#eddie yang

[mostlysignssomeportents]

The surprising truth about data-driven dictatorships

Here��s the “dictator’s dilemma”: they want to block their country’s frustrated elites from mobilizing against them, so they censor public communications; but they also want to know what their people truly believe, so they can head off simmering resentments before they boil over into regime-toppling revolutions.

These two strategies are in tension: the more you censor, the less you know about the true feelings of your citizens and the easier it will be to miss serious problems until they spill over into the streets (think: the fall of the Berlin Wall or Tunisia before the Arab Spring). Dictators try to square this circle with things like private opinion polling or petition systems, but these capture a small slice of the potentially destabiziling moods circulating in the body politic.

Enter AI: back in 2018, Yuval Harari proposed that AI would supercharge dictatorships by mining and summarizing the public mood — as captured on social media — allowing dictators to tack into serious discontent and diffuse it before it erupted into unequenchable wildfire:

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/yuval-noah-harari-technology-tyranny/568330/

Harari wrote that “the desire to concentrate all information and power in one place may become [dictators] decisive advantage in the 21st century.” But other political scientists sharply disagreed. Last year, Henry Farrell, Jeremy Wallace and Abraham Newman published a thoroughgoing rebuttal to Harari in Foreign Affairs:

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/world/spirals-delusion-artificial-intelligence-decision-making

They argued that — like everyone who gets excited about AI, only to have their hopes dashed — dictators seeking to use AI to understand the public mood would run into serious training data bias problems. After all, people living under dictatorships know that spouting off about their discontent and desire for change is a risky business, so they will self-censor on social media. That’s true even if a person isn’t afraid of retaliation: if you know that using certain words or phrases in a post will get it autoblocked by a censorbot, what’s the point of trying to use those words?

The phrase “Garbage In, Garbage Out” dates back to 1957. That’s how long we’ve known that a computer that operates on bad data will barf up bad conclusions. But this is a very inconvenient truth for AI weirdos: having given up on manually assembling training data based on careful human judgment with multiple review steps, the AI industry “pivoted” to mass ingestion of scraped data from the whole internet.

But adding more unreliable data to an unreliable dataset doesn’t improve its reliability. GIGO is the iron law of computing, and you can’t repeal it by shoveling more garbage into the top of the training funnel:

https://memex.craphound.com/2018/05/29/garbage-in-garbage-out-machine-learning-has-not-repealed-the-iron-law-of-computer-science/

When it comes to “AI” that’s used for decision support — that is, when an algorithm tells humans what to do and they do it — then you get something worse than Garbage In, Garbage Out — you get Garbage In, Garbage Out, Garbage Back In Again. That’s when the AI spits out something wrong, and then another AI sucks up that wrong conclusion and uses it to generate more conclusions.

To see this in action, consider the deeply flawed predictive policing systems that cities around the world rely on. These systems suck up crime data from the cops, then predict where crime is going to be, and send cops to those “hotspots” to do things like throw Black kids up against a wall and make them turn out their pockets, or pull over drivers and search their cars after pretending to have smelled cannabis.

The problem here is that “crime the police detected” isn’t the same as “crime.” You only find crime where you look for it. For example, there are far more incidents of domestic abuse reported in apartment buildings than in fully detached homes. That’s not because apartment dwellers are more likely to be wife-beaters: it’s because domestic abuse is most often reported by a neighbor who hears it through the walls.

So if your cops practice racially biased policing (I know, this is hard to imagine, but stay with me /s), then the crime they detect will already be a function of bias. If you only ever throw Black kids up against a wall and turn out their pockets, then every knife and dime-bag you find in someone’s pockets will come from some Black kid the cops decided to harass.

That’s life without AI. But now let’s throw in predictive policing: feed your “knives found in pockets” data to an algorithm and ask it to predict where there are more knives in pockets, and it will send you back to that Black neighborhood and tell you do throw even more Black kids up against a wall and search their pockets. The more you do this, the more knives you’ll find, and the more you’ll go back and do it again.

This is what Patrick Ball from the Human Rights Data Analysis Group calls “empiricism washing”: take a biased procedure and feed it to an algorithm, and then you get to go and do more biased procedures, and whenever anyone accuses you of bias, you can insist that you’re just following an empirical conclusion of a neutral algorithm, because “math can’t be racist.”

HRDAG has done excellent work on this, finding a natural experiment that makes the problem of GIGOGBI crystal clear. The National Survey On Drug Use and Health produces the gold standard snapshot of drug use in America. Kristian Lum and William Isaac took Oakland’s drug arrest data from 2010 and asked Predpol, a leading predictive policing product, to predict where Oakland’s 2011 drug use would take place.

[Image ID: (a) Number of drug arrests made by Oakland police department, 2010. (1) West Oakland, (2) International Boulevard. (b) Estimated number of drug users, based on 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health]

Then, they compared those predictions to the outcomes of the 2011 survey, which shows where actual drug use took place. The two maps couldn’t be more different:

https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00960.x

Predpol told cops to go and look for drug use in a predominantly Black, working class neighborhood. Meanwhile the NSDUH survey showed the actual drug use took place all over Oakland, with a higher concentration in the Berkeley-neighboring student neighborhood.

What’s even more vivid is what happens when you simulate running Predpol on the new arrest data that would be generated by cops following its recommendations. If the cops went to that Black neighborhood and found more drugs there and told Predpol about it, the recommendation gets stronger and more confident.

In other words, GIGOGBI is a system for concentrating bias. Even trace amounts of bias in the original training data get refined and magnified when they are output though a decision support system that directs humans to go an act on that output. Algorithms are to bias what centrifuges are to radioactive ore: a way to turn minute amounts of bias into pluripotent, indestructible toxic waste.

There’s a great name for an AI that’s trained on an AI’s output, courtesy of Jathan Sadowski: “Habsburg AI.”

And that brings me back to the Dictator’s Dilemma. If your citizens are self-censoring in order to avoid retaliation or algorithmic shadowbanning, then the AI you train on their posts in order to find out what they’re really thinking will steer you in the opposite direction, so you make bad policies that make people angrier and destabilize things more.

Or at least, that was Farrell(et al)’s theory. And for many years, that’s where the debate over AI and dictatorship has stalled: theory vs theory. But now, there’s some empirical data on this, thanks to the “The Digital Dictator’s Dilemma,” a new paper from UCSD PhD candidate Eddie Yang:

https://www.eddieyang.net/research/DDD.pdf

Yang figured out a way to test these dueling hypotheses. He got 10 million Chinese social media posts from the start of the pandemic, before companies like Weibo were required to censor certain pandemic-related posts as politically sensitive. Yang treats these posts as a robust snapshot of public opinion: because there was no censorship of pandemic-related chatter, Chinese users were free to post anything they wanted without having to self-censor for fear of retaliation or deletion.

Next, Yang acquired the censorship model used by a real Chinese social media company to decide which posts should be blocked. Using this, he was able to determine which of the posts in the original set would be censored today in China.

That means that Yang knows that the “real” sentiment in the Chinese social media snapshot is, and what Chinese authorities would believe it to be if Chinese users were self-censoring all the posts that would be flagged by censorware today.

From here, Yang was able to play with the knobs, and determine how “preference-falsification” (when users lie about their feelings) and self-censorship would give a dictatorship a misleading view of public sentiment. What he finds is that the more repressive a regime is — the more people are incentivized to falsify or censor their views — the worse the system gets at uncovering the true public mood.

What’s more, adding additional (bad) data to the system doesn’t fix this “missing data” problem. GIGO remains an iron law of computing in this context, too.

But it gets better (or worse, I guess): Yang models a “crisis” scenario in which users stop self-censoring and start articulating their true views (because they’ve run out of fucks to give). This is the most dangerous moment for a dictator, and depending on the dictatorship handles it, they either get another decade or rule, or they wake up with guillotines on their lawns.

But “crisis” is where AI performs the worst. Trained on the “status quo” data where users are continuously self-censoring and preference-falsifying, AI has no clue how to handle the unvarnished truth. Both its recommendations about what to censor and its summaries of public sentiment are the least accurate when crisis erupts.

But here’s an interesting wrinkle: Yang scraped a bunch of Chinese users’ posts from Twitter — which the Chinese government doesn’t get to censor (yet) or spy on (yet) — and fed them to the model. He hypothesized that when Chinese users post to American social media, they don’t self-censor or preference-falsify, so this data should help the model improve its accuracy.

He was right — the model got significantly better once it ingested data from Twitter than when it was working solely from Weibo posts. And Yang notes that dictatorships all over the world are widely understood to be scraping western/northern social media.

But even though Twitter data improved the model’s accuracy, it was still wildly inaccurate, compared to the same model trained on a full set of un-self-censored, un-falsified data. GIGO is not an option, it’s the law (of computing).

Writing about the study on Crooked Timber, Farrell notes that as the world fills up with “garbage and noise” (he invokes Philip K Dick’s delighted coinage “gubbish”), “approximately correct knowledge becomes the scarce and valuable resource.”

https://crookedtimber.org/2023/07/25/51610/

This “probably approximately correct knowledge” comes from humans, not LLMs or AI, and so “the social applications of machine learning in non-authoritarian societies are just as parasitic on these forms of human knowledge production as authoritarian governments.”

The Clarion Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers’ Workshop summer fundraiser is almost over! I am an alum, instructor and volunteer board member for this nonprofit workshop whose alums include Octavia Butler, Kim Stanley Robinson, Bruce Sterling, Nalo Hopkinson, Kameron Hurley, Nnedi Okorafor, Lucius Shepard, and Ted Chiang! Your donations will help us subsidize tuition for students, making Clarion — and sf/f — more accessible for all kinds of writers.

Libro.fm is the indie-bookstore-friendly, DRM-free audiobook alternative to Audible, the Amazon-owned monopolist that locks every book you buy to Amazon forever. When you buy a book on Libro, they share some of the purchase price with a local indie bookstore of your choosing (Libro is the best partner I have in selling my own DRM-free audiobooks!). As of today, Libro is even better, because it’s available in five new territories and currencies: Canada, the UK, the EU, Australia and New Zealand!

[Image ID: An altered image of the Nuremberg rally, with ranked lines of soldiers facing a towering figure in a many-ribboned soldier's coat. He wears a high-peaked cap with a microchip in place of insignia. His head has been replaced with the menacing red eye of HAL9000 from Stanley Kubrick's '2001: A Space Odyssey.' The sky behind him is filled with a 'code waterfall' from 'The Matrix.']

Image: Cryteria (modified) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HAL9000.svg

CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en

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Raimond Spekking (modified) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_Extensa_5220_-_Columbia_MB_06236-1N_-_Intel_Celeron_M_530_-_SLA2G_-_in_Socket_479-5029.jpg

CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

 — 

Russian Airborne Troops (modified) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vladislav_Achalov_at_the_Airborne_Troops_Day_in_Moscow_%E2%80%93_August_2,_2008.jpg

“Soldiers of Russia” Cultural Center (modified) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Col._Leonid_Khabarov_in_an_everyday_service_uniform.JPG

CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

[bluehairedboyfriend]

One thing I love about buddie is that Eddie, who was a father figure to his sisters, got his best friend pregnant at 18 and was a father and marine at 19, gets to be goofy with Buck while Buck, himbo, no career path, jumping around cities, first serious girlfriend at 26 and first apartment at 28, gets to be grounded and responsible with Eddie

[onceuponalegendbg-rwby]

The way my fight or flight response is triggered when I read a bad take or someone just blatantly misreads RWBY or it’s characters is so insane. I don’t think I’ve ever been this defensive of a show before.

I think part of it is just the amount of absolute vitriol this show gets for no reason. If you don’t like the show that’s fine. There are plenty of shows other people love that I have zero interest in or just don’t care for. Sometimes a show just isn’t made for you. And that’s FINE.

But there’s just so much purposefully bad takes and bad faith criticism, and it feels so relentless sometimes. You can’t post something positive about it without at least one troll deciding that you liking and celebrating something you love is an insult directed at them as a person.

It can just be a lot when it feels like something you love is just constantly getting crapped on.

So let me say this again, with nothing but love and conviction:

I love RWBY. I love this show so freakin much. This show, even with all its flaws and stumbles, is my favorite show. Possibly ever. Most certainly of the last decade.

I love its themes and its message. I love the characters. I love the music. I love the animation, was even endeared by the Poser era. I love that it feels like the people behind the show love and care about it just as much. I love how each volume is another milestone, another mark to look back and go ‘see how far we’ve come?’

And not to be so melodramatic, but none of the trolls can ever take that away from me.

[itsallaboutbl]

We Best Love: Fighting Mr. 2nd, ep. 2 Kiseki: Dear To Me, ep. 9

[bloodraven55]

this panel radiates such amicable-but-snarky exes energy

[superiorsturgeon]

Babysitting the Rwbabies

Jamie: (Arkos son) *hugging a stuffed bunny* 🥺

Nala: (Bumbleby daughter) *defiantly standing with her hands on her little hips* 😠

Jenny: (Frosensteel daughter) *shyly peeking out from behind Jamie* 🥺

Magna: (Renora daughter) *yawns, already bored* 🥱

Oscar: (adult babysitter) …I don’t know how I got stuck with babysitting duty. I mean, YOU I understand, since you’re actually related to one of them…

Adrian: (teenaged babysitting assistant) Look, just because Jamie is my cousin doesn’t mean I know how to take care of him! My uncle usually handles this! You’re the adult here, don’t you have any ideas?

Oscar: Well, there was one thing that my neighbor used to do for the local kids when we stayed over… 🤔

———————————————————

Oscar: *with his shirt pulled up over his head* AwooOOOooOooo!!! I’m the Hairless Otter, and I MUST EAT CHICKENS!!! 🤪

Rwbabies: *laughing and clapping as Oscar howls again* 🤣

Adrian: *with a pillow shoved under his shirt and holding a broom like a rifle* Hey, you bag of flesh!

Oscar: AwOOOooooOOOO!!!! *turns to face Adrian*

Adrian: Let’s DANCE!!

Adrian: *aims his broom like a gun* Ker-pow!

Oscar: *staggers back, clutching his chest overdramatically* Ooohhh…! My otter heart! It has been stroked…! 😵

Rwbabies: 😂

Oscar: *looks down* AH-HA! You missed, hunter Adrian!

Adrian: *looks down at his weapon* Stupid broom! 🤬

Oscar: ACHAAAAA!!!! *tackles Adrian to the floor*

Adrian: *flailing around* AAHH!!! I’m otter-bait! 😩

Rwbabies: *clapping* 😆

[eddysbrett]

Edwina in TwoSet Violin Vs Davie504 live battle concert 2023 (x)

My name is Edwina, and I’m here to fight for Violin-chan!

+ bonus, with Maid Brett & AnimeBassMe

[thedoodlebuggo]

some designs for these two, and additional gay doodles under the cut

imma be honest i'm a tad bit nervous to post this bUT i do really like how some of these turned out and i really like this pairing sO.

also got to test out a new brush w these and it is so nice for sketching

[yangfanbb]

Love this!!!

Also Yssa? Lol

[aq-s74]

hello TwoSetters!

I've made a Google Drive saving shortcuts of TwoSetViolin videos/images from TwoSetters on Twitter/X.

I'm continuously sorting through the files. let me know if there are any other (Google Drive) files/folders I haven't added yet :D

[buckyeah]

Me when people ask me for fic recs like i keep track of all the mountains i read or have an actual long term memory that didn't come from my fish brain

[onceuponalegendbg-rwby]

I want to clarify that I’m not giving up hope that things will work out in some capacity. I still want to believe that the little web show that could will find a place that will let it finish its story.

This show is so freakin popular, not only in the states but also in Japan, who not only dubbed the series but even made their own anime for it.

This show is so popular that it got a two movie crossover with the Justice League.

WB may not care about legacy or passion or creativity but they do care about money. And while I’m just some faceless voice on the internet I’d like to think WB are at least smart enough to see that RWBY is profitable. It can make them money.

My preference would be for them to also keep the writers, VAs, and music team the same. That would realistically be my most ideal scenario.

Will we get it? I don’t know. But I’m not about to doom and gloom a situation when there’s still a shot, you know.

“Blind optimism isn’t great, but no optimism means we’ve already lost. We need hope. We need to take risks.”

[bluecheeseinmyoffwhites]

You know what I hate? How queer ships have to provide extra proof to justify their relationship. There could be straight pairings twice as bland and underdeveloped but no one will bat an eye. But let it be two girls or two guys it's "'appeasing fans" or "it's not enough for me to believe they're a couple". Then you have assholes on Youtube or here on Tumblr giving their 2 cents on why this ship is bad.

[maridrawss]

Guys if y'all want a duo that's similar to Shane and Ryan just go to TwoSetViolin please they are so underrated, they're very talented, they're bringing an old genre back into the limelight, and they don't put their content behind a paywall🫶

[senorita-antisocial]

eddy the entire movie:

[geertwhim]

I like how this one turned out!