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outfoxt · 6 months ago

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Affixes, Clitics, and Particles

i think that these parts of language are really cool! so im going to try to explain them :D also i definitely did not get sent down an hours long rabbit hole of linguistic papers and i also definitely didn't find out that the reason i wanted to make this post is actually a misconception :D i love ignoring things :D

Affixes:

the wikipedia article for affixes says that "in linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form."

in hopefully simpler terms, this basically means that an affix is a letter, or a group of letters that form a single sound or syllable, that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.

some examples of these are the somewhat well known prefix and suffix, but also the beloved infix:

prefix: undone suffix: spotless infix: abso-fucking-lutely

sidenote: my favorite thing about english infixes is that they pretty much only work with expletives. in fact, there's a tom scott video about expletive infixations!

Clitics:

wikipedia defines a clitic as such: "a clitic is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase."

in layman's terms: a clitic is a letter, or a group of letters that form a single sound or syllable, that has the function of a word in a sentence, but depends on another word or phrase based on the sound rules of the language.

a few examples of clitics can be seen in finnish (which also has a great many affixes but we're not talking about those right now):

-ko/kö -han/hän -pa/pä -kin

the spelling of the clitic depends on vowel harmony. if you want to learn more, this dissertation is all about finnish clitics!

you may be asking yourself how to tell the difference between clitics and other parts of speech. well this study has just the thing for you! quite a few tests are suggested by the author of this study if you want to be able to tell if something is a clitic or not, including some of the following:

a phonological test observe how the clitic forms a phonological unit with an independent word. (do not ask me how this one works i dont know) accentual test "clitics are accentually dependent, while full words are accentually independent." put simply, if you can't put stress on it, it's probably a clitic syntactic test a word can stand on its own and be subject to normal word processes such as tense changes while a clitic cannot do this

Particles:

"'Particle' is a cover term for items that do not fit easily into syntactic and semantic generalizations about the language[.]"

read: "particle" is a miscellaneous, catch all term for anything that doesn't fit into the above two categories (or any other word categories like nouns, verbs, etc.)

the author of this study (who i'm going to refer to as Zwicky from now on because it's easier) says that theres no such thing as a particle and that its distinction from affixes, clitics, words, and clauses is unnecessary. i think thats an. interesting take.

anyway even though Zwicky just said theres no such thing as particles (which, how could he do that? theres kids around! we dont want to ruin the magic!) he concedes that there is actually a group of words that are commonly called particles that he agrees are actually particles. but he decides to call them discourse markers instead. because fuck you.

i dont like any of the words that Zwicky included so i made a list of my own:

-ね (ne) eh (canadian english) innit (common transcription of "isn't it", british english)

the funny thing is im coming out of this still not entirely clear on what a particle is. i thought i knew, i did some research, realized i didnt know, and now i'm here. based on how Zwicky puts it, it feels like the category of "particle" exists to accommodate the fact that there might be words* that arent affixes, clitics, words, or clauses but it feels like Zwicky is just being contrary. I should probably have done more research but this post was supposed to be done 24 hours ago.

out of context highlights from my research process: - sanskrit - the panini rule - doch - verbosely long section titles

*i dont actually mean words, i mean a morpheme which is a letter or a group of letters that form the representation of one sound that carries meaning, but i didn't want to make that sentence long and unreadable

if i'm wrong, please tell me! i would appreciate being corrected, i know i am not an expert on this topic in the slightest.

#i think this post is about to go off the rails.#which will be quite amusing for everyone except me #and then later me in the future [as well].#i think i'm finally done :D #citing is so much easier on tumblr 😔💕#i can just link the source on the words #i dont have to deal with a stupid bibliography #i really feel like with particles i have like net 0 information gained #but hopefully you learned something about clitics and affixes!!#i def learned about clitics because i only had very surface level knowledge before 🤔#i also dont understand any of the properties of particles given in the paper #i also felt very much like “are the properties of particles in the room with us right now”#like i dont think they were listed #granted i did skim the latter half because i was tired and just wanted to get this done #but still :p #also #a note from myself from about an hour in:#linguistics my beloved <3 #linguistics

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sysig · 10 months ago

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2023 Art Purge

Fanart edition! Second verse, same as the first, onto the walls of text!

Started the year with a huggy Squirtle! How can you get better than that <3

A solemnly dancing Spamton haha - this one still makes me laugh, what could possible have him so jovially serious

Only one leftover Sarah doodle from this year, inspired by a song that reminded me so much of her and Jocasta - Right Here Waiting is such a beautiful pining song! And since they're separated for such a while, not to mention the angst

Comfort Birdos <3 She's so pretty, I’m love her ♥

I just had to pick some of the most feral-designed Pokemon as my favourite, someday I'll know how to draw Vulpix and Ninetales! Cutest lads, someday someday

It’s actually pretty funny - the first page of this notebook ended up having some Handplates doodles, apropos of nothing, just wanted to draw them out of the blue, and then ended up being on the last pages as I finished it off! Goes to show how long they've been on my mind this year I guess haha

I ended up doing some Eris studies from my favourite scenes from Sinbad, her hair is literally the coolest - so pretty, the movement is incredible! Her proportions are all over the place depending on her size and shape, she's so cool and chaotic

Also had a couple tiny leftover Souichi studies! Cutest lad <3

And his eyes specifically - I'm pretty sure the two small ones around the big one were studied from the same face haha, that's not how his face is shaped!

Scottyiscringe's absolutely incredible After Dark meme was so inspirational to me earlier this year - I'm pretty sure the Yanderapy boys were like 85% inspired by The Vibes, such a beautifully dark and uncomfortable video gosh <3 Greasy main was a real treat to study from as well

The Stanley Parable bunnies! Just a silly idea of what Stanley - specifically Sinister, you can see his burned paw! And arrow-marked ears hehe - and the Narrator would look like as rabbits haha

Smol and I did a few teeny-tiny art trades this year, and for her first two she asked for her Bleach faves, Szayelaporro Grant and Quilge Opie. All I really know about them is they're both bad news bears, which is cool by me 👍

Weegie! I doodled some he and Bowser concepts fairly early on but none made it to final :P He's still a cute lad tho!

The original scratch-sketch for @farouchestray's birthday Raichu and birb! Can you tell I'm not that practiced with drawing birds or Raichu lol

Another leftover Sinister, silly goofy handsome lad

The beginnings of the WOY spam! What would eventually become Sleepy Sunshine Wander, it was definitely an interesting experiment to hold back my sketches until after the digital version was done! :0 It's a habit I've gotten out of

There was decidedly not enough Skeleton Dance this year lol, allow me to at least partially make up for it

Another idea I intended to finish digitally first but wasn't able to swing it! The double edged blade of sitting on doodles unfortunately, I'm not sure if I ever will :( But at least it's here now - a Fist Fighter signing his love to Peepers and Peepers not quite catching his meaning haha ♪

This one made it to digital! And was very silly-fun the whole way haha

Another I wanted to digitize! Heck!! I started thinking about the Animal Crossing/Mii hand style in conjunction with Fist Fighters and

He'll be fine. Probably ouo;

The Little Guys original sketch :D They're so tiny!

A mirror close-up of Peepers in a binder, frustrating to be Not Quite There yet

I read a fic at one point with Peepers described in a very silly-sounding outfit and decided to give an attempt at it haha. He has worn drag in the show, I forgot about how his helmet stuck out until rewatching tho haha

Those red-painted lips, goofy

A continuation of Peepers being left behind with the main duo! Those unpredictable two, and with how much he's put them through, what would they do to him...?

Obviously they'd be nice, trying to pull another Westley with him, but this is Peepers we're talking about! As soon as he knows he's not in danger, acting in animosity is right back on the table haha

Poor Wander just wants to be friends! I don't think he'd actually be all that surprised, just sad that even with how long they've known each other that they still can't break through to him haha

A follow-up to Wander catching Peepers and Sylvia sleeping snuggled up together haha, Peepers does not appreciate being called cute (even if he is)

A WOY-inspired chess set! :D With the villains as the Black Team and heroes as the White Team! Why is Peepers the Queen to Hater's King and not Dominator? It is obvious :) I'm still not sure what to do for the White Team's pawns though, they don't exactly have just a single type of little guy haha

Mad Wander! Look out!

A silly idea I had of Wander trying to corral these rambunctious villains he's thrown in with this time around lol - could also be read as him taking care of babified Hater and Dominator but I feel like he'd just coo over them the entire time haha

A gooey heart-eyed Peepers :) I guess he's stressed, it's a good look on him hehe

Sylvia headshot <3 She's so cool and pretty

More Skeleton Dance! Closer to on-model version of this high-stylized drawing of them :D Lookin' up at him with his big ol' eyes haha

Some kind of situation of Hater having found (more?) Watchdogs and wanting to bring them home by hiding them in his cloak lol idk, I just wanted to draw their big funny heads under his clothes. It's so inconspicuous, Peepers will never know!

Doug Plush!! With removable cloak! :D The cutest squishiest little demon <3 Very good to hug

Ozzy dress concept doodles as prelims to this post, it was really hard to decide what style would suit him! Went through quite a few and still not completely happy with what I ended up with which is a shame 'cause it was such a strong feeling in my head! I know he can rock a dress, just a matter of what style hmm

More of the same, wanted to at least get the composition of the Very Big Thought down before Oz's dress completely frustrated my attempts haha

Thrax was a really fun study, his eyes are beautiful! The way his lids are darkened as part of his design to make him look heavily-lidded under his brows and with dark eye bags is brilliant :)

Couple'a Helix doodles before I looked at references again lol, the impulse hits randomly - maybe Dex got a bad haircut haha

Chibis and angst! My favourite <3 Max is very selfish hehe ♥

You may find me occasionally traipsing through the Landel's Damned gallery lol, I feel very normal and rational and fine about it (lying)

A Rule 63'd Max :D Inspired by drawing him lying on Dex with his shirt open - Max boobs lol

The shot of ZEX looking at his hands </3 I actually drew this one on the context of Max and Dex running away together and Dex returning to their house and still finding ZEX in Max's place :'0 Looking at his new calluses!

Princess ZEX concept art! :D My first pass at his dress and jewelry, I was not satisfied, he is not pretty enough!

Some simple VUX mannequins for alternate outfits - you can see the pieces that eventually formed into the final version :D I am still rather a fan of the split Empress style in the middle there, cute <3

Cleaning up the tiara/jewelry designs, and the sleeve puffs hehe ♪ I think the second tiara looks goofy, like little double mouse ears haha

Closing in on the design! He really does deserve some goofy silly harmless fluffy fun :)

Couple comparisons on shushing VUX vs humans, inspired by Out, where DAX wraps his arm around ZEX's trunk :0 Seemed very drastic to me, but there are instances where humans completely cover other humans' mouths! From there, thinking about what a single finger shush might look like, maybe bumping an arm tip against their "mouth"? Stoppering haha

GLaDOS <3 <3 A spare doodle that I ran out of room for unfortunately but there she is! Love her <3 <3

And a random Core, the nonchalant eye always reminds me of DAX so sure, DAX Core, programmed to barely put up with your nonsense haha

Tried style-matching Florette and Luke from some screenshots, the Humongous Entertainment style is honestly really cute :D Very cartoony! Big thick lines and simple shapes, I'm a fan :D

More smol art trades lol, she got very into Punch Out late in the year :) She picked the characters, I picked the outfits lol, we've got Super Macho Man in a Hawaiian shirt (and bikini underneath) and Don Flamenco in a ?? mesh brazier-corset and biker gloves I guess?? I dunno lol, funsies

The Handplates return!! In the form of Fellplates - I was maybe a mite overdramatically disappointed in looking at Gaster's wing references and that they were only decorative lol, I just love animated wings! Expressive! Cute! Fluffy!! The little sketch on the left is him trying out attaching strings between his sleeves and the wings to have them "flap" with his arms haha

More of the wings motif in his shawl, this time from behind :) I think it'd just be shaped like wings and couldn't actually open :0

Make him cry >:3c

Eyes eyes eyes, every time. Sans' eyes are very pretty, I like how many shapes he can make - expressive! Makes up for how inexpressive the rest of his face can be haha

Anyone remember Gaster's keyhole chibi? I haven't made one in ages but hmmmm hmmmmmmmm

The dangers of off-ramping from Portal into Undertale lol

Did some little scratches of Endogeny 'cause the Amalgamates are lovely and I love them!! Would pet the goop dog 10/10

A scratchy digital warmup Handplates!Sans - I’ve become really enamoured with the look of the screws on their palms, macabre as they are, so making a piece that centered them was double fun :)

Still thinking about them, especially if they happen to fall apart :0 Their second and fifth metacarpals would always be connected somehow huh, not quite Gaster's fused hands but hmm

Bonus version of the Stream-doodle Sans without Papyrus’ text! He turned out really cute haha <3 Squishy lad ♪

#Doodles #Long post #And keeping with the trend of the previous one by having lots of links out!#Look at this look at that look over there look over here #Lol #And hey I only had to make this one twice! That's almost a record for me!#Unfortunately lol #Learned some new tricks as well and irritation was at a minimum #It really does get easier with practice lol #GLaD's doodle absolutely ReFused to update until I cropped it a bit #Literally by like three pixels but y'know? If it works it works lol #I definitely could've broken some of these up into their own mini dumps throughout the year #I didn't do as many this year! Gotta get back into that habit so I have Zero broken sketchdumps by the end lol #WOY especially takes up a huge chunk in the middle there :/#It's 'cause I reallyyyy wanted to save them for after I'd made them digitally to try and motivate myself but it didn't work :(#Live and learn!#I am still quite amused by the Handplates bookends haha #It was unexpected! I'm happy tho :)#And all the little things in between haha <3 I do love them all :D

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