#gamma nucleon

[ask-lethalmon]

>Opening communications >Connecting with Company Cruiser: Eon Voyager

As the screen blinks on an eevee stands at the front typing on the keyboard. With their eyes focused on the keyboard they begin to speak.

“Recording data log. Crewmate Nova. Date; July 3rd, 2532. I and my team have just returned from the Company after successfully meeting our weekly quota. As such we are now entering our rest period before we receive our next job.

“As recorded in my previous logs our last job was, thankfully, rather uneventful. At least compared to some other job runs. There were minimal injuries as we stuck to calmer moons and worked quickly.

“Visiting the Company went about the same as it usually does. Honestly that place unnerves me, sometimes more than the moons. The sounds behind that wall… I shouldn’t say too much else Data might revoke my log privileges. Or start editing them. rude.”

It seems they haven’t noticed that they opened communications. Will you speak to them?

[todays-xkcd]

Unlike an Iron Age collapse, a Bronze Age collapse releases energy, since copper and tin are past the iron peak on the curve of binding energy.

Decay Modes [Expained]

Transcript Under the Cut

Radioactive Decay Modes

[A chart of labelled drawings of various radioactive decay modes, some real and some ficticious.]

[An unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle.] Alpha Decay

[A neutron-rich neucleus emits a W- boson. Underneath is a drawing of a neutron turnt into electron.] Beta Decay

[An unstable nucleus emits a gamma ray.] Gamma Decay

[A proton-rich atom absorbs an electron from an electron shell and emits an electron neutrino. Underneath is a drawing of a proton converted into a neutron.] Electron Capture

[A proton-rich nucleus emits a W+ boson. Underneath is a drawing of a neutron turnt into a positron.] Positron Emission

[A neutron-rich/proton-deficient unstable nucleus emits a neutron.] Neutron Emission

[All the subatomic particles burst from the atom simultaneously.] Baryon Panic

[The atom is imploded by a skull, cracking the surrounding area and sending neutrons and protons flying off.] Omega Decay

[Electrons around the atom fall to the ground.] Electron Wilt

[Protons and nuetrons combine to make a single huge baryon.] One Big Nucleon

[The nucleus rots with mushrooms growing out from it.] Fungal Decay

[The atom floats on water, with boats on either side full of tiny people shooting arrows at it.] Collapse Due to Invasion by the Sea Peoples

[tofupunx]

Something we've all heard is that we are "made of star dust" - which is true, but I think it might be cool to see someone talk about what that really means in a Tumblr rant.

Would you have any interest in infodumping about stellar nucleosynthesis, the different classes of stars and their limits of element production, and how we get the naturally occuring elements heavier than iron and nickel?

Yes I absolutely would! I have tried to make this as coherent as possible, but I’m a rambler and I like talking about stars!

So the statement that we’re all star dust is factually correct - I love to remind people that we all came from violent explosions and reactions in the cosmos, and we will all return to that one day too. Very comforting.

So “nucleosynthesis” refers to the creation of atomic nuclei from less complex nucleons, such as hydrogen-1 (literally just a single proton). It started with primordial nucleosynthesis, also known as “Big Bang” nucleosynthesis. This, obviously, happened very early on in the Universe, as in literally minutes after the Big Bang [is theorised to have] happened. Basically, just like in the cores of stars, stuff was really hot and dense. And so from the plasma came neutrons and protons. The hot, dense conditions allowed for your boy Hydrogen-1 to fuse to form heavier elements, such as deuterium (“heavy” hydrogen), helium and lithium. Then everything started to chill out a bit, literally.

Stellar nucleosynthesis is an important part of the evolution of stars. Stars are formed when clouds of gas and dust collapse in on themselves due to their own gravity, becoming very hot and dense in the very centre of what will soon be called a “protostar”.

Now, not all stars are created equal. For those protostars that are pretty small, with a mass typically less than 0.1 times that of our Sun (this is known as solar mass, with 1 solar mass = the mass of our Sun), no nuclear fusion happens in their cores because they are simply not hot enough (although some are able to fuse deuterium and even lithium). These types of stars are known as brown dwarfs.

The next class of star are stellar-mass main sequence stars. As you can probably guess, our Sun is a perfect example of one of these bad boys. They’re pretty average, and relatively common in the Universe. These stars are massive enough to allow for P-P chain (proton-proton chain) reactions, fusing hydrogen into deuterium and helium. For stars on the slightly larger side of this, the CNO cycle can take place (carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle). The CNO cycle uses particles such as (surprise surprise) carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as catalysts for nuclear fusion, and in turn releases an enormous amount of energy, usually in the form of gamma rays.

“Main sequence” refers to any star in its prime, where it reaches a state of hydrostatic equilibrium - i.e. the outwards force from the reactions in the core balance out with the inwards gravitational force and keep the star from collapsing. The hotter and more dense a star, the heavier elements can be produced by the nuclear fusion in its core. As temperatures and pressures rise, more complex reactions such as the triple-alpha process (to create carbon from helium) and the alpha process (to create heavier elements from helium) can occur.

Stars around 8 solar masses or more can burn carbon, neon, oxygen and silicon. In short, the more massive the star, the more hot and dense it is, which means it can burn and fuse heavier and heavier elements. That is, as you’ve mentioned, until iron. Iron is an incredibly stable atom, which is why stars have difficulty producing anything heavier or more complex.

So, stars on the main sequence will eventually run out of hydrogen fuel, and this means they won’t be able to balance the inwards force of gravity anymore. Stars of different masses will react to this situation differently, with more massive stars ending their main sequence lifetime with violent supernovae, and low-mass stars gradually fading. Stars like our Sun will eventually collapse and cool, leaving just the dense core known as a white dwarf.

For heavier elements to form, there needs to be suitable conditions for neutron and/or proton capture. There are several methods of these: rapid neutron capture (r-process), slow neutron capture (s-process), proton capture (p-process), and rapid proton capture (rp-process). Saving the details, these processes are pretty mental. A massive star collapsing into supernova provides the conditions for these reactions to occur, and thus for elements heavier than iron to form and be scattered throughout the Universe, potentially going on to form more stars, planets or nebulae. The remnants of these massive stars will become neutron stars or even black holes, but that’s a whole other story.

TLDR: dying stars make heavy shit.

[kalifissure]

Physics dementia trigger warning 🙂

There is really only one mass unit in the universe and that's the nucleon. Which comes in two states or phases.

The first is the neutron. This is the most condensed form, the most concentrated form of matter and therefore energy. Two incredibly high frequency photons simultaneously in orbit around their own gravity/energy. A dual membraned sphere of light.*

The other is the decayed form of the neutron, the proton/electron complex. The +/- charge components of the outer photon decomposed. A proton, is a single gamma photon trapped over its own orbit. A primordial black hole. The outflow of space into the antimatter side creates the positive charge. Flows in dielectrics cause charge separation. Space is a perfect dielectric. THE perfect dielectric.

The vague and distributed electron field/orbital is the corresponding inflow from infinite space to that area to compensate for proton outflow. Which we detect as a negative charge.

For every convergence there is a divergence.

Physicists talk about the proton and electron individually , and they can be separated. As you can separate the blades of a pair of scissors. Nonetheless, the functional unit is the combined pieces. There is an orbital electron for each proton in whatever material you care to name when the charge is neutral. Carbon 14 has 8 neutrons but 6 protons and 6 electrons.

Convergence=Divergence.

Neutrons are self contained. Rotational. Singular. The double layered pearl.

Combined with gravity, this phase change from neutron, the smallest most dense form possible, to proton/electron complex, atomic hydrogen, as large as you want it to be, powers the universe. Recycling so that the universe maintains conservation.

Gravity slowly compressing the gas back into proton/electron nucleon, via stellar nuclear fusion and then via electron capture the decayed photon is "pushed", with the aid of a neutrino back into its orbital form, the neutron.

When a large cluster of neutrons, a neutron star, because of gravity themselves combine into a unity, a singularity, an event horizon, is formed.

The information, the individual swirliness, the individual vectors of each neutron pass through spacetime, making the neutrons in deep voids which then decay into dark matter creating dark energy expansion. The essential phase change. From infinitesimal to infinity. And slowly back again, and again and again.

Neutron decay cosmology.

*which we can't actually ever see as they are propagating, orbiting, 90° to us.

[a-nuclear-adventure]

A flash

With a flash Echo shines a bright white as a massive pulse of gamma ray energy bursts forth in all directions bathing everything in intense radiation, lethal amounts in close proximity. After the pulse passed Echo lay still his glow near enough non-existent, the water gurgling by him as it flowed to sea no longer hissing and bubbling.

Elsewhere Nicholas was still scanning around for Echo when he detected a large burst of radiation coming from Echo’s direction. Relaying to Jac about what happened he picks up the pace having found Echo’s trail again

[ Echo is Unconscious and Nicholas is on his way ]

[nucleon-artistry]

Continuing my Quest to shove Nucleons in other franchises, Nuclear Throne!

I can really imagine them fitting here tbh, Nuclear throne has a lot of, well, Nuclear sh!t and glowy bits

Anyways, the idea with the Acolyte is that they constantly have a aura around them dealing damage to enemies, (functioning like a long-arms range gamma guts) but all of their ammo reserves are halved. (pushing the player into getting up close and personal with the aura)

Their TB mutation causes enemies killed by the aura to drop more rads.

Their two Ultra mutations are;

Piety - Doubles the size of their aura field, and doubles its damage.

Heresy - All projectiles fired by the player gain a small damage dealing aura, The player loses the melee-aura, and ammo reserves return to normal.

They come from a cult that worships radiation and the Nuclear Throne and they want to find out for themselves if its real or not.

As this is Nuclear throne, of course they'd have a B skin, based on the Necromancer/Technomancer enemies in Labs

[metastablephysicist]

Sorry if you've talked about this before but I'm really curious to know what your is research on? :)

thank you so much for asking, I haven’t really. I'm not sure how much familiarity you have with low-energy nuclear physics, so I'm going to try to avoid jargon. let me know if I should clarify anything.

for background, atomic nuclei with different numbers of protons and neutrons have different structure. one way to imagine its structure is the nuclear shell model (akin to electron shell model, but for nucleons, aka protons/neutrons), where each individual nucleon occupies a certain orbit/shell around the center of the nucleus. nucleons are fermions, meaning that multiples cannot occupy the same state (known as the Pauli exclusion principle). so for large nuclei, there are many different occupied orbits. each orbit has a distinct energy associated with it.  

we can figure out the structure from making really energized nuclei (ie smashing things together in an accelerator), so that some nucleons have enough energy to jump up to an empty, higher-energy orbit. then these decay (lose their energy and return to their original state, the ground state), often by emitting photons. the photons (I will also call them gamma rays) that they emit have distinct energies corresponding to the change in the nucleon's orbit. we detect and measure the energy of those gamma rays and then reconstruct the energy levels/orbits.

the shell model that I mentioned above only accurately describes nuclei near stability, which means there is plenty of room for improvement. the main reason for my work--collecting data on the behavior of exotic, unstable nuclei--is to develop better models.

the nuclei that I have been working with are super interesting. stable nuclei are spherical and boring, but my nuclei are deformed and rotate!!

I'm taking giant data sets of measured gamma ray energies (from an experiment my group did last year) and running my code on them. gotta ID different nuclei in my data set, account for background noise, look at gammas that were detected in coincidence with one another, etc. eventually i can confirm the energy levels, which I use to calculate the deformation/shape and compare to current models. 

I hope I explained this well enough! I see the nucleus as the heart of all matter, and it’s so exciting to learn about it. my work is just science for science’s sake, but historically the applications of that science have been both monstrous (such as the creation and use of nuclear weapons) and mundane (like the humble smoke detector).

[moontours]

Bestieee I know we are on Tim Drake lockdown and like so fair!!💕💕 but I am once again thinking about the Implications of random shit in comics.

Specifically I wanna see a big battle with a lot of characters where somehow most or all of the heroes get heavily irradiated. Radiation in comics almost always leads to new powers and if I'm being honest that's so, so boring given what radiation actually is. Hulk was created from gamma radiation, but gamma isn't the only type, the other most relevant here being alpha and beta. I want to see how heroes who got their powers from radiation react to different kinds, because I know a couple things about nuclear science and lemme tell you: it wouldn't be new powers. You can't be immune to radiation, the particles are simply so much smaller than your organelles that your cells can't do shit against them, no mutation can do shit against them (I can suspend my disbelief for the wolverines but that's my limit.) They change you and break you apart at an atomic level. Previous exposure doesn't make you immune either. The only thing I can see working is if they have some miracle medicine that stitches your cells back into working order, and I frankly believe they have that or have the technology to develop it in the present canon (they've probably even talked about it before, I just haven't read every comic ever.) Then there's how it would effect all the other heroes, which I think is just infinitely more interesting. There's so many characters whose powers physically manifest as light that emits from their eyes, hands, and sometimes more. And, surprise! Light is radiation! With people who have different kinds of energy, stuff that could look like light but isn't, I think it could be strong enough to knock some more nucleons off, especially the electrons (that's beta radiation). Light energy is already strong enough to temporarily knock electrons into higher orbitals, who's to say that fictional magic and telekinesis doesn't physically manifest as some bigger, heavier, stronger kind of particle? I think intense full-body radiation poisoning would be way worse for a lot of magic users and telekinetics, as well as some others, who'd have to resort to conventional fighting styles in order to survive as long as everyone else. It'd really mess with their strategy and that's what I really want to see. Plus, if there's a character like Johnny Storm but fire all the way through instead of on the surface, they'd be unaffected (I wish so badly I could say Johnny would be the immune savior but I can't bestie :( ). I also wonder how Kitty Pryde's power affects her ability to be affected by radiation. It'd be a good opportunity to explore her power, along with the telekinetics because surely some of them would be able to move radiation particles away from them, avoiding harm but ultimately irradiating something else, or for someone really focused and strong they could put the individual atoms back together, but that'd be tedious, and for both there'd be a break even point where afterwards the cost of damage to others around them would undo the damage avoided. And, if the person was also irradiated, there'd be a point where they'd be more damaged by radiation than if they'd just left, and that point would come way quicker if their power manifests as something akin to light like I already said. There's different levels of energy of course, there's a reason we can be around light all the time so Thor's gonna be unaffected, but the stronger folks? I want to see how they would handle it and what they would prioritize, as well as how the overall battle strategy would change and how people who aren't telekinetic would rise to the challenge.

THIS IS SO COOL????????? if they ever decide to do another apocalyptic story (well i guess dark ages is that) they should explore it with radiation like there's so many ways it could affect different characters and their powers

[zameer-fuhsh]

Antimatter and one electron universe

After the end of inflation energy that constituted the universe was converted into matter, antimatter, radiations, and of course other forms of energy.

Antimatter as the suffix 'anti' suggests is the exact opposite of a matter; Well, yes and no. yes because sub-atomic particles of antimatter have an exact opposite charge corresponding to that of subatomic particles of matter and no because they still have mass and can be perceived by senses- An electron of antimatter is called a positron, and nucleons are called anti-protons and antineutrons respectively. having a suffix 'anti' before antineutrons makes no sense because the charge is still neutral; we still can't ignore the possibility of antineutrons having a different arrangement of quarks or even constituency of different elementary particles.

Mathematically the antimatter created must've been almost equal to the amount of matter created. So where did all the antimatter go? antimatter is in fact the most expensive thing in the universe as a result of its scarcity.

When antimatter was created in particle colliders it did not exist for long durations even in something you can call a total vacuum, turns out on contact with the walls of the container of the particle collider antimatter annihilates itself releasing 511 Kilo electron-volts of energy in form of gamma rays and that's a large amount of energy, to bring it on a macro scale 1 kg of antimatter on contact with 1 kg of matter produces energy 3000 times of that released by Hiroshima Nagasaki nuclear explosion.

In my opinion, a possible explanation for antimatter existence can be understood by applying one electron universe theory to it. One electron universe says there is only one electron that moves across the fourth dimension of time, coming in contact with itself countless times, making it seem innumerable and when it travels back in the fourth dimension it magnitude or rather the charge is reversed ie: changes from negative to positive and hence Is called a positron, Similarly, an atom itself can travel back and forth in the time dimension and while it is in the 'past' or graphically negative axis it becomes antimatter and the reason for its shortage might be it coming in contact with matter and liberating energy in form of gamma radiations.

~Anas Kazi

[ask-lethalmon]

(@agent-morpeko) Alicia excitedly aproaches a familiar Nucleon. She smiles and waves.

"Hiya! It's been quite a bit since we've met online, isn't it. Anyways, since we're off-duty for now, we can now normally chat.

Oh! Also I haven't asked your name. I'm Alicia by the way. What's about yourself? Also, what the plans do ya have for the holiday?"

“Yo! Wasn’t expecting to see you here my digital buddy,” Gamma waves to Alicia with her own grin. “Oh guess we never traded names ha, I’m Gamma! It’s cool to actually meet you in person.”

“Didn’t have to many plans yet, still gotta scope out the place. But I figured I’d have fun as I went,” Gamma shrugged, sticking her hands in her pockets. “All I knew was there was some sort of party I could get to for cheap so here I am.”

“How bout you? Know anything fun to do?”

[spaceexp]

First result from HIE-ISOLDE is doubly magic

CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research logo. 19 December, 2018 The first result to emerge from the HIE-ISOLDE accelerator is the confirmation that the tin-132 nucleus belongs to the doubly magic group of nuclei 

Image above: The MINIBALL gamma-ray detector array at the HIE-ISOLDE accelerator (Image: Maximilien Brice/CERN). Physicists are no magicians, but ask them about how protons and neutrons are arranged in atomic nuclei and you’ll be sure to hear the term magic. Just like electrons fill up a series of onion-like shells of different energy around an atomic nucleus, protons and neutrons are each thought to occupy a series of shells within the nucleus. In this nuclear shell model, nuclei in which protons or neutrons form complete shells, without any space left for more particles, are called magic because they are more stable than their nuclear neighbours. Nuclei with complete proton and neutron shells are termed doubly magic and are exceptionally stable. In a study just published in Physical Review Letters, a team of researchers working for the MINIBALL and HIE-ISOLDE collaborations at CERN provide the first direct proof that the tin nucleus tin-132 (132Sn), which is considered to be doubly magic, does indeed merit this special status. The result is the first to emerge from the recently commissioned HIE-ISOLDE accelerator, and shows that this accelerator is a key facility to unravel the inner workings of atomic nuclei. The nucleus 132Sn has 132 nucleons – 50 protons and 82 neutrons – and is one of only 10 species, out of 3200 known nuclei, that qualify as doubly magic and act as benchmarks for testing the nuclear shell model. What’s more, in the nuclear chart, which organises all known nuclei according to their number of protons and neutrons, 132Sn is close to nuclei thought to be produced in an astrophysical process, the r-process, responsible for creating heavy elements in the cosmos. This process is not fully understood, so studying 132Sn could cast light on the origin of heavy elements in the cosmos. Previous studies that explored the doubly magic nature of 132Sn were indirect, deducing the doubly magic nature of 132Sn by studying the properties of its nuclear neighbours. In this new study, the HIE-ISOLDE/MINIBALL team examined 132Sn directly. The team took 132Sn isotopes produced by the ISOLDE facility, accelerated them in HIE-ISOLDE to an energy of 5.49 MeV per nucleon, and then focused them at a target of lead-206 (206Pb) inside the MINIBALL gamma-ray detector array. This excited the nucleons in the 132Sn nuclei to higher-energy states. These collective excitations, which have low chances of occurring, decayed with emission of gamma-ray photons, which MINIBALL detected. By analysing the number of gamma-ray photons detected, the authors measured the strengths of these excitations for the first time. From these strengths, they found more pronounced excitations in 132Sn compared to those of its nuclear neighbours. This was predicted by theory and is a crucial feature of doubly magic nuclei. It thus confirms the doubly magic nature of 132Sn. “These results were only possible due to a unique combination: ISOLDE, the prime facility for producing radioactive isotopes; the new HIE-ISOLDE accelerator, which provides the ideal energy per nucleon for this type of experiment; and MINIBALL, which can detect gamma rays from the decay of the excitations with high efficiency and superior energy resolution,” explains Peter Reiter, a member of the MINIBALL collaboration. If these results were not enough proof, the researchers also compared the observed strengths with several new state-of-the-art theoretical shell-model calculations for 132Sn, finding a remarkable agreement between the observations and all calculations. This further reinforces the conclusion that 132Sn is doubly magic. Who said physicists are not magicians? Note: CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research. Its business is fundamental physics, finding out what the Universe is made of and how it works. At CERN, the world’s largest and most complex scientific instruments are used to study the basic constituents of matter — the fundamental particles. By studying what happens when these particles collide, physicists learn about the laws of Nature. The instruments used at CERN are particle accelerators and detectors. Accelerators boost beams of particles to high energies before they are made to collide with each other or with stationary targets. Detectors observe and record the results of these collisions. Founded in 1954, the CERN Laboratory sits astride the Franco–Swiss border near Geneva. It was one of Europe’s first joint ventures and now has 22 Member States. Related links: Physical Review Letters: https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.252501 HIE-ISOLDE: https://home.cern/news/news/experiments/hie-isolde-nuclear-physics-gets-further-energy-boost ISOLDE facility: https://home.cern/science/experiments/isolde MINIBALL: http://isolde.web.cern.ch/experiments/miniball For more information about European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Visit: https://home.cern/ Image (mentioned), Text, Credits: CERN/Ana Lopes. Best regards, Orbiter.ch Full article

[arxt1]

The solar disk at high energies. (arXiv:2206.00964v1 [astro-ph.HE])

High energy cosmic rays "illuminate" the Sun and produce an image that could be observed in up to five different channels: a cosmic ray shadow (whose energy dependence has been studied by HAWC); a gamma ray flux (observed at $E\le 200$ GeV by Fermi-LAT); a muon shadow (detected by ANTARES and IceCube); a neutron flux (undetected, as there are no hadronic calorimeters in space); and a flux of high energy neutrinos. Since these signals are correlated, the ones already observed can be used to reduce the uncertainty in the still undetected ones. Here we define a simple set up that explains the Fermi-LAT and HAWC observations and implies very definite fluxes of neutrons and neutrinos from the solar disk. In particular, we provide a fit of the neutrino flux at 10 GeV-10 TeV that includes its dependence on the zenith angle and on the period of the solar cycle. This flux represents a "neutrino floor" in indirect dark matter searches. We show that in some benchmark models the current bounds on the dark matter-nucleon cross section push the solar signal below this neutrino floor.

from astro-ph.HE updates on arXiv.org https://ift.tt/UXtRPae

[cmjanaofficial]

Radio Activity is a Nuclear Phenomenon – Explain

Radio Activity is a Nuclear Phenomenon – Explain

Nuclei having N/P = 1 (N = neutron, P = Proton) are the most stable. Any departure from this nucleon ratio induces nuclear instability.  Nuclei with N/P > 1.5 becomes so unstable that they undergo spontaneous disintegration with the emission of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma rays producing new nuclei, and this transformation continued from nucleus to nucleus until a stable nucleus is formed. This…

[nucleon-artistry]

“The user fires a blast of nuclear radiation at the enemy.”

[tabibitoyama-universe]

Split of nucleons

In order to split the proton-neutron binding system into a proton and a neutron again, it is necessary to give the system at least the same energy as the emitted gamma ray energy. Then, the sum of the gamma ray energy (γ) and the energy added to the neutron (purple frame part) is returned to the vacuum space, and the nuclear force disappears. As a result, the proton-neutron binding system splits into a proton (p) and a neutron (n).

The sum of the emitted gamma ray energy and the energy added to the neutron is the total energy debt from the vacuum space. This is the potential energy associated with the nuclear force. The proton and neutron are released from the binding state by returning all the potential energy to the vacuum space.

When the proton-neutron binding system is given more energy than the potential energy, the system splits into a proton and a proton-muon combination, and the proton-muon combination decays into a free proton and a negative muon (μ-).