clipper I've been thinking about what it'd be like for a culture to evolve on an ice world like Europa or Enceladus. More specifically their view of cosmology.

You live in an ocean, devoid of light (except maybe that of volcanic eruptions or bioluminescence), and around 100km up there is the all-encompassing ice roof that seals your universe in. For a time you might believe that the sea goes on forever, in every direction. Sandwiched between the ground that warms and the roof that cools, a Goldilocks Zone between heaven and hell (or two hells, that's up to theologians). But then, someone swims the entire way round, and you realise that your universe is not infinite. In fact it's quite small. Still big compared to you, almost unfathomably so, but finite. The universe just got a lot smaller.

You now know that your universe is a ball of heated rock encased in ice and melting out a nice little bubble for you. But how far does that ice go? Perhaps that's a nonsense question. The universe just stops, there is no more beyond your bubble. But no, you know of creatures that dig into the ice above. So perhaps it goes on forever. And then comes the next question: are you alone? Maybe there are other bubbles out there, other warm rocks with their own oceans, their own life, dotting the infinite frozen cosmos. Could you travel to them? How far would you have to go? For a moment you wonder whether your warm world drifts through the ice, melting a path forwards, but then you remember the rule of friction - in a universe that has no vacuum, in one such as yours that is filled will liquid, there is always drag. And so your world will have lost whatever momentum it had when it formed to the water, unless there were once cosmic currents which are now long since gone.

But how did it form? You imagine a young, hot universe, one where the water is warm and filled with silt and sand. Gradually this debris begins to stick to one another, forming motes and granules, eventually forming something with enough gravity to be called a planet. A concentration of nutrients where life can form and thrive, away of the deep empty darkness, a vast expanse of starved and barren ocean which has begun to cool. As the universe ages, it cools, and eventually it begins to freeze, locking off the cosmic sea forever and sealing you in a small temperate bubble. How long will that heat last?

[bumblebeeappletree]

This was aired back in 2020. In time of posting this it’s 2024. This is a very fascinating documentary about the climate of the planet in the past, and what it might look like in the future. I highly suggest everyone watch this.

Paleontologist Kirk Johnson explores the dynamic history—and future—of ice at the poles. (Aired February 5, 2020)

Official Website: https://to.pbs.org/3EUn0KC | #novapbs

In this two-hour special, renowned paleontologist Kirk Johnson takes us on an epic adventure through time at the polar extremes of our planet. Following a trail of strange fossils found in all the wrong places—beech trees in Antarctica, hippo-like mammals in the Arctic—Johnson uncovers the bizarre history of the poles, from miles-high ice sheets to warm polar forests teeming with life. What caused such dramatic changes at the ends of the Earth? And what can the past reveal about our planet’s climate today—and in the future?

Chapters

00:00:00 Introduction

00:05:49 Hunting for Fossils on Islands near the North and South Poles

00:22:52 Fossil of New Dinosaur Species Found in Patagonia

00:29:04 Was Death Valley Always the Hottest Place on the Planet?

00:37:32 How Have Carbon Dioxide Levels Changed on Earth Over Time?

00:49:18 How Do Ice Sheets Form in Antarctica

00:56:47 How Did Life Persist Through the Ice Age?

01:11:29 Impacts of Rising Temperatures on Ice Cycles of the Planet

01:31:30 What Was the Warm World Like Before the Ice Age

01:43:04 This Cave Has Been Frozen for 100,000 Years

01:50:30 Conclusion

© 2020 WGBH Educational Foundation

All rights reserved

This program was produced by GBH, which is solely responsible for its content.

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#paleontology #paleontologist #antarctica #antarctic #northpole #southpole #iceage #arctic #dinosaur #dinosaurs #deathvalley #deathvalleynationalpark

Where is the north pole, north pole temperature, ellesmere island, is antarctica the south pole, new dinosaur discovered, new dinosaur documentary, patagonia chile, what is the carbon cycle, death valley weather, death valley temperatures, snowball earth, ice sheet, drake passage

[mrmoviemakr]

Prehistoric Planet review: #3 - Ice Worlds

“Ice Worlds” showcases the remarkable day-to-day lives of dinosaurs that lived and migrate to environments with extreme climates. We start things interesting with a pack of Dromaeosaurs stalking a group of hadrosaurs migrating and treading rapid waters like wildebeest crossing a river, only no crocodiles. It was nail-biting seeing babies getting stranded, trying to swim, and getting out of the water before drowning, but that’s the dromaeosaur’s idea.

 I loved the design of the Ornithomimus with their mohawk-styled hairdo and it was fun watching how stragglers at a nesting ground tend to steal from others to make their own. We then watch a heard of Olorotitan as they travel to a nesting ground in a volcanic spring and avoid mosquitoes when they start spawning and it’s much worse than lake fly spawning.

It was cool seeing a Troodon take advantage of a forest fire in catching prey like marabou storks snatching bugs escaping from a bushfire in Africa. The best sequence of the episode is the ongoing battle between predator and prey as a herd of Pachyrhinosaurus flee from a pack of tyrannosaurs called Nanuqsaurus who use strategy than stealth to hunt through a snowstorm. Check out my earlier reviews on past episodes if you're seeing this now. 3.5/4 stars.

[time-woods]

ice king pipeline ig

[skylobster]

Residual and radioactive heat may make some Kuiper Belt dwarf planets geologically active.

[jacketpotatoo]

is it just you and me and the wreckage of the world?

[saessenach]

What is honor compared to a woman’s love? What is duty against the feel of a newborn son in your arms… or the memory of a brother’s smile? Wind and words. Wind and words. We are only human, and the gods have fashioned us for love. That is our great glory, and our great tragedy.

Jon Snow - and family that haunts him, because sometimes ghosts make for the best love stories.

[idkmybffjillyy]

how i thought i would feel walking out of the theater:

how i actually felt:

[schrutexbucks]

cannot stop thinking about this tweet actually

[carvente]

Birb hug

Dromeosaurus from Prehistoric planet, study by me

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[iamtheeggsnake]

ITS THE THEM!!!!!!!

[beautiful-and-amazing]

The hawksbill sea turtle is a critically endangered turtle whose shell slightly changes colour depending on water temperature

[duplicarto]

hey do you want to go on a date with me tonight

[spacerockfloater]

The way people switched on Tamlin the moment Rhys was introduced is diabolical.

“Tamlin never really loved Feyre, it was all a trick from the start”: It is stated that Tamlin was disgusted by the idea of forcing someone to fall in love with him and considered it slavery, but ended up being so in love with her that he ultimately lets her go and choses her freedom and safety over that of his own people. Rhys confirms that Tamlin loved Feyre too much. And he loved her truly. Not because he had to. Tamlin treated Feyre with dignity when she was engaged to him. He introduced her as his lady, to be respected and cherished by all. And she really was loved by his people, too. Rhysand uses her as his lap dog to scare Hewn City and parades her as his whore.

“Tamlin never did anything for Feyre, he just used her”: He improved her and her family’s life in every aspect and offered her everything he had.

“Tamlin had sex with someone else in Calanmai”: Out of duty and responsibility because he didn’t want to force Feyre, who still wasn’t sure about her feelings, into it. All of the High Lords perform the Calanmai. Lucien says so. How convenient that this is never brought up with Rhysand. He surely does perform it as well. All the theories in here, “Lucien doesn’t know what he’s talking about/ This is a SC ritual only/ He probably just passes the duty on to someone else” are just a way for people to villainise Tam and glorify Rhys again. All of them inaccurate. The Calanmai is canonically performed by every High Lord. There’s no evidence that proves otherwise. As the son of one High Lord and the ambassador of another, Lucien would know. He is 500 years old. It’s just more convenient for SJM to never bring this up again because it raises the question of “Who was Rhysand fucking all these years?” and it makes her favourite character look bad. And once he is engaged to her, Tamlin flat out refuses to do it. Let’s be real for a second.

“Tamlin didn’t help Feyre under the mountain”: He literally could not. He was bound by a curse. He was forced to be Amarantha’s consort and a consort cannot oppose you. His powers were bound. Alis warns Feyre that Tamlin will not be able to help her. Stop acting as if he didn’t want to help her. He decapitated Amarantha the moment he got his autonomy back. Claiming that there’s no proof that Tamlin was under the influence of a spell when he literally didn’t break the curse and Amarantha’s magic didn’t allow him to use his powers is crazy. And even if he tried, he could never provide actual help. We see this when he begs Amarantha for Feyre’s life. Him showing he cares about her would only make Amarantha more jealous and vicious towards Feyre.

“Tamlin made out with Feyre instead of helping her”: He couldn’t help her run away. No one could do that. She would never make it, Amarantha would find her. In fact, Tamlin specifically could not help her in any way. He could only assure her he still wants and loves her. And she wanted that just as much. Rhys abused her physically, mentally, verbally, drugged her and much worse. And he enjoyed all of it. If he didn’t want to raise suspicions, he wouldn’t have placed a bet in her favour. Rhys is a sadist, SJM just decided to mellow him down in the next book so that we’d all like him over Tamlin.

“Tamlin ignored Feyre’s wishes and only wanted her to be his bride, he didn’t let her be High Lady”: Both Tamlin and Feyre were bad communicators going though trauma and Tam had a whole court to care for. Tamlin was unaware of how Feyre felt because she barely spoke up once. Rhys knew because he literally lived inside her head and had all the time in the world to focus his attention on her since his court suffered zero consequences during Amarantha’s reign. And Tamlin simply told her the truth: there’s no such thing as High Lady. Even her current title is given to her by Rhys, the magic of Prythian has not actually chosen her to be High Lady. The title and its power are decorative. And she said she didn’t want that anyway.

“Tamlin locks Feyre up and uses his magic to harm her”: He locks her in his humongous palace to keep her safe, after she just came back from the dead and his worst enemy is kidnapping her every month, while he runs off to protect his borders. Rhysand locks Feyre in a fucking bubble. Tamlin loses control of his magic. He doesn’t want to harm her. That’s not abuse. Abuse is intentional. Feyre and Rhysand lock Lucien and Nesta up. They lock the people of the Hewn City up in a cave. Feyre loses control of her magic and harms Lucien’s mother. Double standards I guess.

“Tamlin is a bad and conservative ruler”: Tamlin is such a beloved ruler that his sentries literally begged to die for him. Feyre had to fuck with their minds to finally turn them against him. They were his friends. He was so progressive that the lords fled his court once he became their ruler because he wouldn’t put up with their bullshit like his father did. He loved all of his people. He is against slavery. The Tithe was just tax collection. Rhysand practically rules over just one city, while ignoring Hewn City and Illyria. He treats 2/3 of his realm like shit and everyone except the residents of Velaris hates him. He collects tax, too, but we conveniently never see this. He ranks the members of his inner circle (my 1st, my 2nd etc.) and reminds them every moment that they are his slaves first and anything else second, while Tamlin treats them equally and even gives Lucien an official title by naming him Ambassador.

“Tamlin conspired with Hybern”: He was a double agent and his short lived alliance, two weeks all in all, not only didn’t harm a single soul, but ultimately saved all of Prythian as he was the only one who brought valuable information to that meeting. He dragged Beron to battle. Rhysand’s alliance with Amarantha harmed thousands and only helped save one city, Velaris.

“Tamlin is responsible for turning Nesta and Elain into Fae”: No, that was Ianthe, who got the info from Feyre. Tamlin was fooled by her, just as Feyre obviously was, or she wouldn’t have trusted her. Tamlin was disgusted by that act.

“Tamlin is less powerful than Rhysand”: Rhysand himself says that a battle between them would turn mountains to dust. Tamlin killed Rhysand’s dad, the previous High Lord of the Night Court, in one blow. He is just as powerful as Rhysand. SJM again just wants us to believe otherwise. And he is smarter, too. He was the only one not to trust Amarantha. And he was a good spy for Prythian against Hybern.

All of these takes are cold as fuck. SJM was testing the waters with ACOTAR and she made sure the main love interest, Tamlin, was insanely likeable, so that the book could be a satisfactory standalone story in case she couldn’t land a trilogy deal. She didn’t know it would be such a big hit. But once she realised she could turn this into a franchise, she had to figure out a new story to tell. She may claim otherwise, but there’s just too many plothotes to convince me. And in order to make her new main love interest seem like the best choice, she had to character assassinate the old one. There was no other way. ACOTAR Rhys was too much of an evil monster to be loved by the majority of the audience. But Tamlin was introduced to us as such a heroic and passionate man that is literally impossible to turn him into someone despised by all. Feyre’s relationship with Rhysand reads too much like cheating on Tamlin. That’s why anyone with basic analytical skills is able to realise the flaws of the narration.

[targsource]

Queen Naerys

by lopatafour on twitter