#creed of chalcedon

[wisdomfish]

The Creed of Chalcedon (A.D. 451)

We, then, following the holy Fathers, all with one consent, teach men to confess one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, the same perfect in Godhead and also perfect in manhood; truly God and truly man, of a reasonable (rational) soul and body; consubstantial (coessential) with the Father according to the Godhead, and consubstantial with us according to the Manhood; in all things like unto us, without sin; begotten before all ages of the Father according to the Godhead, and in these latter days, for us and for our salvation, born of the Virgin Mary, the Mother of God, according to the Manhood; one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, Only-begotten, to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably; the distinction of natures being by no means taken away by the union, but rather of the property of each nature being preserved, and concurring in one Person and one Subsistence, not parted or divided into two persons, but one and the same Son, and only begotten, God, the Word the Lord Jesus Christ; as the prophets from the beginning (have declared) concerning him, and the Lord Jesus Christ himself has taught us, and the Creed of the holy Fathers has handed down to us.

~ Chaldedon, Bib Sac, 138:552:326

[whencyclopedia]

Council of Chalcedon

The Council of Chalcedon was called in 451 CE by the Roman Emperor Marcian (r. 450-457) to settle debates regarding the nature (hypostases, "reality") of Christ that had begun at two earlier meetings in Ephesus (431 CE and 439 CE). The question was whether Christ was human or divine, a man who became God (through the resurrection and ascension) or God who became a man (through the incarnation, "taking on flesh"), and how his humanity and divinity affected his essence and being, if at all.

Shortly after Emperor Constantine's conversion to Christianity in 312 CE, an Alexandrian presbyter, Arius, applying logic, had simply taught that if God created everything in the universe, then at some point he must have created Christ. This caused debates and even riots throughout the cities of the Roman Empire. If Christ was a creature, then he was subordinate to God. Seeking empire-wide unity, Constantine I (r. 306-337 CE) called for a council meeting at Nicaea in 325 to settle the matter.

The First Council of Nicaea produced what became known as the concept of the Trinity. This concept expressed the belief that Christ was of the identical essence of God, who had manifested himself in the earthly Jesus of Nazareth. It produced the innovation of a creed that dictated what all Christians should believe. The Nicene Creed was now enforced by the legions of the Roman emperor, and Arianism was condemned as heresy. However, those who sided with Arius continued to incorporate his teachings in their communities. One of Constantine's sons, Constantius II (r. 337-361 CE), was an Arian Christian.

With the beginning of the barbarian invasions in this period, Christians were urged to be patriotic Christians, in line with the Imperial Church. However, the Antiochene and Alexandrian communities continued to debate which emperors had such authority (legitimacy), depending upon their views of continuing Arianism at their courts and other topics. The other problem was that the Council of Nicaea only addressed the relationship between God and Christ but said nothing about his nature.

Struggle Among the Sees

For several centuries, Christian bishops had competed with each other in relation to who had the authority to dictate beliefs and rituals for all Christians. The major sees (dioceses) of bishops were Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Rome. The First Council of Constantinople in 381 elevated Rome above all others (as the site of martyrdom of Saint Peter and Paul the Apostle). Alexandria, which had several Christian schools of philosophy, saw this as an insult to their prestige. Antioch resented it because they claimed their community was the first to be called Christians (from Luke's Acts of the Apostles). Jerusalem was the most insulted, as this was the site of the trial and crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth and his resurrection. Thrown into this mix were three more heresies that ultimately required more imperial anathemas and dictates: Paulinism, Novatianism, and Nestorianism.

Continue reading...

[mybeautifulchristianjourney]

The reformers believed the creeds, wrote confessions and believed Sola Scriptura (along with reading the fathers).

"THE CREEDS OF FOUR COUNCILS RECEIVED. And, to say many things with a few words, with a sincere heart we believe, and freely confess with open mouth, whatever things are defined from the Holy Scriptures concerning the mystery of the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, and are summed up in the Creeds and decrees of the first four most excellent synods convened at Nicaea, Constantinople, Ephesus and Chalcedon -- together with the Creed of blessed Athanasius [The so-called Athanasian Creed was not written by Athanasius but dates from the ninth century. It is also called the "Quicunque" from the opening word of the Latin text.], and all similar symbols; and we condemn everything contrary to these.

THE SECTS. And in this way we retain the Christian, orthodox and catholic faith whole and unimpaired; knowing that nothing is contained in the aforesaid symbols which is not agreeable to the Word of God, and does not altogether make for a sincere exposition of the faith."

From Second Helvetic confession 1566.

Source: The Protestant Reformation

[thepastisalreadywritten]

SAINT OF THE DAY (January 2)

St. Basil, one of the most distinguished Doctors of the Church and Bishop of Caesarea, was likely born in 329 and died on 1 January 379.

He ranks after Athanasius as a defender of the Oriental Church against the heresies of the fourth century, especially Arianism, which denied the divine nature of Jesus Christ. 

He was a strong supporter of the Nicene Creed.

With his friend, Gregory of Nazianzus and his brother, Gregory of Nyssa, he is part of the trio known as "The Three Cappadocians," of which he was the most important in practical genius and theological writings.

Basil resisted the pressure from Emperor Valens, an Arian himself, who wanted to keep him in silence and admit the heretics to communion. 

No wonder, when the great St. Athanasius died, the responsibility of being the defender of the faith against Aryanism fell upon Basil.

Seventy-two years after his death, the Council of Chalcedon described him as “the great Basil, minister of grace who has expounded the truth to the whole earth.”

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.22 (before 1900)

451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council. 794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (now Kyoto). 906 – Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh leads a raid against the Byzantine Empire, taking 4,000–5,000 captives. 1383 – The male line of the Portuguese House of Burgundy becomes extinct with the death of King Fernando, leaving only his daughter Beatrice. Rival claimants begin a period of civil war and disorder. 1633 – The Ming dynasty defeats the Dutch East India Company. 1707 – Four British naval vessels run aground on the Isles of Scilly because of faulty navigation. In response, the first Longitude Act is enacted in 1714. 1721 – The Russian Empire is proclaimed by Tsar Peter I after the Swedish defeat in the Great Northern War. 1724 – J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele (Adorn yourself, O dear soul) in Leipzig on the 20th Sunday after Trinity, based on the communion hymn of the same name. 1730 – Construction of the Ladoga Canal is completed. 1739 – The War of Jenkins' Ear begins with the first attack on La Guaira. 1746 – The College of New Jersey (later renamed Princeton University) receives its charter. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American defenders of Fort Mercer on the Delaware River repulse repeated Hessian attacks in the Battle of Red Bank. 1784 – Russia founds a colony on Kodiak Island, Alaska. 1790 – Northwest Indian War: Native American forces defeat the United States, ending the Harmar Campaign. 1797 – André-Jacques Garnerin makes the first recorded parachute jump, from 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above Paris. 1836 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Texas. 1844 – The Millerites (followers of Baptist preacher William Miller) anticipate the end of the world in conjunction with the Second Advent of Christ. The following day becomes known as the Great Disappointment. 1859 – Spain declares war on Morocco. 1866 – A plebiscite ratifies the annexation of Veneto and Mantua to Italy, which had occurred three days before on October 19. 1875 – The first telegraphic connection in Argentina becomes operational. 1877 – The Blantyre mining disaster in Scotland kills 207 miners. 1878 – The Bramall Lane stadium sees the first rugby match played under floodlights. 1879 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric incandescent light bulb (lasting 131⁄2 hours before burning out). 1883 – The Metropolitan Opera House in New York City opens with a performance of Gounod's Faust. 1884 – The International Meridian Conference designates the Royal Observatory, Greenwich as the world's prime meridian. 1895 – In Paris an express train derails after overrunning the buffer stop, crossing almost 30 metres (100 ft) of concourse before crashing through a wall and falling 10 metres (33 ft) to the road below.

[the-river-is-right-there-chopper]

Thanks for tagging!

Last song I listened to: Metaphor by The Crane Wives

Favorite color: Blue/Orange (reminds me of a sunset or streetlamps in the evening)

Last movie/TV show: The Wind Rises (I wanted something to relax to and it also had airplanes in it)(I love airplanes)(this was beautiful)

Sweet, spicy or savory: Savory and spicy, then sweet

Relationship status: wow, we all single in this thread, same

Last thing googled: "council of chalcedon creed" (needed it for a quiz)(which early christian heresy are you)(I'm pleagianism)

Current obsession: I guess I've been getting into scent candles lately. not really though because 'tis the test season (and my usual bullshit is planes. I think I mentioned that)(yeah)

tagging: @three-strikes-of-void , @valentine-616 (no pressure) and anyone who also wants to say something about themself

Nine people I'd like to get to know better

Tagged by @meghawhopp <33

Last song: Down by the River by Borislav Slavov from the Baldur’s Gate 3 Soundtrack (or more specifically the cover of Down by the River by Nerissa Ravencroft)

Favorite color: Blue and purple!

Last movie/TV show: Seinfeld, I’m currently on season four!

Sweet/spicy/savory?: I have a huge sweet tooth, so sweet things

Relationship status: Single

Last thing I googled: I searched up the show “Arthur” because I was trying to find that one meme where Buster was like “You really think someone would do that, just go on the internet and spread lies?”

Current obsession: Fragaria memories and tears of themis mostly^^

Tag Nine People: @kyaruun @xinieeee @deadmansbistro @florapot @hunita812 @scuffle-with-spirals @rexonalapis @maxellera @manicpixiedoomedgirl

[pastorhogg]

This Day in Church History

The old church of St. Euphemia, sitting atop a hill in Chalcedon across the Bosphorus from Constantinople, hosted the fourth great council of the church in the fall of 451. The emperor called the bishops together to combat a series of heresies about the person of Christ and to formulate a creed that would unite Christianity. The nature of Christ was the chief theological question of the first…

[aria-i-adagio]

Because apparently it needs to be said: Christianity is no more a monolith than any other religion.

The difference between the Roman Catholic Church and the Southern Baptist Convention are stark, and arguably irreconcilable, at the finer levels of theology. That's just one example of two "Christianities" that really the same religion in name only.

There are multiple ways in which the crucifixion/salvation are understood, most of which are *not* 'put your hand on the television and say this prayer with me for a get out of jail free card.' Often there's more than one at play at any given time, but different branches of Christianity tend to emphasize different ones.

Original sin/the Fall doesn't mean the same thing in Eastern Christianity theology as it does Western Christianity.

Universal salvation has been considered at least a possibility since the 3rd century. Christianity can and does exist without the concept of a literal hell.

Calvin's idea of the elect? Yeah... It's a big deal, but it's not a pan Christian belief.

Nicene Creed? Plenty of Protestants reject it. And let's not even get started on the Council of Chalcedon.

Which books are in the Bible? Varies. Status of non canonical texts? Depends on who you ask. Calculation of the date of Easter/Pascha? Lol.

Christianity, writ large, and various Christianities have a hell of a lot to be critiqued for and to answer for in their history and theology, but it is not accurate, fair, or informed to base a critique of all of Christianity on Franklin Graham or Joel Olsteen. Trust me, you can find plenty to be critiqued in any variety of Christianity you care to. It just won't always be the same thing, and it is disingenuous to pretend that is the case.

(I will personally harangue any american christians who claim to be oppressed because of their religion. They aren't. Full stop.)

[warsofasoiaf]

Given the sheer size of Westeros, shouldn't there be denominations of the Faith of the Seven, and fights over doctrinal disputes?

Yes, this is something that I and several of my friends have remarked upon. There definitely should be schisms and other doctrinal differences that the Faith would need to agree upon. If we look at early Church history, much of the faith and its interpretation depended on prominent church leaders, Arius of Alexandria being one of the most notable. There would also need to be ecumenical councils or their equivalent to clarify and codify doctrine. The hypostatic union of Christianity was not established in the early church doctrine, that didn’t happen until the Church of Chalcedon. In order to combat Arianism which had spread amongst the Germanic population, the Pope added the Filioque clause to the Nicene Creed, which is a theological rift between the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

These sorts of theological discussions should have been among Faith history. The Seven-As-One has all the hallmarks of a sacred mystery, and like many early Christian heresies, different septons would likely try to reason out and rationalize the conception of the Seven. Different arguments could include that there is one divine force which manifests as seven manifestations of the same force. Another might claim that the Seven are separate beings, a pantheon, and that the one is their unity of purpose. Others might go a little more esoteric, and state that the Seven are both Seven and One in a way that is indescribable to mere mortals. Even others might say that the fact that there can be overlap, such as how Catelyn points out that the Mother can be fierce when protecting her young, even though martial prowess is the purview of the Warrior, that the Seven blend into each other in a way that makes them both separate and the same, and that the true miracle of the Seven-As-One is that they can become one while remaining separate, a divine impossibility that cannot be replicated in the mortal world.

This would not merely discussion over theology. Different major septs would argue over primacy and being the capital of the religion. For example, the Filioque controversy not only deals with matters of theology, but in the power of the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) versus the power of the autocephalous heads of the Eastern Orthodox Church. While both churches agree that there is such a thing as papal primacy, they disagree with what it means. The Eastern Orthodox position states that papal primacy is largely an honorific stemming from the dignity and respect that Saint Peter deserves as Rome was his seat. The Roman Catholic position states the papal position can exercise supreme authority over the entire body of the Church. 

This political dispute would have easily found its way into the Faith of the Seven, with different septs claiming primacy by virtue of their position. I’ve speculated that were it to be the case, the Vale would demand supremacy by virtue of being where the Andals first arrived in Westeros as the Andal “promised land” and in recognition of the Seven bringing the Andals safely to the continent. Oldtown would probably boast that they are the center of the faith because they are in the largest city and the faith belongs in the center of the faithful. Lannisport would almost certainly want to get in on that action as well, since they’d be the richest sept, they’d probably advance an argument that states that the capital of the faith should be in the area where the most good works are done, and that would be at the sept with the resources to do it.

You’d also expect some level of syncretism with the Old Gods and the Mother Rhoyne religion, and a lot of conflicts that could erupt over that. Hardliners would denounce any innovation as heresy, and depict previous religious practices as barbaric and wicked. The Old Gods might be depicted as bloodthirsty, and its practitioners accused of truly vile things such as sacrificing babies. Among more moderate voices, particularly those where the Andals intermarried instead of simply conquering, practices and holidays would easily be co-opted by the Faith and used to help increase conversion. Hence you might see in certain areas that godswoods might be a place of quiet, so that the Seven could better hear the prayers of the faithful. 

Culture and artwork would also change the depictions of the Seven. Depending on the regional fashions, you’d see the Seven’s statues to share similarities with the people, in facial features, in clothing, etc. In the Stormlands, where archery often lead to victory over the Reach’s knights, you might see the Warrior depicted with a sword in hand but a bow strung over his shoulder and mace on the baldric to emphasize martial flexibility and dominance, whereas in the Reach he may be depicted ahorse with lance and pennant to depict the famous chivalry of the Reach. Dornish depictions of the Mother might carry a ewer which draws a parallel between the life-giving nature of water in a desert and the life-giving act of bearing a child.

So yeah, I think there should be.

Thanks for the question, Anon

SomethingLikeALawyer, Hand of the King

[eternal-echoes]

Catechism of the Catholic Church

III. TRUE GOD AND TRUE MAN

464 The unique and altogether singular event of the Incarnation of the Son of God does not mean that Jesus Christ is part God and part man, nor does it imply that he is the result of a confused mixture of the divine and the human. He became truly man while remaining truly God. Jesus Christ is true God and true man. During the first centuries, the Church had to defend and clarify this truth of faith against the heresies that falsified it.

465 The first heresies denied not so much Christ's divinity as his true humanity (Gnostic Docetism). From apostolic times the Christian faith has insisted on the true incarnation of God's Son "come in the flesh".87 But already in the third century, the Church in a council at Antioch had to affirm against Paul of Samosata that Jesus Christ is Son of God by nature and not by adoption. the first ecumenical council of Nicaea in 325 confessed in its Creed that the Son of God is "begotten, not made, of the same substance (homoousios) as the Father", and condemned Arius, who had affirmed that the Son of God "came to be from things that were not" and that he was "from another substance" than that of the Father.88

466 The Nestorian heresy regarded Christ as a human person joined to the divine person of God's Son. Opposing this heresy, St. Cyril of Alexandria and the third ecumenical council, at Ephesus in 431, confessed "that the Word, uniting to himself in his person the flesh animated by a rational soul, became man."89 Christ's humanity has no other subject than the divine person of the Son of God, who assumed it and made it his own, from his conception. For this reason the Council of Ephesus proclaimed in 431 that Mary truly became the Mother of God by the human conception of the Son of God in her womb: "Mother of God, not that the nature of the Word or his divinity received the beginning of its existence from the holy Virgin, but that, since the holy body, animated by a rational soul, which the Word of God united to himself according to the hypostasis, was born from her, the Word is said to be born according to the flesh."90

467 The Monophysites affirmed that the human nature had ceased to exist as such in Christ when the divine person of God's Son assumed it. Faced with this heresy, the fourth ecumenical council, at Chalcedon in 451, confessed: Following the holy Fathers, we unanimously teach and confess one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ: the same perfect in divinity and perfect in humanity, the same truly God and truly man, composed of rational soul and body; consubstantial with the Father as to his divinity and consubstantial with us as to his humanity; "like us in all things but sin". He was begotten from the Father before all ages as to his divinity and in these last days, for us and for our salvation, was born as to his humanity of the virgin Mary, the Mother of God.91

We confess that one and the same Christ, Lord, and only-begotten Son, is to be acknowledged in two natures without confusion, change, division or separation. the distinction between the natures was never abolished by their union, but rather the character proper to each of the two natures was preserved as they came together in one person (prosopon) and one hypostasis.92

468 After the Council of Chalcedon, some made of Christ's human nature a kind of personal subject. Against them, the fifth ecumenical council, at Constantinople in 553, confessed that "there is but one hypostasis [or person], which is our Lord Jesus Christ, one of the Trinity."93 Thus everything in Christ's human nature is to be attributed to his divine person as its proper subject, not only his miracles but also his sufferings and even his death: "He who was crucified in the flesh, our Lord Jesus Christ, is true God, Lord of glory, and one of the Holy Trinity."94

469 The Church thus confesses that Jesus is inseparably true God and true man. He is truly the Son of God who, without ceasing to be God and Lord, became a man and our brother: "What he was, he remained and what he was not, he assumed", sings the Roman Liturgy.95 and the liturgy of St. John Chrysostom proclaims and sings: "O only-begotten Son and Word of God, immortal being, you who deigned for our salvation to become incarnate of the holy Mother of God and ever-virgin Mary, you who without change became man and were crucified, O Christ our God, you who by your death have crushed death, you who are one of the Holy Trinity, glorified with the Father and the Holy Spirit, save us!"96

[wisdomfish]

The Creed of Chalcedon set forth the normative theological standard concerning the two natures of Jesus Christ (divine and human), thus rejecting various christological heresies (such as Monophysitism, the doctrine that there is only one nature in Christ, a belief still held by the Coptic Church).

Samples, Kenneth Richard. ‘Without a Doubt: Answering the 20 Toughest Faith Questions. p. 55

[whencyclopedia]

The Growth of Christianity in the Roman Empire

A map illustrating the rise and spread of Christianity from a small, unorganized sect in the Roman province of Judea, across the urban centers and rural areas of the Empire, through Constantine the Great's 325 Council of Nicaea (which codified the Nicene Creed as set formal beliefs) and the 380 Edict of Thessalonica under Theodosius I (when Christianity officially became a state religion) until the 451 Council of Chalcedon when debates about the human and divine nature of Jesus consumed the early Church. The map also depicts the spread of some of the significant heresies of that era - Arian Ascendancy, Nestorianism, and Monophysitism.

[thepastisalreadywritten]

SAINT OF THE DAY (January 2)

St. Basil was one of the most distinguished Doctors of the Church and Bishop of Caesarea.

He was born into the wealthy Cappadocian Greek family of Basil the Elder and Emmelia of Caesarea in Cappadocia around 330.

He was one of ten children, and his parents were known for their piety.

He ranks after Athanasius as a defender of the Oriental Church against the heresies of the fourth century, especially Arianism, which denied the divine nature of Jesus Christ. 

He was a strong supporter of the Nicene Creed.

With his friend Gregory of Nazianzus and his brother Gregory of Nyssa, he was part of the trio known as "The Three Cappadocians."

Basil resisted the pressure from Emperor Valens, an Arian himself, who wanted to keep him in silence and admit the heretics to communion. 

When the great St. Athanasius died, the responsibility of being the defender of the faith against Aryanism fell upon Basil.

Historians disagree about the exact date of Basil's death, which was either 1 or 2 January 379.

Basil was tireless in pastoral care. He preached twice a day to huge crowds, built a hospital that was called a wonder of the world—as a youth he had organized famine relief and worked in a soup kitchen himself—and fought the prostitution business.

Basil was also best known as an orator. Though not recognized greatly in his lifetime, his writings rightly place him among the great teachers of the Church.

Seventy-two years after his death, the Council of Chalcedon described him as “the great Basil, minister of grace who has expounded the truth to the whole earth.”

NOTE:

Nicene Creed, also called Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, a Christian statement of faith that is the only ecumenical creed because it is accepted as authoritative by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and major Protestant churches.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.22 (before 1920)

451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council. 794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (now Kyoto). 906 – Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh leads a raid against the Byzantine Empire, taking 4,000–5,000 captives. 1383 – The male line of the Portuguese House of Burgundy becomes extinct with the death of King Fernando, leaving only his daughter Beatrice. Rival claimants begin a period of civil war and disorder. 1633 – The Ming dynasty defeats the Dutch East India Company. 1707 – Four British naval vessels run aground on the Isles of Scilly because of faulty navigation. In response, the first Longitude Act is enacted in 1714. 1721 – The Russian Empire is proclaimed by Tsar Peter I after the Swedish defeat in the Great Northern War. 1730 – Construction of the Ladoga Canal is completed. 1739 – The War of Jenkins' Ear begins with the first attack on La Guaira. 1746 – The College of New Jersey (later renamed Princeton University) receives its charter 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American defenders of Fort Mercer on the Delaware River repulse repeated Hessian attacks in the Battle of Red Bank. 1784 – Russia founds a colony on Kodiak Island, Alaska. 1790 – Northwest Indian War: Native American forces defeat the United States, ending the Harmar Campaign. 1797 – André-Jacques Garnerin makes the first recorded parachute jump, from 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above Paris. 1836 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Texas. 1844 – The Millerites (followers of Baptist preacher William Miller) anticipate the end of the world in conjunction with the Second Advent of Christ. The following day becomes known as the Great Disappointment. 1859 – Spain declares war on Morocco. 1866 – A plebiscite ratifies the annexation of Veneto and Mantua to Italy, which had occurred three days before on October 19. 1875 – The first telegraphic connection in Argentina becomes operational. 1877 – The Blantyre mining disaster in Scotland kills 207 miners. 1878 – The Bramall Lane stadium sees the first rugby match played under floodlights. 1879 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric incandescent light bulb (lasting 131⁄2 hours before burning out). 1883 – The Metropolitan Opera House in New York City opens with a performance of Gounod's Faust. 1884 – The International Meridian Conference designates the Royal Observatory, Greenwich as the world's prime meridian. 1895 – In Paris an express train derails after overrunning the buffer stop, crossing almost 30 metres (100 ft) of concourse before crashing through a wall and falling 10 metres (33 ft) to the road below. 1907 – A run on the stock of the Knickerbocker Trust Company sets events in motion that will spark the Panic of 1907. 1910 – Hawley Harvey Crippen (the first felon to be arrested with the help of radio) is convicted of poisoning his wife.

[buggie-hagen]

The church will continue to use the Creed of Chalcedon in this process of testing, rejecting every view that tears God and human existence apart in the person of Jesus Christ and every view that separates the salvation of humankind from the person of Christ.

Carl E. Braaten, Christian Dogmatics, vol. 1, 514.