#enrico furia

[canesenzafissadimora]

Umberto Eco: “Come va?”

Icaro: “Uno schianto”

Proserpina: “Mi sento giù”

Prometeo: “Mi rode…”

Teseo: “Finché mi danno corda…”

Edipo: “La mamma è contenta”

Damocle: “Potrebbe andar peggio”

Priapo: “Cazzi miei”

Ulisse: “Siamo a cavallo”

Omero: “Me la vedo nera”

Eraclito: “Va, va…”

Parmenide: “Non va”

Talete: “Ho l’acqua alla gola”

Epimenide: “Mentirei se glielo dicessi

Demostene: “Difficile a dirsi”

Pitagora: “Tutto quadra”

Ippocrate: “Finché c’è la salute…”

Socrate: “Non so”

Giobbe: “Non mi lamento, basta aver pazienza”

Onan: “Mi accontento”

Sheherazade: “In breve, ora le dico…”

Boezio: “Mi consolo”

Carlo Magno: “Francamente bene”

Dante: “Sono al settimo cielo”

Giovanna d’Arco: “Si suda”

San Tommaso: “Tutto sommato bene”

Erasmo: “Bene da matti”

Colombo: “Si tira avanti”

Lucrezia Borgia: “Prima beve qualcosa?”

Giordano Bruno: “Infinitamente bene”

Lorenzo de’ Medici: “Magnificamente”

Cartesio: “Bene, penso”

Berkeley: “Bene, mi sembra”

Hume: “Credo bene”

Pascal: “Sa, ho tanti pensieri…”

Enrico VIII: “Io bene, è mia moglie che…”

Galileo: “Gira bene”

Torricelli: “Tra alti e bassi”

Desdemona: “Dormo tra due guanciali…”

Newton: “Regolarmente”

Leibniz: “Non potrebbe andar meglio”

Spinoza: “In sostanza, bene”

Hobbes: “Tempo da lupi”

Papin: “Ho la pressione alta”

Montgolfier: “Ho la pressione bassa”

Franklin: “Mi sento elettrizzato”

Robespierre: “Cè da perderci la testa”

Marat: “Un bagno”

Casanova: “Vengo”

Goethe: “C’è poca luce”

Beethoven: “Non mi sento bene”

Schubert: “Non mi interrompa, per Dio”

Novalis: “Un sogno”

Leopardi: “Sfotte?”

Foscolo: “Dopo morto, meglio”

Manzoni: “Grazie a Dio, bene”

Sacher-Masoch: “Grazie a Dio, male”

Sade: “A me bene”

D’Alambert e Diderot: “Non si può dire in due parole”

Kant: “Situazione critica”

Hegel: “In sintesi, bene”

Schopenhauer: “La volontà non manca

Paganini: “L’ho già detto”

Darwin: “Ci si adatta”

Livingstone: “Mi sento un po’ perso”

Nievo: “Le dirò, da piccolo…”

Nietzsche: “Al di là del bene, grazie”

Mallarme’: “Sono andato in bianco”

Proust: “Diamo tempo al tempo”

Henry James: “Secondo i punti di vista”

Kafka: “Mi sento un verme”

Musil: “Così così”

Joyce: “Fine yes yes yes”

Nobel: “Sono in pieno boom”

Larousse: “In poche parole, male”

Curie: “Sono raggiante”

Dracula: “Sono in vena”

Picasso: “Va a periodi”

Ungaretti: “Bene (a capo) grazie”

Fermi: “O la va o la spacca”

Camus: “Di peste”

Matusalemme: “Tiro a campare”

Lazzaro: “Mi sento rivivere”

Giuda: “Al bacio”

Ponzio Pilato: “Fate voi”

San Pietro: “Mi sento un cerchio alla testa”

Nerone: “Guardi che luce”

Maometto: “Male, vado in montagna”

Savonarola: “E’ il fumo che mi fa male”

Orlando “Scusi, vado di furia”

Cyrano: “A naso, bene”

Alice: “Una meraviglia”

Verga: “Di malavoglia”

Heidegger: “Quante chiacchiere!”

Grimm: “Una favola!”

Umberto Eco - "Il Secondo Diario Minimo"

[aki1975]

Dopo la caduta dell’Impero Romano, i popoli barbarici occupano l’Europa: mentre nel Nord Italia si insediano i Longobardi (di loro rimangono vestigia persino nell’Isola Comacina), in Inghilterra vi sono gli Angli, i Sassoni, gli stanziamenti dei Danesi, le incursioni dei Vichinghi e l’arrivo del popolo norreno dei Normanni. L’incontro fra questi popoli darà vita alla lingua e alla letteratura inglese.

Queste sono le principali tappe.

Angli e Sassoni ( - 1066)

Il poema Beowulf narra la saga della lotta fra questo eroe e mostri scandinavi. La sua ambientazione danese è prova delle influenze norrene in Inghilterra: la confluenza fra le lingue celtiche, germaniche e scandinave produce l’inglese antico.

Normanni (1066 - 1154)

La conquista normanna da parte di Guglielmo I introduce, attraverso i romance cavallereschi come il ciclo arturiano, elementi francesi nell’inglese antico ed è alla base dell’inglese medio di questo periodo.

Plantageneti (1154 - 1399)

Enrico II (1154 - 1189), marito di Eleonora d’Aquitania

Riccardo I (1189 - 1199)

Ambientato nel 1194, Ivanhoe di Walter Scott (1819) racconta la fusione del popolo anglosassone e del popolo normanno nel matrimonio fra la sassone Rowena e Ivanhoe, cavaliere che aveva seguito Riccardo alla crociata.

Giovanni Senzaterra (1199 - 1216)

Enrico III (1216 - 1272), in età minore soggetto alla tutela di Guglielmo il Maresciallo e Guala Bicchieri.

Edoardo I (1272 - 1307), antagonista di William Wallace

Edoardo II (1307 - 1327)

Edoardo III (1327 - 1377)

1346 - Edoardo III, grazie ai suoi arcieri, sconfigge i francesi a Crecy nella prima battaglia della Guerra dei Cent’anni.

1356 - Vittoria inglese di Poitiers

Riccardo II (1377 - 1399), nipote di Edoardo III, figlio del Principe Nero che si era distinto a Poitiers, in seguito alla crisi della Guerra dei Cento Anni, è deposto da Enrico Bolingbroke della casa di Lancaster. Sotto il suo regno ha luogo la rivolta dei contadini inglesi (1381).

1388 - I racconti di Canterbury (Chaucer) che, in “medio inglese”, mette in scena una società più ampia di quella cortese sulla scia del Decameron: del resto Chaucer era stato in Italia per attività diplomatiche.

Lancaster (1399 - 1471)

Enrico IV (1399 - 1413)

Enrico V (1413 - 1422), già principe “Hal”, nel dramma di Shakespeare amico di Falstaff. Sconfitti i francesi ad Azincourt (1415), sposa la figlia del re di Francia Caterina di Valois.

Enrico VI (1422 - 1461, 1470 - 1471) sotto il cui regno si hanno le sconfitte da parte di Giovanna d’Arco, arsa sul rogo nel 1431. In Shakespeare simbolo dell’uomo che soffre per il potere che ha ricevuto, muore nel 1471 nella Torre di Londra, imprigionato dagli York del futuro Edoardo IV al termine della Guerra delle Due Rose.

“Questa battaglia è come la guerra del mattino quando le nubi morenti contendono con la luce che cresce, e il pastore soffiandosi sulle dita intirizzite non sa se sia giorno o notte. Ora la vittoria inclina da questa parte, come un mare possente forzato dalla marea a combattere con il vento; ora inclina dall'altra parte, come quello stesso mare che la furia del vento forzi a ritirarsi; talora la vince il vento e talora la marea; ora l'uno è più forte ora l'altra fortissima: lottano entrambi per la vittoria corpo a corpo, e nessuno è vincitore o vinto: così ugualmente bilanciata è questa terribile battaglia” (Shakespeare, Enrico VI)

York (1471 - 1485)

Edoardo IV (1461 - 1470, 1471 - 1483)

Edoardo V (1483)

Riccardo III (1483 - 1485), sconfitto a Bosworth da Enrico Tudor

Tudor (1485 - 1603)

Enrico VII (1485 - 1509)

Enrico VIII (1509 - 1547)

Elisabetta I (1547 - 1603)

1516 - Utopia di Tommaso Moro

Shakespeare scrive in early modern English come il volgare di Dante: per questo si chiama Commedia.

Sonetto 75

Tu sei per la mia mente, come cibo per la vita. / Come le piogge di primavera, sono per la terra. / E per goderti in pace, combatto la stessa guerra / che conduce un avaro, per accumular ricchezza. / Prima, orgoglioso di possedere e, subito dopo, / roso dal dubbio, che il tempo gli scippi il tesoro. / Prima, voglioso di restare solo con te, / poi, orgoglioso che il mondo veda il mio piacere. / Talvolta, sazio di banchettare del tuo sguardo, / subito dopo, affamato di una tua occhiata. / Non possiedo, né perseguo alcun piacere, / se non ciò che ho da te, o da te io posso avere. / Così ogni giorno, soffro di fame e sazietà, / di tutto ghiotto, e d’ogni cosa privo.

Sonetto 116

Non sia mai ch’io ponga impedimenti all’unione di anime fedeli; / Amore non è Amore se muta quando scopre un mutamento / o tende a svanire quando l’altro s’allontana. / Oh no! Amore è un faro sempre fisso che sovrasta la tempesta e non vacilla mai; / è la stella-guida di ogni sperduta barca, / il cui valore è sconosciuto, benché nota la distanza. / Amore non è soggetto al Tempo, pur se rosee labbra e gote / dovran cadere sotto la sua curva lama; Amore non muta in poche ore / o settimane, ma impavido resiste al giorno estremo del giudizio: / se questo è errore e mi sarà provato, Io non ho mai scritto, e nessuno ha mai amato

Elisabetta I crea la Compagnia delle Indie Orientali che gestirà il commercio fino al 1874 quando nascerà il Vicerè delle Indie.

Stuart (1603 - 1714)

Giacomo I (1603 - 1625), amante di George Villers, il duca di Buckingham presente nei Tre Moschettieri di Dumas

Carlo I (1625 - 1649), decapitato e seguito dal periodo del Commonwealth di Oliver Cromwell

Carlo II (1660 - 1685)

Giacomo II (1685 - 1688), deposto dalla Gloriosa Rivoluzione

Maria II (1688 - 1694) seguita dal marito

Guglielmo d’Orange (1694 - 1702)

Anna (1702 - 1714)

1606 - Volpone (Ben Jonson), ambientato a Venezia

1611 - Bibbia di Re Giacomo

1633 - Poemi (John Donne, “Nessun uomo è un'isola … non mandare mai a chiedere per chi suona la Campana: essa suona per te”)

1667 - Paradiso Perduto (Milton). Il Puritanesimo, di cui Milton ha fatto parte, portò alla chiusura dei teatri e alla fine di quel periodo dorato a cui appartengono, fra gli altri, Marlowe e Shakespeare. Nel poema si assiste a quel fervore e a quello stile presenti anche nel Tasso. La lettera scarlatta (Hawthorne, 1850) racconterà il puritanesimo americano e la condanna di un'adultera.

1703 - Il Duca di Malborough ed Eugenio di Savoia sconfiggono i francesi a Bleinheim nella guerra di successione spagnola: nel 1713 il Trattato di Utrecht. La Gran Bretagna ottieni i possedimenti francesi in America ed è dominatrice incontrastata dei commerci marittimi.

Hannover (1714 - 1901)

Giorgio I (1714 - 1727)

Giorgio II (1727 - 1760)

Giorgio III (1760- 1820) di cui è famosa la “pazzia di Re Giorgio”

Giorgio IV (1820 - 1830), reggente dal 1811

Guglielmo IV (1830 - 1837)

Vittoria (1837 - 1901)

1719 - Robinson Crusoe (Defoe). Il protagonista, esponente della borghesia in ascesa, non è in viaggio per Dio, per il Re, per la Dama, ma per raggiungere la sua piantagione e la società che costruisce è orientata alla produzione, non ad un ideale. Si tratta di un novel e non di un romance cavalleresco in seguito all’evoluzione costituzionale e parlamentare della monarchia ed all’esistenza di una classe, quella borghese, che acquistava libri.

1721 - 1742 Robert Walpole primo Primo Ministro whig di Giorgio I

1722 - Moll Flanders (Defoe). La protagonista, lontana dai canoni morali tradizionali, vive le disavventure dovute al suo materialismo e alla corruzione della società.

1726 - I viaggi di Gulliver (Swift) che influenzerà il romanzo epico americano Moby Dick (Melville, 1851).

1749 - Tom Jones (Fielding) il cui protagonista orfano denota l’origine picaresca del romanzo moderno.

1757 - Edmund Burke fonda la poetica del Sublime

1759 - La vita e le opinioni di Tristram Shandy (Sterne)

1760 - Canti di Ossian (Macpherson)

1763 - Fine della Guerra dei Sette Anni: l’Inghilterra è padrona di tutte le colonie americane e del Canada.

1764 - Il castello di Otranto (Walpole), iniziatore del romanzo gotico

1773 - 1783 Sotto Giorgio III, Guerra di secessione americana iniziata con la rivolta del Boston Tea Party e decisa dalla battaglia di Yorktown (1781).

1798 - Ballate liriche (Woodsworth, Coleridge). Inizio del Romanticismo in contrapposizione con il neoclassicismo e la rivoluzione industriale (“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”). La ballata del vecchio marinaio (Coleridge) è il poema immaginifico di un viaggio avventuroso, di tipo gotico e medievale, e della sorte del marinaio che uccide l’albatros come il poeta romantico che, per creare, si scaglia contro le consuetudini.

1805 - Nelson sconfigge Napoleone a Trafalgar

1811 - Per via della follia di Giorgio III, inizia la reggenza del figlio Giorgio IV, periodo nel quale vi sono la vittoria su Napoleone, il neoclassicismo nelle arti, il dandismo.

Ragione e Sentimento (Austen), esempio di novel of manners, storie d’amore delle sorelle Elinor e Marianne.

1813 - Orgoglio e pregiudizio (Jane Austen), storia d’amore fra l’indipendente Lizzy Bennet, di ceto inferiore, e il Signor Darcy.

1818

Anno di maggior produzione di Keats, noto per la “negative capability” ovvero la capacità di farsi influenzare dal contesto, anche solo con espressioni evocative.

Il pellegrinaggio del giovane Aroldo (Byron) in cui diventa popolare l’eroe byroniano che combatte per la libertà dei popoli all’epoca della Restaurazione.

In Frankenstein di Mary Shelley si trattano i temi della responsabilità dello scienziato e dell’intellettuale (Vita di Galileo di Brecht, Faust di Goethe) e della società i cui pregiudizi marginalizzano la creatura e si introduce il dualismo dell’individuo.

1818 - Northanger Abbey (Austen), una satira del romanzo gotico

1836 - Ne Il Circolo Pickwick Dickens dà inizio al romanzo a puntate (“Make them laugh, make them cry, make them wait”) e racconta in modo umoristico l’Inghilterra rurale di quegli anni. Doveva essere il commento a delle vignette satiriche, divenne un romanzo illustrato di mille pagine.

Età vittoriana (1837 - 1901)

1838 - Oliver Twist (Dickens) racconta la situazione delle workhouses. Con toni ironici e drammatici, riesce a rappresentare luci e ombre della società vittoriana.

1844 - Barry Lyndon (Thackeray)

1847

Jane Eyre (Charlotte Bronte). In questo romanzo di formazione (Bildungsroman), l’orfana (come il Tom Jones di Fielding, 1749 e Oliver Twist) riesce a crearsi un’educazione è una posizione fino a trovare l’amore: la purezza salva.

Wuthering Heights (Emily Bronte). Il romanzo tratta dell’amore passionale fra Catherine e il tenebroso Heathcliff, un’opera di stampo romantico in epoca vittoriana.

1849 - David Copperfield (Dickens). Autobiografia romanzata dell’autore, storia di affrancamento di un ragazzo che si afferma fnonostante le avversità familiari e sociali del tempo.

1886 - Lo strano caso del Dr. Jeckill e di Mr. Hyde (Stevenson)

1889 - Tre uomini in barca (Jerome), originariamente pensato come guida turistica.

1894 - Il libro della giungla (Kipling)

1897 - Dracula (Stoker)

1899 - Cuore di tenebra (Conrad)

Windsor (1901 - )

Edoardo VII (1901 - 1910)

Giorgio V (1910 - 1936)

Edoardo VIII (1936)

Giorgio VI (1936 - 1952), re balbuziente

Elisabetta II (1952 - 2022)

Carlo III (2022 - )

1908 - Camera con vista (Forster)

1922 - Casa Howard (Forster)

1924 - Passaggio in India (Forster)

1928 - L’amante di Lady Chatterley (Lawrence) in cui la moglie di un nobile paralizzato descrive i piaceri di un amore con un operaio.

1951

“Non andartene docile in quella buona notte, / vecchiaia dovrebbe ardere e infierire quando cade il giorno; / infuria, infuria contro il / morire della luce” (Dylan Thomas)

[agrpress-blog]

È stato presentato venerdì 16 febbraio 2024 presso la Libreria Nuova Europa I Granai - via Mario Rigamonti 100, in zona viale Tintoretto - il libro di Valentina Notarberardino Operazione bestseller. Dietro le quinte del successo editoriale (Ponte alle Grazie). L’autrice ha dialogato con Sabina Minardi (giornalista e responsabile delle pagine culturali de «L’Espresso») e Barbara Pieralice. Testimonianze inedite di Alessandra Casella, Alessandro Della Casa, Antonio Franchini, Antonio Pascale, Barbara e Francesca Pieralice, Bruno Luverà, Caterina Marietti, Enrico Carraro, Enza Campino, Filippo Guglielmone, Gaia Manzini, Gian Marco Griffi, Gianluigi Simonetti, Giorgio Zanchini, Giuseppe Laterza, GFK, Mario Desiati, Matteo B. Bianchi, Michele Foschini, Monica Manzotti, Nicola Lagioia, Paolo Di Stefano, Romano Montroni, Simonetta Pillon, Stefano Petrocchi. «Quello che propongo è un viaggio nel mondo nascosto dell’editoria, attraverso la vita materiale dei libri e quella immateriale, che talvolta porta anche all’anonimato alle stelle. Importanti compagni di viaggio, alcuni (tanti) protagonisti d’eccezione del mondo editoriale con le loro testimonianze esclusive: scrittori, editori, direttori commerciali, editor, librai, giornalisti culturali e critici letterari, organizzatori di festival, direttore dei principali premi, conduttori televisivi, radiofonici e di podcast, e gli addetti al rilevamento delle vendite e alla compilazione delle classifiche» (Valentina Notarberardino) «Per chi fa il nostro lavoro, una vera goduria. Per gli appassionati un divertissement scritto bene, spiritoso e ricco di sorprese. Un libro pieno di risvolti. E non è una battuta. Né una fascetta» (Giuseppe Civati) «Con Notarberardino, a furia di leggere tutti i segreti dei libri, si finirà per leggerli con occhi diversi» (Giuseppe Matarazzo, «Avvenire») Un viaggio curioso, chiarificatore ed entusiasmante dietro le quinte dell'editoria italiana: la maggior industria culturale del Paese. Tutti i segreti e i misteri della vita dei libri finalmente svelati agli amanti della lettura. Cenni sparsi di anatomia editoriale: editori, scrittori, tirature e costi. Le classifiche cosa sono? Chi le fa? La sottile linea rossa: dalla tipografia al comodino. La libreria: tra romanticismo e vendite. Lo scrittore va in tournée: presentazioni, fiere e festival. I premi letterari: croce e delizia degli scrittori. I giornali e la critica: le recensioni giovano alle vendite?I social network: influencer, scrittori, editori. Lo schermo: passaggi televisivi, film e serie.La voce: trasmissioni radio e podcast sui libri. Altri elementi del successo: editor, traduttori, ghost writer. Perché certi libri hanno successo e altri no? Perché di alcuni si capisce presto che finiranno tra i «libri dell’anno» mentre altri passano in sordina? Come arrivano gli amati tomi in libreria? Come si partecipa ai premi letterari? Chi vota? E soprattutto, perché vince chi vince? E chi perde, come la prende? Si può vivere di sola scrittura? Perché ogni anno in Italia vengono pubblicati così tanti titoli? Come funzionano i festival letterari e le fiere del libro? Che cosa riesce a fare un bravo libraio per il successo di un libro? Che impatto hanno i social? I podcast? Le trasmissioni radio e tv? Come funzionano le classifiche? Come si rilevano le vendite, e chi lo fa? Insomma: che cosa fa vendere i libri? Agli appassionati/appassionate della lettura Operazione bestseller racconta tutto questo: la vita materiale del libro dalla tipografia al comodino, e la vita immateriale, dall’anonimato alle stelle. E lo fa avvalendosi del contributo di alcuni protagonisti del mondo editoriale e delle loro testimonianze esclusive. Ne risulta un viaggio curioso, chiarificatore ed entusiasmante dietro le quinte dell’editoria italiana: la maggior industria culturale del Paese. Valentina Notarberardino è nata a Fondi (LT) e vive a Roma, dove lavora nel settore editoriale da oltre quindici anni, molti fra i quali come responsabile dell’Ufficio Stampa e della Comunicazione di Contrasto.

Ha collaborato come coordinatrice didattica con il Master in Editoria, Giornalismo e Management culturale dell’Università di Roma Sapienza, dove tiene un corso dedicato al Paratesto ed alla Comunicazione dei libri. Ha uno spazio di approfondimento su RaiUno, dedicato alle copertine dei libri. È co-curatrice del volume Libero de Libero. Le poesie (Bulzoni, 2011), e autrice di Fuori di testo. Titoli, copertine, fascette e altre diavolerie (Ponte alle Grazie, 2020). Operazione bestseller. Dietro le quinte del successo editoriale di Valentina Notarberardino, pubblicato da Ponte alle Grazie (Milano) nella collana “Saggi” - testimonianze inedite di Alessandra Casella, Alessandro Della Casa, Antonio Franchini, Antonio Pascale, Barbara e Francesca Pieralice, Bruno Luverà, Caterina Marietti, Enrico Carraro, Enza Campino, Filippo Guglielmone, Gaia Manzini, Gian Marco Griffi, Gianluigi Simonetti, Giorgio Zanchini, Giuseppe Laterza, GFK, Mario Desiati, Matteo B. Bianchi, Michele Foschini, Monica Manzotti, Nicola Lagioia, Paolo Di Stefano, Romano Montroni, Simonetta Pillon, Stefano Petrocchi; copertina: Maurizio Ceccato; pp. 352 -, disponibile in libreria e online dal 2 febbraio scorso, è stato presentato presso la Libreria Nuova Europa I Granai venerdì 16 febbraio 2024.

[awardseasonblog]

Prime reazioni l'ultimo film del regista brasiliano-argentino #KarimAïnouz, #Firebrand con #AliciaVikander e #JudeLaw nel primo film su Enrico VIII con un punto di vista femminista.

(Inizialmente per il ruolo della regina era stata scelta Michelle Williams)

TRAMA: Nell'Inghilterra dei Tudor intrisa di sangue, Katherine Parr, la sesta e ultima moglie del re Enrico VIII, viene nominata reggente mentre il tiranno Enrico combatte all'estero. Katherine fa di tutto per spingere il Regno verso un nuovo futuro basato sulle sue convinzioni protestanti radicali. Quando il re ritorna, rivolge la sua furia contro i radicali, accusando l'amica d'infanzia di Katherine di tradimento e bruciandola sul rogo. Inorridita e addolorata, ma costretta a negarlo, Katherine si ritrova a lottare per la propria sopravvivenza.

"Alicia Vikander porta un tocco sovversivo al ritratto astorico dell'ultima moglie di Enrico VIII. Lontano da ogni favola, il film di Aïnouz inizia non con “c'era una volta” ma con "un regno marcio e intriso di sangue" dove la storia ci racconta alcune cose, soprattutto sugli uomini e sulla guerra"

(Peter Debruge, Variety)

"E' uno sguardo sorprendente del periodo Tudor in Inghilterra, sorprendente perché il suo fulcro è una donna che è riuscita a sopravvivere al terrore di vivere con Enrico VIII, un Jude Law quasi irriconoscibile, con tutta la pancia, le ulcere e la dissolutezza che ci si potrebbe aspettare"

(Pete Hammond, Deadline)

"Ci sono stati molti film su Enrico VIII, ma pochissimi preziosi si sono concentrati sull'unica regina che è riuscita a sopravvivere a lui. "Firebrand" di Karim Aïnouz mette questo donna del popolo radicalmente progressista al centro della storia in un modo mai visto prima. Alicia Vikander coltiva quella tensione femminista tra l'urgenza morale e il pericolo mortale dall'inizio alla fine, che permette al film di rimanere in qualche modo coinvolgentemente teso"

(David Elrich, IndieWire)

#CriticsReviews

#Cannes2023

[the-sprog]

Pietro ofc but I don't know if I need to check if Parker is a Jewish surname because if so I'd keep it that way. I do think about how uncle Ben (and subsequently Peter's clone) would be called Beniamino. SPEAKING OF CLONES one of those bitches really called himself Caino huh?

Antonio Stella is absolutely fucking fantastic. It fits so well too!

I've also got Stefano Ruggero (Steven Rogers. I'm missing the Grant part of it). The surnames are harder for some reason!!

I think Bruce should be Bruno (which hilariously is actually his middle name so he's Roberto Bruno in this).

Franklin Nelson is Franco (though I'd keep Frank Castle as that because it's a name he chose for himself. He's Italian American and I feel like I could still keep it that way). Or maybe Fernando now that I think about it.

Natasha and Yelena can stay as is because they're Russian. (I know I'm about to say dp can't stay the same but I think Russian still works. Either that or I make them French).

But Deadpool needs a new name AND nationality. What's the Italian equivalent to Canada? I'd say either Spain or Switzerland 🤔 and depending on the answer the name changes.

MK system needs to say as is for like 5/6 parts of them, especially if we're going w the tv show version. Marc can become Marco but his surname still needs to be Spector (for Jewish reasons). Steven is British and needs to stay such, I think I'd still fit. Jake we don't have much (the Jake is your oyster) but either we keep him that way or he becomes Jacopo/Giacomo Loretto. Layla and Jean-Paul still fit. As does Gina but barely.

Clint Barton stumps me. I can't think of any name that sounds similar! Cl-cl-claudio? I don't like it.

Scott Lang, again, stumps me.

As does Steven Strange (mostly for the surname here because a literal translation would convey the message but sound incredibly wrong)

Flash Thompson is easy because, again, nickname and the dudes real name is Eugene. Eugenio. Easy peasy.

Otto Octavius I feel like I can stay the same. It works imho. Or like instead of Octavius just Ottavio.

Thinking about Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson. Because the W can't happen. But Gaia and Maria- I realized also the J makes it hard. The only J name is Jessica 🤔. Or we go MCU and Michela our way into this character.

Karen Page- I got so many- Karen is really unique because we'll K name. But maybe Chiara to keep the sound?

The Osborns are hard. Harry ok sure Enrico. But Norman? I got nothing.

The whole Morales family Can keep their names since well their ethnic background is kinda important. Maybe Milo instead of Miles since he'd be afro-italian dna Puerto Rican.

I mean T'Challa also needs to stay the same.

Same for America Chavez.

QUINTAVIUS QUIRINIUS "QUENTIN" QUIRE I don't think we can make his name any better. He's perfect.

Wanda, Pietro, and Erik also need to stay the same.

But professor x needs a change. Carlo but the X eludes me.

There's so many X-Men. Logan... I don't think there's an equivalent. But also if we make Wade non-Canadian Logan needs to be the same. Though maybe it would be funnier if he were Canadian while Wade wasn't. Wade would be mad about it. Maybe.

Gwenpool needs to have the same surname but maybe she can get the Stacy treatment and be Gaia.

All the aliens can stay the same.

Peter Quill well Pietro. That one is gonna be pretty consistent.

"Quale maestro servi?"

"Che maestro servo? Cazzo devo rispondere? Gesù?"

"... Vieni dalla Terra?"

"Non vengo dalla Terra, vengo dalla Basilicata"

"Che è sulla Terra imbecille"

I had to.

Back on track.

Nicholas Fury is easy. Nicola Furia could very well be a name.

Philip Coulson also easy. Well the first part. Filippo goes hard.

Pepper Potts already works! Her real name is Virginia and Pepper is a nickname.

Bucky. On one hand, it wouldn't make sense to keep his name as is. On the OTHER how could I get rid of a name like Buchanan??? I also don't know how to go about James.

Sam Wilson, easy, Samuele.

There's so many characters I actually got a block.

I'll get back to you if I come up with more. Or some surnames.

Resisting the urge of writing a whole marvel universe where the only change is that everyone is Italian

[aneddoticamagazinestuff]

RELATIONS OF ORDER AND EQUIVALENCE IN A BODY OF LAW

New Post has been published on https://www.aneddoticamagazine.com/relations-of-order-and-equivalence-in-a-body-of-law/

RELATIONS OF ORDER AND EQUIVALENCE IN A BODY OF LAW

RELATIONS OF ORDER AND EQUIVALENCE 

IN A BODY OF LAW

1 – Relation

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The first entry in the ordered pair can be called x, and the second entry can be called y.

For example, {(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, -1), (-1, 0) is an example of a relation.

A function is also an example of a relation. A function has the special property that, for each value of x, there is a unique value of y. This property does not have to hold true for a relation. The equation of a circle x²+y²=r² defines a relation between x and y, but this relation is not a function because for every value of x there are two values of y : √r²-x² and -√ r²-x².

In mathematics an order is a set on which are defined relations of order (which produce a system), or relations of equivalence (which produce an arrangement).

  2 – Order

“To put in order” certainly is a work that allows to organize anyway, and in a certain sense, a set of objects, and/or concepts.

Mathematics identifies in an “order” all those properties that characterize all relations that can produce the order itself: i.e., all those properties that any relation must possess in order that the connections of the elements of the set, which is generated, constitute an order of the set itself.

The technical definition of this kind of relation is “relation of order”.

  3 – Equivalence

Two logic sentences are equivalent if they will always have the same truth value. For example, the sentence “p→q” (“IF p THEN q”) is equivalent to the sentence “(NOT q)→(NOT p).”

    4 – Introduction to Nomology

  4.1 – Abstract

Nomology is the study of human lawmaking (theorisation) that controls and verifies the correspondence of human laws to a correct theory, i.e. to the respect of the statement of true premises, and of a valid argument. If so, then any conclusion is true, any theory is true, any law must be true.

With such a conclusion we do not want to side neither with Natural Law, nor Positive Law, nor with the polyvalent Logic of Karl Popper. We just want to assume that any human law can intervene if, and only if, it is sure to produce a benefit or an improvement to the natural order; in any contrary case no law (control brought about by enforcing rules) is needed, or can be admitted.

In this work we have tried to investigate the process of codification referred to the major aspects of society, nature, science, and other acts or facts token into consideration by a body of law.

  4.2 – Definitions

Nomology can be defined as the process, which deals with the study of theories and laws.    The word nomology is a neologism formed by two Greek terms: logos, which indicates ‘the study of’, and nomos, which indicates a theory, a law, the government, or the administration of something.

  The etymological notion underlying theory is of ‘looking’; only secondarily did it develop via ‘contemplation’ to ‘mental conception’. It comes via late Latin theoria from Greek theörìa ‘contemplation, speculation, theory.’ This was a derivative of theöròs ‘spectator’, which was formed from the base thea- (source also of theàsthai ‘watch, look at,’ from which English gets theatre). Also derived from theoròs was theoreìn ‘look at’, which formed the basis of theorema ‘speculation, intuition, confirmed theory,’ acquired by English via late Latin theorema as theorem.

A theorem can be defined as a theory that has been proved, as the Pythagorean Theorem.

A law etymologically is that which has been ‘laid’ down. English borrowed the word from Old Norse lagu (replacing the native Old English æ ‘law’), which was the plural of lag ‘laying, good order.’ This came ultimately from the prehistoric Germanic base lag- ‘put’, from which English gets lay. It has no etymologic connection with the semantically similar legal.

English has three words lay. The common verb, ‘cause to lie’ [OE] goes back to the prehistoric Germanic base lag- ‘put,’ a variant of which produces lie. From it was derived lagjan, whose modern descendants are German legen, Dutch leggen, Swedish lägga, Danish lægge, and English lay.

Law comes from the same source, and it is possible that ledge may be an offshoot of lay (which in Middle English was legge). Ledger could well be related too. Lay ‘secular’ comes via Old French lai and Latin laicus from Greek laikòs, a derivative of laòs ‘the people’. And lay ‘ballad’ comes from Old French lai, a word of unknown origin.

The term legal, on the contrary, has a Latin source. The Latin term for ‘law’ was lex. From its stem form leg- come English legal, legislator (which goes back to a Latin compound meaning literally ‘one who proposes a law’), and legitimate. Loyal is a doublet of legal, acquired via Old French rather than directly from Latin. Another derivative of leg- was the Latin verb lēgāre ‘depute, commission, bequeath,’ which has given English collegue, college, delegate, legacy, and legation.

A ledger, etymologically, is a book that ‘lies’ in one place. The term was used in 15th and 16th century English with various specific applications, including a ‘large copy of the Breviary’ (the Roman catholic service book), and a ‘large register or record book’ – both big volumes that would not have been moved around much – but it finally settled on the ‘main book in the set of books used for keeping accounts.’ It probably comes from Dutch legger or ligger, agent nouns derived respectively from leggen ‘lay’ and liggen ‘lie’ (relatives of English lay and lie).

We said that the Latin term for ‘law’ was lex, defined by G. Devoto as an archaic Indo-European term, which defines the ‘religious law’, and that besides Latin survives only in the Indo-Iranian languages.

  2.1 Commonly a theory can be:

A set of general principles drawn from any body of facts or abstract thought (as in science).

Principles governing practice (as in a profession of arts, or in an administrative regulation).

A more or less plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle offered to explain observed facts.

Any theory is an argument, i.e. a sequence of sentences (called premises) that leads to a resulting sentence (conclusion).

An argument is a valid argument if the conclusion does follow from the premises. In other words, if an argument is valid, and all its premises are true, then the conclusion must be true.

Any theory is stated through a theorem, which is the logical process by which verity is deducted from the premises of the theory itself by means of mathematical or grammatical rules of logic.

  2.2 Commonly a law can be:

A rule or principle stating something that always works in the same way under the same conditions.

A rule of conduct or action established by custom or laid down and enforced by a governing authority.

The science that deals with laws and their interpretation and application.

A statement of the observed regularity of nature.

A revelation of a supreme will (as the revelation of the divine will set forth in the Old Testament).

  2.3 Commonly a law tends to degenerate into:

The control brought about by enforcing rules (forces of law and order).

The imposition of a power.

  Logic is the activity pertinent to the demonstration process of a statement (Theory or Law), while only the related science is pertinent to demonstrate a premise.

  The doctrine of Natural Law, Positive Law, and Epistemology are the disciplines that deal with the process of legislation and codification.

In the Natural Law, any theory (or law) comes from the observation of the regularity of nature: i.e., there exists a natural order and any codification process moves to the comprehension of the truth from its observation.

Positive Law (or Positive Right) comes from the induction of experiments, i.e., reasoning from a part to the whole, or from a particular to a general conclusion.

In Epistemology theories and laws are just hypothesis. Scientific revolution in mathematics and physics in the early ‘900 demonstrated that science progresses through deep crises and rearrangements of its conceptual apparatuses. Therefore, in the contemporary Epistemology the problem of the definition of scientific criteria is continuously re-proposed.

Bertrand Russell and Rudolph Carnap consider as scientific a theory when all its items can be connected through rules of ‘correspondence’ to observable data.

Karl R. Popper, introducing the notion of ‘falsificability’, considers as scientific a theory only if it is possible to identify the events whose ascertainment can prove its falsity. In any contrary case, theory will result undemonstrated and just ‘corroborated’ (opinion supported with certain evidence).

  4.3 – Theory and Law in Science

In Science, Theory and Law are terms that indicate a same object, i.e. the statement of a more or less plausible scientifically acceptable general principle offered to explain observed facts. Ohm’s law and Ohm’s theory are the same statement of a general principle of electricity. Therefore, in science law and theory have the same value.

General principles of electricity are accepted because their practical effects are visible, and easy demonstrable in the earth reference system. Nobody can state anything different than that.

General instinct to survival, reproduction, freedom, exchange, and knowledge are needs of nature, therefore they are natural laws, and nobody can state that something coming from nature is unreal, or false. Anyway, their effects are not so easy to be demonstrated as the effects of electricity are, therefore there will always exist someone somewhere who will issue human laws to regulate, by enforcing rules, those activities already regulated by the nature.

In Physics Newton’s theory and the Theory of General Relativity move to a similar gravitation theory. That is the principle of correspondence, which indicates the tendency of two physical laws to coincide when they are deducted from at least two different theories.

A few Epistemologists arrive to state that the scientific assumption of any term is nothing else than the complex of empiric operations performed when they are used. Once such a condition is satisfied, then it is possible to state that the theory under examination is scientifically valid.

Therefore, a theory results verified if observable data could be effectively related each other in the same way of the relations of ‘correspondence rules’ terms connected to data. In any contrary case we can say that the theory results counterfeited.

The inconvenient of this theory lays in the presumption that there will always exist rules of correspondence for all the terms of a theory. In the reality that never happens, because it is possible to demonstrate that almost any scientific theory contains terms with no rules of correspondence (the so called ‘theoretic terms’. Epistemologists tried to solve the problem with several modifications to strict Empiricism, looking overall for a shrewdness, which could give scientific sense also to the propositions containing some theoretic terms. Anyway, remains the fact that the verification concept itself is referred to statements with no theoretic term. These doubts are due to the circumstances that no observation, as accurate as possible, will ever allow to verify any authentic scientific law.

In fact, scientific law state the existence of a certain relationship between variable terms in infinite dominions, so that, in order to verify a law, it should be necessary to verify that the same relationship exists between an infinite number of data (corresponding to variables terms), when it is obvious that data effectively reachable by observation are always a finite number.

Such a difficulty moved the ‘falsification doctrine’ of K. Popper, which states that it is not necessary that a theory results verifiable in order to define a theory as scientific. It is necessary, on the contrary, that its falsity can be proved. In fact, in the act of a theory definition one can indicate a few events whose verification could prove its falsity (potential falsifiers). In any contrary case the theory would not be scientific, but merely metaphysic.

Once the potential falsifiers have been pointed out, scientists will be charged to submit the theory to extreme tests to verify whether it resists to the falsification attempt. If positive, scientists can state that the theory has not been ‘demonstrated’, but just ‘corroborated’.

Therefore, a real science shall be constituted by theories seriously corroborated, and we must note that any corroboration, however serious, will never result as definitive, because nobody can exclude on principle that further proofs could lead to exits in antithesis with the proofs till then performed.

The existence of such a plurality of epistemologies confirms the actuality of the problem about the formulation of a criterion of science, which can give a precise sense to the objectivity of this knowledge, and to its effective superiority in comparison with pre-scientific knowledge, without any further appeal to a presumed absolute metaphysical basis of science.

  4.4 – Law and Theory

How many civil or common bodies of law have currently as same casual links with social theories as law and theory scientifically have?

A civil or common law must at least demonstrate be a theory, in order to be real (proved or just corroborated), therefore to be right. If not, any civil or common law will just be a power imposition.

In nature every living being is authorized by natural programs (instinct to survival, reproduction, freedom, exchange, and knowledge) as nature needs to oppose any power imposition, even if it comes from a process of codification imposed by a Government, an Administration, and/or any presumed or self-styled positive law.

An organism that formulates a lot of codifications and laws is the State, which becomes the highest Institution when it is assumed as a ‘body of law’. ‘Law and Order’ enforce state laws, unlike scientific laws. Any State law is coercive, even when the case that has to be regulated is not by nature.

Now, if a body of law wants at least to be a theory- as any scientific statement- shall contain demonstrability criteria, or the proof that it cannot be forged.  Therefore, to become eligible any law must demonstrate that: I) premises are really scientific; ii), the argument is logic; iii) conclusions come from premises, passed through a coherent (valid) argument, and support all its statements.

In order to do that, any law must demonstrate that its statements are natural (logical) and not forged. In any contrary case the law shall result undemonstrated, therefore false.

One of the most frequent objections to the aforementioned definition is that the demonstrability of a State law can take long and hard procedures, while society’s problems need urgent interventions.

That is nonsense, because a law has a sense only when it is able to classify a real order, or when it is able to really improve a natural order.

Human society, as any other living being society, has a recognized and accepted natural order that allows applying all instincts for living. Such a natural condition needs no human manipulation or forges to live on. No civil or common law is needed, but to improve technology. Therefore, if human laws want to reach a real improvement, they shall have at the most engineering skills, which shall be the definition of highest organisation levels. In any case, such a manoeuvre- as in all engineering process- must come through a theorem (that has been defined as the logical process by which verification is deducted from the premise of the theory itself by means of mathematical or grammatical rules of logic).

Now, even if we make any effort, any terrific enormous effort to try to identify the correspondence of human laws with scientific theories, we can see only a few, very few civil or common laws eligible as theory. In all other cases they are just a power imposition.

  4.5 – First Conclusion

In the Abstract we have defined Nomology as the study of human lawmaking (theorisation) that controls and verifies the correspondence of human laws to a correct theory, i.e. to the respect of the statement of true premises, and of a valid argument.)

Therefore, with a law we can state a relation of equivalence (natural law) when we describe a natural process, identifying a strict equivalence, or arrangement between the statement of the theory and the condition of reality. With a positive law usually we state a relation of order, that is, we try to organize with a certain sense a set of concepts, setting up an artificial order to the elements of the set. That is, with any positive law (relation of order) we tend to innovate to the natural order of a set, because we believe we can improve its efficiency.

Definitively, consciously or unconsciously, each time we issue a positive law we innovate reality, because we believe we can be more efficient than reality itself.

    5 – INNOVATION

In a state of nature human beings live through consistent patterns or “regularities” in the way ecosophic systems evolve over time. We can articulate these patterns in the form of theories, and sets, as follows:

  5.1 – Theory of Completeness of Parts.

Ecosophy arises as the result of synthesis of previous separate matters (disciplines) into a single whole. In order to live and to be viable the system includes three basic sets:

Demand Set

Production Set

Non-Rational Set.

Each set is a closed set. If any of these sets is missing or inefficient, to that extent the ecosophic system is unable to survive and prevail against its competitive systems (i.e., those systems, which impose power, e.g., Political, Military, and Violence System.)

  5.2 – Theory of Entropy and Energy Conductivity. 

An Ecosophic System evolves in the direction of increasing efficiency in the transfer of energy from outside to inside. This transfer can take place through a condition or state that can be called entropy, as in Physics (it is the case of using the same term just because it indicates the same phenomenon.) The higher is entropy the higher is conductivity. Therefore, the higher is conductivity, the lower enthalpy.

Entropy can be argued as the thermodynamic quantity that characterizes the trend of closed systems (i.e., those systems, which do not exchange matter or energy with surrounding environment) to evolve to the maximum equilibrium. Entropy is the quantity that signifies the non-reversibility of natural phenomena, as it is the index of energy degradation. Energy and matter degrades while entropy increases, thus resulting inapplicable.

N. Georgescu-Roegen firstly used the theory of entropy in Economics, in order to emphasize as economic processes are not “circular”, and non-reversible, and that the stock of natural resources tends to exhaust itself (this theory is also used by major ecologists.)

In Information Theory, people use the term entropy as the “quantity” of information (the higher entropy, the lower information.)

In Physics any entropy increase indicates the system’s passage to a state of greater disorder.

Imagine, for example, the passage of water from solid state to liquid state: in solid state molecules are tied each other in the ice crystal lattice, (thus easier to be identified in any fixed position), whilst in liquid state molecules, subject to weaker cohesion forces, are stimulated by a less thermal motion, that is, they are more irregular. In order to transit from solid to liquid state the system has to absorb heath (energy, enthalpy) at constant temperature, therefore its entropy variation shall be positive, i.e., entropy increases in correspondence of the passage to a phase characterized by a greater disorder.

We apply to entropy as the natural chaos, the microscopic disorder of a system, which allows enthalpy (Information, Culture, etc.,) to be acknowledged by, and transferred to ecosophic system (i.e., we can argue that entropy and enthalpy are in a reverse function compared to that given by Information Theory.)

This transfer can take place through a more or less state of entropy, and the entropy level will be the standard of transfer efficiency. In a very personal and subjective scale of entropy, we consider the U.S. as the highest entropic system, and Australia as the lowest.

    5.3 – Theory of Ideal Efficiency

An Ecosophic System evolves in such a direction as to increase its degree of efficiency. Efficiency is defined as the quotient of the sum of the system’s benefits, Bi, divided by the sum of its cost effects Cj.

ΣBi

Efficiency = E = ──

ΣCj.

  Benefit effects include all the valuable result of the system’s functioning. Cost effects include either individual or system cost.

Taking this trend to its limit, we can assume the notion of Ideal Efficiency is obtained when the Bi are maximum and the Cj are minimum. The theory thus states that as the system evolves, the sum of the Bi trend upward and the sum of Cj trend downward.

From Mechanics we can assume, as stated by Stan Kaplan “A technical system evolves in such a direction to increase its degree of ideality”.

Chaos Theory supports the aforementioned statement through the Theory of “Strange Attractors”.

From Economics we can assume the following theories:

Cost/Benefit Analysis

Profit Maximization

Scarcity (as a prerequisite to any economic behaviour)

The ratio Cost/Benefit indicates the efficiency of any business, i.e., any human action. In effect any benefit can be material or immaterial, real or presumed. Therefore, a benefit is a very personal appreciation, which can be related to tastes, ethics, religion, ideals, and/or any further material and/or immaterial aspect. Efficiency states that in every human action benefits must ever been greater than costs.  In any contrary case we have to admit that our action is useless, and it cannot be communicated to, and/or exchanged with anybody else. Therefore, benefit is equal to utility.

Profit Maximization indicates the relationship we can trace between cost and benefit of any human exchange. That is, if we want to increase the efficiency of our action we need to increase benefits (if we can); otherwise we need to reduce costs.

In any business, producer can increase selling price, which is the benefit of his business (if he can), otherwise he has to reduce his production costs. In the other hand, consumers have to increase the benefits of the product (if they can), otherwise they need to reduce the cost (selling price) of the product. Therefore, in any exchange we can see a bargaining on the selling price, which is at the same time benefit for the producer and cost for the consumer. Only consumers really know the benefit they can get from any product, just because benefit is a very personal appreciation.

Scarcity is a prerequisite to any exchange, because in case of a free product there is no cost, which ting is contrary to any efficiency (Cost/Benefit ratio) analysis.

In effect, if we admit the possibility of satisfying a need for free, we must admit than somebody else has worked for free in order to produce the product that we have consumed. In this case we have abused of another person for satisfying our need, which aspect is not ethic at all.

    5.4 – Theory of Harmonization of Rhythms

Dynamics can be visualized in term of geometric shapes called attractors. (If you start a dynamical system from some initial point and watch what it does in the long run, you often find that it ends up wandering around on some well-defined shape in phase shape. A system that settles down to a steady state has an attractor that is just a point. A system that settles down to repeating the same behaviour periodically has an attractor that is a closed loop. That is, closed loops correspond to oscillators. The butterfly effect implies that the detailed motion on a strange attractor cannot be determined in advance. But this doesn’t alter the fact that it is an attractor.

In his 1935 article “Synchronous Flashing of Fireflies” in the journal Science the America biologist Hugh Smith provides a compelling description of the phenomenon:

Imagine a tree thirty-five to forty feet high, apparently with fireflies on every leaf, and all the fireflies flashing in perfect unison at the rate of about three times in two seconds, the tree being in complete darkness between flashes. Imagine a tenth of a mile of river front with an unbroken line of mangrove trees with fireflies on every leaf flashing in synchronism, the insect on the trees at the end of the line acting in perfect unison with those between. Then, if one’s imagination is sufficiently vivid, he may form some conception of this amazing spectacle.

Why do the flashes synchronize? Asks Ian Stewart

In 1990, Renato Mirollo and Steven Strogatz showed that synchrony is the rule for mathematical models in which every firefly interacts with every other. Again, the idea is to model the insects as a population of oscillators coupled together -this time by visual signals. The chemical cycle used by each firefly to create a flash of light is represented as an oscillator. The population of fireflies is represented by a network of such oscillators with fully symmetric coupling -that is, each oscillator affects all of the others in exactly the same manner. The most unusual feature of this model, which was introduced by the American biologist Charles Peskin in 1975, is that the oscillators are pulse-coupled. That is, an oscillator affects its neighbours only at the instant when it creates a flash of light. 

The mathematical difficulty is to disentangle all these interactions, so that their combined effect stands out clearly.

Mirollo and Strogatz proved that no matter what the initial conditions are, eventually all the oscillators become synchronized. The proof is based on the idea of absorption, which happens when two oscillators with different phases “lock together” and thereafter stay in phase with each other. Because the coupling is fully symmetric, once a group of oscillators has locked together, it cannot unlock. A geometric and analytic proof shows that a sequence of these absorptions must occur, which eventually lock all the oscillators together.

The big message in both locomotion and synchronization is that nature’s rhythms are often linked to symmetry, and that the patterns that occur can be classified mathematically by invoking the general principles of symmetry breaking. The principles of symmetry breaking do not answer every question about the natural world, but they do provide a unifying framework, and often suggest interesting new questions. In particular, they both pose and answer the question: Why these patterns but not others?

The lesser message is that mathematics can illuminate many aspects of nature that we do normally think of as being mathematical. This is a message that goes back to the Scottish zoologist D’Arcy Thompson, whose classic but maverick book On Growth and Form set out in 1917, an enormous variety of more or less plausible evidence for the role of mathematics in the generation of biological form and behaviour. In an age when most biologists seem to think that the only interesting thing about an animal is its DNA sequence, it is a message that needs to be repeated, loudly and often.

    6. – FINAL CONCLUSION

As in Medicine it’s not responsibility of the analyst to issue the diagnosis, so in nomology is not responsibility of the analyst to come to the definition of any human law.

Our duty was to demonstrate that positive law cannot be something special than any other theory.

Theory and law (either common or civil) have the same logic. That is “Quod Erat Demonstrandum”.

          Enrico Furia.

School of World Business Law

    Douglas Downing, Dictionary of Mathematics Terms, 2nd ed. Barron’s Ed. Series, New York, 1995.

John Ayto, Dictionary of Word Origins, Arcade Publishing New York, 1990.

Douglas Downing, Dictionary of Mathematics Terms, Second Edition Barron’s, New York, 1990

  Giacomo Devoto, Dizionario Etimologico, Le Monnier, Firenze 1968.

Ecosophy is intended as a global knowledge, which includes all aspect of life of living beings. For further description, see of the same author: “Introduction to the Ecosophic Set”;  HYPERLINK “http://www.worldbusinesslaw.net/”www.worldbusinesslaw.net

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, (Konstanz 1906), Rumanian economist, who first applied Thermodynamics laws to Economics. See Economics and Economic Process, (1971)

Stan Kaplan, An Introduction to TRIZ, Ideation International Inc., 1996

Ian Stewart, Nature’s Numbers, Basic Books, New York, 1995

[falcemartello]

•••

Oggi giochiamo al gioco dell'obbligo scolastico. Partiamo dalla situazione nei diversi stati che compongono l'Europa, visto come a noi Italiani piace fare gli originali in tema di obblighi. Ecco la situazione. (fonte EURIDYCE 2022)

https://eurydice.indire.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Compulsory-Education-in-Europe-2020_21.pdf

Il "brillante" Enrico Letta propone l'obbligo dai 3 ai 18 anni includendo l'obbligo anche per la scuola d'infanzia. In quanti stati vige obbligo per la scuola d'infanzia in Europa? Basta consultare la tabela: pochi scendono sotto ai 6. Solo in 4 paesi UE arriva ai 18.

(https://www.nextquotidiano.it/enrico-letta-propone-scuola-infanzia-obbligatoria-fischi/)

Bonaccini si fa prendere dal furore e invoca obbligo per i nidi. Salvo poi fare retromarcia, visto che si avvicinava anche l'obbligo di concepimento secondo determinate modalità.

(https://www.orizzontescuola.it/bonaccini-asilo-nido-sia-obbligatorio-chi-lo-frequenta-poi-e-piu-bravo-alle-superiori-lo-vediamo-delle-prove-invalsi/)

I bambini che frequentano nido+infanzia hanno standard di sviluppo cognitivo migliori di chi non li frequenta. L'obbligo è la strada da seguire? Mi si permetta di dubitarne anche a fronte di scarsa capillarità soprattutto dei nidi sul territorio.

(https://www.today.it/attualita/asili-nido-italia-divisa.html)

Si aggiunga il fatto che i nidi in particolare, ma anche le scuole d'infanzia NON sono gratuiti. Letta ha pensato a questi due semplici problemetti o siamo alle solite riforme annunciate a furia social e poi lasciate nell'ennesimo vicolo cieco? Lo ius scholae per citarne una.

Il PD si confronta con i cittadini con la modalità degli obblighi, uscendo da un consesso europeo dove scuola d'infanzia non è generalmente contemplata tra gli obblighi e mai il nido. Son gli obblighi il "nuovo" terreno di confronto politico a sinistra? Benvengano i fischi.

PS: questa foia di obbligare, sanzionare, limitare le libertà dei cittadini, facendo entrare lo stato fin in camera da letto o nella toilette ha stancato e puzza di comunismo lontano 1km. Ha stancato anche lo strombazzar riforme a caso senza realizzarle mai.

THE END

(Mr Pian Piano)

[paoloxl]

La miseria degli ex. Dopo vent'anni Deaglio parla ancora di "calcinaccio" - Osservatorio Repressione

Genova, 20 luglio 2001, pistola già puntata ad altezza d’uomo, estintore ancora a terra. Alle 17.27 Carlo Giuliani viene raggiunto da due colpi di pistola sparati dal Carabiniere Mario Placanica. Poi la camionetta dei carabinieri passa due volte sul corpo di Carlo, in retromarcia, schiacciandolo, per poi ripartire.

Tutto documentato negli archivi dei processi da contro inchieste, nelle immagini che i fotografi riuscirono a salvare dalla furia distruttrice dei carabinieri.

Tra questi c’era Eligio Paoni, il primo ad aver fotografato il corpo a terra di Carlo. La sua Leica fu poi distrutta mentre un poliziotto prendeva un sasso e lo scaraventava ripetutamente sulla fronte di Carlo e, insanguinato, lo lasciò lì vicino ma prima, un altro agente trascinò Paoni e gli premette la faccia su quella insanguinata di Carlo ancora vivo.

“Non so se sia stato colpito con un sasso – raccontò Bruno Abile, fotoreporter francese, collaboratore dell’agenzia Sipa Press, a Repubblica, presente in Piazza Alimonda – Di sicuro, perché l’ho visto con i miei occhi, un poliziotto o un carabiniere lo colpì con un calcio in testa quando era già morto. Ho fotografato l’ufficiale nell’istante di ‘caricare’ la gamba, come quando si sta per tirare un calcio di rigore”. Le sue due macchine fotografiche vennero distrutte dagli agenti.

Chi non ricorda quel video in cui il vicequestore Adriano Lauro, subito dopo lo sparo, non appena si rese conto di essere ripreso da una telecamera, si mise ad inseguire un manifestante che era lì vicino, urlando “Sei stato tu ad ucciderlo! Pezzo di merda! L’hai ucciso tu, con il tuo sasso!“,  mentre dal Tg5, il giornalista Toni Capuozzo, ex Lotta Continua, ne commentava l’azione giubilante?

In questi giorni lo hanno rimandato in onda tantissime volte. Lauro, intanto, ha fatto carriera: nominato questore a Pesaro e, come sappiamo, non sarà il solo.

Ieri sera, su La7, Enrico Deaglio, già direttore del quotidiano Lotta Continua, dal 1977 al 1982, ha sposato la “tesi del proiettile deviato dal calcinaccio“, ovvero, la conclusione dei giudici di Genova con cui prosciolsero il carabiniere Mario Placanica in fase istruttoria dall’accusa di omicidio colposo: legittima difesa.

Nell’atto di archiviazione si citò la perizia che sosteneva che il proiettile, prima di colpire Giuliani, venne “deviato da un calcinaccio tirato in aria“. Un calcinaccio.

Quanto tempo è passato dai tempi de “La strage di Stato“.

Sergio Scorza

da Contropiano

[giulia-liddell]

Quella volta che si creò il silenzio e qualcuno decise di fare rumore

Abituatevi a questi titoli, perché ce ne saranno tanti altri così

Parole: 1015 (iniziamo con roba corta, dai)

Beta: Server di Discord (Giusto? Non posso fare la mia battutina sulla beta)

Fandom: Sanremo RPF (Cenone di Natale AU/Sanremo Family AU)

Ship: Nessuna (per adesso), forse ehm mentioned Anacore

Avvertimenti: piccolo discorso omofobico, roba fatta di fretta, povero Anastasio

Note autore: Ormai è da secoli che dovevo postare questa piccola cosina che sul server ha avuto conseguenze inaspettate... C’è una seconda parte (X)... Ringrazio @just-one-more-fandom dato che abbiamo stabilito che questa idea era partita da te!

L’ambiente non è per niente teso. Per una volta. Non capita quasi mai a questi incontri di famiglia che ci sia quiete. Forse è l’aria di primavera o lo spirito della Pasqua, anche se non spiega perché lo spirito del Natale non debba avere lo stesso effetto. Sembra quasi assurdo che un pranzo di Pasqua risulti più sereno di una cena di Natale… Ama per la prima volta dopo chi sa quanto, sorride serena durante una riunione di famiglia. È quasi un evento storico. Forse è per quello che Enrico sta facendo così tante foto con un sorriso soddisfatto piantato sulla faccia. Cally si guarda intorno e vede tranquillità sul volto di tutti, perfino su quei due idioti di Anastasio e Rancore, e gli viene in mente che forse può provare a spingerli un po’ nella giusta direzione giusta. In fondo, l’ambiente è certamente adatto.

Sembra un momento perfetto quando suo cugino si siede molto vicino a Tarek senza quasi accorgersene. Che adorabile idiota, pensa Cally mentre progetta un piano per farli avvicinare ancora di più. Non resiste all’idea di riuscire a farli arrossire entrambi, sarebbe una scena fantastica. Ma prima che possa avvicinarsi, prima che possa anche solo dire una delle sue battute per punzecchiarli, prima che possa anche solo pensare esattamente cosa fare, la voce del Male Assoluto parla qualche passo più avanti a lui. «Marco non ti rendi conto di che comportamento vergognoso stai avendo? Sei già un maleducato ed un delinquente, adesso devi pure appiccicarti così tanto a quell’altro delinquente? È davvero questo quello di cui ha bisogno questa famiglia? Un altro deplorevole esempio di omosessualità?». Silenzio assoluto. Tutti si voltano verso la fonte della voce. Ovviamente zia Rita, assistita dalle nonne vicine a lei che annuiscono in assenso. Cally stringe i pugni pronto a tirare un cazzotto in piena faccia ad una sua stessa parente, mentre nota una simile quantità di furia assoluta negli occhi di Tarek, che ha istintivamente stretto a sé Marco. Lui, poverino, sembra non essere riuscito nemmeno a capire esattamente cosa sia successo e continua a fissare la zia con lo sguardo perso.

Ci sono alcuni secondi di pesante attesa in cui tutti sembrano pronti ad assaltare la zia Rita, perfino la zia Ama sembra aver completamente perso il suo normale controllo. Cally inizia a fare un passo in avanti, ma viene interrotto da Antonio, l’altro Antonio, che si mette improvvisamente in mezzo tra lui e la zia Rita. «Se ne vada.» dice semplicemente Diodato con un tono stranamente calmo, ma osservandolo bene, nel suo stato di shock, Cally si accorge che sta stringendo i denti con forza. «Come prego? Antonio, caro, cosa stai dicendo?» risponde la zia confusa voltandosi improvvisamente verso il favorito della famiglia «Se ne vada. Non siamo direttamente imparentati, ma siamo una famiglia ormai da svariati anni, grazie alla meravigliosa e felice unione di Ama e Fiore. Che sono un perfetto esempio di un felice matrimonio e non so se lei in questi anni si è resa effettivamente conto che sono due persone queer sposate tra loro o se ha cercato di convincersi che fossero solo dei coinquilini molto vicini. E non sono gli unici. Questa famiglia è piena di meravigliosi individui che ognuno in modo diverso rappresenta la fantastica comunità che lei ha azzardato chiamare deplorevole. Io e lei non siamo imparentati, ma ho finto che lo fossimo in questi anni per rispetto e per educazione nei suoi confronti nonostante lei abbia continuato ad insultare in più occasioni, direttamente ed indirettamente, i membri della mia amata famiglia, sia quelli di sangue che quelli acquisiti che io considero vicini ed importanti quanto i primi. Non posso più sopportare, ad alcun livello, una mancanza di rispetto ed un odio tale nella quiete e nella tranquillità della mia famiglia e non intendo farlo. Non posso neanche più considerarla, nemmeno per rispetto ed educazione, parte della mia famiglia in alcun modo, quindi… Se ne vada immediatamente e lasci in pace i miei amati familiari, che lei, signora Pavone, non merita assolutamente. Potrà tornare, se e solo se, avrà imparato quanto meravigliosamente varia ed importante sia la sua stessa famiglia e quanto è fortunata a farne parte.» spiega Antonio con lo stesso tono calmo e posato di prima.

Altro profondo silenzio. Zia Rita rimane ammutolita, sbattendo più volte le palpebre confusa, tanto quanto sono confusi gli altri presenti. Cally abbassa il braccio che si accorge di aver tenuto alzato fino a quel momento pronto a tirare un pugno. La zia prende la sua borsa e si allontana urlando qualcosa sul fatto che se ne sta andando di sua scelta perché nessuno le aveva mai mancato di rispetto in quel modo. Enrico fermo nell’angolo appoggia la macchina fotografica e comincia ad applaudire, seguito prima soltanto da sua sorella Giordana e poi, lentamente, da tutti gli altri. Antonio si allontana e scompare da qualche parte in giardino, senza che nessuno se ne accorga. Cally rimane bloccato nello stesso posto faticando a capire cosa sia successo. Vede Marco riprendere a respirare e Tarek sciogliersi dal suo stato di tensione per poterlo consolare e si accorge che questo è merito di Antonio Diodato. Quel Antonio Diodato. Il cugino perfetto, adorato dalle zie e dalle nonne, che non ha mai detto una parola contro nessuna di loro. Quello che è sempre stato usato da Zia Rita come esempio di buona condotta. Quello che ha passato l’ultimo cenone di Natale a guardare storto Claudia perché adesso sta con Elodie? Lui è quello che ha deciso di fermare e cacciare la zia Rita? In difesa di Marco e Tarek? Questa poi. Di tutte le assurdità che sono successe alle riunioni di famiglia questa deve essere la più assurda. Che cazzo. Adesso mi tocca andargli a parlare. A ringraziarlo. A ringraziarlo per aver difeso mio cugino. Che cazzo. Appena riesce a muoversi di nuovo e si riprende abbastanza dallo shock Cally va a chiedere a zio Bugo dove sia andato Antonio. Mentre gli altri sembrano già essere tornati alla normalità, lui si dirige verso il luogo che gli viene indicato in cerca di Diodato.  

[paneliquido]

L'uomo che le sbagliò TUTTE

Per�� una cosa Enrico Berlinguer la disse giusta: parlò di «Eurocomunismo» anche se è rimasto un oggetto misterioso (ancor oggi) per quanto volesse essere sicuramente diverso da una politica dove, al posto del comitato centrale, c'è il comitato economico e finanziario, e al posto dei proletari ci sono milioni di correntisti.

Detto questo, il quotidiano La Repubblica è a corto di copie (come tutti i quotidiani) e sta cercando di recuperarle anche con un'operazione-nostalgia verso Enrico Berlinguer, strategia che ha una sua logica (recuperare per esempio i nostalgici e gli orfani dell'Unità, del «Partito», o comunque delle fasce generazionali ancora disposte a sbirciare i giornali) ma che alla lunga, come campagna, sta lasciando attoniti per la pervicacia della recita, interpretata da una straordinaria quantità di attori i quali, come dire, da giorni se la stanno decisamente raccontando. Forse troppo. Non vorremmo che a furia di ripetere il copione finissero per crederlo vero.

La Repubblica fa bene, lettori non olet, anche a costo di rivolgersi a un lettorato/elettorato ormai incapace di intendere e di volere. Ma gli altri?

Parliamo di certi giornalisti travestiti da intellettuali organici, di certi esponenti del Pd che avrebbero il problema di ridefinire eternamente un'identità. Rimpiangere Berlinguer non è certo un peccato, le icone sono icone, però ci sono anche i fatti, che sono i fatti, non opinioni.

La sinistra di Berlinguer, storicamente, è quella che perse il referendum sulla scala mobile, che scelse di non schierarsi con gli Stati Uniti e flirtò semmai con i sovietici che intanto puntavano missili nucleari contro il nostro Paese, la sinistra che non volle trattare durante il rapimento di Aldo Moro e che rifiutò ogni autonomismo e ogni riformismo che erano cavalli di battaglia di Craxi (perciò odiato) e che oggi sono divenuti patrimonio indiscusso della stessa sinistra.

E' più che ragionevole credere che Berlinguer ci avrebbe condotti a un destino greco, perché le sue posizioni su mercato e imprese e liberalismo erano da suicidio: tanto che per lustri la sua sinistra bloccò ogni opera e infrastruttura pubblica che fosse più grande di una capocchia di spillo. Non stiamo rivelando nulla, sono tutte cose che i più conoscono a menadito: anche se, a sinistra, cominciarono ufficialmente ad accorgersene solo nel tardo ottobre 2015, quando l'Unità mise in pagina un articolo dell'85enne Biagio De Giovanni secondo il quale Berlinguer, oggettivamente, aveva preso delle topiche colossali, tanto che aveva predetto il declino del capitalismo poco prima «della più grande rivoluzione capitalistica di tutti i tempi», si lesse. Un profeta, Berlinguer.

Si potrebbe continuare, anche perché non si parla di bazzecole: il partito della «questione morale» berlingueriana prendeva segretamente rubli dall'Unione Sovietica (nostra controparte politica e militare) e con la stessa e ipocrita aura di superiorità, assai probabilmente, favorì quell'antipolitica e quel qualunquismo che non si riversarono in una pulsione rivoluzionaria, ma nel giustizialismo di Mani Pulite.

Tuttavia, se ora guardate le celebrazioni di Repubblica, tra amarcord e cattiva memoria, di quanto sopra non trovate nulla. Trovate, per dire, Eugenio Scalfari che si vanta di aver intervistato Berlinguer nel 1981 sulla questione morale (complimenti) e che spiega come «Berlinguer aveva in mente di sostenere l’autonomia dei partiti nazionali comunisti occidentali dall’influenza della Russia». Ah, il famoso «strappo da Mosca», quello che non impedì al Partito di prendere rubli sino al 1989 inoltrato, quando crollò tutto l'Est e il Pci dovette umiliarsi a cambiare nome. «Berlinguer è il contrario di Renzi», scrive Scalfari. Buon per Renzi.

Anche se quest'ultimo non si è potuto sottrarre – neppure lui – al grande sciocchezzaio celebrativo: è riuscito a sostenere – e dev'essergli costato - che Berlinguer «è stato il leader che per primo ha portato la sinistra italiana dalla parte giusta della storia». Cioè il contrario della verità, come detto. Berlinguer è quello che si schierò contro gli euromissili in risposta alla minaccia dell'Urss, che cercò di salvaguardare lo zoccolo duro comunista ma che perse di vista i ceti emergenti, che rimase assolutamente comunista («l’eguaglianza è molto più importante della libertà») e non si staccò mai del tutto dall'abbraccio con Mosca, anche perché sennò i rubli non sarebbero più arrivati.

Poi c'è il famoso «eurocomunismo» berlingueriano con cui molti si riempiono la bocca in questi giorni. Sappiamo che si rivolse ai partiti comunisti di Francia e Spagna e a un certo punto anche Inghilterra. Sappiamo che doveva essere un progetto marxista intermedio al leninismo e al socialismo e che insomma voleva reinventare il comunismo.

Ma in realtà non sappiamo altro, a parte che una vera rottura con l'Unione Sovietica alla fine non ci fu, e che questo eurocomunismo non sviluppò mai una strategia politica chiara e riconoscibile. Per riconoscere invece l'eurocomunismo in salsa moderna, quello di Junker e soci, quello che ci ha reso finalmente tutti uguali nel non contare nulla, basta aprire il portafogli.

Filippo Facci

[johnnyconner]

Best Italian Lip Dub ISIS Enrico Fermi Bibbiena Italy Italia - Blondie Maria from ISIS Fermi on Vimeo.

Il miglior LipDub Italiano !!! facebook.com/LipDubBibbiena

Produced by Walter Pierotti Directed by Michela Franceschi & Stefano Del Furia

Filming & Videomaking: Davide Vasta dvlab.it

Filmed with Nikon D3S Photos by Bertelli Matteo

Starring (in alphabetical order) Acciai Simone - Guitarist Alexandru Georgiana - Singer Banchetti Matteo - Guitarist Bandelloni Filippo - Singer Bargellini Luca - Singer Bellini Andrea - Singer Bibtia Khalil - Singer Bussi Mattia - Guitarist Calori Giada - Singer Conti Andrea - Singer D'Amico Giovanni - Drummer David Ovidiu Emanuel - Singer Elmeruani Sukaina - Singer Ferrini Federica - Singer Fiorentini Claudio - Singer Gabrilovich Benjamin - Singer Gambineri Francesco - Singer Goretti Francesco - Singer Gori Giulio - Singer Gori Simone - Guitarist Greavu Fabian - Singer Maggio Daniele - Singer Mannelli Leonardo - Drummer Marotta Rosa - Singer Marri Beatrice - Singer Martini Davide - Singer Masetti Sara - Singer Medon Mustafaj - Singer Meini Sara - Singer Nassini Beatrice - Singer Norcini Michele - Singer Raggioli Francesco - "Sweeper" Sandroni Laura - Singer Santini Sara - Singer Squillantini Alessandro - Singer Tacconi Lorenzo - Singer Vezzosi Mirko - Singer Ziberi Ramadan - Singer

Co-Starring (in alphabetical order) Agostini Maria - Groupie Bonucci Silvia - Computer's Technician Bresciani Gabriele - Bodyguard Corsi Gianni - Fugitive David Roxana - Computer's Technician Fani Federico - Soldier Fiorini Valentina - Computer's Technician Gaietti Andrea - Soldier Martini Ilaria - Groupie Pierazzoli Lorenzo - Soldier

Teachers (in alphabetical order) Balducci Angiolo - Dancer Berti Adriana - Boss's gal Camaiani Giampiero - Card's player Fratini Rodolfo - Blind Giovani Marino - Accordionist Piccolo Francesco - Boss's bodyguard Trentini Maurizio - Biker Students 1A, 1B, 1C, 1Geo, 1Ipsia 2A, 2Geo, 2Az 3Geo, 3Inf, 3Mec, 3Tur 4Ele, 4Geo, 4Inf, 4Mec 5Ele, 5Inf, 5Ipsia, 5Mec Go-Kart Driver Nocentini Manuel

Special thanks to Giuliani Daniele Technical assistants Castelli Vasco Larghi Alberto Light & Sound TuttoMusica Service Giannini Tony Prints Baldelli Federico We thanks all ISIS "Enrico Fermi" high school's staff for their help © ISIS Enrico Fermi 2011 Bibbiena - Poppi - Italy

Songs (All copyrights belong to the artists) Blondie (1999) - "Maria" Beyond Records Ludacris (2004) - "Get Back" DTP, Def Jam The Smiths (1992) - "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" WEA ---------------------------- Best Italian LipDub Ever !!! Il miglior Lip Dub realizzato in Italia !!! Istituto Secondario di Istruzione Superiore "Enrico Fermi" P. Matteotti 1 - 52011 . Bibbiena (AR) isisfermi.it/lipdub

[weirdesplinder]

Rurik e Aja. Il guerriero delle maree

Uscirà a breve in tutte le librerie il quinto e ultimo libro della serie romantico storica di Fracesca Cani, Gli eredi di Holstein, si intitola Rurik e Aja. Il guerriero delle maree .

Trama: Anno Domini 1101. Aja è l’ultima degli eredi di Holstein e ha vissuto a lungo all’ombra dei fratelli Tristan e Jonas, ma quando incontra sulla spiaggia uno straniero che indossa il kilt ed è bello come un dio pagano se ne invaghisce all’istante. Rurik è il principe di Mann, un giovane dalla chioma di fuoco che ha navigato da solo seguendo una corrente impetuosa, è spregiudicato e disposto a tutto pur di rivederla. L’amore sembra così facile, innocente e puro e ogni incontro una magia; ma il voto di matrimonio che si sono scambiati viene infranto. Due cuori separati, rotti e calpestati scelgono vie inaspettate per continuare a battere. Aja ritorna a essere invisibile, Rurik diventa re di Mann, ma l’isola viene attaccata e lui viene sottomesso. Per volere di Magnus di Norvegia, il grande monarca vichingo conquistatore delle isole, Rurik si tramuta in un Berserker, un guerriero bestia che grazie alle pozioni combatte senza coscienza. Perde la corona e la memoria gli viene cancellata, il suo volto viene sfregiato e per coprirlo indossa una maschera di rame, non è sopravvissuto nulla di umano nello spietato guerriero che chiamano il Rosso. Scarlatto come il sangue, come i peggiori istinti, come la follia, la furia assassina e la passione… Quando il Rosso attacca Holstein la sua missione è uccidere Aja, ma ben presto si accorge che può proteggerla dalla morte, non da sé stesso.

Questo è il finale di una serie di 5 libri da non perdere, ecco qui sotto i volumi precedenti:

Serie Eredi di Holstein

1. Tristan e Doralice un amore ribelle

Link: https://amzn.to/3NaCX0T

Trama: Anno Domini 1076. Sopravvissuta alla strage della sua famiglia, Doralice di Lacus trova ospitalità a Canossa, dove la grancontessa Matilda la accoglie come una figlia. Quando l’orrore per l’assassinio dei suoi genitori sembra aver lasciato posto a una tranquilla quotidianità, i piani di conquista di Enrico IV sconvolgono il suo mondo. Tristan di Holstein, indomito guerriero forgiato da mille battaglie, ha un’ultima missione prima di riconquistare la libertà: deve colpire al cuore Matilda, strappandole quanto ha di più prezioso. La sua preda, che osserva con occhi da demonio, uno azzurro e freddo, l’altro ribollente d’oro fuso, è Doralice. Ma la prova dell’amore si rivelerà la più ardua da superare e lo spingerà a disobbedire al suo re, a sopportare torture e rinunce in nome di una felicità che potrebbe non esistere. Perché forse è proprio lui il responsabile di un crimine che non può essere perdonato...

2. Jonas e Viridiana il cuore d'inverno

Link amazon:  http://amzn.eu/al8PuZT

Trama:  Anno Domini 1095. Cresciuta all’estremo nord del Sacro Romano Impero, Viridiana è abituata a viaggiare ed esercitare l’arte della guarigione. Fino a quando re Jonas dei Naconidi irrompe nel suo villaggio e la reclama come ostaggio in cambio della pace, ammaliato dalla chioma di fuoco e dallo spirito fiero che la contraddistinguono. Perché proprio a lei è toccato in sorte un simile sacrificio? Jonas è un sovrano arrogante e un guerriero spietato. Non c’è limite alla sua forza, né al suo desiderio di proteggere il figlio Andreas, unico vincolo con il suo perduto amore. Il suo cuore è in silenzio, non sa più amare né provare tenerezza. Eppure, vicino a Viridiana, si sente più vivo che mai. Ma non c’è pace nelle terre di confine, e quando il piccolo Andreas viene rapito dai predoni turchi insieme alla sorella di Viridiana, i due seguiranno la via percorsa da Goffredo di Buglione e dai crociati verso l’Oriente. Il mondo sta cambiando, l’esercito di Dio è partito alla conquista di Gerusalemme e due nemici scopriranno che l’amore più grande divampa dal fuoco di un odio cocente.

3. Andreas e Zoya. Il fiore di pietra

Link: https://amzn.to/3bkLO35

Trama: Anno Domini 1112. Zoya è convinta che non troverà mai l’amore a causa delle cicatrici che le attraversano il viso come graffi di una fiera. La sua vita è cambiata undici anni prima, quando era ancora una ragazzina innamorata, ma ora è una donna e sa cosa desidera: ricominciare a vivere in un luogo lontano dal passato. Per questo parte per la rocca di Rostock, dove spera di liberarsi dei pensieri che le avvolgono la mente e il cuore... Il castello sul fiordo di Rostock è stato assegnato a uno spietato guerriero, arrogante e violento, che tutti chiamano Der Bär, l’Orso, ma il cui vero nome è Andreas. Proprio in lui Zoya riconosce il suo amico di infanzia e primo segreto amore, tornato dall’Oriente dopo aver affrontato e superato terribili prove. Lei è stata la sola donna che abbia mai toccato lo spirito di Andreas prima che si trasformasse in roccia. L’amore tra i due riemerge con forza, ma a separarli c’è un abisso di segreti che solo il sentimento più potente può colmare. L’Impero vacilla, la corona è contesa, Enrico V e il duca Lotario si affrontano in sanguinosi conflitti… Amore o guerra? La scelta spetta a un cuore di pietra.  

4. Filippo e Lucilla. La luce dei Normanni

Link acquisto: https://tinyurl.com/qvqxgz9 Trama: Anno Domini 1069. Filippo di Lacus è l'unico erede di un feudo saccheggiato, l'ultimo rimasto in vita di un'antica famiglia e la sua spada è la sola che può reclamare vendetta. In battaglia lo chiamano il Falco, poiché egli non nutre pietà né emozioni. La forza fisica è la sua sola alleata, finché il destino lo porta a sud. Nella terra di Puglia dove regnano Roberto il Guiscardo e Sichelgaita di Salerno, Filippo incontra una giovane che con la sua luminosa presenza riesce a diradare le sue tenebre. Lucilla d'Altavilla è innocente, sincera e desidera la libertà, ma suo zio vuole per lei un marito potente e i Normanni la destinano proprio al Falco di Lacus. Lucilla che con il suo canto ammalia la corte non sa che sarà consegnata proprio a colui che il suo cuore teme e sogna in egual misura. La giovane viene data in sposa a Filippo, ella è ormai sua e non può opporsi. Appartiene a un soldato che non sa provare amore, diviene signora di un castello in rovina, vittima di un complotto che ha radici profonde. Intanto gli eserciti marciano sulla polvere in cerca di un manoscritto, un leggendario ordine di cavalieri si oppone ai malvagi e Lacus è il centro del mistero. Ma sulle sponde del lago di Garda, dalle ceneri di un uomo, nasce un legame fatto di sguardi e carezze mentre la magia di un'estate rende immortale un sentimento che nemmeno le prove più aspre potranno spezzare.

Il mio preferito della serie ad oggi è Jonas e Viridiana, e il vostro?

[agrpress-blog]

In libreria dal 2 febbraio 2024 il nuovo libro di Valentina Notarberardino Operazione bestseller. Dietro le quinte del successo editoriale (Ponte alle Grazie). Il libro verrà presentato presso la Libreria Nuova Europa ai Granai - via Mario Rigamonti 100, in zona viale Tintoretto - venerdì 16 febbraio alle ore 18.30. Testimonianze inedite di Alessandra Casella, Alessandro Della Casa, Antonio Franchini, Antonio Pascale, Barbara e Francesca Pieralice, Bruno Luverà, Caterina Marietti, Enrico Carraro, Enza Campino, Filippo Guglielmone, Gaia Manzini, Gian Marco Griffi, Gianluigi Simonetti, Giorgio Zanchini, Giuseppe Laterza, GFK, Mario Desiati, Matteo B. Bianchi, Michele Foschini, Monica Manzotti, Nicola Lagioia, Paolo Di Stefano, Romano Montroni, Simonetta Pillon, Stefano Petrocchi. «Quello che propongo è un viaggio nel mondo nascosto dell’editoria, attraverso la vita materiale dei libri e quella immateriale, che talvolta porta anche all’anonimato alle stelle. Importanti compagni di viaggio, alcuni (tanti) protagonisti d’eccezione del mondo editoriale con le loro testimonianze esclusive: scrittori, editori, direttori commerciali, editor, librai, giornalisti culturali e critici letterari, organizzatori di festival, direttore dei principali premi, conduttori televisivi, radiofonici e di podcast, e gli addetti al rilevamento delle vendite e alla compilazione delle classifiche» (Valentina Notarberardino) Un viaggio curioso, chiarificatore ed entusiasmante dietro le quinte dell'editoria italiana: la maggior industria culturale del Paese. «Per chi fa il nostro lavoro, una vera goduria. Per gli appassionati un divertissement scritto bene, spiritoso e ricco di sorprese. Un libro pieno di risvolti. E non è una battuta. Né una fascetta» (Giuseppe Civati) «Con Notarberardino, a furia di leggere tutti i segreti dei libri, si finirà per leggerli con occhi diversi» (Giuseppe Matarazzo, «Avvenire») I segreti del libro finalmente svelati agli amanti della lettura. Perché certi libri hanno successo e altri no? Perché di alcuni si capisce presto che finiranno tra i «libri dell'anno» mentre altri passano in sordina? Come arrivano gli amati tomi in libreria? Come si partecipa ai premi letterari? Chi vota?  E soprattutto, perché vince chi vince? E chi perde, come la prende? Si può vivere di sola scrittura? Perché ogni anno in Italia vengono pubblicati così tanti titoli? Come funzionano i festival letterari e le fiere del libro? Che cosa riesce a fare un bravo libraio per il successo di un libro? Che impatto hanno i social? I podcast? Le trasmissioni radio e tv? Come funzionano le classifiche? Come si rilevano le vendite, e chi lo fa? Insomma: che cosa fa vendere i libri?   Agli appassionati/appassionate della lettura Operazione bestseller racconta tutto questo: la vita materiale del libro dalla tipografia al comodino, e la vita immateriale, dall'anonimato alle stelle. E lo fa avvalendosi del contributo di alcuni protagonisti del mondo editoriale e delle loro testimonianze esclusive. Valentina Notarberardino è nata a Fondi (LT) e vive a Roma, dove lavora nel settore editoriale da oltre quindici anni, molti fra i quali come responsabile dell’Ufficio Stampa e della Comunicazione di Contrasto. Ha collaborato come coordinatrice didattica con il Master in Editoria, Giornalismo e Management culturale dell’Università di Roma Sapienza, dove tiene un corso dedicato al Paratesto ed alla Comunicazione dei libri. Ha uno spazio di approfondimento su RaiUno, dedicato alle copertine dei libri. È co-curatrice del volume Libero de Libero. Le poesie (Bulzoni, 2011), e autrice di Fuori di testo. Titoli, copertine, fascette e altre diavolerie (Ponte alle Grazie, 2020). Operazione bestseller. Dietro le quinte del successo editoriale di Valentina Notarberardino, pubblicato da Ponte alle Grazie (Milano) nella collana “Saggi” - testimonianze inedite di Alessandra Casella, Alessandro Della Casa, Antonio Franchini, Antonio Pascale, Barbara e Francesca Pieralice,

Bruno Luverà, Caterina Marietti, Enrico Carraro, Enza Campino, Filippo Guglielmone, Gaia Manzini, Gian Marco Griffi, Gianluigi Simonetti, Giorgio Zanchini, Giuseppe Laterza, GFK, Mario Desiati, Matteo B. Bianchi, Michele Foschini, Monica Manzotti, Nicola Lagioia, Paolo Di Stefano, Romano Montroni, Simonetta Pillon, Stefano Petrocchi - sarà disponibile in libreria e online dal 2 febbraio 2024 e verrà presentato presso la Libreria Nuova Europa ai Granai venerdì 16 febbraio alle ore 18.30.

[sounds-right]

28/05 Leon fa scatenare Bolgia Summer Garden - Bergamo 

Dopo il successo dell'opening del 21 maggio, al Bolgia Garden Room, il giardino elettronico del Bolgia di Bergamo, il 28 maggio 2022 arriva un altro artista d'eccezione: Leon. 

Italiano di nazionalità e ormai cittadino del mondo dell'elettronica, Leon è un top dj internazionale. Il suo sound, un mix decisamente personale di house, electro e techno, funziona da 15 anni. E le sue release, ad esempio quelle che pubblica sulla sua nuova label Futura, oppure su Cocoon, 8Bit, Hot Creations o Crosstown Rebels, sono da tempo un riferimento internazionale che fa ballare il mondo. 

Ad esempio, Leon, a Londra è di casa al Fabric e al Warehouse, mentre il suo sound è fin dal 2012 una delle colonne portanti di Music On, la one night creata da Marco Carola che fa scatenare da tempo Ibiza, Miami e non solo. Poche ore dopo il suo dj set al Bolgia, previsto per sabato 28 maggio, il 4 giugno, eccolo a far scatenare, l'Unum Festival in Albania. E non è tutto: a Tulum, in Messico, eccolo al Mia Beach, mentre a Barcellona suona al City Hall...

Per Leon, quando si tratta di party, ciò che conta sono la musica, la libertà d'espressione, la voglia di stare insieme... ed ecco perché il party al Bolgia Summer Garden, a Bergamo, il 28 maggio è già molto atteso. 

Con Leon nel Summer Garden del Bolgia di Bergamo il 28 maggio suonano Wilder, MuDdler e Natan Ants. In Indoor Room invece suonano Club Panic, Edoardo Furia, Mattia Pagliarin, Nicolas Cappucci & Stefano Pirovano, Pietro Lavecchia B2B Darksoul, Silver & Flint. In Lab Room invece si alternano Benjo B2B Enrico Frustoli, Cidos, NI.CK B2B Tazmania, Rojabeat, Shifu B2B Nicole Cavinato, Todarello. Apertura alle 23:30, chiusura alle 6 in tempo per vedere l'alba.

Quello del 28 maggio 2022 con Leon sul palco del Bolgia Summer Gardne di Bergamo è solo l'ennesimo super party che ha scandito una primavera piena di grandi ospiti nel top club sull'A4. Al mixer del Bolgia, nella infinita stagione 2021 - 2022, si sono alternati infatti top dj come Len Faki, Joseph Capriati, Marco Faraone, Ilario Alicante, wAFF, Seth Troxler, Anfisa Letyago, Deborah De Luca…

28/05/2022 Leon @ Bolgia Summer Garden - Bergamo 

Info e prenotazioni: 

https://www.bolgia.it/leon22/

Bolgia

via Vaccarezza 9 Osio Sopra (Bergamo) A4: Dalmine

info: 338 3624803

[tarditardi]

28/05 Leon fa muovere a tempo Bolgia Summer Garden - Bergamo 

Dopo il successo dell'opening del 21 maggio, al Bolgia Garden Room, il giardino elettronico del Bolgia di Bergamo, il 28 maggio 2022 arriva un altro artista d'eccezione: Leon. 

Italiano di nazionalità e ormai cittadino del mondo dell'elettronica, Leon è un top dj internazionale. Il suo sound, un mix decisamente personale di house, electro e techno, funziona da 15 anni. E le sue release, ad esempio quelle che pubblica sulla sua nuova label Futura, oppure su Cocoon, 8Bit, Hot Creations o Crosstown Rebels, sono da tempo un riferimento internazionale che fa ballare il mondo. 

Ad esempio, Leon, a Londra è di casa al Fabric e al Warehouse, mentre il suo sound è fin dal 2012 una delle colonne portanti di Music On, la one night creata da Marco Carola che fa scatenare da tempo Ibiza, Miami e non solo. Poche ore dopo il suo dj set al Bolgia, previsto per sabato 28 maggio, il 4 giugno, eccolo a far scatenare, l'Unum Festival in Albania. E non è tutto: a Tulum, in Messico, eccolo al Mia Beach, mentre a Barcellona suona al City Hall...

Per Leon, quando si tratta di party, ciò che conta sono la musica, la libertà d'espressione, la voglia di stare insieme... ed ecco perché il party al Bolgia Summer Garden, a Bergamo, il 28 maggio è già molto atteso. 

Con Leon nel Summer Garden del Bolgia di Bergamo il 28 maggio suonano Wilder, MuDdler e Natan Ants. In Indoor Room invece suonano Club Panic, Edoardo Furia, Mattia Pagliarin, Nicolas Cappucci & Stefano Pirovano, Pietro Lavecchia B2B Darksoul, Silver & Flint. In Lab Room invece si alternano Benjo B2B Enrico Frustoli, Cidos, NI.CK B2B Tazmania, Rojabeat, Shifu B2B Nicole Cavinato, Todarello. Apertura alle 23:30, chiusura alle 6 in tempo per vedere l'alba.

Quello del 28 maggio 2022 con Leon sul palco del Bolgia Summer Gardne di Bergamo è solo l'ennesimo super party che ha scandito una primavera piena di grandi ospiti nel top club sull'A4. Al mixer del Bolgia, nella infinita stagione 2021 - 2022, si sono alternati infatti top dj come Len Faki, Joseph Capriati, Marco Faraone, Ilario Alicante, wAFF, Seth Troxler, Anfisa Letyago, Deborah De Luca…

28/05/2022 Leon @ Bolgia Summer Garden - Bergamo 

Info e prenotazioni: 

https://www.bolgia.it/leon22/

Bolgia

via Vaccarezza 9 Osio Sopra (Bergamo) A4: Dalmine

info: 338 3624803

[aneddoticamagazinestuff]

Money Creation and Money Issuing

New Post has been published on https://www.aneddoticamagazine.com/money-creation-and-money-issuing/

Money Creation and Money Issuing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Premises of the Research

Money Creation and Money Issuing

1. – Historical Analysis of Credibility

1.1. – The Biblical Concepts of Credit, Interest, and Money

1.2. – Jubilee as the Conclusion of a Financial Cycle

1.3. – Banking as a Consequence of the Biblical Law

    2. – About the Applicability of the Biblical Law to Future Finance

2.1. – Politics as a “Zero-sum Game”

2.2. – Business as a “Non-zero-sum Game”

2.3. – Analysis of Demand and Production Functions

2.3. – The Right to Credit in Future Finance, as Correct Premise to Business

2.4. – Efficiency Analysis of Public Utilities, and other Public Services

    3. – Development as Creation of New Wealth

3.1. – Finance as Redistribution of Wealth

3.2. – Business as Creation of New Wealth

    4. – Conclusion

4.1. – Development is based on Business

4.2. – Business as Profit

4.3. – Profit as Worth, Utility, Efficiency.

4.4. – Credit as Essential Element of Business

4.5. – I. T. as a Means for Forecasting and Controlling Creditworthiness.

4.6. – Creditworthiness as Money Creation – Q.E.D.

                          FOREWORD

        The scope of this work is to investigate whether the current monetary system is functional and useful to human societies or rather to all those power centres, which create money like general purpose pills having placebo effect.

  The analysis is reported in three parts.

Part One (Money Creation) is dedicated to the exposition of the current monetary system, mostly of the United States and the United Kingdom, the two countries the mostly have contributed to the development of

Part Two (Money Control) ……

Part Three (About Possible New Systems)

We strongly believe that, in addition to any technical equipment and organisational patterns we can develop, we firstly need to remove a deep sense of ignorance of the matter we still have in our societies.

  We are convinced that this goal will be reached by future generations, because the forces to be contrasted and removed are the strongest in the world. Nevertheless, our commitment is to try and prepare the field to further attempts.

                                                      PART ONE

MONEY CREATION

    “Dire che uno Stato non può perseguire i suoi scopi per mancanza di denaro è come dire che un ingegnere non può costruire strade per mancanza di chilometri” (To say that a State cannot pursue its scopes for a lack of money tantamount to say that an engineer cannot build roads for a lack of kilometres.)

  The Characteristics of Money

Commonly money is considered as “anything that is durable, divisible, stable, and acceptable as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a unit of account to satisfy economic needs”.

  The Gold Standard System

The first means of payment was precious metals, such as copper, silver, and gold.

Silver was firstly considered more precious and useful than gold, because it could be also used as tools (potteries, knives, mirrors, etc.)  Therefore, silver was more worth full than gold. Once people realised than gold was rarer than silver, gold acquired more appreciation than silver. Money was coined in copper, silver and gold.

At the beginning money was coined at full title, i.e. with pure metal. When speculators became more and more skilled, pure metal began to be substitute with a less precious metal, reducing this way the intrinsic (real) worth of coins.

While business volumes were growing up, people realised that it was problematic to carry coins because of their weight and volume. Consequently, coins were substituted by notes, which were much lighter and easier to carry.

Therefore, Mints and chartered banks began to print-out bank-notes, instituting this way the gold standard system.

A system is in gold standard when its central bank shall convert into gold any amount of its currency that will be presented to the bank. When England was in the regime of gold standard, anyone could demand of changing into gold any amount of the English Central Bank.

Because every currency was exchangeable into gold, the exchange rate was given by the rate of conversion, and every international debit was regulated in gold terms.

The “golden point” indicated the limit of the peg system between currencies. Before the First World War a same quantity of gold could be bought at £1.00 in London, and at $4.87 in New York. If one Sterling Pound did not allow getting $4.87 in London, then it was allowed to send sterling pounds to New York to get that parity. Therefore, the exchange rate never dropped down under the parity plus the cost of sending pounds to New York and gold to London. Any excess in the balance of payments generated an excess of gold in the central bank. This allowed the central bank to expand his money supply with no fear of a lack of gold to back his issue. The increase of the quantity of money increased selling prices, and consequently reduced export and the excess in the balance of payment.

    The Gold Standard Exchange System (Gold Exchange Standard)

The Gold Standard Exchange System was based on the conversion of a domestic currency into a foreign currency exchangeable into gold. Therefore, the central bank possessed the currencies used for this scope as reserve (together with gold). Many countries have followed such a system using the Sterling Pound until 1931, when England left the Gold Standard.

Every type of Gold Standard is dead, because the system on which it was realised is dead. Many theories have been supposed to justify this event, but probably only the theory that states that the Gold Standard did not allow Governments to impose their power and bribery is really true.

Today all Countries in the world have no more the Gold Standard, even because the total worth of bills and banknotes issued is much larger than the worth of all the gold available in the world.

The public has nowadays accepted the non-convertible banknote and credit system; therefore it is extremely evident the convenience to issue money (whose manufacturing cost is practically null) compared to the manufacturing cost of gold. A further advantage of banknotes comes from the fact that its worth does not depend from gold worth, but solely from the exchange worth of all products.

Banknotes have instituted the new system named as “fiduciary circulation”, This is a system that is not backed by gold, or other precious metals.

This term originates from the British law 1844 on the Central Bank, which established the limit of fiduciary supply of money at £14 million. Each note issued beyond this limit should have been completely backed by gold. The fiduciary limit has been continuously increased, and now monetary authorities are completely free to modify money issuing at their will. Practically, money issuing is completely fiduciary.

    The Dollar Standard and “The Marshall Plan” Case Story

  Picture the world at war in 1944. 

All of Europe, except for Switzerland, is pounding its infrastructure, manufacturing base and population into rubble and death. Asia is locked into a monumental struggle that is destroying Japan, China, and the Pacific Rim countries.

North Africa, the Baltic’s, and the Mediterranean countries are clutched in a life and death struggle in the fight to throw off the yoke of occupation. A world gone mad! Economic destruction, human misery and dislocation exists on a scale never before experienced in human history. What went wrong? How could the world rebuild and recover from such devastation? How could another war be avoided?

  Bretton Woods

This was the world as it existed in July 1944, when a relatively small group of 130 of the western worlds most accomplished economic, social and political minds met in upstate New Hampshire at a small vacation town called Bretton Woods.

John Maynard Keynes, the man who had predicted the current catastrophe in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace, written in 1920, was about to become the principal architect of the post-World War II reconstruction. Keynes presented a rather radical plan to rebuild the world economy, and hopefully avoid a third world war. This time the world listened, for Keynes and his supporters were the only ones who had a plan that in any way seemed grand enough in foresight and scope to have a chance at being successful. Yet Keynes had to fight hard to convince those rooted in conventional economic theories and partisan political doctrines to adopt his proposals. In the end, Keynes was able to sell about two-thirds of his proposals through sheer force of will and the support of the United States Secretary of Treasury, Harry Dexter White.

At the heart of Keynes proposals were two basic principals: first the Allies must rebuild the Axis Countries, not exploit them as had been done after WW 1; second, a new international monetary system must be established, headed by a strong international banking system, and a common world currency not tied to a gold standard.

Keynes went on to reason that Europe and Asia were in complete economic devastation with their means of production seriously crippled, their trade economies destroyed and their treasuries in deep debt. If the world economy was to emerge from its current state, it obviously needed to expand. This expansion would be limited if paper currency were still anchored to gold.

The United States, Canada, Switzerland and Australia were the only industrialized western countries to have their economies, banking systems and treasuries intact and fully operative.

The enormous issue at the Bretton Woods Convention in 1944 was how to completely rebuild the European and Asian economies on a sufficiently solid basis to foster the establishment of stable, prosperous pro-democratic governments. At the time, the majority of the world’s gold supply, hence its wealth was concentrated in the hands of the Unites States, Switzerland and Canada. A system had to be established to democratize trade and wealth, and redistribute, or recycle, currency from strong trade surplus countries back into countries with weak or negative trade surpluses. Otherwise, the majority of the world’s wealth would remain concentrated in the hands of a few nations while the rest of the world would remain in poverty.

Keynes and White proposed that the United States, supported by Canada and Switzerland, would become the banker to the world, and the U.S. Dollar would replace the pound sterling as the medium of international trade. He also suggested that the dollar’s value be tied to the good faith and credit of the U.S. government not to gold or silver, as had traditionally been the support for a nation’s currency.

Keynes’ concept of how to accomplish all of this was radical for its time, but was based upon the centuries old framework of import/export finance. This form of finance was used to support certain sectors of international trade which did not use gold as collateral, but rather their own good faith and credit, backed by letters of credit, avals, or guarantees.

Keynes reasoned that even if his plans to rebuild the world’s economy were adopted at the Bretton Woods Convention, remaining on a Gold standard would seriously restrict the flexibility of governments to increase the money supply. The rate of increase of currency would not be sufficient to insure the continued successful expansion of international trade over the long term. This condition could lead to a severe economic crisis, which, in turn, could even lead to another world war. However, the economic ministers and politician present at the convention feared loss of control over their own national economies, as well as, run-away inflation, unless a “hard-currency” standard were adopted.

The Convention accepted Keynes’ basic economic plan, but opted for a gold-backed currency as a standard of exchange. The “official” price of gold was set at its pre-WW II level of $35.00 per ounce. One U.S. Dollar would purchase 1/35 an ounce of gold. The U.S. dollar would become the standard world currency, and the value of all other currencies in the western non-communist world would be tied to the U.S. dollar as the medium of exchange.

  Marshall Plan, IMF, WB, and Bank of International Settlements (BIS)

The Bretton Woods Convention produced the Marshall Plan, the Bank for Reconstruction and Development (know as the World Bank), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Bank of International Settlements (BIS). These four would re-established and revitalize the economies of the western nations.

The World Bank would borrow from rich nations and lend to poorer nations.

The IMF, working closely with the World Bank, with a pool of funds, controlled by a board of governors, would initiate currency adjustments and maintain the exchange rates among national currencies within defined limits.

The Bank of International Settlements would then function as a “central bank” to the world.

  The International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund was to be a lender to the central bank of countries which were experiencing a deficit in the balance of payments. By lending money to that country’s central bank, the IMF provided currency, allowing the underdeveloped country to continue its business, building up its export base until it achieved a positive balance of payments. Then, that nation’s central bank could repay the money borrowed from the IMF, with a small amount of interest and continue on its own as an economically viable nation. If the country experienced an economic contraction, the IMF would be standing ready to make another loan to carry it through

  The Bank of International Settlement

The Bank of International Settlements (BIS) was created as a new “central bank” to the central banks of each nation. It was organized along the lines of the U.S. Federal Reserve System and it is principally responsible for the orderly settlement of transactions among the central banks of individual countries. In addition, it sets standards for capital adequacy among the central banks and coordinates the orderly distribution of a sufficient supply of currency in circulation necessary to support international trade and commerce.

The Bank of International Settlements is controlled by the Basel Committee which, in turn, is comprised of ministers sent from each of the G-10 nations central banks. It has been traditional for the individual ministers appointed to the Basel Committee to be the equivalent of the New York “Fed’s” chairperson controlling the open market desk.

  The World Bank

The World Bank, organized along more traditional banking lines was formed to be “lender to the world” initially to rebuild the infrastructure, manufacturing and service sectors of the European and Asian Economies and, ultimately, to support the development of the Third World nations and their economies.

The depositors of the World Bank are nations rather than individuals. However, the Bank’s economic “ripple system” uses the same general banking principles that have proven effective over centuries.

  The tie that binds the Bank of International Settlements and the World Bank

The directors of both banks are controlled by the ministers from each of the G-10 countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Luxembourg.

  Bretton Woods under Pressure

By 1961, the plans adopted at e Bretton Woods Convention of 1947 were succeeding beyond anyone’s expectations, proving that Keynes was right. Unfortunately, Keynes was also right in his prediction of a world monetary crisis.

It was brought on by a lack of sufficient currency (U.S. dollars) in world circulation to support rapidly expanding international commerce. The solution to this crisis lay in the hands of the Kennedy Administration, the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank, and the Bank of International Settlements.

The world needed more U.S. Dollars to facilitate trade. The U.S. was faced with a dwindling gold supply to back such additional dollars. Printing more dollars would violate the gold standard established by the Bretton Woods agreements. To break the treaty would potentially destroy the stable core at the centre of the world economy, leading to international discord, trade wars, lack of trust and, possibly, to outright war.

The crisis was further aggravated by the belief that the majority of the dollars then in circulation was not concentrated in the coffers of sovereign governments, but rather in the vaults of treasuries of private banks, multinational corporations, private businesses, and individual personal bank accounts. A mere agreement or directive issued by governments among themselves would not prevent the looming crisis. Some mechanism was needed to encourage the private sector to willingly exchange their U.S. Dollar currency holdings for some other form of money.

The problem was solved by using the framework of a forfeit finance; a method used to underwrite certain import/export transactions, which relies upon the guarantee or aval (a form of guarantee under Napoleonic law) issued by a major bank in the form of either documentary or standby letters of credit or bills of exchange, which are then used to assure an exporter of future payment for the goods or services provided to an importer.

The system was well established and understood by private banks, government and the business community worldwide. The documents used n such financing were standardized and controlled by international accords, uniformed by the members of the International Chamber of Commerce headquartered in Paris. There would be no need to create a world agency to monitor the system if already approved and readily available documentation, laws and procedures provided by the ICC were adopted.

The International Chamber of Commerce is a private, non-governmental, worldwide organisation that has evolved over time into a well recognised, organised, respected and, most of all, trusted association. Its members include the world major banks, importers, exporters, merchants, and retailers who subscribe to well-defined conventions, bylaws, and codes of conduct over time that the ICC has hammered out pre-approved documentation and procedures to promote and settle international commercial transactions.

  How Banks Create Money

Financial Institutions, because of their activities with which they provide special services to the economy, create money. This does not mean that they mint bills and coins; rather they expand the money supply by taking in deposits and making loans.

This theory is taught at any good University, and one of the commonest used text books clearly reports:

“As figure 15.3 shows (omissis), the money supply expands because banks are allowed to loan out most (although not all) of the money they take in from deposits. Suppose that you deposit $100 in your bank. If banks are allowed to loan out 90 percent of all their deposits, then your bank will hold $10 in reserve and loan $90 of your money to borrowers. (You, of course, still have $100 on deposit). Meanwhile, borrowers-or the people they pay-will deposit the $90 loan in their own banks.

Together, the borrower’s bans will then have $81 (90 percent of 90) available for new loans. Banks, therefore, have turned your original $100 into $271 ($100 + $90 + $81). The chain continues, with borrowing from one bank becoming deposits in the next.”

Therefore, arguing about the experience of Bretton Wood and how commercial banks create money, we can conclude that banks create money twice at a time, i.e.:

a) Firstly, when Central Banks issue banknotes and credits, as if they were owner of a wealth that already is in their vaults (which is false).

b) Secondly, when commercial banks reuse deposits to loan out brand new money (which is false).

    Criticism to Money Supply Theory, and Quantitative Theory of Money

  In the United States the quantity of money is commonly classified as follows:

M-1 is one of the most commonly used measures, and counts only the most liquid (spendable) part of money: currency, demand deposits (checks), and other checkable deposits. Commonly these are all noninterest-bearing or low-interest-bearing form of money. As of July 1998, M¹ in the United States totalled just over $1 trillion.

Currency is paper money and metal coins issued by the government, which is widely used for small exchange. It is “legal tender for all debts, public and private”, as the U.S. Dollar Bill states: that is, the law requires (enforcement by law) creditors and acceptors to accept it in payments of debts.

As of July 1998, currency in circulation in the United States amounted to $441 billion, or about 41% of M¹, and the average adult carries about $45 in currency.

Traveller’s checks, bank cashier’s checks, and money orders, which are all accepted as currency, accounted for another $8 billion.

Demand deposits (checks) are essentially orders instructing a bank to pay a given sum to a “payee”. They are a promise of payment, and although not all sellers accept them as payment, many do. Checking accounts, which are known as ‘demand deposits’ are count as M¹ because funds may be withdrawn at any time on demand. 84% of all U.S. households have checking accounts. As of July 1998, demand deposits accounted for 379 billion, or about 35% of M-1.

Other Checkable Deposits are those on which checks cab be written-include automated teller machine (ATM) account balance and negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts, which are interest-bearing accounts that can be held only in savings and loan associations by individuals and non-profit organisations. As of July 1998, checkable deposits in the United States exceeded $245 billion, or 23% of M-1.

  M-2 includes everything in M-1 plus forms of money that cannot be spent directly but are easily converted into spendable forms.

The major components of M-2 are: M-1, time deposits, money market mutual funds, and savings deposits. As of July 1998, M-2 accounts for nearly all the nation’s money supply. It thus measures the store of monetary value available for financial transactions.

Time Deposits, unlike demand deposits, require prior notice of withdrawal, and cannot be transferred by check. The supply of money in time deposits, such as certificates of deposits (CDs), and savings certificates, grew rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s because government ceilings on interest rates were removed. Time deposits in M-2 include only accounts of less than $100,000 that can be redeemed on demand with small penalties. Large time deposits, usually those made by businesses, cannot be redeemed early and are not included in M-2. As of July 1998, U.S. time deposits amounted to nearly $959 billion-almost 23% of M-2.

Money Market Mutual Funds are operated by investment companies that bring together pools of assets from many investors to buy a collection of short-term, low risk financial securities. Ownership of and profits (or losses) from the sale of these securities, are shared among the fund’s investors. Shortly after having been introduced in 1974, money market mutual funds had attracted $1.7 billion. As of July 1998, they totalled $675 billion, i.e. 16% of M-2.

Savings Deposits (such as passbook saving accounts) represented 40% of M-2 in 1971, but less than 36% in 1998.

  In the United States in the 1980s, M-2 began growing at a much faster arte than M¹ mainly because new types of investments offering higher-interest returns were introduced at this time. M-2 is now the more reliable indicator of the country’s economic status.

  In the United States M-3 includes M-2 plus deposits in non-banking financial institutions, while in the United Kingdom it includes Sterling M-2 plus all other deposits in foreign currency owned by British residents.

  Quantitative Theory of Money

This theory defines or pretends to define the relationship between the quantity of money in circulation and the level of prices in an economic system.

Formulated since a long time ago and still contradicted, this theory begun with the identity known as “Fisher’s equation”:

MV = PT

Whereas

M = Quantity of money;

V = Velocity of circulation of the same quantity expressed in terms of income;

P = Average level of prices

T = Real total amount of goods and services

  Such equation is an identity for the first member of the equation measures the value of total money needed by economic transactions in a given period of time (i.e. the quantity of money times the number of times it has circulated in am economic cycle to finance transactions), while the second member of the equation measures the total worth of products sold.

Because the total worth of money is equal to the monetary worth of products sold, then the two members of the equation are equal by definition.

Nevertheless, we can hypothesize that:

a) T is constant because economy is in the condition of full employment and keeps it constant;

b) V is constant because it is determined by some institutional characteristics of the economy, i.e. the pace of wages, which determines the way the buying customs of consumers match the need of money of sellers (these characteristics change very slowly during the time, therefore they can be considered as constant in the short period.)

  Therefore, we can rewrite the equation as follows:

  M = (T/V) P

  Now, because T/V is constant, the equation implies that any change in the quantity of money is coupled with a change in the average level of prices. From this very simple theory economists have derived very simple suggestions in political economics.

For a few economists this theory implies that price inflation can be taken under control by monetary authorities through the control of the quantity of money in circulation. For this author, price inflation is not the pathology of free markets, but the physiology of monopolistic markets.

The Quantitative Theory of Money is customary used without any discussion by Governments and Central Financial Institutions in order to apply the monetary policy most convenient to them.

Anyway, if the quantity of money is kept constant with the scope of keeping stable the level of prices, total expenditure can nevertheless increase if consumers withdraw their deposits, or if companies expand their credits, or their instalments of payment. A few economists, therefore, argued that what really counts in this policy is the determinants of the desiderated consume (i.e. the factors of demand) and the global liquidity of the economy. This conducts, logically, to a Keynesian point of view of the political economy, which focuses on the elements of total demand, and emphasises on fiscal policy, more than on monetary policy, as means of control of the economy.

Notwithstanding all the aforementioned objections, the quantitative theory has gained supporters and fans probably not because of the work of the School of Chicago, but certainly for the double opportunity of creating at once new wealth from nothing by Central Banks and Commercial Banks.

            PART II

MONEY CONTROL 

        The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures deposits in member banks. More than 99% of the nation’s commercial banks pay fees to be member of the FDIC. In return the FDIC guarantees through its Bank Insurance Fund (BIF) the safety of deposits up to a maximum of $100,000. Therefore, if a bank collapses, the FDIC, through the BIF, promises to pay its depositors for losses up to $100,000 per person. (10,000 commercial banks are insured by States rather than by the BIF).

To insure against multiple bank failures, the FDIC maintains the right to examine the activities and accounts of all member banks. Such regulation was effective from 1941 through 1980, when fewer than 10 banks failed per year. At the beginning of the 1980s, however, banks were deregulated, and between 1981 and 1990, losses from nearly 1,100 bank failures depleted the FDIC’s reserve fund. In recent years, the FDIC has thus raised the premiums charged to member banks to keep up with losses incurred by failed banks.

Therefore, banks create false wealth from nothing (money creation), and guarantee genuine wealth (deposits) with a non-par value responsibility.

    The Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve System consists of a board of governors, a group of reserve banks, and member banks.

As originally established by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the system consisted of 12 relatively autonomous banks and a seven-member committee whose powers were limited to coordinating their activities. By the 1930s, however, both the structure and function of the Fed had changed dramatically.

The Fed’s board of governors consists of seven members appointed by the president for overlapping terms of 14 years. The chair of the board serves on major economic advisory committees and works actively with the administration to formulate the economic policy. The board plays a large role in controlling the money supply. It alone determines the reserve requirements, within statutory limits, for depository institutions. It also works with other members of the Federal Reserve System to set discount rates and handle the Fed’s sale and purchase of government securities.

The Federal Reserve System consists of 12 administrative areas and 12 banks. Each Federal Reserve bank holds reserve deposits from and sets discount rate for commercial banks in its region.

Reserve banks also play a major role in the nation’s check-clearing process.

All nationally chartered commercial banks are members of the Federal Reserve System, as are some state-chartered banks. The accounts of all member bank depositors are automatically covered by the FDIC/BIF. Although many state-chartered banks do not belong to the Federal Reserve System, most pay deposit insurance premiums and are covered by the FDIC.

    Financial Institutions in the United States

Commercial Banks are Federal or State chartered financial Institutions that accept deposits used to make loans and earn profits.

State Banks are commercial banks chartered by an individual State, while National Banks are commercial banks chartered by the Federal Government.

  All commercial banks must be chartered. Every bank receives a major portion of its income from interest paid on loans by borrowers. Traditionally, the lowest rates were made available to the bank’s most creditworthy commercial customer. That rate is called prime rate. Most commercial loans are set at mark-ups over prime, however, the prime rate is no longer a strong force in setting loan rates. Borrowers can now get funds less expensively from other sources, including foreign banks that set lower interest rates.

  Savings and Loan Associations (S&Ls), as commercial banks accept deposits and make loans. They lend money primarily for home mortgages. S&Ls in the U.S. hold now $1 trillion in assets and deposits of $728 billion.

Mutual Savings Banks are a kind of institution in which all depositors are considered owners of the bank. All profits, therefore, are divided proportionately among depositors, who receive dividends. Although 90% of all mutual savings bank deposits are held in five north-eastern States, these institutions have nearly the same volume of total assets as S&Ls.

Credit Unions are institutions in which deposits are accepted only from members who meet specific qualifications, usually working for a particular employer. Most universities, for instance, run credit unions, as do the U.S. Navy and the pentagon. More than 12,000 credit unions now operate in the United States. They hold $327 billion in savings and checking accounts for more tha 72 million members.

Nondeposit Institutions are other organisations that take in money, provide interest or other services, and make loans. Four of the most important are pension funds, insurance companies, finance companies, and securities dealers.

A Pension Fund is a pool of funds managed to provide retirement income for its members. Public Pension Funds include Social Security and $1 trillion in retirement programs for state and local government employees. Private Pension Funds, operated by employers, unions, and other private groups, cover about 80 million people and have total assets of $5.4 trillion. The Teachers Insurance and Annuity association (TIAA) operates the largest private fund in the United States, with assets of $214 billion in 1998.

Insurance Companies collect large pool of funds from the premiums charged for coverage. Funds are invested in stocks, real estate, and other assets. Earnings pay for insured losses, such as death benefits, automobile damage, and health care expenses. Insurance companies now hold total assets of more than $3 trillion.

Finance Companies specialize in making loans to business and individuals. Commercial Finance Companies lend to a manufacturer that needs new assembly-line equipment. Customer Finance Companies devote most of their resources to small non-commercial loans to individuals. As of June 1998, U.S. finance companies had issued credit totalling $832 billion.

Securities Dealers (such as Merrill Lynch and A.G. Edwards & Sons, buy and sell stocks and bonds on the New York and other stock exchanges for client investors. Investment bankers match buyers and sellers of newly issued securities and receive commissions for the service. U.S. investment dealers and investment bankers now hold $69 billion in assets.

      Special Financial Services in the United States

Pension Services.

Most banks help customers establishing savings plans for retirement. International Retirement Accounts (IRAs) are pension funds that wage earners and

    Controlling the Money Supply in Classical Economics

In classical economics, “Inflation is a period of widespread price increase throughout an economic system. It occurs if the money supply grows too large. Demand for goods and services increases, and the prices of everything rise. (In contrast, too little money means that an economy will lack the funds to maintain high levels of employment.)

Because commercial banks are the main creators of money, much of the Fed’s management of money supply takes the form of regulating the supply of money through commercial banks.

Consider the following illustration.

In July 1995, the Fed announced a decrease in the federal funds rate, the interest rate charged on overnight loans made among banks, from 6 percent to 7.5 percent. Inflationary trends had been easing since early 1994, and the step was intended to keep the economy from slowing down too much. Thus, the fed’s action completed a classic cycle of rate changes that it had begun in 1990, when the Fed had decreased interest rates to stimulate the then-recessionary economy. The Fed steadily cut rates until September 1992, when it became apparent that its actions were having the desired effect-consumer and business borrowing were increasing and business activity showed signs of increasing during 1993. At that point, therefore, the Fed stopped decreasing the rate. The decision was effective. Although the rate was unchanged throughout 1993, business activity continued to grow.

By 1994, however, the Fed perceived indications that the economy might be growing too quickly. It thus began gently increasing the interest rate to head off inflation. The first graph in Figure 15.4 (omissis) shows that, to keep inflation under control, the central bank raised the fund rate seven times during the next 17 months. The second graph in Figure 15.4 (omissis) shows that by early 1995 it was evident that the higher rates were having the desired effect. Because of higher interest rates, for example, consumer loans became more expensive. As consumers borrowed (and spent) less, overall economic activity slowed. Inflationary pressures were under control. Finally, by mid-1995, there were indications that another economic slowdown might be under way. The Fed thus cut the rate for the first time since 1992.”

    The Spendable Money Supply

“For money, to serve its basic functions, both buyers and sellers must agree on its value. That value depends in part on its supply-on how much money is in circulation. When the money supply is high, the value of money drops. When it is low, that value increases.

Unfortunately, it is not so easy to measure the supply of money. One of the most commonly used measures, known widely as M-1, counts only the most liquid, or spendable, form of money: currency, demand deposits, and other checkable deposits. These are all noninterest-bearing or low interest bearing forms of money. As of July 1998, M¹ in the United States totalled just over $ 1 trillion.”

To the Quantitative Theory of Money the author adds also M-2 (Time Deposits, Money Market Mutual Funds, and Savings Deposits), stating that “Totalling over $4.2 trillion in July 1998, M-2 accounts for nearly all the nation’s money supply. It thus measures the store of monetary value available for financial transactions. As this overall level of money increases, more is available for consumer purchases and business investment. When the supply is tightened, less money is available, and financial transactions, spending, and business activity thus slow down.”

    Gimmicks and Tricks of Money Creation

Central Banks create money through loans. Loan is a contract where someone exchanges through instalments a product (money) with other products (goods or services), or with any product having the same nature (currencies).

That is possible because central banks have the authority by law of creating money with no limit and no cost.

To sell a product is the faculty of its owner, and anyone who accepts the exchange recognises in good faith the ownership of the product to the seller. Therefore, the first keeper (commercial banks) recognises to central banks the ownership of money by legal fiction.

This is the first basic trick of the current monetary system. In fact, whereas money issuing is worthless, and gets its worth from the first keeper (a fiction between Central and commercial banks), the whole banking system gets at once two incredible goals because:

a) They get the pay-off through the interest rate

b) They create riches from nothing.

In effect, the responsibility of giving worth to money belongs to consumers who produce new wealth generating investments through their businesses.

  Such accounting upset-down has realized a macroscopic indebtedness of all people in the world toward the banking system without any counterparty.

Furthermore, we cannot misconceive that even the most concrete “Gold-standard” system has the defeat of allowing money creation only to those authorities that possess gold. This way, therefore, we shall conclude that gold worth more than technology, culture, innovation, and environment at once.

If no investment, business, innovation, education is possible gold-less, probably something is wrong in our minds.

  The second basic trick of the banking system is based on the current-account relationship between banks and depositors.

In any business, current-account agreements shall be regulated under the condition of reciprocity.

In fact, a current-account contract is the agreement in which two or more parties agree to exchange products each other, and regulate their balance of account at a reciprocal interest rate. Only banks, on the contrary, have a difference interest rate in their operations of loan-deposit contracts. Probably such a possibility is enforced by law (we do not believe it); anyway that is certainly a tricky law.

  In the Foreword of this work we have warned our readers about the sense of ignorance of the matter that still exists in human societies.

People have commonly accepted, as a matter of fact, the institutionalization of such procedures.

We are ready to scandalize for trivial matters, but are strongly afraid of scandalizing for the essence of our business.

Punitive power is enforced by law to accept banks’ money ownership.

Remunerative power is expressed by the banking system when it decides to borrow money discretionally.

Conditioning power is performed by the banking system when it warns people to not destroy the only system they have to do business.  That is all false!

  Money creation in the current system does not work because the bodies of law on which the concept of money is based do not work.

We have criticized the “Quantitative Theory of Money” because it is useless whether compared to the power of withdrawing taxes and levies by Governments.

Government withdraw on sales and profit is punitive of company efficiency. In other words, withdrawing taxes on sales and profit means to add extra costs to the cost/benefit ratio, and punish those companies that are most useful (profitable) to the market.

This consequence comes from the wrong use we do of Governments, which are unable to create new wealth, whose action is not based on business logic, but on politics logic (zero-sum game).

Nowadays money creation is a zero-sum game where the winner is the financial system (in most cases in collusion with Governments), and the losers are all efficient businesses, which are punished by tricky monetary systems and tricky bodies of law based on punishment of efficiency.

  To change such a system is a matter of culture and education. Current monetary systems are the newest form of slavery based on money creation generated by banking and stock exchange systems, which allow financial speculation, i.e. the creation of a wealth (money from money) that comes from enforcements by law.

In the United States neither Federal Reserve Banks, nor Stock Exchanges and other Financial Institutions belong to all American citizens, even if they are publicly held. Therefore, what they issue contributes to enrich only a very limited number of people.

      Money Creation Right as Land Ownership or Tenure in the Middle Age

  The right to create money can be compared to the right of the sovereign that granted his subjects the right to cultivate the land, of which the sovereign considered himself as legitimate owner, behind remuneration of sharecropping, or other juridical relationships. The subjects granted in turn the right to cultivate the land behind similar remuneration to the peasants.

The presumed ownership of the sovereign on the land can be compared to the right of mintage, of which the central banks endowed themselves, and to the right that the same grant to private commercial banks to mint.

As the sovereign pretended a remuneration to grant in use a good that didn’t have value some up to when it was put in production, so the banks pretend an interest to grant in use a good that doesn’t have value some, up to when it is employed for the production of real wealth.

As the agrarian revolts have brought in the times to the distribution of the land, so we wishes us that the entrepreneurial revolts bring to the distribution of money among how much they employ it to productive scopes.

As lands are of all in most parts of social arrangements in the world, as much it has to be for the ownership of money.

With that we do not want to deny the quality of economic to money, as we do not want to deny the same quality the land, water, air or the sun. But as land, water, air and sun are not ownership of anybody particularly, neither of the State, likewise we can say of money.

As the sovereign imposed the servitude on its land, as much the banks impose the servitude on “their” money.

Accordingly, any juridical entity could impose servitude on “its” land, air, water, sun, and money?

  Now even if we imagine that the money could, for absurd, be considered rather than as a good in ownership as a good datum in use, it is not legally correct the behaviour of the banks that use deposits to create new money through loans.

In fact, imagine that money is given in socage (as it happens for land).

In this hypothesis it would appear corrected the behaviour of central banks (and commercial banks in second issue) to pretend an interest rate in the moment of the issue of the money, but it certainly appears incorrect by banks to pretend an interest rate from the loans that these send forth on the deposits.

In fact as it is impossible that a same piece of bread can satisfy the hunger of two different people at the same time, it is as much impossible that a same piece of land can contemporarily produce two different crops at the same time.

And, if it is so for bread and land, it is as much for money.

When banks create new money from deposits, they confer once more to themselves an undue ownership of money.

Such appropriation is defined as theft in “The Theft Act 1968” of the United Kingdom.

“The Theft Act 1968, s 1 provides that a person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly ‘appropriates’ property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it. In this connection ‘appropriation’ is defined (by s 3) as any assumption by a person of the rights of an owner. This includes any later assumption of such rights after having come into the possession of the property lawfully or without actually having stolen it, as e.g. wrongful appropriation by a bailee”

Furthermore, “in its most general meaning, socage denoted a tenure of land by a certain and determinate service, as opposed to chivalry or knight service, where the tenure was precarious and uncertain. It was of two kinds: free socage, where the services were not only certain, but honourable; and villain socage or privileged villenage, where the services, though certain, were of a baser nature. All tenures (with a few exceptions) were, by the Tenure Abolition Act 1660, turned into free and common socage”

                                                    PART III

ABOUT POSSIBLE NEW SYSTEMS

      The Theory of Economics

The classical economics has been defined as the science that deals with the study of mechanisms based on the satisfaction of human needs under the condition of scarcity.

Nowadays such definition is extremely reductive of the whole competence of economics, because we deal in a context in which excess can represent an economic problem as scarcity can do.

Therefore, we prefer to define more properly economics as “the science that deals with the study of the relationship existing between production and demand function.”

In simple mathematical terms it can be stated as:

  E = f (P, D)

Whereas

E = the economic cycle

F = indicates that between P and D exists a relationship

P = the set of production factors

D = the set of demand factors.

  1) Production function can be stated as follows:

P = f (Na, E, L, T, C, R)

Whereas

Na = natural resources (water, land, air, sun, raw materials)

E = entrepreneurship (which can surrogate one or more of the following factors)

L = labour

T = technology

C = financial capital

R = Venture capital and general risk.

  2) Demand function can be stated as follows:

D = f (N, I, T)

Whereas

N = needs

I = income (spendable)

Ta = tastes.

………………..

…………………….

…………………………

  Cost-Benefit Analysis versus Inflation Theory

We cannot agree with inflation theory stated by classical economics for the following reasons.

Quantitative Theory of Money works only under the ceteris paribus condition, i.e. quantity of money can be assessed in a deterministic way if we take into consideration only the quantity of total business, total amount of money, and the velocity of money circulation. In this case, therefore, we shall assume that credit, or credibility, shall not change. Therefore, it has to be constantly adequate to the amount of total transactions, and to the velocity of money circulation.

It does not take at all into consideration the quantity of credit generated by businesses.

The misunderstanding of money supply can be connected with the huge misunderstanding of Bretton Wood, when the G10 agreed to bind money creation in US dollar to gold deposited in Fort Knox.

The extraction of all the producible gold was not enough to back the quantity of money needed for worldwide transactions.

Here we assume that quantity of money is generated only by credit, i.e. the credibility of operators.

Therefore, no determinism can be assumed, and we can assess and forecast availability of money only through non-linear dynamics.

Credit or credibility is an element of money creation that can

  Such a concept confuses the effect with the cause. In effect, it is not the value of money to drop or increase, but the profit that comes from products.

  Furthermore, unit cost is lowest when the number of units sold mostly approaches to the number of maximum production capacity of the company. Only when the number of units sold is greater than the number of units producible, then we can expect a unit cost increase due to the influence of new fix costs connected with the increase of production capacity of the company, therefore a selling price increase in order to have the prior profit.

    The Banco Popular’s Case Story

“The American Dream is to rise from poverty to wealth-or at least comfort-through hard work, determination, business savvy, and other virtues giving meaning by opportunity.

It is the dream not only of people who can trace their roots back to the Mayflowers but also of new Hispanic immigrants to America who speak English as a second language. For many, the dream has long been possible because the American banking system loaned money to buy homes and build and expand business. For other, however, particularly minorities, loans were often hard to get, and insufficient financial help doomed plans for both families and businesses.

Reflecting on the state of the American Dream, at least one bank recognized opportunity in this situation. Instead of classifying low-to moderate-income Hispanics as credit risks to be avoided at all costs, Puerto Rico-based Banco Popular saw them as an untapped market for personal and business banking services. When he looks at the multiethnic New York City neighbourhoods that many mainstream banks are reluctant to enter, Josè Antonio Torres, Banco Popular’s New York/New Jersey general manager, sees “strong retail areas with good, growing neighbourhoods and housing stock. They are the kind of communities where we have done well before.”

Indeed Banco Popular’s historical mission has been to serve the banking needs of Hispanic Americans. The bank entered the New York market in 1961 and through growth and acquisitions now boats 39 metropolitan-area branches. In addition to new York, Banco Popular has always focused on the five states with the largest Hispanic populations: California, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, and Texas. Every acquisition that the bank makes keeps this market in mind. For example, Banco Popular acquired Houston-based Citizen National Bank in 1997 because its customer base was predominantly Hispanic. Citizens National Bank, explains Mike Cart, president at the time of the acquisition, had already “become lenders to ethnic minorities in low-to moderate-income areas all over Houston in the single family mortgage finance business. We already served the market that satisfied Banco Popular’s strategic plans.”

In the New York area, which is home to 3.4 million Hispanic and 70,000 Hispanic-owned businesses, the bank found a niche in lending to small and midsize companies and is the metropolitan region’s top provider of Small Business Administration-backed loans in term of dollar volume ($32 million in 1998). One of the bank’s new financing programs is aimed at second-generation, family owned Hispanic groceries. It centers around loans to adult children who want to expand existing businesses run by their parents.

Having witnessed Banco Popular’s success in New York Hispanic communities, mainstream banks such as Chase Manhattan and Citibank are also moving aggressively into the Hispanic market. Chase, for example, recently opened a small-business development centre in the Bronx, equipped with a multilingual business library and a staff offering management help. Chase also took part in a 2-year SBA pilot program to speed and simplify the lending process to minority businesses.

With a larger presence and more marketing money to spend than Banco Popular, will banks such as Chase and Citi ultimately dominate New York’s minority banking market?

Although the answer to that question remains unclear, it is clear that many Hispanics prefer a bank with ethnic roots. Roberto Reyes, owner of Jeselvi Travel in the Bronx, may be typical. When he opened his agency, he had a choice of banking with Chase or Banco Popular. He chose Banco Popular because he wanted to do business with Hispanics.

Whether it caters to the minority communities of Los Angeles, Houston, in Jersey City, or Miami or to nonminority communities across the United States, a complex system of financial institutions, especially banks, is needed to meet the money requirements of individuals and businesses.”

(By focusing on the objectives of this case, we can better understand the environment for banking in the United States, and the different Kinds of institutions that conduct business in it.)

“Banco Popular, the largest issuer of credit cards in Puerto Rico, is expanding its card operation to the 50 states. It’s a natural step for the bank, which is continuing to expand personal and business banking services to Hispanic clients at the same time that it enters the credit card market. ‘We have an understanding of the language and culture,’ explains Donald R. Simanoff, president of Banco Popular’s U.S. card division, ‘and targeting the Hispanic consumer is what we do for a living.’

Since 1997, when Banco Popular officially entered the market, it has opened nearly 150,000 credit card accounts, 25 percent of which are secured accounts with credit lines backed by customer bank deposits. Thus three-fourths of the bank’s credit card portfolio is unsecured because the customers are considered credit risks.

Ironically, one of the main challenges facing Banco Popular is convincing the nearly half of all Hispanic consumers who have no access to credit through cards or other banking services that credit can be a good thing. To attract customers, Banco popular offers card-related discounts on products popular in the Hispanic community, including Western Union money orders and purchases at Kmart pharmacies. It is also negotiating a discounted long-distance calling plan.

With a keen understanding of the cultural needs of the Hispanic market, and with a clear strategic plan, Banco Popular is optimistic about future success in its primary New York, New Jersey, Texas, California, Florida, and Illinois markets. At the same time, however, managers realize that they are learning new things about the market every day. Recently, for example, the bank discovered that 4 of 10 people who call the bank choose to speak English instead of Spanish. Many Hispanic customers read English better than do Spanish. This information convinced Banco Popular to issue credit card solicitations and statements in both English and Spanish and to make sure that every customer service representative is proficient in both languages.

    Credit Cards and Smart Cards

“More than 124 million U.S. cardholders carry more than 1.4 billion cards.

Spending with general-purpose, credit cards in the United States reached $991 billion in 1996, and is projected to reach $1.6 trillion, almost the half of all transactions-by the year 2000. Credit cards loans have been increasing at the rate of 20 percent per year since 1994. As of 1997, it is estimated that householders were carrying $450 billion of credit card debt on which they were paying interest; it is projected to increase to $780 bullion in the year 2000. Why are banks and other card issuer so willing to grant this kind of credit? Returns are up to three times higher than those from other forms of banking.”

Certainly credit cards can be nowadays representative of the negation of any quantitative theory of money.

The so-called “Smart Card” is a credit-card-size computer that can be programmed with “electronic money”. Also known as “electronic pursues” or “stored-value cards,” smart cards have existed for more than a decade. Phone callers and shoppers in Europe and Asia are the most avid users, holding the majority of the nearly 1 billion cards in circulation in 1998. Analysts expect 3 billion cards to be in use by the year 2000.

    Conclusions

If new wealth is generated by labour force through entrepreneurship, labour, technology, and risk taking, then money creation belongs to these factors.

If any human beings have the right and the natural capacity of working and risk taking, then to them belong the capacity of creating money as “anything that is durable, divisible, stable, and acceptable as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a unit of account to satisfy economic needs”.

If any enforcement by law can generate new wealth, then entrepreneurship, labour, technology and risk taking are useless. Therefore we can imagine a society based on indolence and other capital sins.

If new wealth is a future quality, which can be generated by educated and qualified people, then money creation is a future quality, which cannot be generated by a present will. Therefore, money creation is equal to new wealth creation, and it can be forecasted and appraised …………………

If new wealth can be generated only by applying existing financial riches, then we can imagine the future as a matter of banknotes and financial instruments, having little or null culture, ethics and sense of reality. Therefore, new wealth can be only based on a growing scale dictated by interest rate.

If financial speculation will be still permitted, then future wealth will be based on fake worth generated by false suppositions.

If bodies of law will be based on power impositions (zero-sum games), then we will assist to continuous conflicts and riots.

If we will invest our deposits in generating new money, then we will have no resources to dedicate to new culture.

If every human being is given a free-will, then any rebel to the current financial system shall be entitled to use alternative systems. Only our blind faith in the western financial system impede us to see the different way of life developing people have. Development cannot be standardisation to most common or recurrent systems and patterns. Development cannot be based on theorems of the winner, but on scientific theories strongly corroborated.

      Patterns for the start-up of a new monetary system

  Every human being is entitled of a debit right at his/her birth date.

Such indebtedness shall be used as a “growing scheme” for the life, whereas “pension schemes” are used for retirement.

Indebtedness accounting shall be calculated as any bank account, or the like.

Any shortage and excess can be exchanged with other people on a direct basis.

Any abuse of debt rights will be punished.

Credits and debits shall be cancelled with death.

Profits and losses can be exchanged or compensated.

                                              The Lord’s Prayer: “Our Father”

  Our Father who art in heaven

Hallowed be thy name (First Petition)

Thy Kingdome come (Second Petition)

Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven (Third Petition)

Give us this day our daily bread (Forth Petition)

And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those (Fifth Petition)

Who trespass against us

And lead us not into temptation (Sixth Petition)

But deliver us from evil (Seventh Petition)

Amen.

        Ora, anche se immaginiamo che la moneta possa, per assurdo, essere considerata piuttosto che come un bene di proprietà, come un bene dato in uso, non è giuridicamente corretto il comportamento delle banche che usano i depositi per creare nuova ricchezza attraverso i mutui.

Infatti, immaginiamo che il denaro venga dato in soccida (come si verifica per la terra).

In questa ipotesi apparirebbe corretto il comportamento delle banche centrali (e delle banche commerciali in seconda emissione) di pretendere un interesse nel momento della emissione del denaro, ma appare certamente scorretto il pretendere un interesse dai mutui che queste emettono sui depositi. Infatti come è impossibile che uno stesso pezzo di pane soddisfi la fame di due persone diverse, è altrettanto impossibile che uno stesso pezzo di terra produca contemporaneamente due raccolti diversi. E, se così è per il pane e la terra, è altrettanto per la moneta.

Quando le banche creano nuova moneta dai depositi, si conferiscono ancora una volta una proprietà indebita sulla moneta.

  Giacinto Auriti, L’Ordinamento Internazionale del Sistema Monetario,Teramo, 1993

The definition comes from most economic dictionaries used worldwide. Therefore, that is not a personal statement of the author of the research.

See Fabozzi, Modigliani, and Ferri, Foundations of Financial Markets and Institutions, Chaps. 7-9.

Ronald J. Ebert, Ricky W. Griffin, Business Essentials, Prentice-Hall, New York, 2000

Federal Reserve Bulletin (Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, October 1998, pp. A12, A13.

Federal Reserve Bulletin, ditto

Federal Reserve Bulletin, ditto

Federal Reserve Bulletin, ditto

Federal Reserve Bulletin, ditto

Federal Reserve Bulletin, ditto

Many observers already believe that traditional banking has become a mature industry, one whose basic operations have expanded as broadly as they can. For instance, 1993 marked the first year in which the money invested in mutual funds (almost $2 trillion) equalled the amount deposited in U.S. banks.

Statistical Abstract of the United States, p.517

Statistical Abstract of the United States, p.517

Federal Reserve Bulletin, ditto

Statistical Abstract of the United States, p.510

Statistical Abstract of the United States, p.510

Statistical Abstract of the United States, p.510

Ronald J. Ebert and Ricky W. Griffin, ditto,  pp. 409-410.

This material has been updated from Keith Bradsher, “Federal Reserve Trims a Key Rate; First Cut since ’92,” The New York Times, July 7, 1995, pp. A1, D1, D4.

Ronald J. Ebert and Ricky W. Griffin, ditto.

E. R. Hardy Ivamy, Mozley & Whiteley’s Law Dictionary, tenth edition, Butterworths, London, 1988, p.30

E. R. Hardy Ivamy, Mozley & Whiteley’s LawDictionary, tenth edition, Butterworths, London, 1988, pp.442-443

Tami Luhby, “Bank Vies for Popularity with Minority Businesses”, Crain’s New York Business, November 16, 1998, pp. 43-44;

Lisa Fickenscher, “Banco Popular Targets U.S. Mainland Card Market,” American Banker, October 19, 1998, p. 7;

Monica Perin, “Puerto Rico Bank Gains Share of Hispanic Market,” Houston Business Journal, September 26,1997, pp. 1 +

Note of the researcher.

Ronald J. Ebert and Ricky W. Griffin, “Business Essentials”, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (N.J.), 1999,  pp. 400

Bill Orr, “Will it be Smart or Debit?” ABA Banking Journal, September 1998, pp. 54-58.

See also Smart Card Forum. http://www.smartcrd.com/index.htm

There is no limit or measure to this essentially divine forgiveness, whether one speaks of “sins” as in Luke (11:4), or “debits” as in Mattew (6:12).