#g: subunit

[sunmisbf]

jiwon my latina sister

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 51, 2024

Learning depends on the information conveyed by temporal relationships between events and is reflected in the dopamine response to cues. Balsam, P. D., Simpson, E. H., Taylor, K., Kalmbach, A., & Gallistel, C. R. (2024). Science Advances, 10(36).

Inferred representations behave like oscillators in dynamic Bayesian models of beat perception. Cannon, J., & Kaplan, T. (2024). Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 122, 102869.

Different temporal dynamics of foveal and peripheral visual processing during fixation. de la Malla, C., & Poletti, M. (2024). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(37), e2408067121.

Organizing the coactivity structure of the hippocampus from robust to flexible memory. Gava, G. P., Lefèvre, L., Broadbelt, T., McHugh, S. B., Lopes-dos-Santos, V., Brizee, D., … Dupret, D. (2024). Science, 385(6713), 1120–1127.

Saccade size predicts onset time of object processing during visual search of an open world virtual environment. Gordon, S. M., Dalangin, B., & Touryan, J. (2024). NeuroImage, 298, 120781.

Selective consistency of recurrent neural networks induced by plasticity as a mechanism of unsupervised perceptual learning. Goto, Y., & Kitajo, K. (2024). PLOS Computational Biology, 20(9), e1012378.

Measuring the velocity of spatio-temporal attention waves. Jagacinski, R. J., Ma, A., & Morrison, T. N. (2024). Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 122, 102874.

Distinct Neural Plasticity Enhancing Visual Perception. Kondat, T., Tik, N., Sharon, H., Tavor, I., & Censor, N. (2024). Journal of Neuroscience, 44(36), e0301242024.

Applying Super-Resolution and Tomography Concepts to Identify Receptive Field Subunits in the Retina. Krüppel, S., Khani, M. H., Schreyer, H. M., Sridhar, S., Ramakrishna, V., Zapp, S. J., … Gollisch, T. (2024). PLOS Computational Biology, 20(9), e1012370.

Nested compressed co-representations of multiple sequential experiences during sleep. Liu, K., Sibille, J., & Dragoi, G. (2024). Nature Neuroscience, 27(9), 1816–1828.

On the multiplicative inequality. McCausland, W. J., & Marley, A. A. J. (2024). Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 122, 102867.

Serotonin release in the habenula during emotional contagion promotes resilience. Mondoloni, S., Molina, P., Lecca, S., Wu, C.-H., Michel, L., Osypenko, D., … Mameli, M. (2024). Science, 385(6713), 1081–1086.

A nonoscillatory, millisecond-scale embedding of brain state provides insight into behavior. Parks, D. F., Schneider, A. M., Xu, Y., Brunwasser, S. J., Funderburk, S., Thurber, D., … Hengen, K. B. (2024). Nature Neuroscience, 27(9), 1829–1843.

Formalising the role of behaviour in neuroscience. Piantadosi, S. T., & Gallistel, C. R. (2024). European Journal of Neuroscience, 60(5), 4756–4770.

Cracking and Packing Information about the Features of Expected Rewards in the Orbitofrontal Cortex. Shimbo, A., Takahashi, Y. K., Langdon, A. J., Stalnaker, T. A., & Schoenbaum, G. (2024). Journal of Neuroscience, 44(36), e0714242024.

Sleep Consolidation Potentiates Sensorimotor Adaptation. Solano, A., Lerner, G., Griffa, G., Deleglise, A., Caffaro, P., Riquelme, L., … Della-Maggiore, V. (2024). Journal of Neuroscience, 44(36), e0325242024.

Input specificity of NMDA-dependent GABAergic plasticity in the hippocampus. Wiera, G., Jabłońska, J., Lech, A. M., & Mozrzymas, J. W. (2024). Scientific Reports, 14, 20463.

Higher-order interactions between hippocampal CA1 neurons are disrupted in amnestic mice. Yan, C., Mercaldo, V., Jacob, A. D., Kramer, E., Mocle, A., Ramsaran, A. I., … Josselyn, S. A. (2024). Nature Neuroscience, 27(9), 1794–1804.

Infant sensorimotor decoupling from 4 to 9 months of age: Individual differences and contingencies with maternal actions. Ying, Z., Karshaleva, B., & Deák, G. (2024). Infant Behavior and Development, 76, 101957.

Learning to integrate parts for whole through correlated neural variability. Zhu, Z., Qi, Y., Lu, W., & Feng, J. (2024). PLOS Computational Biology, 20(9), e1012401.

[helen0086]

Efficient Preparation of Analytical Grade Phycocyanin from Spirulina

Abstract: In order to produce analytical grade C-Phycocyanin (C-Phycocyanin) with low cost and high efficiency, this paper used Spirulina obtusususus alginatus powder as the raw material, and extracted C-Phycocyanin with ultrasound coupled with high-pressure homogenization with high efficiency, and purified the extracted C-Phycocyanin through salting out, dialysis and glucose gel column G-75, so that the purity of the extracted C-Phycocyanin could reach the analytical grade, and the changes of the components in the purified extract were analyzed with SDS-PAGE and UV-absorbance. At the same time, SDS-PAGE and UV-absorbance were used to analyze the compositional changes in the purified extracts. The experimental results showed that the high pressure homogenization coupled with ultrasound method could effectively improve the yield of alginate blue protein, and the optimal combination of extraction conditions was as follows: 390 W ultrasound for 2 min, ultrasound 2 s/interval of 2 s, 60 MPa for 3 times, and the yields and purities of alginate blue protein in the crude extracts were 131.2 mg - g- 1 and 0.69, respectively, which increased 51.07% and 51.07% compared with those of the high pressure homogenization and ultrasound alone, respectively. The yield and purity (A620/A280 ) were 131 mg - g- 1 and 0.69, respectively, which were higher than those of high-pressure homogenization and sonication alone by 51.07% and 58.15%, respectively, and higher than those of the previous reports. After two steps of ammonium salting out (12% ammonium sulfate and 50% ammonium sulfate) and dialysis, the purity of alginate could be increased to 1.09 (＞0.7), and finally purified by 25-min glucose gel G-75 chromatography, the yields and purities of alginate (A620/A280) were 107.65 mg-g-1 and 4.23 (＞4.0), which were up to the standard of analytical grade, and the recoveries reached 82.05%, and the yields were higher than those reported in the previous report. The recoveries were 82.05%, and the L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ values of the analytical grade alginate were 58.07, - 15.44 and - 17.86, which were mainly related to the purity, concentration and the source of the raw materials. The use of SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis provides technical support for the production of analytical grade algal blue protein at low cost.

Because of its high nutritional value, Spirulina is widely used in human and animal health supplements, such as food and feed, pharmaceuticals and personal care, etc. Among all the functional components, the protein content is the highest (up to 60% ~ 70% of the dry weight), and the content of essential amino acids reaches up to 8%, which makes Spirulina an all-natural protein food source with comprehensive nutrition[1-2] . According to the difference of absorption spectrum, the algal bile protein in Spirulina is mainly divided into C-phyco cyanin (C-phyco cyanin), A-phyco cya- nin (A-PC) and R-phyco cyanin (R-PC), of which the algal cyanin accounts for 20% of the dry weight of Spirulina, and can be used as a natural pigment in food, cosmetics, etc.[3] . It can be used as a natural coloring for food, cosmetics and so on[3] . Phycocyanin is a kind of multi-chain protein, mainly composed of α-subunit (two cysteine and two methionine residues) and β-subunit (three cysteine and five methionine residues), in which each subunit contains 160 ~ 180 amino acid sequence, and α3 β3 cyclic triplet and (α3 β3 )2 hexamer are the main forms of phycocyanin[4] . Meanwhile, the chromophore of phycocyanin is mainly derived from phycocyanin (linear tetrapyrrole compound), which is connected to the carrier protein through the thioether bond. C phycocyanin solution shows cobalt blue in water, while A-PC solution is bright water blue, and the maximum absorption wavelengths of C phycocyanin and A-PC are 620 and 652 nm, respectively[5] .

C phycocyanin is a kind of natural blue compound of algal blue protein which has been widely exploited, according to the purity grade of the ratio of the characteristic peak absorbance at 620 nm to the absorbance of the protein at 280 nm, when A620/A280 ≥ 0.7, the CPC is the food grade; when A620/A280 is 0.7~3.9, the C phycocyanin is the reagent grade; when A620/A280 ≥ 4.0, the C phycocyanin is the analytical grade[6] . When A620/A280 ≥4.0, CPC is analytical grade[6] . The higher the purity of C-cyhalocyanin, the higher its commercial value, and the price of food-grade C-cyhalocyanin is in the range of 0.9 Yuan-mg-1 , while the price of analytical-grade C-cyhalocyanin is about 105 Yuan-mg-1 [7]. In addition, it was previously reported in the literature that high-purity phycocyanin has bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and immunofluorescent properties, and can be used as a pharmaceutical ingredient in healthcare as a natural ideal substance without toxic side effects [8-9], therefore, large quantities of high-purity phycocyanin have become an urgent need for realizing the high-value applications of phycocyanin at the present time.

Currently, physical, chemical and biological methods have been reported for the extraction of cyanobacterial proteins from Spirulina, such as ultrasonication, high pressure homogenization, repeated freezing and thawing, chemical solvents and enzyme processing[10-13] . Wanida[14] and others used Spirulina powder as raw material, and ultrasonic cell crushing method, 10 mmol -L-1 phosphate buffer, material-liquid ratio of 1:15, power of 750 W, time of 5 min, the final yield and purity of C albicans were 60 mg-g-1 and 0.52 mg-g-1, respectively. Tavanandi[15] et al. used Spirulina powder as raw material to extract algal blue protein by freeze-thawing method under the following conditions: 0.1 mol -L-1 phosphate buffer, 1:8 ratio of material to liquid, soaking for 4 h, freeze-thawing for 4 h, thawing for 1 h, and the yields and purities of C algal blue protein were 73.73 mg - g- 1 and 0.66, respectively.

Currently, there are some shortcomings in the methods of C alginate extraction, such as the use of ultrasonic cell fragmentation or freeze-thawing alone, the yield and purity of C alginate are relatively low, and freeze-thawing is more time-consuming, and chemical and enzymatic methods are more costly. The main purification techniques for C alginate include salting out[16] , column chromatography[17] , dual-phase extraction[15] , and membrane filtration[18] .  Marina[19] and others used 50 ml of water for the analysis of the membrane filtration. Marina[19] and others utilized 50 kDa polyethersulfone membrane to ultrafiltrate the crude extract of cyanobacterial blue protein, and the purity of C cyanobacterial blue protein was increased to 1.5, and then after passing through an ion exchange column, the final purity of C cyanobacterial blue protein was 3.9, and its recovery was 79.7%.  Ravi[20] et al. extracted the crude extract of C alginate from ultrasonic cell crushing, after 20%, 70% ammonium sulfate two-step starching, and then by DEAE-Cellulose anion-exchange column chromatography, the purity of analytical-grade C alginate was 4. 03. The existing technology of C alginate separation and purification has the problems of instability, unsuitable for large-scale application and low recovery rate[21] , in order to promote the deep processing of C alginate and its high-value application, low-cost, efficient and rapid production of high-purity C alginate has become the main direction of the current research.

Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to identify the molecular weight and color of the analytical grade C alginate obtained by ultrasonication-coupled high-pressure extraction-P,H, and, at the same time, to identify the molecular weight and color of the analytical grade C alginate obtained by SDS-PAGE and color analysis, so as to provide technological support for the low-cost and high efficiency of production of spirochaetal alginate and its high-value applications.

1 Materials and Methods

1.1 Raw materials, reagents and instruments

Raw material of Spirulina dried algae powder (Jiangxi Zhongzhao Bio-technology Co., Ltd.); Ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, barium chloride, etc. are analytically pure (Guangzhou Xilan Science Co., Ltd.); Dialysis bag (8 000 ~ 14 000 Da, Beijing Soleilbao Science and Technology Co., Ltd.); Dextran gel column G-75 (Beijing Soleilbao Science and Technology Co., Ltd.); Electrophoresis kit (Beijing Soleilbao Science and Technology Co., Ltd.); Low-molecular-weight Marker (Beijing Soleilbao Science and Technology Co., Ltd.); Low-molecular-weight Marker (Beijing Soleilbao Science and Technology Co., Ltd.). Molecular Weight Marker (Beijing Soleilbao Technology Co., Ltd.); Electrophoresis Kit (Beijing Soleilbao Technology Co., Ltd.)

UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-9000, Shanghai Yuan Analytical Instrument Co., Ltd.); desktop high-speed freezing centrifuge (H1850R, Hunan Xiang Instrument Laboratory Instrument Development Co., Ltd.); computerized ultraviolet chromatography (HD-3001, Shanghai Jiapeng Technology Co., Ltd.); high-pressure homogenizer (GJJ-0.06/100, Shanghai Taichi-Tongyi Light Industry Equipment Co., Ltd.); ultrasonic cell pulverizer (Ningbo Xinzhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.); electrophoresis system (Bio-BAD); gel image analyzer (WD-9400, Ningbo Xinzhi Bioscience and Technology Co. Ltd.); ultrasonic cell pulverizer (Ningbo Xinzhi Bio-technology Co., Ltd.); electrophoresis system (Bio-BAD Co., Ltd.); gel image analyzer (WD-9413C, Beijing Liuyi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.); colorimeter (TS7700, Shenzhen Sanyanshi Technology Co., Ltd.). 1.2 Optimization of extraction method and conditions of algal blue protein

1.2. 1 High-pressure homogenized extraction

50.0 g of spirulina powder was taken, and 1.0 L of ultrapure water was added to prepare spirulina solution, which was then processed in a high-pressure homogenizer for three times consecutively at the pressures of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 MPa, and the treated algal slurry was centrifuged for 10 min at 8000 r-min-1. The supernatant was subjected to a full-wavelength scanning (200-800 nm) and the absorbance at 620 and 280 nm was determined, The absorbance at 620, 280 and 652 nm was measured, and the yield and purity of the extracted algal blue protein were calculated at different pressures, and the above experiments were repeated three times.

1.2.2 Ultrasonic extraction

50.0 g of Spirulina powder was taken in a 2.0 L beaker and 1.0 L of ultrapure water was added. The cells were broken at 390 W for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 min after 2 s of ultrasonication, and the ultrasonic cell breakage was carried out in a water bath at 4 ℃ to prevent overheating. After sonication, the samples were centrifuged at 4 ℃ for 10 min at 8000 r-min-1, and the supernatant was subjected to ultraviolet scanning at full wavelength (200-800 nm), and the absorbance at 620, 280 and 652 nm was measured to calculate the yield and purity of the algal cyanine protein obtained from different sonication times, and the above experiments were repeated three times.

1.2.3 Ultrasound-coupled high-pressure homogenization method for extraction of algal blue protein

The optimal conditions for the extraction of algal blue protein by ultrasonic crushing were 390 W, 2 s of ultrasonic power, 2 s of ultrasonic intervals, and a total processing time of 2 min; the optimal processing pressure for the extraction of algal blue protein by high-pressure homogenization was 60 MPa for three times. 50.0 g of Spirulina powder was taken into a 2.0 L beaker, and 1.0 L of ultrapure water was added and stirred well, then the cells were broken under the optimal conditions of ultrasonic crushing/high-pressure homogenization, and the broken solution was centrifuged at 4 ℃ for 10 min under the condition of 8,000 r - min-1, and the supernatant was subjected to the full-wavelength scanning (200-800 nm) and the absorbance at 620, 280, and 652 nm was measured. The absorbance at 620, 280 and 652 nm was measured, and the yield and purity of alginate obtained were calculated[22] , and the above experiments were repeated three times.

1.2.4 Determination of alginate (C alginate) content and purity

The absorbance at 620, 280 and 652 nm was measured, and the concentration, yield and purity of phycocyanin were calculated according to Eqs. 1~3[13] : Purity = A620 /A280     

 (1) where C:A- n,2 ,Ag6 21n∗ protein solution ()

The absorbance at 620,280,652 nm, C is the concentration of phycocyanin by volume (mg - mL-1 ), m is the mass of Spirulina powder (g), and V is the volume of phycocyanin solution (mL).

1.3 Salting and dialysis of algal blue proteins

The algal slurry obtained from the treatment was centrifuged in a freezing centrifuge at 4 ℃ and 8 000 r - min- 1 speed for 10 min, and the supernatant was taken, and the ammonium sulfate was added to 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15% ammonium sulfate, and then stored in the refrigerator at 4 ℃ for 6 h, and then centrifuged at 8 000 r - min- 1 speed for 10 min, and then the supernatant was further supplemented with ammonium sulfate up to 50%, and then stored in a dialysis bag (8 000 ~ 14 000 Da) for 6 h at 4 ℃, and centrifuged at 4 ℃, 8 000 r - min- 1 for 10 min. The supernatant was further replenished with ammonium sulfate to 50%, stored at 4 ℃ for 6 h and centrifuged at 4 ℃ for 10 min at 8 000 r - min- 1. The resulting precipitate was dialyzed by dialysis bag (8 000 ~ 14 000 Da) for 12 h, and the endpoint of dialysis was examined by barium chloride.

1.4 Algae blue protein purification by column chromatography

A dextran gel column G-75 was used to further purify the dialyzed desalted samples. The dried dextran gel powder was soaked in distilled water for 24 h. The column was shaped as 2 cm × 50 cm with a bed height of 30 cm. The dextran gel bed was rinsed with PBS buffer pH 7.0 to bring the packing material into anionic and cationic equilibrium. The dialyzed samples were eluted with 0.1 mol-L-1 NaCl in a gradient (elution rate: 0.5 mL-min-1 ), and the samples were collected in tubes every 5 min. The absorbance at 620, 280 and 652 nm of the collected samples was measured and the concentration and purity of phycocyanin were calculated. The fraction with the highest purity was then scanned at full wavelength from 200 to 800 nm.

1.5 SDS-gel electrophoresis

The mass fraction of the separator was 15% and that of the concentrator was 5%. The electrophoresis voltage in the concentrated gel was 80 V for 30 min, and then 120 V for 120 min. After electrophoresis, the color was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue for 30 min, and the color was removed by decolorizing solution of acetic acid:dot:water = 1:1:8 until the color was removed.

1.6 Determination of color

The color was measured by TS7700 colorimeter, the light source for color measurement was D65, the spot diameter was 8 mm, 5 measurement points were selected evenly, and the colorimeter was calibrated with black and white boards, then the L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ value of each measurement point was measured and averaged, where L ∗ represents the brightness of the sample.

1.7 Experimental processing and statistical methods of data

The experimental data were analyzed using Origin Pro 9.0 and SPSS 9.0 software. All data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and each group of experiments was repeated more than three times to ensure the accuracy of the data. Different letters represent significant differences between the data (P<0.05).

2 Results and analysis

2.1 High-pressure homogenization extraction of algal blue protein

High-pressure homogenization is a rapid method for cell breakage, which is mainly used to break the cell membrane by high pressure, and finally, the intracellular components are released[24] . Figure 1A shows the yield and purity of phycocyanin obtained from 50 g-L-1 Spirulina solution after three consecutive treatments at different pressures. The results showed that the C phycocyanin yield increased significantly with the increase of treatment pressure and reached a maximum value of 88.15 mg-g-1 at 60 MPa, and then there was no significant difference as the pressure continued to increase. In addition, the purity of C phycocyanin (A620/A280) increased significantly with increasing pressure, and was maintained at 0.63-0.66 (<0.7) from 20 to 60 MPa, and decreased to about 0.53 as the pressure was further increased to 80 MPa.

The main reason may be that with the increase of the treatment pressure, the damage to the cell wall and cell membrane was gradually increased, resulting in the dissolution of more C-protein in the cells, and finally the C-PC production was increased[15] . At 0~20 MPa, with the increase of pressure, the dissolution of phycocyanin in the cell increased significantly, and the purity of C-PC was also increased to the maximum value, and then with the increase of pressure to 80 MPa, the destruction of the cell wall was further increased, and the nucleic acid, sugars, lipids and other substances in the cell were released, and the purity of C-PC was decreased. Figure 1B shows the ultraviolet scanning map of Spirulina C alginate obtained at 60 MPa (200-800 nm), which showed that C alginate had the maximum absorption peak at 620 nm, which was basically consistent with the characteristic peaks of the previously reported alginate, indicating that the treatment of Spirulina C at 60 MPa had no effect on the structure of the alginate. Therefore, 60 MPa was selected as the optimum pressure for the extraction of C alginate from Spirulina sp. by high pressure homogenization method, taking into account the cost-effectiveness of extraction energy consumption.

Fig. 1 Effect of different treatment pressures on the yield and purity of C alginate and UV scan (60 MPa).

2.2 Ultrasonic extraction of algal blue protein

Ultrasonic cell disruption through ultrasound to break the cell wall of biological tissues, promote the release of extractable compounds within the cell wall, enhance the solvent from the continuous phase into the cell, increase the release of compounds within the cell to increase the yield of extracted intracellular material[25] . Figure 2A shows the effect of sonication time on the yield and purity of phycocyanin. The results showed that the yield of C alginate increased significantly to 81.29 mg-g-1 in the first 2 min, then there was no significant difference in the yield in 2~4 min, and the yield decreased significantly to 68.62 mg-g-1 with the further extension of the time to the end of 6 min. Due to the cavitation and mechanical effects of ultrasound, the cell wall can be broken and the intracellular substances can be outflowed in a very short time[26] , which can increase the solubility of C-cell cyanobacterial proteins and thus increase the yield of C-cell cyanobacterial proteins. Under the condition of 2~4 min, ultrasonic waves had no significant effect on the cell wall disruption with the increase of time, and the yield was almost unchanged.

With the increase of sonication time (4~6 min), the system may produce too much heat, which may lead to the denaturation of C alginate, resulting in the decrease of the yield. At the same time, with the increase of ultrasonication time, the intracellular impurities continued to be leached out, and the purity of C alginate (A620/A280) decreased significantly from 0.6 to 0.48 (Fig. 2A). Figure 2B shows the ultraviolet scanning map (200-800 nm) of Spirulina C alginate obtained by ultrasonication for 2 min. The results showed that C alginate had the maximum absorption peak at 620 nm, which was basically consistent with the characteristic peaks of the previously reported alginate, and indicated that ultrasonication for 2 min had no effect on the structure of the alginate. Therefore, 2 min was chosen as the optimum time for ultrasonic extraction of algal cyanobacterial proteins, taking into account the cost-effectiveness of extraction energy consumption.

2.3 Extraction of algal blue proteins by ultrasound and high pressure homogenization

Fig. 3 shows the effect of high-pressure homogenization coupled with ultrasonication on the extraction of cyanobacterial proteins from Spirulina under the optimal conditions of high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. As shown in Fig. 3A, the yield of C-PC obtained by high pressure homogenization coupled with ultrasonication was significantly higher than that obtained by high pressure homogenization or ultrasonication, but the purity of C-PC was significantly lower than that obtained by high pressure homogenization or ultrasonication. The maximum yield of C- PC obtained by high pressure homogenization coupled with ultrasonication was 131.2 mg-g-1 , followed by high pressure homogenization + ultrasonication (124.3 mg-g-1 ), high pressure homogenization (86.85 mg-g-1 ), and ultrasonication (82.96 mg-g-1 ), which increased the yields of C- PC by 51.07% and 58.15% compared with that obtained by high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication, respectively. The yields were 51.07% and 58.15% higher than those obtained by high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication respectively.

The main reason for this is that the destruction of cell walls and cell membranes by the HPHMA coupled ultrasound method is much higher than that of the individual treatment, and the cell contents such as proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophylls and polysaccharides were dissolved in large quantities, which finally led to a significant increase in the algal blue protein content and the lowest purity (0.69)[15] . The results showed that the efficiency of alginate extraction by this coupling method was much higher than that of previous literature reports, such as Tavanandi[15] and others, who used four freeze-thawing methods for 4 h to extract alginate with a yield of 73.73 mg-g-1 ; Pan-utai[26] and others, who utilized ultrasonication to extract the alginate with a yield of 60 mg-g-1 after 5 min extraction; Ilter[27] and others, who used homogenization to obtain C-alginate with a yield of 0.69 mg-g-1 ; and others, who used the homogenization method to obtain C-alginate with a yield of 0.69 mg-g-1 . Ilter[27] et al. obtained a yield of 67.61 mg-g-1 of C alginate by homogenization; Kaferbock[28] et al. obtained a yield of 119.48 mg-g-1 of C alginate by pulsed electric field treatment for 7 h. Therefore, in order to obtain a higher yield of C alginate, it is important to use the same method as that used for the extraction of C alginate by ultrasonic extraction. Therefore, in order to obtain a higher yield of cyanobacterial protein, ultrasonication + high pressure homogenization was used as the most suitable extraction method for C alginate in the subsequent experiments.

Figure 3B shows the ultraviolet full-wavelength scanning results of C phycocyanin obtained by the four methods, and the results show that the samples obtained by the four extraction methods have four absorption peaks at 280, 400~450, 620, and 670 nm, respectively. Previous studies have shown that 280 nm is the characteristic absorption peak of protein, 400~450 nm is the characteristic absorption peak of carotenoid, 620 nm is the characteristic absorption peak of phycocyanin, and 670 nm is the characteristic absorption peak of chlorophyll[29] . From 3B, it can be seen that the samples extracted by the four methods have higher absorption peaks at 280 and 620 nm, indicating that the main substance in the extract is phycocyanin; and the absorption peaks of the sample extracted by ultrasonication + high-pressure homogenization are higher than those of the other three curves, indicating that this extraction method has the highest yield of C phycocyanin, but it contains more impurities, and its purity is lower than that of the other three methods, which is in agreement with the results of Fig. 3A. This is consistent with the results of Fig. 3A.

2.4 Ammonium sulfate salting out and dialysis purification of algal blue proteins

Purification of C alginate using ammonium sulfate is based on the principles of salting out and salting out. At low concentrations, ammonium sulfate surrounds the protein molecules, which are salted (solubilized). At high concentrations, the salt ions are very strong and bind more easily to water molecules. The binding of salt to water molecules leads to an increase in the attraction between protein molecules, which results in hydrophobic interactions and a decrease in the solubility of the protein molecules, leading to the formation of a precipitate[30] . From Fig. 4, it can be seen that the purity of C alginate increased and then decreased with the increase of ammonium sulfate concentration. When the concentration of ammonium sulfate was 12%, the purity of C-PC (A620/A280) reached the maximum value (1.09), and then decreased to 0.76. The purity of C-PC (A620/A280) reached the maximum value (1.09), and then decreased to 0.76. In addition, with the increase of ammonium sulfate concentration, the recovery of C-PC in the supernatant remained unchanged at about 90% from 10% to 12% of ammonium sulfate concentration, and then decreased significantly to about 69.5% with the increase of ammonium sulfate concentration to 15%.

 The main reason may be due to the principle of salt solubilization, at the beginning of ammonium sulfate can make impurities (chlorophyll, carotenoids, etc.) precipitated, and the target product will not be lost, so in the supernatant of C alginate recovery remains unchanged and the purity of the increase. With the increase of ammonium sulfate concentration (>12%), too much ammonium sulfate can make the C alginate precipitate down and the target product will be lost, so the recovery of C alginate in the supernatant decreased. Therefore, in this experiment, 12% ammonium sulfate was used as the first step of salting-out to dissolve the cyanobacterial protein, and then the concentration of ammonium sulfate was increased to 50% to precipitate C alginate completely for subsequent purification.

2.5 Glucan Gel G-75 Purification of Algal Blue Protein

Gel column chromatography (GCC) is a method to separate and purify proteins based on their relative molecular masses. Previous studies have shown that C alginate is structurally composed of two peptide chains, i.e., α-unit (13-20.5 kDa) and β-unit (11-24.4 kDa)[30] . The separation range of dextran gel G-75 is about 3~80 kDa, therefore, dextran gel G-75 was chosen for the purification of C alginate cyanobacteria.

Figure 5a shows the elution curves of C-PC at the absorbance of 280 and 620 nm. At 25 min elution time, the elution peaks appeared at 280 and 620 nm, and the absorbance value at 620 nm was much larger than that at 280 nm, and the purity of A620/A280 reached the maximum value of 4.20 (analytical grade ＞4.0), which may be due to the fact that the heteroprotein with a larger amount of molecules needed shorter time to pass through the dextran gel column G-75, and the heteroprotein with a smaller amount needed longer time to be separated from C-protein [Figure 5a]. The reason for this may be that it takes a shorter time for the larger heteroproteins to pass through the dextran gel column G-75, while the smaller heteroproteins take a longer time to separate from C alginate[29] , resulting in a decrease in the absorption peak at 280 nm. The purity of C-PC can be improved by separating the heteroproteins from C alginate by column analysis. Therefore, 25 min is the optimal time for the purification of phycocyanin by dextran gel G-75 column.

Figure 5b shows that the UV scan of the algal blue protein collected after 25 min of dextran gel G-75, the absorbance at 620 nm showed a large increase, and the absorbance at 280 nm showed a slight decrease, which was mainly due to the removal of heteroproteins after dextran gel G-75, and the decrease in absorbance at 280 nm, 300~400 nm, and the weak peak at 300~400 nm may be caused by the absorption of disulfide bonds in the protein. The weak peak at 300~400 nm may be caused by the absorption of disulfide bonds in the protein. After the dextran gel G-75, the purity of C alginate was further increased from 0.85 to 4.2, which reached the analytical purity.

2.6 SDS-PAGE and color of analytical grade algal blue protein

After two steps of salting out, dialysis and 25 min column chromatography, the purified sample was freeze-dried, and the yield of analytical alginate was 107.65 mg-g-1 with a purity of 4.23, and the recovery rate reached 82.05%. Figure 6 shows the SDS-PAGE and color of the analytical grade alginate. From Fig. 6a, it can be seen that the electrophoretic lane of alginate dialyzed after salting out had more bands and the bands were not obvious, which indicated that the sample obtained had more impurities and lower purity. On the other hand, the purified phycocyanin by dextran gel G-75 column chromatography showed fewer and clearer bands, indicating that most of the impurities were removed by column chromatography. Thus, the electrophoretic bands showed the target protein and the purification result was satisfactory, which was consistent with the purity results of phycocyanin obtained in Figure 4 and Figure 5a. In addition, the molecular weight of C alginate was assessed to be about 17 kDa by comparison with the Marker sample. This is basically consistent with the molecular weight reported in previous papers and others[31] . Figure 6b shows the color values of phycocyanin obtained after column chromatography purification, with a brightness (L ∗ value) of 58.07, a redness (a ∗ ) of - 15.44, and a yellowness off[32] .

3 Conclusion

In this paper, we investigated the separation and purification process of analytical grade C alginate from Spirulina, in order to produce analytical grade C alginate with low cost and high efficiency. Firstly, the pressure of high pressure homogenization and the ultrasonic time of ultrasonic method were optimized respectively, and the optimal conditions of the two methods were used together to improve the high knotting of C alginate by 51.07% and 58.15% compared with different treatment methods and higher than that of the previous report. The salt concentration of ammonium sulfate on alginate was optimized(1) . After purification by column chromatography on an ammonium-pressure, min-glucose gel column G-75, the yield and purity of alginate were 107.65 mg-g-1 and 4.23 (> 4.0), respectively, and the recovery rate reached 82.05%. In addition, the purity and molecular weight (17 kDa) of the purified C alginate were verified by SDS-PAGE, and the results were basically consistent with those of previous reports. In this paper, we improved the traditional extraction and purification process to produce analytical grade C alginate with high efficiency and low cost, which can provide technical support for the wide application of analytical grade C alginate in Spirulina.

References.

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[2] Cao Leipeng, Duan Dengle, Li Zihan, et al. Effects of growth factors in Spirulina culture[J]. Journal of Process Engineering .2017 ,17(3) :433-439.

[3] MAHDIEH S ,HADI M,HAMIDREZA S ,et al.Development ment of a novel method for the purification of C- phycocyanin pigment from a local cyanobacterial strain Limnothrix sp. NS01 and evaluation of its anticancer properties[J].Scientific Reports ,2019 ,9(1) :175-1420.

[4] CAMPOS A D A ,CAVALCANTE B R ,SALA L ,et al. Colour stability and antioxidant activity of C-phyco- cyanin-added ice creams after in vitro digestion[J]. Food Research International ,2020 ,137 :109602.

[5] NIU H F ,WANG G C ,LIN X Z ,et al. Large-scale re covery of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis usingexpanded bed adsorption chromatography[J]. Journal of Chromatography B ,2007 ,850(1) :267-276.

[6] MING H ,GUSTAVO C ,MARIO A ,et al. Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin : Strategies to improve production yield and chemical stability[J]．Algal Research , 2019 , 42 :101600.

[7] KAFERBOCK A ,SMETANA S ,DEVOS R ,et al. Sus- tainable extraction of valuable components from Spir- ulina assisted by pulsed electric fields technology[J]. Algal Research ,2020 ,48 :101914.

[8] DINICOLANTONIO J J , BHAT A G , OKEEFE J. Effects of Spirulina on weight loss and blood lipids :a review[J].Open Heart ,2020 ,7(1) :e001003.

[9] Ren Shuncheng, Cao Yue, Li Linzheng, et al. Progress in the study of natural food coloring algal blue egg white[J]. Food Research and Development .2021 ,41(7) :203-208.

[10] LI Y , ZHANG Z , PACIULLI M, et al. Extraction of phycocyanin-A natural blue colorant from dried Spir- ulina biomass :Influence of Extraction of phycocyanin-A natural blue colorant from dried Spir- ulina biomass :Influence of processing parameters and extraction techniques [J].Journal of Food science , 2020 ,85(3) :727-735.

[11] CARULLO D ,DONSI F ,FERRARI G , et al. Extrac- tion improvement of water-soluble compounds from Arthro spira platensis through the combination of high- shear homogenization and pulsed electric fields[J].Al- gal Research ,2021 ,57 :102341.

[12] AFTARI R V ,REZAEI K ,BANDANI A ,et al. Antiox- idant activity optimization of Spirulina platensis C-phy- cocyanin obtained by freeze-thaw , microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods[J].Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods ,2017 ,9(1) :1- 9.

[13] TAVANANDI H A ,RAGHAVARAO K. Ultrasound- assisted enzymatic extraction of natural food colorant C-P hycocyanin from dry biomass of Arthro spira plat- ensis[J].LWT-Food Science&Technology , 2020 , 118 , 108802.

[14] WANIDA P ,SIRILUCK I. Physical extraction and ex- trusion entrapment of C-phycocyanin from Arthro spira platensis[J].Journal of King Saud University-Science , 2019 ,31(4) :1535-1542.

[15] TAVANANDI H A,MITTAL R,CHANDRASEKHAR J ,et al. Simple and efficient method for extraction of C- Phycocyanin from dry biomass of Artho spira platensis [J].Algal Research ,2018 ,31 :239-251.

[16] YU Shukun, YUE Sijun, LI Min, et al. Separation and purification of phycocyanin from Spirulina obtususus[J]. Food Science and Technology ,2019 ,44(05) :248-252.

[17] PINAKI H ,GARGI S K. Isolation and purification of phycocyanin from cyanobacteria of a mangrove forest[J].Applied Biological Chemistry , 2017 , 60 ( 6) : 631- 636.

[18] GARCI A-LOPEZ D A , OLGUIN E J ,GONZALEZ- PORTELA R E , et al. A novel two-phase bioprocess for the production of Arthro spira (Spirulina) maxima LJGR1 at pilot plant scale during different seasons and for phycocyanin induction under controlled conditions [J].Bioresource technology,2020 ,298 :122548.

[19] MARINA C A A ,ANNA R C B ,LUISA S ,et al. De- sign strategies for C-phycocyanin purification : process influence on purity grade[J]．Separation and Purifica- tion Technology,2020 ,252 :117453.

[20] RAVI R.S ,STUTI P ,BELA B ,et al. Purification and antioxidant activity of phycocyanin from synchronous sp.R42DM isolated from industrially polluted site[J]. Bioresource Technology,2017 ,245 :325-331.

[21] GUO Jing, WANG Feng, CUI Zhenggang, et al. Separation and purification of alginate by expanded bed-solid bed chromatography[J]. FOOD SCIENCE ,2013 ,24(10):107- 111.

[22] LAI Zihan, CAO Leipeng, LIU Tongying, et al. Optimization of microwave sterilization process for dried spirulina powder[J]. Journal of Nanchang University(Science) ,2020 ,4 :363-369.

[23] Cao Leipeng, Fan Yuxia, Huang Yiquan, et al. Computer vision-based color determination system for catfish meat[J]. Food Science ,2017 ,38(15) :135-139.

[24] ELAIN A ,NKOUNKOU C ,FELLIC M L ,et al. Green extraction of polysaccharides from Arthro spira platen- sis using high pressure homogenization[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology,2020 ,32(3) :1719-1727.

[25] BACHCHHAV M,INGALE A ,KULKARNI M.Re- cent developments in production of C-phycocyanin andIts application through biotechnological perspective [J]. Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences ,2016 ,13 (2) :25-29.

[26] PANUTAI W ,LAMTHAM S. Physical extraction and extrusion entrapment of C-phycocyanin from Arthro- spira platensis[J].Journal of King Saud University-Sci- ence ,2019 ,31 :1535-1542.

[27] IlTER I ,AKYIL S ,DEMIREL Z ,et al. Optimization of phycocyanin extraction from Spirulina platensis using different techniques[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis ,2018 ,70 :78-88.

[28] KAFERBOCK A ,SMETANA S ,DEVOS R ,et al. Sus- tainable extraction of valuable components from Spir- ulina assisted by pulsed electric fields technology[J]. Algal Research ,2020 ,48 :101914.

[29] Wukang, Wang Jiaquan, Zhao Bingbing, et al. Characterization and mechanism analysis of ultraviolet-visible spectra of algal bile protein purified by column chromatography[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis ,2020 ,40(4) :1107-1112.

[30] ZHAO Bingbing,ZHANG Fayu,CHEN Yu,et al. Extraction and Stabilization of Cyanobacterial Blue Algae from Fresh Cyanobacteria in Chaohu Lake by Four-Step Salt Dialysis[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering , 2016 , 10 (5) :2302-2308.

[31] FERNANDEZ-ROJAS B , HERNANDEZ-JUAREZ J , PEDRAZA-CHAVERRI J. Nutraceutical properties of phycocyanin[J].Journal of Functional Foods ,2014 ,11 : 375-392.

[32] CHENTIR I ,HAMDI M,LI S ,et al. Stability,bio-func- tionality and bio-activity of crude phycocyanin from a two-phase cultured saharian Arthro spira sp. Strain[J]. Algal Research ,2018 ,35 :395-406.

#Phycocyanin #Spirulina #cPhycocyanin #Phycocyaninpowder

[aloysiavirgata]

Rewatched Quagmire and I just think Mulder would like to know that when I teach the role of G-protein coupled receptors in signal transduction I show how the 7 intramembrane helices with the extracellular receptor and the intracellular binding region make it look like a sea monster chomping on a swimmer and then it gets so excited its tail flicks the alpha subunit away.

[chanquokka]

5, 11, 21, 35

5. who was your very first bias?

channie!!!! and he's still my bias hafsk when seungmin said ppl atleast have some change in themselves after they pass 25 but yea not me and chan both.

11. the last photo of an idol u have saved in ur camera roll?

ive no idea where its from but this is fated for u jess <3

21. your favorite debuts?

LOONA's Hi High!!!! all time win. tripleS's, esp when their first subunit and its debut album had come out!! stayc, cignature, even tho their second release arisong won my heart more. i really like girl groups but dont follow them closely so i miss a lot of debuts! oh and. twice's ooh-aah, what a slay.

35. a song everyone seems to like but you?

answered better here, but new jeans discography (never got into them) queencard, tomboy by g-idle. ty for asking jess !!

kpop ask game!

[isagrimorie]

Because it's not gonna happen anytime soon I'm going to try to guess the plots and arcs Star Trek Legacy might touch on:

Romulans since Seven spent the better part of 20 years patrolling what was once the Romulan Neutral Zone. Raffi was an expert on Romulan affairs, and if Elnor returns he could add more of Romulan Qowat Milat flair.

Jurati Borg Collective and the xBs on Coppelius. The implications of the Borgs joining the Federation. Especially after Federation Day.

Enterprise-G exploring what's beyond the new Transwerp the Jurati Borg are guarding.

More episodic to serial arc, 3-episode arc type of thing ala Andor, even a bit like SNW. Two Enterprise shows for the price of one!

Crossover episodes! Holodeck episodes! Shenanigans! Character-centric episodes so we learn more about the Bridge crew. Time loop episodes! 2 episode Time Travel episodes.

MOAR SUBMARINE-TYPE SPACE BATTLES.

MOAR SHIP PORN. Yes, I have come to accept I am that kind of Trek fan.

Day in the Life of the Enterprise XO. Or Raffi's no good, very bad day. Time Loop. Aka, like that one episode where Buffy had to repeat a day. And like that X-Files episode.

Delving mOAR about the complexities of Seven of Nine, Human and Borg. Seven reviving her love of science and engineering. The internal life of Seven of Nine and how she sees herself. Her love of Raffi. And as one fanfic posited, Seven of Nine asking Raffi to be her First Officer is the closest way Seven can ask for a committed relationship.

Voyager crew guest star!

NAOMI WILDMAN, SUBUNIT OF SAMANTHA WILDMAN.

Sidney LaForge also has an 'I! Fly! The! Ship!' moment. The Cook-Pilot reports to Sidney!

Dr. Ohk's Horrible No Good Terrible Bad Day redux.

Seven getting a Dutch from Killjoys moment where someone takes over the ship and threatens Seven's crew, triggering a: "The monster isn't out there with the crew. I'm the monster." And kicks bad guy's ass.

A HEIST EPISODE. Raffi is the lead because she's a goddamned spy.

More than 10 episode seasons, please!

A Seven/Raffi-centric episode.

[just-a-ghost00]

About UK 🥂

note : I will add the different video extracts and photos later on Scene name : UK Full name : Jeong Yeong-Uk | 정영육

Nationality : South Korean Date of birth : 14.05.1995, time and city of birth are unknown Blood type : A

Facts :

He was part of a Jpop band called Apeace from 2010 to 2021. The band originally consisted of 21 artists divided into three subunits of 7 members. But then the number of members decreased with time. The artists were all South Korean and produced under the label Xing Entertainment.

Yeonguk was part of the Lapis5 subunit. In an interview recently given in France, as he was one of the artist guests at Japan Expo, he explaine that his band used to perform regularly in a theater and that his subunit would produce up to 18 times a month. (X)

In the same interview, he explained that he practiced Taekwondo as a child and intended to become a professional martial artist. However, for personal reasons, he could not achieve that goal. He thus thought about what he wanted to do in life and came up to the conclusion that he loved being in movement above anything else. He thus took interest in dancing and singing.

He also participated to the program G-EGG. He was a part of Team D with 4 other artists. This project was meant to form a band of both Japanese and Korean artists.

He debuted his solo career in 2021 with the title CHECKMATE, during the pandemic. Back then he was back in Korea. Shortly after, he had to do his military service. He said he also had the opportunity to focus on his studies. (X)

He is a Michael Jackson fan. He loves dancing and is good at beatboxing. (I was able to witness that in person, he's really good at it. Also I could sense his Michael Jackson influences. Looking back at it, he did a lot of Moonwalk inspired moves, his gesture and the fluidity of his movements were kinda similar to Michael's. Also he often references to Black and/or white. Even in his outfits on stage, there were a lot of black and white contrast and the color only came from a few accessories or the lighting on stage).

He apparently has three older sisters, one of which was also an idol. Her name is Jeong Sol and she was part of the girl group Skarf from August to December 2012.

He has a nephew that, according to him, looks just like him. (X)

Yeonguk is very dedicated to his work. He trains regularly and takes his job very seriously. He updates about his training or the vocal warmups he does when he's about to perform on his social media. You can clearly see how his taekwondo training plays a role in his physical abilities cause he is super flexible and agile.

He stated that his military service in Korea lead him to reflect on what to do if he were to be in a leading position in his every day life or how to act if a war were to happen. He said that he became more conscious of the impact of his decisions and tries to transfer what he learned at the military in his career as an artist. (X)

He seems to enjoy drawing though he says he's not that good at it. And he plays the piano. (X) (X)

He was and is still pretty close with the artists he worked with in the past, as he mentioned at Japan Expo. (X)

He enjoys coffee and likes to sit in coffee shops to write lyrics. (X)

He attended the Japan Expo convention in Paris from the 11th to the 14th of July 2024 as a guest star. He performed the four days at least two to three times a day, either alone or with French dance groups that covered trendy Kpop hits. His presence on stage is intense and you can feel the passion he has for music. He was very cheerful and friendly with the crowd, he kept interacting with the fans that were on the front row, even the people that were here out of curiousity, taking their phones so they would get better videos of him to post on their socials. He was really smooth with the crowd and the way he occupied space. He was very professional, you could feel his experience in the way he spoke and how he was hyping up the room. I didn't know him at all and to be honest with you I'm very picky when it comes to music. I can guarantee you not a single soul got bored during the live show. And by the end of his stage he held photocalls with the fans. The dedication this guy has, I swear. Poor guy was exhausted and all sweaty and still held a photocall event a few minutes after his performance.

[outsidereveries]

masterlist groups in the asian industry

rules upcoming readings time-cards announcements

here i'll add hashtags for any readings, related to asian groups i've done. the only exception here is loona and its subunits, redebuts and etc.

legend: outsidereveries (| fikarot)

masterlist: games' requests

masterlist: types of readings

masterlist: disbanded(-ish) groups

0wave

a.c.e

ablume

pre-debut adornbg

aespa | aespa

akmu

all(h)ours

astro

ateez | ateez

babymonster | babymonster

bap

bb girls

billlie

bini

boynextdoor

bts

pre-debut bhmnbg (big hit music)

dreamcatcher

enhypen | enhypen

evnne

everglow

fifty fifty

fromis_9

(g)i-dle

i will do it (i'll-it)

military hiatus ikon

itzy

ive | ive

izna

kep1er | kep1er

kiss of life

pre-debut kqngg

le sserafim

lightsum

loona (ot12) + artms, loossemble

loong9

meovv

pre-debut modhausnbg

nct (all units included) | nct (all units included)

newjeans | newjeans

pre-debut newkies (dongyo's upcoming boy group????)

nmixx

oh my girl

onlyoneof

p1harmony

pre-debut pnngg (pnation)

purple kiss

red velvet

riize

seventeen | seventeen

sf9

shinee

pre-debut smnbg

pre-debut smngg

pre-debut starshipnbg

stray kids | stray kids

stayc

the boyz

treasure

twice | twice

tws

txt | txt

unis

pre-debut ygnbg | ygnbg

military hiatus winner

xdinary heroes | xdinary heroes

zerobaseone | zerobaseone

masterlist: soloists, actors and tv persinalities in the korean industry

masterlist: companies and divisions + people

masterlist: western soloists

masterlist: other stuff

[enmi-land]

🪷. THE GIRLZ OFFiCiAL SUBUNiT NAME DEBACLE ?

okay lovely people!! @minhypen posting her profile for her oc minyoung made me realise i still haven’t done the repost for mila and kiara’s subunit profiles, but i’ve been wanting to change their unit name for a while because ‘enhypen-g’ just seems so lazy to me. but anyway!! i have some options and would like people to give me their opinions (and if you have ideas, you can drop them as well) please!! i shall bribe you with the chapter names for the revamped rmu series (which shall be named the xo series bc of reasons) if that interest anyone!!

also please keep in mind that i’m not native korean speaker for anything so if someone here is and has opinions do lmk!

001. YEOINHYPEN/EN-YEOIN — “YEOIN (여인) “ translates to ‘female/woman,’ so the counterpart would have a form of “NAM (남)” which translates to ‘male/man’.

002. ENHYPEN-V — “V” stands for “Venus,” which is the planet commonly associated with feminine energy. alternately, it could stand for “Violet,” since the flower is associated with love and resilience I haven’t thought about the male counterpart for the boys though.

003. ENFINIT — Tried to do a wordplay on the word “Infinity” to represent the infinite possibilities. But, again, I’m not sure what to call the boys in this case��but I had an idea with ‘ENYEON’ which is another attempted wordplay on ‘INYEON (인연), referring to fate, which appears very often in Enhypen’s discography. And the name can be stylised as EN-1 (which kinda sounds like “anyone”) But anyway!

it’s still a work in progress but lmk which concept appeals most to you <3

[slytherinshua]

ugh i love bts 😞 even if they’re in my subconscious most the time because we don’t see them much anymore… what are your thoughts on the solo releases? i feel like jungkook’s was such a hit because he hadn’t been enlisted yet, but i can’t even bring myself to listen to the other members’ new releases because it feels like hybe is putting them out just for the sake of having bts content. i think it’d be so much more impactful if they stopped and waited for a full group (or even subunit) comeback.

but at the end of the day bts got me into kpop (it’s crazy we’re in an era where 5th gen groups are introducing people to kpop) and i still feel a strong connection to them… i don’t know if i just haven’t found the right groups yet but imo it’s hard to come across groups that have such great dynamics/chemistry among members, esp in 5th gen (but ig it makes sense since they just debuted). bts were always just so effortlessly entertaining together. i still remember staying up for their comebacks or watching award shows (both korean and western) just for them it was such a fun experience… and also i discovered tumblr fanfics because of them lol so i am eternally grateful

bts :(( honestly i haven't kept up with them much... even with solos... i really separated from the fandom and group a lot after jack in the box came out (not because of jitb cause i loved that album but just around that time lol) but i listened to some of jk's solos and some of the older solos.... i like a lot of them i'd say. i didn't like seven, but 3d and standing next to you are so good. snooze had a chokehold over me and i really really enjoyed face, but as for the newer releases i just haven't listened. yeah honestly i mean whenever a group is gonna go for military it's gonna feel so empty when content is still being put out that is prerecorded. and with jin back ik armys would rather have a jin solo with him there to promote it rather than other members solos releasing while they're serving yk???

yeah same :(( bts first ever kpop group i found and they will always be one of the best. i will never not love their older discography and whenever i go back to listen to it or revisit something that i was obsessed with when i was an army it brings back so many memories and nostalgia that i just end up crying. they're so special to me always even tho i care a lot more about other groups currently. yeah esp in 5th gen it's impossible to get that connection that bts have after being together for like 15 years. a lot of them have only been working together for a year or trained for 3 years together. they're still new as groups so it can be hard.

but i would say some of my favourite 5th gen groups where you can feel a definite connection would be &team and boynextdoor <3 (esp &team since they have a slightly longer history together) and for groups in earlier gens that are really connected to each other, ik i promote them a lot but they deserve it okay, onf have been around since 2017 (and around half the members trained for 5+ years together so they have well over 10 years together), and they've already finished military together. they have no controversies even in their 7 years together and they're now in an era where they're just enjoying post enlistment and coming back regularly, having schedules and constantly putting out fun content and good music. their chemistry and connection is insane. (they also have that member connection of 'we've all been through tough times together and it shows' since they didn't taste any success for around 4-5 years. it just really shows in their interactions how much they've been through together and how hard working they are as a team <3)

and ik in a couple more years when 6th gen is introduced or even when 5th gen is nearing its end, these earlier 5th gen groups will feel a lot closer. it's exciting to think about how kpop is going to change, but also bittersweet because a lot of these groups will not last. seeing the end to so many 3rd gen groups already is very sad for me, and especially since a lot of them were my ults or at least groups i stanned and loved a lot. kpop really holds all the memories of my youth, and bts especially holds the very earliest of those 🥹

[devilishjoy]

Hello everyone!

I am new to shiftblr; I’ve only ever been on shiftok and the shifting Reddit (haven’t ever posted on either one though).

My goal for posting on here is to hopefully motivate myself to shift and motivate others, even if it’s just by posting about my drs and stuff

About Me:

I go by Krystal

I am 24

I go by she/they pronouns

I am bisexual

Autistic/ADHD

I have not shifted yet; first started in 2022

I love kpop, anime, and several movies and shows

DNI:

Racists

Homophobes/transphobes

White supremacists

Fascists

Antisemetic

Zionists

Anti shifters

Minors

Race changers

People who believe having a face claim is bad, and/or that permashifting is bad

DRs:

Warning there’s a lot of them

Active:

MCU (I have several versions for different s/o’s; Loki, Thor and Bucky as well as a Asgardian Dr; and a MCU/witcher crossover Dr s/o is Geralt)

Vampire Diaries

Hogwarts University (no s/o; I have a plot version and a plain one with none of the plot and just vibes; Marauders version; Hogwarts Legacy; as always Fuck jk Rowling so changes were made regarding racist names of characters and other things)

My Hero Academia (university, no s/o)

Dreamcatcher Dr (kpop group where I’m the 8th and youngest member)

Waiting room

Not Active:

The Witcher (Geralt s/o, surprise surprise)

Jujutsu Kaisen (Gojo, another surprise)

Attack on Titan (mainly as a precaution script in case of accidental shift so that I have safeties in place since it’s a very dangerous reality)

Walking Dead (same reason as AOT; s/o is Maggie)

Stray Kids kpop dr (none of my kpop drs have a scripted s/o cause i wanted it to be random cause I couldn’t choose; did script people I’d want to date and end up with at some point as a guideline thing)

Le sserafim kpop dr

Girls Generation kpop dr

(G)I-dle Dr

ATEEZ dr

Nyx (made up kpop girl group)

NCT dr (co-ed group so will have co-ed subunits and full girl subunits)

Twice dr

Genshin Impact

Honkai Star Rail

Untamed/MDZS (heavy on the not active cause I haven’t finished the script completely)

Avatar Last Airbender

Demon Slayer (haven’t thought about this reality in a while)

Pokémon (og show version)

Naruto

Supernatural (no s/o, leaning towards Charlie; I am sister to Sam and Dean, middle child syndrome)

Twilight (heavily changed a lot to make it less mormon-y and less creepy; no s/o but leaning towards Alice)

So Not Worth it kdrama reality (no s/o scripted)

Buffy Vampire Slayer (not finished scripting)

Lord of the Rings (want to make it a Witcher crossover; s/o would be either Legolas or Geralt)

Royalty dr (ancient times with modern plumbing and stuff; and a full modern royalty version)

That’s about it! Can’t really think of much else to add

[kenny-the-ken]

noticed you said you like bts! do you like any other kpop groups?

I like BlackPink, Twice, Ikon, Astro, TXT, Girls Gen, Big Bang, G-Dragon, Seventeen, NCT (all subunits), Vixx

I've been in the K-pop fandom a long time dudes 😂

[behind-the-screen-of-bangtan]

j-hope (제이홉)

Real name: 정호석 (Jung Hoseok)

Birth date: 18 February 1994

Home city: Gwangju

Former stage name: Smile Hoya (2008)

Studio name: Hope World

Instagram account

BU character: Jung HoSeok

BT21 character: Mang

(src)

Biography

For a more complete biography, you can check these ressources: 

biography from the volume 1 of the Japan Official Fanclub magazine (trans by kocchi)

pre-debut timeline

Thread about his participation in a musical in 2008

Central Sauce’s article by Elliot Sang “J-Hope’s Journey: From Teenage B-Boy to BTS’ Rap Star”

j-hope has also shared tidbits of his daily life:

HOPE WORLD!😳 (he introduces his 2018-2019 studio)

[VLOG] Very Important Business (2019)

확신의 J VLOG (J VLOG of certainty) (2022)

Letter from #jhope (eng)

A letter to help us wait while j-hope performs his military duty

Birthday albums: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 , 2024

Recommendations

Music

Spotify playlist

You can find Youtube playlists of the songs he shared on Spotify, on Vlive/Weverse and on Twitter or during interviews.

Books/Movies/Series/Anime

Google sheet of his recommendations

Solo activity

Music (discography)

V, j-hope  - “안아줘 (Hug me)” (gift for the Festa, 2015)

“1 VERSE” (2015)

Hope World (2018) (see this post)

RM, SUGA, j-hope - 땡 (Daeng) (for the Festa, 2018)

j-hope feat. Becky G - “Chicken Noodle Soup” (2019) (see this post)

“Blue Side” (2021)

--- Chapter 2 ---

Jack In The Box (2022) (see this post)

Crush (크러쉬) - 'Rush Hour (Feat. j-hope of BTS)' (2022)

“On the street” (feat. J.Cole) (2023) (see this post)

HOPE ON THE STREET VOL. 1 (2024) (see this post)

For more details about the songs that don’t have their own post, I listed all the info I had here. For Chapter 2 songs, please check here.

Shows

Hope On The Street (anchor)

j-hope films himself dancing. Note, however, that there are other videos of him dancing that are not associated with the name Hope On The Street

Twitter (another one with Jaesang)

Youtube:

Hope on the street @150920

Hope on the street @151008 - 1

Hope on the street @151008 - 2

Vlive(now on Weverse):

160126 BTS Hope On The Street Live

160126 BTS Hope On The Street Live 2

160413 BTS Hope On The Street Live

화개장터 (Hwagae Market) (2015, anchor)

pre-open

episode 0 [ 대국민사과방송 ] (national apology broadcast)

episode 1 [ 요지부동 ] (try to not react)

episode 1.5 [ 벌칙수행 ] (penalty execution)

SOPE 👨‍❤️‍👨필리핀에 오다! (Came to the Philippines!)

솝 꿀피부를 부탁해😆 (Please take care of my honey-soft skin)

해체 발표 (disbandment announcement) for April Fools

&TEAM Academy : season 1 EP.01 (with. j-hope of BTS)

Brand endorsement

House ambassador for Louis Vuitton (2023): tweets, J-Hope at the Men’s Fall-Winter 2023 Show, j-hope for Men’s Fall-Winter 2023

Magazines

W Korea August release (2022): tweets

Esquire Korea August issue (2023): tweets, interview, #StayTuned, Louis Vuitton 2023 Fall-Winter Men's Collection Behind Scene, j-hope's precious selfies

Interviews

BE comeback interview: “Even just one, single love is beautiful, but we’re getting love from all over the world”

Butter release interview: “I’m not the kind of person to settle for their life as it is”

Proof release interview: “I’m going to look for the way that’s right for me”

Trivia

He forms the group Sope with SUGA. As this subunit, they made the show  화개장터 (Hwagae market) and the Japanese song “Otsukare”.

[subtlycharmingdream]

100 question kpop tag

✦ 1. How long have you been into Kpop?

2 years (this is why I’m doing this tag :) )

✦ 2. First song you listened to?

gangnam style - psy

✦ 3. First boy group you stanned?

     bts

✦ 4. First girl group you stanned?

blackpink

✦ 5. First male soloist stanned?

eric nam

✦ 6. First female soloist stanned?

dalsooobin

✦ 7. First male bias?

jungkook - bts

✦ 8. First female bias?

lisa - blackpink

✦ 9. Favorite boy group?

the boyz

✦ 10. Favorite girl group?

le sserafim

✦ 11. Favorite second generation boy group?

     shinee

✦ 12. Favorite second generation girl group?

girls’ generation

✦ 13. Favorite third generation boy group?

seventeen

✦ 14. Favorite third generation girl group?

red velvet

✦ 15. Favorite fourth generation boy group?

the boyz

✦ 16. Favorite fourth generation girl group?

le sserafim

✦ 17. Favorite disbanded boy group?

wanna one

✦ 18. Favorite disbanded girl group?

iz*one

✦ 19. Favorite male subunit?

all nct subunits

✦ 20. Favorite female subunit?

loona 1/3

✦ 21. Favorite male soloist?

eric nam, gaho, woodz, & key

✦ 22. Favorite female soloist?

sunmi

✦ 23. Favorite male leader?

hongjoong - ateez

✦ 24. Favorite female leader?

chaewon - le sserafim

✦ 25. Favorite male maknae?

jungkook - bts 

✦ 26. Favorite female maknae?

eunchae - le sserafim

✦ 27. Favorite male visual?

juyeon - the boyz & jinyoung - cix

✦ 28. Favorite female visual?

nana - after school & yujin - ive

✦ 29. Favorite male vocalist?

young k - day6

✦ 30. Favorite female vocalist?

aran - fifty fifty

✦ 31. Favorite male rapper?

sunwoo - the boyz

✦ 32. Favorite female rapper?

lisa - blackpink

✦ 33. Favorite male dancer?

minghao - seventeen

✦ 34. Favorite female dancer?

yuqi - (g)i-dle

✦ 35. Favorite boy group title song?

still life - bigbang

✦ 36. Favorite girl group title song?

i am - ive

✦ 37. Favorite boy group non-title song?

this is unbelievably hard... um... w.a.t.1 - mcnd???? (I love this song, but I love so may songs)

✦ 38. Favorite girl group non-title song?

pretty psycho - purple kiss

✦ 39. Favorite boy group music video?

do or not - pentagon & changer - a.c.e

✦ 40. Favorite girl group music video?

feel my rhythm - red velvet

✦ 41. Favorite boy group album?

the dreaming - monsta x & deadlock - xdinary heroes

✦ 42. Favorite girl group album?

cabin fever - purple kiss

✦ 43. Favorite boy group discography?

cix

✦ 44. Favorite girl group discography?

purple kiss & red velvet

✦ 45. Favorite boy group debut song?

given-taken - enhypen

✦ 46. Favorite girl group debut song?

fearless - le sserafim

✦ 47. Favorite male soloist title song?

killer - key & circle - onew & criminal - taemin & abyss - woodz (too too many)

✦ 48. Favorite female soloist title song?

heart burn - sunmi

✦ 49. Favorite male soloist non-title song?

hope to be like you - woodz

✦ 50. Favorite female soloist non-title song?

narcissism - sunmi

✦ 51. Favorite male soloist music video?

circle - onew

✦ 52. Favorite female soloist music video?

heart burn - sunmi

✦ 53. Favorite male soloist album?

killer - key

✦ 54. Favorite female soloist album?

1/6 - sunmi (I feel like I have a bit of a pattern in my responses...)

✦ 55. Favorite male soloist discography?

gaho & key

✦ 56. Favorite female soloist discography?

sunmi

✦ 57. Favorite male soloist debut song?

mmmh - kai

✦ 58. Favorite female soloist debut song?

bonnie & clyde - yuqi

✦ 59. Top five boy groups

5. stray kids & cix

4. xdinary heroes

3. ateez

2. seventeen

1. the boyz

✦ 60. Top five girl groups

5. (g)i-dle

4. red velvet

3. stayc

2. purple kiss

1. le sserafim

✦ 61. Top five male soloists

5. park jihoon

4. woosung

3. kang daniel

2. taemin

1. eric nam, gaho, key, & woodz

✦ 62. Top five female soloists

5. chungha

4. dalsooobin

3. yuqi

2. iu

1. sunmi

✦ 63. Top five male biases

all ults

5. jinyoung - cix, hongjoong - ateez, & key - shinee

4. juyeon - the boyz

3. felix - stray kids

2. minghao - seventeen

1. jacob - the boyz

✦ 64. Top five female biases

5. jihyo - twice

4. jisoo - blackpink

3. seeun - stayc

2. dosie - purple kiss

1. chaewon - le sserafim

✦ 65. Ult boy group?

the boyz

✦ 66. Ult girl group?

le sserafim

✦ 67. Ult male bias?

jacob - the boyz (my ult out of my ults)

✦ 68. Ult female bias?

chaewon - le sserafim

✦ 69. Favorite male idol who has starred in a kdrama?

eunwoo - astro

✦ 70. Favorite female idol who has starred in a kdrama?

iu

✦ 71. In terms of visuals, which boy group is the best?

omega x & cix

✦ 72. In terms of visuals, which girl group is the best?

aespa

✦ 73. In terms of music, which boy group is the best?

cix

✦ 74. In terms of music, which girl group is the best?

purple kiss & red velvet

✦ 75. In terms of performance, which boy group is the best?

ateez

✦ 76. In terms of performance, which girl group is the best?

blackpink

✦ 77. Which boy group has the best vocalists?

xdinary heroes

✦ 78. Which girl group has the best vocalists?

fifty fifty

✦ 79. Which boy group has the best rappers?

stray kids & omega x

✦ 80. Which girl group has the best rappers?

blackpink

✦ 81. Which boy group has the best dancers?

golden child

✦ 82. Which girl group has the best dancers?

everglow

✦ 83. A group you don't stan but still listen to their music?

monsta x & kingdom

✦ 84. A group you used to stan but stopped?

blackpink sort of, and oneus (I didn’t say I unstanned them, but lowkey did), but I’m getting back into oneus

✦ 85. Have you ever been to a concert? If so, who did you go see?

no

✦ 86. Have you ever been to a fansign/fanmeet? If so, who did you go see?

no

✦ 87. Do you own any merchandise?

I own some albums, things that came with albums, posters, and some other stuff

✦ 88. Which kpop friendships do you ship the most?

moonbae

hyunlix

jihan

woosan

junhao

norenmin

✦ 89. What is the most recent boy group you stanned?

boynextdoor (nananananananananana)(I’m sorry, but I love that song)

✦ 90. What is the most recent girl group you stanned?

stayc

✦ 91. Favorite boy group light stick?

ateez & sf9

✦ 92. Favorite girl group light stick?

oh my girl & dreamcatcher

✦ 93. Favorite Japanese version of a song?

monster - bigbang

✦ 94. Favorite English version of a song?

love talk - wayv

✦ 95. Favorite comeback of 2023? (Made in June)

killer - key, abyss - woodz, & circle - onew (honestly I have been loving this year’s comebacks)

✦ 96. Top three songs (currently) of three different groups you don’t stan?

3. macarena - blitzers

2. fallen star - kingdom

1. still life - bigbang

✦ 97. Favorite OST?

starlight - chani (true beauty)

✦ 98. Favorite underrated boy group?

cix

✦ 99. Favorite underrated girl group?

purple kiss

✦ 100. Put your phone on shuffle: what are the first five kpop songs that play?

district 9 - stray kids

time chaser - victon

deja vu - ateez

anywhere - onew

I don’t know you anymore - eric nam