#circa january 1932 | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

skyfire85 · 3 years ago

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-A Dornier Do 335 Pfeil on a snowy runway, some time in 1944 or '45. | Photo: Luftwaffe

FLIGHTLINE: 181 - DORNIER DO 335 PFEIL ("ARROW")

Initially designed in response to a request for a Schnellbomber, the Do 335 was reconfigured into a multi-role aircraft, though only a few were completed before Germany surrendered.

Claude Dornier founded the Dornier Flugzeugwerke ("Aircraft factory") in 1914, and was renowned for building large, all-metal flying boats as well as land-based passenger aircraft between the Great War and WWII. These included the record-breaking Do 16 Wal ("Whale") of 1924, the Do X of 1929, and the Komet ("Comet") and Merkur ("Mercury"), a favorite of Lufthansa and SCADTA in Colombia, as well as several South American militaries. A feature of many Dornier aircraft were tandem engines, a tractor and a pusher motor placed back to back. This arrangement allowed an aircraft to enjoy the extra power of having multiple engines without the associated drag of having multiple tractor installations. It also alleviated the issue of asymmetric thrust in case of an engine failure.

-A Do X in flight, circa January 1932. This was one of a number of Dornier flying boats to have a tandem engine configuration. | Photo: German Federal Archives

DEUTSCHLAND PFEILE

What became the Do 335 originated in 1939, while Dornier was working on the P.59 Schellbomber ("high-speed bomber"), which would have carried and equivalent load to a Ju 88 or Me 410, but featured a tandem engine arrangement. Work on the P.59 was cancelled in 1940, but Dornier had already commissioned a test aircraft, the Göppingen Gö 9, to test the feasibility of connecting a pusher prop via an extended drive shaft. The Go 9 was based on the Do 17 bomber, but scaled down 40% and with a cruciform tail. The test plane validated Dornier's designs, though the eventual fate of the Go 9 is not known (likely though, it was destroyed by Allied bombing or recycled).

-The Göppingen Gö-9 motor glider, designed by Wolf Hirth. flying c.1941. | Photo: Flightglobal

The P.59's general design was resurrected in 1942 when the RLM requested a high-speed bomber with a 1,000kg payload. Dornier submission, designated the P.231, was awarded a development contract and the model number Do 335. Late in 1942, the requirements were changed from a Schnellbomber to a multirole fighter, which resulted in extensive delays while the designs were updated.

FLUGZEUGSPEZIFIKATIONEN

The Do 335 was 13.85m long, with a wingspan of 13.8m and a height of 5m. Empty, the plane weighed 7,260kg, while at max TO the weight was 9,600kg (10,000kg for the two-seat trainers and night fighter variants). Power was provided by two Daimler-Benz DB 603E-1 liquid-cooled V-12s developing 1,324kW each. Due to the situation in late-war Germany, the engines were fitted to run on 87 octane "B4" lignite-derived synthetic fuel, and MW50 boost was also available for additional speed. The basic fighter/bomber variant was armed with a singe 30mm MK 103 cannon firing through the spinner and two 20mm MG 151/20 autocannon mounted in the front engine cowl and synchronized to fire through the prop disc. A single 500kg bomb could be carried internally, and two pylons on the wings could be fitted with bombs, gun pods or drop tanks, with a total load of 100kg. During flight tests, the Do 335 hit 763kmh with boost (686kmh without), making it the fastest production fighter the Luftwaffe fielded during WWII. Under single-engine operations, the plane could still fly at 563kmh. Service ceiling was 11,400m, and under ideal conditions the plane could climb to 8,000m in 14 minutes 30 seconds. Due to concerns over a pilot striking the dorsal fin or the rear prop (a common concern in pusher designs before ejector seats became common), explosive charges would sever the fin and propeller before the pilot would bail out.

-Orthograph of the Do 335 A-1. | Illustration: Richard Ferriere

-Cutaway drawing of the Pfeil showing the engines, linkages, and landing gear actuators. | Illustration: Dornier

-Mounting locations of the 335's guns and associated equipment. | Illustration: Dornier

Maiden flight of the Do 335 V1 prototype was on 26 October 1943. A total of 27 flights were made with the V1, which uncovered a weakness in the landing gear, and issues with the main landing gear wheel-well doors saw them removed for the majority of the flights. The second aircraft, V2, first flew on 31 December 1943, and featured uprated DB 603A-2 engines as well as aerodynamic changes informed by the V1's test flights as well as wind tunnel tests. Maiden flight of the V3 pre-production aircraft was on 20 January 1944, which was fitted with DB 603G-0 engines, which produced 1,400kW at take off. The V3 was also fitted with two rear-view mirrors, alleviating blind spots caused by the location of the aft engine. A total of ten preproduction aircraft were then ordered, and in January the RLM ordered five more prototypes of the night fighter variant, later designated the A-6. By war's end, at least 16 prototypes of the Do 335 and related programs had flown, accumulating some 60 flight hours.

-The Do 335 V1 during testing in 1943 or '44. | Photo: Luftwaffe

Production of the Do 335 was given maximum priority under Hitler's Jägernotprogramm (Emergency Fighter Program), issued on 23 May 1944, and the competing He 219 Uhu ("eagle-owl") Nachtjäger theoretically freed up needed DB 603 engines for the Pfeil, but in practice Heinkel continued production of the 219A. Dornier's factories in Friedrichshafen and Munchen were anticipated to produce 120 and 2,000 Do 335s, of various configurations, by March 1946, but an Allied attack on Friedrichshafen destroyed tooling for the Pfeil, which resulted in a new line being set up in Oberpfaffenhofen. The first preproduction Do 335 A-0 model was delivered in July 1944, and construction of the first production A-1 model began in late 1944. As the war progressed, various models of the Do 335 proliferated (as happened often with late-war aircraft programs) as the Nazis sought to turn back the Allied forces:

Do 335 A-2: single-seat fighter-bomber aircraft with new weapon sights, later proposed longer wing and updated 1,471 kW (1,973 hp) DB603L engines.

Do 335 A-3: single-seat reconnaissance aircraft built from A-1 aircraft, later proposed with longer wing.

Do 335 A-4: single-seat reconnaissance aircraft with smaller cameras than the A-3

Do 335 A-5: single-seat night fighter aircraft, later night and bad weather fighter with enlarged wing and DB603L engines.

Do 335 A-6: two-seat night fighter aircraft, with completely separate second cockpit located above and behind the original.

Do 335 A-7: A-6 with longer wing.

Do 335 A-8: A-4 fitted with longer wing.

Do 335 A-9: A-4 fitted with longer wing, DB603L engines and pressurized cockpit.

Do 335 A-11/12: A-0 refitted with a second cockpit to serve as trainers.

-A Do 335 A-12 trainer, known as the Ameisenbär ("anteater"), late in the war. | Photo: Luftwaffe

Do 335 B-1: abandoned in development.

Do 335 B-2: single-seat destroyer aircraft. Fitted with 2 additional MK 103 in the wings and provision to carry two standard Luftwaffe 300 litre (80 US gal) drop tanks.

Do 335 B-3: updated B-1 but with longer wing.

Do 335 B-4: update of the B-1 with longer wing, DB603L engine.

Do 335 B-6: night fighter.

Do 335 B-12: dual-seat trainer version for the B-series aircraft.

Do 435: a Do 335 with the redesigned, longer wing. Allied intelligence reports from early May 1945 mention spotting a Do 435 at the Dornier factory airfield at Lowenthal.

Do 535: actually the He 535, once the Dornier P254 design was handed over to Heinkel in October 1944; fitted with jet engine in place of rear piston engine.

Do 635: twin-fuselaged long-range reconnaissance version. Also called Junkers Ju 635 or Do 335Z. Mock up only.

P 256: turbojet nightfighter version, with two podded HeS 011 turbojet engines; based on Do 335 airframe.

In April 1945 the Allies captured the Oberpfaffenhofen factory in late April 1945, capturing 11 A-1 fighter/bombers and 2 A-12 trainers. That same month, a flight of four RAF Hawker Tempests, led by French ace Pierre Clostermann, encountered an unknown model of Do 335 over northern Germany at low altitude. The Pfeil pilot began evasive maneuvers, but Clostermann opted to not give chase as the enemy plane displayed superior speed. At the time of the German capitulation in 1945, 22 Do 335A-0, A-1 and A-11/12 aircraft were known to have been completed.

-Dornier Do 335 aircraft on the runway at Oberpfaffenhofen just after the end of the Second World War. | Photo: USAAF

-A Do 335 after being captured by the US, with American markings painted over the Luftwaffe ones. | Photo: Charles Daniels Collection/SDASM Archives

At least two Do 335s were brought to the US under Operation LUSTY, with one, Do 335 A-0, designated A-02, with construction number (Werknummer) 240 102, and Stammkennzeichen ("factory radio code registration") VG+PH being claimed by the Navy for testing. The aircraft was transported on HMS Reaper along with other captured German aircraft, then shipped to the Navy's Test and Evaluation center at NAS Pax River. Another Pfeil was tested by the USAAF at Freeman Field in Indiana, but nothing is known about its fate. In 1961 VG+PH was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution, though it remained outside at NAS Oceana until 1974, when it was shipped back to the Dornier factory in Oberpfaffenhofen for restoration. Over the next year, volunteers from Dornier (some of whom worked on the aircraft originally) found that the explosive charges meant to sever the tail and aft prop were still installed and live, thirty years later. After work was completed the aircraft was placed on display at the Hannover Airshow from 1 to 9 May 1976, and afterwards it was on loan to the Deutsches Museum until 1988. The aircraft was shipped back the States after that, and is now on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center along with other German aircraft brought over during Lusty like the only known Ar 234 Blitz jet bomber and the partially restored He 219A Uhu.

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dd20century · 5 years ago

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Clara Wolcott Driscoll: Tiffany Studios’ Brightest Light

“This is rather difficult work, but when one has a fondness for a certain brand of industry, she does not pause when a difficulty must be overcome.” -- Clara Wolcott Driscoll

This past summer the Munson Williams Proctor Museum in Utica, NY held an exhibition, “Louis Comfort Tiffany: Treasures from the Driehaus Collection.” The astonishing show featured Tiffany’s most iconic lamps, many designed by a woman whose name is largely forgotten now, Clara Wolcott Driscoll. The women who assembled Mrs. Driscoll’s designs were popularly referred to as “Tiffany Girls,”(1), and they worked under her in Tiffany’s Women's Glass Cutting Department. Driscoll was the designer behind many of the best well-known lamps to emerge from Tiffany Studios: Daffodil, Wisteria, Dragonfly, and Peony lamps (2).

Clara Wolcott Driscoll for Tiffany Studios (1900), Daffodil Shade (detail). Photo credit: Telome4 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14892217 Image source.

Young Clara Pierce Wolcott

Clara Pierce Wolcott was born in Talmadge, Ohio in 1861. Her father, Elizur V. Wolcott studied theology and aspired to be a missionary but his poor health prevented that dream from becoming a reality. Instead, Wolcott became a farmer and teacher (3). Tragically, Wolcott died in 1873, forcing his wife Fannie to find work as a teacher in order to support Clara and her three younger sisters (3). Fannie Wolcott who had attended the Talmadge Academy was determined that her daughters would also receive an education. With her family connections, Fannie placed “Clara with relatives living near the excellent (and free) Central High School”(3) in Cleveland, Ohio.

During her time at Central High School, young Clara demonstrated a keen interest in the natural world, especially flowers. This interest was undoubtedly encouraged by naturalist, Harriet Louise Keeler who was an instructor at the school during that time (3). After graduation, Clara enrolled in “the Western Reserve School of Design for Women (now the Cleveland Institute of Art)”(2). Not much, however, is known about Clara’s time there.

Sometime after Clara’s secondary studies were completed, she had “taken a position as designer for C. S. Ransom and Company, a Cleveland-based manufacturer of Moorish-influenced fretwork panels”(3).

Clara Driscoll Joins, Departs and then Rejoins Tiffany Studios

In the fall of 1888, Clara left Cleveland and headed to New York City to continue her art education “at the then-new Metropolitan Museum Art School” (2). Not long after her arrival in New York Louis Comfort Tiffany hired her as a designer in his studio. At Tiffany Studios Clara “earned the intricacies of glass selection and cutting,”(3) but after only a year with Tiffany, Clara left to get married as was the law in New York at that time. In 1989, Clara married Francis Driscoll who was thirty years her senior. In 1892 Mr. Driscoll died, and Clara, widowed, was rehired by Tiffany. Soon after Tiffany named Clara to head the Women’s Glasscutting Department (3). She had excellent managerial skills with an aptitude “for realizing a great profit from lamps and fancy goods”(4). When Clara took over the glasscutting department six women were working under her, eventually the staff would grow to thirty-five strong. These women earned the nickname “The Tiffany Girls”(5).

Clara Wolcott Driscoll (third row far left, wearing a white blouse) and the “Tiffany Girls” (circa 1904). Photo courtesy of The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of Art.

Challenges Faced by Clara Driscoll and the Women Working at Tiffany Studios

The women in her department selected the glass for the shades, “cutting the individual segments using templates, and wrapping them with copper foil”(5). The men would assemble the lamps by attaching the glass pieces to molds and soldering the copper foil edges together.

Over time rivalries developed between the men and the women workers. Men were “making windows, mosaics, and leaded shades�� while the women for a time were relegated to only glass cutting. The men belonged to a union that “did not admit women,” so the women could not enjoy the same benefits as the men. Tiffany, however, paid his male and female employees equally which angered many of the men (5). “In 1903, the men threatened to strike in order to take away the women’s right to make windows”(5). Tiffany refused to meet the union’s demands but agreed to limit “the number of women in Driscoll’s department at 27”(5).

Mrs. Driscoll, herself became frustrated with faced staffing issues in the Women’s Glasscutting Department. Since married women were barred from employment Driscoll, would invest in developing a young talent only to lose the young woman to the wedding altar (5).

Clara’s Mystery Engagement

Mrs. Driscoll had also considered remarrying sometime between 1896 and 1897; she became engaged to Edwin Waldo the brother of artist George B. Waldo, one of Driscoll’s friends. While on route to meet his potential future in-laws in Ohio, Edwin inexplicably disappeared. No one heard from him for five years. Possibly due to the painful nature of this episode, Mrs. Driscoll never referred to it in any of her writings (3).

Clara Driscoll’s Major Works for Tiffany

During 1896 “Clara began experimenting with lamps”(5). Along with “Tiffany designer Agnes Northrop and fellow Cleveland art school classmate Alice Carmen Gouvy (also hired by Tiffany), Mrs. Driscoll designed the innovative Flying Fish lamp and Deep Sea mosaic and glass-jeweled base”(2). In addition to lamps, she designed “desk and boudoir accessories, often in combinations of glass, bronze, and mosaic”(3).

Driscoll drew her inspiration for her iconic lamp designs upon her life-long passion for and study of nature. Based upon information Driscoll shared in one of her letters, the daffodil lamp was her first important lamp design in 1900. That same year her design for the dragonfly lamp, “won a prize at the 1900 World’s Fair,”(6) that design, however, had long been credited to her boss, Louis Comfort Tiffany (6). The stunning wisteria lamp has also been attributed to Clara (5).

Clara Driscoll’s Later Years

In 1909 Driscoll left Tiffany Studio for the final time to marry Edwin Booth. While marriage ended Mrs. Driscoll’s professional career, she continued designing -- this time the product was colorful silk scarves. Edwin retired from his job managing an import business in 1929 just as the Great Depression struck, and the couple spent the remainder of their years in Florida. Their marriage would last thirty-five years until Clara’s death in 1944 (3).

Clara Driscoll’s Design Legacy

Clara Driscoll’s real role in Tiffany Studios went largely forgotten. When the company folded “in 1932, all the records were lost”(1). In 1953 when her sister Emily died, a trove of letters between the two sisters was discovered. It was not until almost 40 years later, however, that the letters were recognized by scholars when one of Driscoll’s relatives “Elizabeth A. Jones Yeargin transcribed a sampling from the letters for her work…self-published as a bound typescript titled The Pierce and Wolcott Letters”(3).

During Clara Driscoll’s career about thirty “or so lamps believed to have been designed by or created under”(6) her direction. These included “the Wisteria, Dragonfly, Peony, and from all accounts, her first — the Daffodil”(2). One Wisteria Lamp sold for $492,500 on December 14, 2017, at Christie’s in New York (7). Driscoll’s lamps are held in the collections in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and in numerous museums throughout the world. In recent years, numerous exhibitions of Tiffany lamps that featured Driscoll’s works, like the recent show in Utica, NY, have been held. The first to specifically acknowledge her contributions to Tiffany Studios was the New-York Historical Society 2007 show, “A New Light on Tiffany: Clara Driscoll and the Tiffany Girls.” Also that year, a book of the same title by Martin Eidelberg, Nina Gray and Margaret Hofer was published, and in 2011 Susan Vreeland published her historical novel Clara and Mr. Tiffany, based on the relationship between Mrs. Driscoll and Louis Comfort Tiffany (1). It may have been a long time coming, but the world is beginning to recognize the design genius of Clara Wolcott Driscoll.

References

Taylor, K., (13 February 2007). “Tiffany's Secret Is Over,” The New York Sun website. https://www.nysun.com/arts/tiffanys-secret-is-over/48495/

Wikipedia, (29 May 2019). Clara Driscoll (glass designer). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Driscoll_(glass_designer)

Bassett, M., (1 January 2012). “Breaking Tiffany's Glass Ceiling: Clara Wolcott Driscoll (1861-1944),” Cleveland Institute of Art website. https://www.cia.edu/news/stories/breaking-tiffanys-glass-ceiling-clara-wolcott-driscoll-1861-1944

The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art (2019). “Tiffany Studio Designers,” The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art website http://www.morsemuseum.org/louis-comfort-tiffany/tiffany-studios-designers

Gedal, A., (27 March 2015). “Clara Driscoll and the Tiffany Girls,” The New York Historical Society and Museum website http://behindthescenes.nyhistory.org/tiffany-girls/

Kastner, J., (25 February 2007). “Out of Tiffany’s Shadow, a Woman of Light,” New York Times Online Archives. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/arts/design/25kast.html?pagewanted=print

Vilinsky, B., (9 August 2019). “Collecting Guide: 10 Things to Know About Tiffany Lamps,” Christie’s website. https://www.christies.com/features/Tiffany-lamps-10-things-you-need-to-know-9542-3.aspx

#clara wolcott drsicoll #tiffany studios #louis comfort tiffany #product design #art glass

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rocketwerks · 6 years ago

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Patrick Gibson House

706 East Leigh Street

Built, circa 1796

Demolished, 1931

[HOR] — 706 East Leigh Street

Wait, a second. Isn’t this the “Pin Money” Pickles factory? Yes, in fact, it is! Sometimes a location has more than one story to tell about it.

(Library of Congress) — Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Richmond (1905) — Plate 72 — showing the factory location of “Pin Money” Pickles

It seems probably that Mordecai was correct in saying that this house was built by Joseph Jackson. Jackson bought the square on January 3, 1795 from the administrators of Patrick Coutts, and while the deed mentions “all Houses, buildings . . . ” the price, 36 pounds, could hardly have included a two-story brick dwelling. As the value of the property was increased the following year it would seem that Jackson built the house almost immediately. He soon put a mortgage on the property, and in May. 1798 it was purchased at auction by Thomas Rutherfoord. The greatly increased price, 1075 pounds, again confirms the hypothesis that Jackson built the house.

(Find A Grave) — Thomas Rutherfoord

In his unpublished memoir, Rutherfoord gives a curious sidelight on this transaction. Jackson had come to his assistance when Mr. Rutherfoord broke his leg while crossing what is now the square between Main, Franklin. Sixth, and Seventh Streets on a dark night. He returned Jackson’s kindness by buying this house and the land later called Jackson’s Addition but was eventually disillusioned about the young man and tried to save something from the wreck of his affairs for his children. Rutherfoord held the house only two years. In April, 1802 it was first insured, the owner at that time being Bartlett Still, who sold it the following year to Patrick Gibson.

(Speak, Memory: Time Regained) — print of the Richmond Theatre fire of 1811 — Alexander W. Weddell, Richmond, Virginia, in Old Prints. 1737-1887 (Richmond, 1932), plate 12

Mordecai describes Patrick Gibson “as respectable merchant, connected in business with a nephew of Mr. Jefferson.” This seems unflattering for the ancestor of some of Virginia’s most distinguished citizens, until one remembers that the word “respectable’’ was purely laudatory in connotation until long after Mordecai’s book was written. In the Theatre Fire of 1811 not only Gibson’s first wife but a girl who lived with the Gibsons, Nancy Green, whose parents were actors, perished.

Gibson, who had just returned from a trip abroad, escaped the fire and lived to marry again and have a number of children by his second wife.

(Find A Grave) — Nicholas Mills

In 1823, when Gibson’s affairs were embarrassed, the house had been bought by his second wife’s aunt, Mrs. Martha Jones. That Mrs. Jones was revered as the good angel of the household is evidenced by the fact that two of the Gibson children were named for her two successive husbands! After Patrick Gibson’s death she sold the property, in 1828, to Nicholas Mills.

Immediately after his death the whole block from Seventh to Eighth was sold to William Allen of Surry County for $76,244 (Confederate). During the ’seventies the house was occupied by J. W. Cringan and later by the St. Paul’s Church Home for aged women. In 1882 William J. Johnson, who had meantime bought a part of the property, including the house, sold it to Everard B. Meade. During Mr. and Mrs. Meade’s occupancy, which lasted until 1898, the old house had another renascence as the centre for a lively group of young people, who called themselves Mrs. Meade’s “chickens.” The gay foolishness centering around the house at that time has recently been recalled in a pamphlet written by one of those who enjoyed it.

(Facebook) — Mrs. Ellen G. Kidd, proprietor of “Pin Money Pickles “

In 1898 the house was sold to Mrs. Ellen G. Kidd. In a building in the rear Mrs. Kidd began her experiments in cookery which resulted in the famous “Mrs. Kidd’s Pin-Money Pickles.” She owned the house up to 1922, though the pickle-factory had long since moved to larger quarters. After that the property was very run down and was rented to a low class of Negroes. In 1931 the house was demolished.

(Souvenir Views Negro Enterprises and Residences, Richmond, Va) — Y. M. C. A. Rev. S. C. Burrell, Sec’y.

The many outbuildings which had belonged to the place in Gibson’s day had long since disappeared, the block being closely built up. The house itself was probably very little changed. It had a wing which was added sometime before 1811 and a charming two story porch, unique in Richmond, of which the date is unknown, since it is not shown on the insurance policies. The interior woodwork, which was bought by the Richmond Art Company, was beautiful, especially the mantels and an arch across the hall.

March 2019 — looking towards 706 East Leigh Street today

Mary Wingfield Scott: a woman of opinions.

As an architectural historian, her two volumes on Richmond houses are priceless, but some of the racist things she says in them are truly cringe-worthy. When she says that it was rented to a low class of Negros, she really means that it was used as the Jackson Ward YMCA. Her comment added nothing to the narrative, and yet she had to say it. Makes you shake your head.

(Patrick Gibson House is part of the Atlas RVA! Project)

Print Sources

[HOR] Houses of Old Richmond. Mary Wingfield Scott. 1941.

#rvalegends #rva #rvahistory #leighstreet #cityatomic #blackrva #atlasrva #richmondymca

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tabloidtoc · 6 years ago

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Closer, January 28

Cover: Gregory Peck’s Amazing Untold Story

Page 1: Contents, What I’ve Learned -- Carol Burnett, Joke of the Week -- Bill Murray

Page 2: Generation Wow -- Sequins -- Heidi Klum, Mariah Carey, Judith Light, Jennifer Aniston

Page 3: Allison Janney, Rachel Zoe, Nicole Kidman, Jane Fonda

Page 4: Elvis Presley’s prized personal items went up for auction

Page 5: Melissa McCarthy getting the last laugh on fat shamers in the media, Dolly Parton missed the Golden Globes because of health issues in her family

Page 6: Hellos & Goodbyes

Page 8: Picture Perfect -- Debra Messing and Patricia Clarkson

Page 9: Eva Longoria, Mark Steines and Leeza Gibbons, Terry Crews

Page 10: Hoda Kotb and Carson Daly, Padma Lakshmi, Didi Conn on Dancing on Ice

Page 12: Jillian Michaels, Heidi Klum, Jimmy Fallon and Kermit the Frog

Page 14: Courteney Cox and Jimmy Kimmel, Lionel and Sofia Richie, Sara Haines

Page 16: Glenn Close -- Living her dream at 71

Page 18: Cover Story -- Gregory Peck’s lifetime of heartbreak and happiness

Page 22: Michael Douglas -- My family keeps me strong

Page 24: Meghan Markle gave Kate Middleton the perfect gift for her 37th birthday

Page 27: Spot the Differences -- AJ Michalka of Schooled

Page 29: Horoscopes -- Aquarius Mariska Hargitay

Page 30: Entertainment -- Benedict Cumberbatch on Brexit, John Goodman on Black Earth Rising, In the Spotlight -- Regina Hall

Page 32: Movies -- M. Night Shyamalan on Glass

Page 34: Television

Page 36: Great Escape -- South Africa with Cristina Ferrare

Page 38: Good Food -- Recipes from Cravings Made Vegan by Bianca Haun, Pulled Jackfruit Tacos

Page 39: Spicy Stovetop Mac & Cheese, Chubby Chimp Ice Cream

Page 40: 5 ways hydrogen water may help you

Page 42: Readers Ask -- Michelle Pfeiffer in Delta House, voice actor Larry Kenney, Whatever happened to the cast of The A-Team -- Mr. T, Dwight Schultz, Dirk Benedict, George Peppard

Page 43: Best Day of My Life -- Soledad O’Brien

Page 44: Who Am I? Jessica Lange, Ewan McGregor, Quentin Tarantino’s hobby is collecting TV board games, It Happened This Week

Page 45: Closer to the Heart

Page 46: Cameron Mathison -- a true Home & Family man

Page 50: Amy Adams and Darren Le Gallo showing the world their love

Page 52: Memories of Hee Haw on its 50th anniversary

Page 54: Vivien Leigh’s secret letters revealed

Page 56: 5 things you didn’t know about Samuel L. Jackson

Page 58: On the Move -- Nate Berkus

Page 60: The Big Picture -- Michael Caine and Alfie co-stars including Shelley Winters

Page 62: Style -- Sweater Dresses -- Debbie Matenopoulos, Olivia De Havilland circa 1938

Page 63: Julianne Moore

Page 64: The style of Leslie Mann

Page 66: Beauty -- The secret to soft lips -- Sandra Bullock

Page 68: Best Friends -- Susan Sarandon takes her beloved pup Penny everywhere including Stonehenge, Lisa Rinna doing goat yoga, Clark Gable in 1932 -- Please Adopt, Don’t Shop

Page 70: My Life in 10 Pictures -- Geena Davis

Page 72: Flashback -- Plaid coats worn by Claudette Colbert and Emma Roberts, Beauty masks worn by Lucille Ball and Drew Barrymore, Stars on skis -- Rita Hayworth and Rebel Wilson, Battle of the Sexes -- Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs and Serena Williams and Roger Federer

#tabloids #gregory peck #carol burnett #bill murray #vegan #vegan recipes #vegan food #cravings made vegan #bianca haun #pulled jackfruit tacos #spicy stovetop mac & cheese #vegan tacos #vegan macaroni and cheese #chubby chimp ice cream #vegan ice cream

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chaplinfortheages · 2 years ago

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Charlie Chaplin with French car manufacturer André Citroën and his family, St. Moritz circa January 1932.

#charlie chaplin #st. moritz #switzerland #andré citroën #his family #circa january 1932

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a-crack-in-the-universe · 6 years ago

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Charlie Bone Timeline: Pre-Series

Timeline of events before the series. Contains spoilers for all Charlie Bone books, including Henry and the Guardians of the Lost.

1800s

Circa 1804

· Marigold disappears through the Time Twister while playing hide-and-seek with her brother.

1833

· Maybelle Bloor is born to Cecilia and Septimus Bloor.

1835 or 1838

· Beatrice Bloor born to Cecilia and Septimus Bloor.

1840

· Bertram Babbington Bloor is born to Cecilia and Septimus Bloor.

1845

· Donatella da Vinci is born.

1850

· Yorath Yewbeam is born.

1850s

· Maybelle Bloor marries Lucius Raven.

1860

· Daniel Raven is born to Maybelle and Lucius Raven.

1862

· Vera Kuragina is born.

· Roland Raven is born to Maybelle and Lucius Raven.

1865

· Evangeline Raven is born to Maybelle and Lucius Raven.

· Septimus Bloor forges a will leaving everything he owns to his daughter Maybelle and her heirs. He dies soon after.

1870s

· Bertram Bloor marries Donatella Da Vinci.

1875

· Gideon Bloor born to Bertram and Donatella Bloor.

1876

· Gudrun Solensson born.

1884

· Manley Yewbeam born to Yorath and Vera Yewbeam.

1885

· Grace Bloor is born to Bertram and Donatella Bloor.

1896

· Lydia Raven is born to Daniel and Jane Raven.

1897

· Hugh Raven is born to Daniel and Jane Raven.

1899

· Ita Raven marries Simon Bone.

1900s

1900

· Yolanda Yewbeam is born in Yewbeam Castle to Yorath and Vera Yewbeam.

· Everard Raven is born to Roland and Ann Raven.

1902

· Ezekiel Bloor born to Gideon and Gudrun Bloor.

· Hilda Hansoff born.

1905

· Henry Yewbeam born to Grace and Manley Yewbeam.

1908

· Daphne Yewbeam born to Grace and Manley Yewbeam.

1910

· James Yewbeam born to Grace and Manley Yewbeam.

1912

· Solange Sourzac born.

1916

· Daphne Yewbeam dies of diphtheria in the winter of that year (January)

· Henry Yewbeam disappears while staying at Bloor’s Academy with his brother James. (January 12)

1918

· Manley Yewbeam is killed in battle during the Great War.

1921

· Yolanda inherits her father’s castle at age 21.

1920s

· Hugh Raven marries Sally Milne. Evangeline Raven gives the pearl-inlaid box to Sally on her wedding day.

1925

· Susan Raven born to Hugh and Sally Raven.

1930

· Bartholomew Bloor is born to Ezekiel and Hilda Bloor.

· Mary Chance is born.

1931

· Brutus Raven born to Hugh and Sally Raven.

1932

· Thomas Raven is born to Everard and Harriet Raven.

1934

· Timothy Raven is born to Everard and Harriet Raven.

1935

· Maisie Jones is born.

1937

· Grizelda Yewbeam is born to James and Solange Yewbeam.

· Monty Bone is born to Clara and Eamon Bone.

1940 or 1941

· Ankaret's family is killed during a bombing raid; Ankaret accidentally travels forward in time after looking into the Time Twister.

1942

· Lucretia Yewbeam is born to James and Solange Yewbeam.

1947

· Eustacia Yewbeam is born to James and Solange Yewbeam.

· Treasure is born.

1948

· Pearl is born.

1952

· Venetia Yewbeam is born to James and Solange Yewbeam.

1955

· Harold Bloor is born to Bartholomew and Mary Bloor.

1957

· February: Paton Yewbeam is born to James and Solange Yewbeam.

· Dorothy de Vere is born.

1961

· Grizelda Yewbeam marries Montague Bone.

1962

· Lyell Bone is born to Grizelda and Monty Bone.

· Titania/Miss Chrystal is born.

1962 or 1963

· A week before his death, Monty returns to his hometown of Neverfinding. Monty makes a will leaving all that he owns to his son Lyell. He also writes a letter to be read by Lyell when he turns eighteen.

· Monty Bone dies in a plane crash (possibly contrived by the Yewbeams and Bloors).

· Bartholomew Bloor disappears while mountain climbing in the Himalayas with friends; Mary dances herself to death. Bartholomew turns against his family and becomes an explorer.

1964

· During a stay at Yolanda’s castle, Solange falls and breaks her neck, Yolanda turns James’ four daughters against him, and James and Paton escape in fear for their lives.

· Hector Bittermouse causes some trouble with the Bloors (?)

· Lord Grimwald drowns Pearl and Treasure's sweethearts and family in revenge because they refused to marry him.

1965

· Grace Bloor dies at age eighty.

1967

· Amy Jones is born to Maisie and Mr Jones.

· Julia Ingledew is born.

1968

· Rufus Raven is born to Brutus and Maud Raven.

1970

· Ellen Raven is born.

1985

· Manfred Bloor is born to Harold and Dorothy Bloor.

· Asa Pike is born in the land of the Merromals.

1988

· Zelda Dobinski is born.

· Beth Strong is born.

1989

· Mr and Mrs Pike travel with Asa to the Red King’s city to live.

1990

· Lyell Bone elopes with Amy Jones to Mexico; they marry there.

· Tancred Torsson is born.

· Lysander Sage is born to Judge and Jessamine Sage.

1992

· Charlie Bone is born to Amy and Lyell Bone in the first week of January.

· Emma Tolly is born to Nancy and Mostyn Tolly (During fall or winter).

· Gabriel Silk is born to Cyrus and Mrs Silk.

· Naren Bloor is born to Chinese parents.

· Olivia Vertigo is born sometime in September.

· Fidelio Gunn is born to Chloe and Mr Gunn.

· Dagbert Endless is born to Lord Grimwald and a mermaid.

· Benjamin Brown is born to Mr and Mrs Brown in late October.

· Dorcas Loom is born.

1993

· Charlie turns one in the first week of January.

· Bartholomew returns to the city to visit his family, who refuse to acknowledge him. Lyell and Bartholomew become friends, and they go mountain climbing together.

· Idith and Inez Branko are born to Bogdan and Natalia Branko.

· Joshua Tilpin is born to Matthew and Titania Tilpin.

Sometime between 1990 and 1994

· Rufus entrusts Lyell with the box containing Maybelle’s will.

· Rufus and Ellen marry.

1994

· Charlie turns two in the first week of January.

· Nancy Tolly dies from illness just before Emma’s second birthday; a few days later Mostyn decides to give Emma away. (during fall or winter).

· Lyell disappears while trying to stop Emma Tolly’s abduction. (during fall or winter).

1995

· Billy Raven is born to Rufus and Ellen Raven on May 4.

1996

· Rufus and Ellen die in a contrived car accident; Billy is sent to live with an apathetic aunt.

· Christopher Crowquill is framed as a robber and sent to prison for seven years.

· Naren’s parents die in a flood; Naren is adopted by Bartholomew and Meng Bloor.

1997

· Miranda Shellhorn is born to Arthur Shellhorn.

· Charlie starts school.

· Charlie and Benjamin become friends.

1998

· Dorothy Bloor tries to leave Bloor's Academy forever; her violin hand is crushed by Manfred in the attempt and cursed by Ezekiel to never work again. Losing all hope, Dorothy becomes 'the Dark Lady'.

· Lucy comes out of the Time Twister into the Littles' House.

1999

· Eric Shellhorn is born to Arthur Shellhorn.

· Una Onimous is born.

· Dr Tolly asks for Emma to be returned to him; he is refused.

2000s

2001

· May 4: Billy’s endowment is revealed, and he is sent to live in Bloor’s Academy.

· Tancred Torsson starts school at Bloor's Academy.

· Ollie Sparks disappears in the old part of the Academy for three days. Cook throws a feast for him, and soon after he leaves the school. However, he disappears while going to get orange juice at the train station (or so Matron Yewbeam says).

2002

· Charlie turns ten in the first week of January.

· Emma turns ten between January and October.

#cotrk spoilers #charlie bone timeline #children of the red king timeline #pre-series timeline

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belowla · 5 years ago

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A flooded intersection [not far from USC] at Vermont Avenue and Adams Boulevard circa January 1932. ___________________________________________________ DO YOU KNOW A PLACE IN LOS ANGELES THAT OFTEN FLOODS DURING RAIN? PLEASE LEAVE THE LOCATION IN THE COMMENTS! THANKS IN ADVANCE! ___________________________________________________ #belowla #mtb #old #losangeles #urbanphotography #losangeleshistory #flood #flooding #floodcontrol #vintage #california #naturaldisaster #stormdrain #civilengineer #cityofangels #subdivision #oldphoto #straightouttacompton #urbex #losangelesriver #lariver #frogtown #urbanexploration #water #mountianbike #compton #mountainbiking #fixie #history #bmx (at University Park, Los Angeles) https://www.instagram.com/p/B7ZJHALHs7n/?igshid=3mqno84nfmph

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hist426j · 5 years ago

Text

Materials used in Sept. 17 session in Manuscripts and Archives

Links from collection titles below lead to the online finding aid for each collection in Archives at Yale.

From Divinity Library Special Collections

Miscellaneous Personal Papers Collection (RG 30) - William Whiting Borden (Yale College Class of 1909) was a founder of the Yale Hope Mission, and served as a traveling secretary for the SVM. He went to Cairo, Egypt, to study Islam and Arabic in preparation for working among the Muslims in China, and died there in 1913.

Box 120, folder 10: Correspondence and other material related to Borden’s work with the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 1911-1913.

Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Mission Records (RG 42) - The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions (SVM) was an organization that sought to recruit college and university students in the United States for missionary service abroad. Records document the activities of the SVM and provide valuable information on various aspects of American religious life during the period 1886-1964, as well as conditions on American college and university campuses.

Series I, Box 26, folder 14: Application blanks, Albro-Aldridge, circa 1902-1932.

Series I, Box 27, folder 22: Application blanks, Allenby-Allison, circa 1890-1948.

Series II, Box 138, folder 1379: Volunteer correspondence, Alb-Aldrich, circa 1920s-1930s.

Series II, Box 139, folder 1388: Volunteer correspondence, Anderson, A.-Anderson, C., circa 1920s-1930s.

John G. Magee Family Papers (RG 242) - Correspondence, writings, photographs, films, and other documentation of the life and work of John Gillespie Magee, his son John Gillespie Magee, Jr. and other family members. The Rev. John G. Magee (1884-1953), a graduate of Yale College (Class of 1906), served as a missionary to China under the Episcopal Church from 1912-1938. John G. Magee witnessed the Japanese invasion of Nanking (Nanjing) in December of 1937 and the subsequent Nanking Massacre.

Series III, Box 5, folder 2: Diary documenting missionary work in China, 18 September -28 December1916.

From Manuscripts and Archives

Dwight Hall, Yale University, Records (RU 47) - Correspondence, minutes of meetings, financial records, membership lists, program records, committee records, scrapbooks, subject files, conference records, publications and printed material, and related materials concerning the activities of Dwight Hall at Yale.

Accession 19ND-A-163, Box 9, folder 38a: Catalogs, articles, and other printed ephemera relating mainly to the Yale Mission in China, circa 1902-1909.

Yale-China Association Records (RU 232) - Records document the activities of the Yale-China Association in mainland China (1901-1951), Hong Kong (1951-present), and the United States (1901-present). They consist of administrative and policy files produced by the home office in New Haven, correspondence and memoranda written by staff members while serving in China, and administrative files and correspondence produced by the New Asia office in Hong Kong.

Series I, Box 14, folder 154: Early academic reports from Changsha, 1908-1912.

Series II, Box 32, folder 265: Hsiang Ya, curriculum reports, 1911-1920.

Series II, Box 54, folder 594: Yali, data on students and faculty, 1908-1924.

Series III, Box 57, folder 45: Chang, Fu Liang (Yale Sheffield Scientific School Class of 1913s) (Middle School staff), correspondence 1915-1921.

Series III, Box 62, folder 134: Farnam, Louise (Yale PhD 1916, MD 1920) (Medical staff), correspondence, 1929-1930.

Series III, Box 65, folder 182: Gage, Brownell (Yale College Class of 1898), correspondence, 1907.

Series III, Box 66, folder 204: Gage, Nina (Nursing staff), correspondence, 1904-1912.

Series III, Box 67, folder 228: Hail, William (Yale College Class of 1904) (Middle school teaching staff), correspondence, 1911-1912.

Series III, Box 107, folder 938: Yen, Fu-Chun (Yale MD 1909) (Medical staff), correspondence, 1909-1913.

Series VIII, Box 146: Scrapbook, “The Changsha Riots of 1910 ... Made up by Dickson H. Leavens at Kuling in the summer of 1910″.

Series VIII, Box 151, folder 2: Articles about Yale-in-China, 1910-1919.

Series IX, Box 154, folder 7: Photographs, Changsa campus, site before clearing, gateway, and panoramic views, early 20th century.

Series IX, Box 155, folder 22: Photographs, Changsha campus life - classes, daily routine, and study activity, early 20th century.

Series XIV, Box 191, folder 5: “History of the Class of 1917,” College of Yale-in-China, 1917.

John Lawrence Thurston Papers (MS 493) - General correspondence of Thurston (Yale College Class of 1898), missionary in China and active member of the Yale Foreign Missionary Society, makes up the major portion of these papers. The main topics are his work in China, including his interest in the Yale Missionary Band and the organization of the Yale Foreign Missionary Society.

Series II, Box 1, folder 29: Correspondence to Edward Bliss Reed, 1903.

Series II, Box 2, folder 39: Correspondence with the Yale Missionary Band, 1898-1903.

Warren Bartlett Seabury Papers (MS 790): Correspondence, essays and memorabilia of Seabury (Yale College Class of 1900), a missionary in China who helped plan and organize the Yale Foreign Missionary Society. Correspondence with his family (1904-1907) and reports on his work for the Society and the founding of the Yali Middle School is included.

Series I, Box 1, folder 3: Letters to family, January-May 1905.

0 notes

grantmkemp · 5 years ago

Photo

The "Garbo of the skies" 1930′s

Born 110 years ago today, 15th September 1910, Jean Gardner Batten was a New Zealand aviatrix. Born in Rotorua, she became the best-known New Zealander of the 1930s, internationally, by making a number of record-breaking solo flights across the world. She made the first-ever solo flight from England to New Zealand in 1936. In 1924 Batten was enrolled into a girls' boarding college in Remuera in Auckland where she studied ballet and piano. Though she was a gifted pianist, at age 18 she determined to become a pilot after the Australian pilot Charles Kingsford Smith took her for a flight in his Southern Cross airplane.

In 1929, she and her mother moved to England, to join the London Aeroplane Club. She took her first solo flight in 1930 and gained private and commercial licences by 1932, borrowing £500 from Fred Truman, a New Zealand pilot serving in the Royal Air Force who wanted to marry her, to fund the 100 hours flying time required. After completing her "B" license in December 1932, she left Truman and turned to Victor Dorée, who borrowed £400 from his mother to buy Batten a Gipsy Moth biplane. According to NZ History Online, "Raising money by taking advantage of her relationships with men was a theme that continued throughout her flying career. In May 1934, Batten successfully flew solo from England to Australia in the Gipsy Moth. Her trip of 14 days and 22 hours beat the existing England-to-Australia record of English aviatrix Amy Johnson by over four days. For this achievement and for subsequent record-breaking flights, she was awarded the Harmon Trophy three times (1935, 1936, 1937).

After her first Australia flight Batten bought a Percival Gull Six monoplane, G-ADPR, which was named Jean. In 1935 she set a world record flying from England to Brazil in the Percival Gull, for which she was presented the Order of the Southern Cross, the first person other than Royalty to be so honoured. In 1936 she set another world record with a solo flight from England to New Zealand. At her birthplace of Rotorua she was honored by local Māori, as she had been after the 1934 journey. She was given a chief’s feather cloak and given the title Hine-o-te-Rangi – "Daughter of the Skies". Batten was created Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1936, and she was also given the Cross of Chevalier of the French Legion of Honour that year. Also in 1936, for the second successive year, Batten was again awarded the Royal Aero Club's Britannia Trophy for most meritorious performance in aviation during the previous year. In 1937 she received the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club

World War II ended Batten's flying adventures. Her Gull was commissioned to active service and Batten was not permitted to fly it. During the war she was involved in campaigns giving lectures in England to raise money for guns and aeroplanes, but her flying days were over. After the war she retired from public life except for a few anniversary appearances. Batten became a recluse and lived in several places around the world with her mother until her mother's death in 1965. In 1977 she was guest of honour at the opening of the Aviation Pioneers Pavilion at Auckland's Museum of Transport and Technology, after which she returned to her home in Spain. In 1982 she was bitten by a dog on the island of Majorca. She refused treatment and the wound became infected. She died alone in a hotel on Majorca, from complications from the dog bite, and was buried on 22 January 1983.

These are my colourised versions of: Jean alongside her aeroplane, circa 1934, and a half-plate glass negative by Bassano Ltd, 29th November 1937

Restoring Your Past … Website Restoring Your Past … on Facebook

#aviatrix #pilot #solo flight #flight #flying #aviation #aeroplane #colourisation #colourised #restored #restoration #photo restoration #restoring old photos

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breakingnewsalert1 · 5 years ago

Text

From the Guns.com Warehouse: A Pile of Colt Gold Cups (PHOTOS)

What’s not to like about a Colt Gold Cup? (Photos: Richard Taylor/Guns.com)

An absolute classic offshoot of the standard M1911, the Colt Gold Cup series are iconic match pistols, and we have several up for grabs from the Guns.com warehouse.

John Moses Browning’s celebrated 1911 design was adopted by the U.S. military just in time for World War I and soon after Colt began to respond to feedback to tweak the gun for further use. In January 1932, Colt responded to the common fine tuning done to service pistols by military marksmen at the National Match competitions in Camp Perry by introducing the National Match series of accurized 1911s that offered upgrades such as hand-fitted internals, match barrels, checked triggers and mainspring housings and adjustable sights. This model proved popular until it was suspended in 1942 due to the pressing needs of World War II.

In 1957, Colt rebooted the concept as the “Gold Cup National Match” line and has retained the terminology ever since. Fundamentally, these guns have been the benchmark for right-out-of-the-box competition pistols for more than a half-decade with Colt long describing them as “the finest shooting semi-automatic in the world.” With that being said, many have also turned to the reliable all-steel longslide for personal protection and in the good old days when the wheel gun was king for law enforcement, it was not uncommon for members of LE shooting teams to carry their otherwise competition NM 1911s for everyday use.

Originally introduced with the square-bladed Colt Accro adjustable rear sight — which was later changed out as the series progressed, the guns featured slanted serrations on the slide as well as a grooved 7/16-inch flat rib in the 12-o’clock position, the latter feature giving the gun a distinctive “flat-top” appearance. Other improvements include a flat mainspring housing, larger ejection port and several minor internal differences from the standard GI 1911.

Our current selection of Gold Cups that is up for grabs from our extensive gun library covers a wide range of the gun’s production history, covering about a 30-year range.

This MK IV Series 70 Colt Gold Cup National Match from 1983 and includes factory Elliason rear sights, an adjustable trigger, and a beautiful finish for its age. It comes with its original box and paperwork. Colt stopped producing this model in 1983.

This stainless 80 Series Colt Gold Cup hails from 1993 and has wraparound grips

This Colt Gold Cup Trophy is a 1999-vintage gun. The Trophy series started in 1997 and this example includes Elliason rear sights and a wraparound grip. Of note, this beautiful Colt is currently just $999.

A more modern gun, this slick circa 2013 Series 80 Colt MK IV Gold Cup National Match “round top” has imitation pearl Colt grips and a skeletonized trigger.

This certified gun still has the original Colt rubber grips as well as an extra mainspring in its original factory case.

This Gold Cup National Match, of recent manufacture, is one of Colt’s Series 70 O5870A1 style flat tops, a more retro styling that Colt has been going with in recent years.

For home defense, competition use or sheer collectability, it is hard to beat a vintage Colt Gold Cup 1911.

We always have several Gold Cups on hand, with our current selection ranging across nearly a four-decade span of the type’s construction.

However, for those who would like to go with something new and take it from there, Colt still makes the Gold Cup line in both 70 and 80 series and Guns.com can help you out with one of those bad boys as well. Check out the video of the new stainless 70 Series Gold Cup Trophy we caught up a while back.

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The post From the Guns.com Warehouse: A Pile of Colt Gold Cups (PHOTOS) appeared first on Guns.com.

from Guns.com http://bit.ly/30zukGe from Blogger http://bit.ly/2WkZxxy

#guns

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holidays-events · 6 years ago

Photo

March is Women's History Month

50 Women Who Made American Political History

By Julia Zorthian , Merrill Fabry and Olivia B. Waxman March 8, 2017

The history of women in American politics is just as long as that of the nation as a whole. Even in the days before the Constitution guaranteed women the right to vote, many tried hard to make a difference as best they could — and succeeded, not only by breaking glass ceilings and proving that women could handle the job but also by introducing important legislation, standing up for their fellow citizens’ rights and much more.

Whether they held office at the local and federal level, whether they were appointed to the most high-profile jobs in politics or to a role many would never hear about, and even if they merely ran and lost, each made her mark. Some of them wielded their influence in the nation’s earliest days and others have only recently been elected to office. And, of course, that history is still being written by many women who have yet to make it to the history books.

It would be impossible to sum up the complete role that women have played in the history of American politics, especially considering the many female activists and thinkers who, though excluded from public office by nature of their gender, made a difference in the evolution of the nation’s governmental and political narrative.

But here, for Women’s History Month and International Women’s Day, TIME takes a look back at 50 influential women — specifically, women who ran for, were appointed to or married into a role in the U.S. government — who have helped define the history of American civic life.

Bella Abzug (1920-1998) Women In Politics

Daughter to Russian Jewish immigrants, Abzug was a lawyer specializing in labor and civil rights in 1950s and ’60s New York. With the start of the Vietnam War she became a vocal member of the anti-war movement. Once elected to Congress, in 1971 she took a “people’s oath” (administered by her fellow New Yorker, Shirley Chisholm) on the steps of the House after taking the official congressional oath of office. Known for her brash personality, she pushed for an end to the war, women’s rights and the needs of underdogs. She was known for saying “This woman’s place is in the House—the House of Representatives.”

Abigail Adams (1744-1818) Abigail Smith Adams wife of John Adams

As wife to President John Adams, and her husband’s confidante and adviser, she opposed slavery and pushed for women’s rights and education. Her famous line “remember the ladies” was followed by urging her husband not to “put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember all men would be tyrants if they could.” While her husband traveled on revolutionary and political duties, she took over and managed the family farm and business affairs. She was also mother to another President, John Quincy Adams, though she died before he attained the office. Julia C. Addington (1829-1875)

Julia Addington became the first woman elected to public office in Iowa in 1869 when she became the Superintendent of Schools in Mitchell County—which, though records from the time may be incomplete, likely makes her the first woman ever elected to office in the U.S. When some challenged the legitimacy of her election because she was a woman, the state Attorney General ruled that she was allowed to continue in her role, setting an important precedent.

Madeleine Albright (1937- ) Secretary of State Madeleine Albright smiles while meeting with State Department employees during a town hall meeting at the State Department in Washington Monday Jan. 27, 1997.

In 1997, she became the first woman to be Secretary of State, and the highest-ranking woman ever in the U.S. Government. She knew the importance of that work: her Czech parents fled Nazi Germany in 1939, and she became a naturalized citizen while in college, but, having been raised Catholic, it was only as an adult that she learned her family was Jewish and that many relatives had died in the Holocaust. She used her position to advocate for human rights, push NATO to intervene in Kosovo in 1999 and normalize U.S. relations with China and Vietnam, and became the first Secretary of State to travel to North Korea.

Cora Belle Reynolds Anderson (1882-1950)

Anderson, a Michigan state legislator in 1925 and ’26, was the first Native American woman elected to a state legislature. (She was from the La Pointe band of the Chippewa tribe, also known as the Ojibwe.) She focused on issues of public welfare and public health, including supporting prohibition and combating tuberculosis. She had previously been a teacher, studying at the Haskell Institute in Lawrence, Kans., before returning to Michigan.

Tammy Baldwin (1962-) Sen. Tammy Baldwin, D-Wisc., leaves the Senate Democrats' weekly policy lunch in the Capitol on Sept. 7, 2016.

Tammy Baldwin, a junior Senator from Wisconsin, is the first openly gay person elected a U.S. Senator and the first woman in the senate from Wisconsin. The progressive Democratic congressperson had previously served in the House of Representatives from 1999 to 2013. In office, she has advocated for health care reform and sponsored action related to women’s rights, such as the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program Reauthorization Act of 2007. She serves on several subcommittees for the Senate Committee on Appropriations, including for the Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security.

Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) Mary McLeod Bethune, April 6, 1949.

As Director of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration from 1936-1944, she also advised President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on minority affairs and interracial relations, advocating for blacks to be served by New Deal policies, and was the head of FDR’s “Black Cabinet”—an unofficial but important role. The Women’s Army Corps was integrated because of her work as a member of the advisory board. The daughter of former slaves, Bethune thought education was key to racial equality, and started a school in Daytona Beach, Fla., which later became one of the few colleges of its time open to black students. Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women in 1935 and served as vice president of the NAACP from 1940 until her death in 1955.

Barbara Boxer (1940- ) Rep. Barbara Boxer of Calif., addresses a news conference outside the office of the Soviet Union’s Deputy Consul in San Francisco Tuesday, July 17, 1984.

California Senator Barbara Boxer retired from her position in 2017 after serving as California’s junior senator since 1993. During her time in office, Boxer championed efforts to improve medical research and improve health care, sponsored legislation protecting the environment and wrote the 2004 Freedom of Choice Act, which would have prohibited government from interfering with a woman’s right to abortion. She was the ranking member of the Environment and Public Works Committee, and has said she is planning to work now to help get more Democrats elected.

Carol Moseley Braun (1947- ) Carol Moseley Braun declares her victory as the first African-American woman elected to the US Senate November 3, 1992 in Chicago, IL.

Braun was one of the “year of the woman” candidates in 1992 who decided to run for higher office after Anita Hill’s testimony during Clarence Thomas’ confirmation hearings. She became the first woman of color elected to the U.S. Senate, representing Illinois from 1993 through 1999. Once elected to the Senate, she worked to advance women’s rights, civil rights, gun control and more, including the historic preservation of Underground Railroad sites. In 1993, she convinced the judiciary committee not to renew a design patent for the United Daughters of the Confederacy as it included the Confederate flag.

Hattie Wyatt Caraway (1878-1950) Hattie Caraway Politician Senator

Appointed to fill her husband Thaddeus Horatio Caraway’s U.S. Senate seat after his sudden death on Nov. 6, 1931, the Arkansas Democrat ran for the seat on her own in 1932 and thus became the first woman elected to the upper chamber of Congress. (Rebecca Latimer Felton had been officially the first woman in the Senate, but she served by appointment and only for a single day in 1922.) The prohibitionist earned the nickname “Silent Hattie” because she only spoke 15 times in the 14 years that she served, but quietly voted for important measures like President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal reforms, U.S. entry into World War II after the Pearl Harbor attack and the first federal loan funding for a state college. Though she paved the way for women in the chamber, she was less progressive on the broader civil-rights front; while she was the first woman to endorse and vote for the Lucretia Mott Equal Rights Amendment, she voted most of the time with the larger block of Southern Senators, against an anti-lynching bill and a poll tax ban.

Elaine Chao (1953- ) Elaine Chao testifies at hearing of the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee on her confirmation as labor secretary, circa 2000.

Chao became the first Asian-American woman to serve in a presidential cabinet when President George W. Bush appointed her Secretary of Labor in 2001. In the eight years she held the position, Chao aimed to improve overtime regulations for workers and worked for more secure regulations for unions and workers’ retirements. In January, she was confirmed as the Secretary of Transportation in a 93-6 vote.

Shirley Chisholm (1924-2005) Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm announcing her candidacy for presidential nomination, January 1972.

With a Masters in early childhood education from Columbia University, Chisholm was steadfast in advocating liberal causes—her campaign motto was “unbought and unbossed.” As the first African-American woman elected to Congress, she represented a overwhelmingly Democratic constituency in a newly redistricted Brooklyn neighborhood and in 1971 was a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus. The following year she ran a historic campaign for the Presidential nomination (“I ran because somebody had to do it first”), and helped create the Congressional Women’s Caucus in 1977. While in Congress, she championed her district’s interests, from daycare-funding to minimum wages for domestic workers, and criticized Congress for being run by “a small group of old men.”

Hillary Clinton (1947- ) Hillary Rodham (later Clinton) of Wellesley College talking about student protests which she supported in her commencement speech.

In 2016, she was the first woman nominated by a major party for President of the United States. A lawyer by training, during her husband Bill Clinton’s time as President, she was the first First Lady to have an office in the West Wing, and while the healthcare reform plan she spearheaded during that time failed to pass, she successfully worked with members of Congress on the creation of Children’s Health Insurance Program. Prior to her unsuccessful run for the White House, she was also the first woman to serve as a U.S. Senator from New York (2001-2009) and served as Secretary of State (2009-2013) in the Obama administration.

Tammy Duckworth (1968- ) Tammy Duckworth speaks to the National Symposium for the Needs of Young Veterans hosted by AMVETS October 19, 2006 in Chicago, Illinois.

Tammy Duckworth, previously a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois, came to the Senate recently after beating the state’s incumbent Senator, Republican Mark Kirk, in 2016. She served as an Army helicopter pilot during the Iraq war, where she lost her legs and injured her arm. As a member of Congress, she has parlayed her personal experience in advocacy for veterans, by working on programs to help with P.T.S.D. and homelessness.

Dianne Feinstein (1933- ) Dianne Feinstein, in front of San Francisco’s city hall May 6, 1971.

A California Senator since 1992, Feinstein is known for standing up for people (and to people). During her quarter-century in the Senate, she’s helped create AMBER alerts and the assault weapons ban that expired in 2004, and she was the first woman to chair the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. In 1978, she became the first woman to be mayor of San Francisco when she came into the position, from her role as president of the Board of Supervisors, following the assassination of then-mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk.

Geraldine Ferraro (1935-2011) Geraldine Ferraro on February 3, 1979 in New York, New York.

The Queens congresswoman (1979-1985), who once sat on the prestigious House Budget Committee, was the first woman to chair the Democratic platform committee and became the first woman vice-presidential candidate for a major party when Walter Mondale picked her to be his running mate in 1984. They lost to Ronald Reagan. Questions about her personal finances and that of her husband would thwart future U.S. Senate runs.

Barbara Franklin (1940–) MAR 27 1978, APR 5 1978; Consumer Product Safety Commissioner Barbara Franklin; Women are realizing

Her position as Secretary of Commerce for George H.W. Bush wasn’t the first time Franklin had worked in the White House; in the early 1970s she recruited women for high-level jobs as a staff assistant to President Richard Nixon. Next she was appointed to the new Consumer Product Safety Commission and spent six years there, overseeing changes like the first child-resistant caps for pill bottles and safety changes to children’s furniture and toys. As Secretary of Commerce she increased exports and pushed market-opening initiatives to normalize commercial relations in Russia, Japan, Mexico and China.

Gabrielle Giffords (1970- ) Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, D-Ariz., takes part in a reenactment of her swearing-in, on Capitol Hill in Washington, Jan. 5, 2011.

Gabby Giffords was a U.S. Representative from Arizona until she resigned in 2012 after incurring a severe brain injury during an attempted assassination. She was a contentious figure in her state for her support of health care reform and her stance on illegal immigration. Since the shooting, Giffords has become one of the nation’s most visible advocates for gun control.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1933- ) Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

Nominated to the Supreme Court by President Bill Clinton in 1993, from a previous position as a United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit judge, this Brooklyn opera buff boasts many firsts: first woman to serve on two major law reviews (Harvard Law Review and Columbia Law Review), first tenured female Columbia Law School professor and co-author of the first casebook on sex discrimination. She’s known for her opinions on gender equality, notably the landmark United States v. Virginia, which allowed women to attend Virginia Military Institute.

Ella T. Grasso (1919-1981) Gov. Ella T. Grasso receives the applause of the crowd as she began her acceptance speech as the party-endorsed gubernatorial candidate at the Democratic Party state nominating convention in Hartford, Connecticut on Saturday, July 22, 1978.

Ella T. Grasso was the governor of Connecticut from 1975 to 1980, and the country’s first female governor who had not been married to a previous governor. Grasso notably shut down all roads and businesses in Connecticut during a terrible snowstorm in 1978 and was lauded for her cool head in an emergency situation. Before being elected governor, Grasso had previously served as a member of the U.S. and state Houses of Representatives.

Martha W. Griffiths (1912-2003) Rep. Martha W. Griffiths (D-Mich.) displays a stack of mail in her Capitol office in Washington, March 3, 1963.

As a congresswoman from Michigan, serving from 1955 to 1974, she successfully fought to have women included in the protections of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. She later filed a discharge petition in 1970 to get the Equal Rights Act out of committee, where it had been held up almost every year since it was first introduced in 1923, and to a vote. (Although it was passed by both the Senate and House, it failed to be ratified by a sufficient number of states before the deadline.) After she decided to leave Congress, she served two terms as Michigan’s lieutenant governor.

Fannie Lou Hamer (1917-1977) Fannie Lou Hamer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party delegate, at the Democratic National Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey, August 1964.

Fannie Lou Hamer fought for civil rights as a leader of the movement and member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and also co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in 1964. She got involved with efforts to register black voters in the South in 1962, and during her time with SNCC took part in peaceful demonstrations that left her exposed to beatings and violence. As the Vice Chair of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Hamer opposed her state’s all-white delegation at the Democratic Convention in 1964, where her alternative party captured the national spotlight for the civil-rights movement. Hamer unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1964, but took part in forming the National Women’s Political Caucus in 1971.

Patricia Roberts Harris (1924-1985) Patricia Roberts Harris, Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development appointed by President Carter. 1979.

Named Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1977, Harris became the first black woman to hold a Cabinet position. At Senate hearings for her appointment, Senators questioned how someone of her elevated position could understand the needs of the people the department of Housing and Urban Development focused on. “Senator, I am one of them,” Harris said. ”You do not understand who I am. I am a black woman, the daughter of a dining car worker. I am a black woman who even eight years ago could not buy a house in parts of the District of Columbia. I didn’t start out as a member of a prestigious law firm, but as a woman who needed a scholarship to go to school. If you think I have forgotten that, you are wrong.” She later served as Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (1979-1981).

Diane J. Humetewa (1964- ) Diane Humetewa, the first female Native American federal judge. Humetewa is a member of the Hopi tribe and has served as an Appellate Court Judge for the Hopi Tribe Appellate Court.

As a federal district judge for Arizona, Humetewa—a member of the Hopi tribe—is the first Native American woman to be a judge at that level, and has dedicated her career to making a difference on Native American legal issues. She was previously a U.S. Attorney for Arizona, professor at Arizona State University College of Law, a judge in the Hopi appellate court, assistant counsel for the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs and—even before she went to law school—a victim-witness advocate at the U.S. Attorney’s office in Arizona.

Barbara Jordan (1936–1996) US Representative Barbara Jordan, 1977.

The Texan was the first African-American woman to preside over a legislative body in America when she was elected president pro tempore of the Texas Senate, and went on to serve in the House of Representatives from 1973 to 1979 and become the first African-American keynote speaker at a Democratic National Convention. She became famous during the Watergate scandal when she declared, as a freshman member of the judiciary committee (which was considering articles of impeachment against President Nixon), “My faith in the Constitution is whole, it is complete, it is total. I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the destruction of the Constitution.” She argued that if her colleagues didn’t consider evidence sufficient, “then perhaps the 18th-century Constitution should be abandoned to a 20th-century paper shredder.”

Elena Kagan (1960- ) Elena Kagan smiles after being sworn in as the Supreme Court's newest member by Chief Justice John Roberts at the Supreme Court Building August 7, 2010 in Washington, DC.

The first woman to serve as U.S. Solicitor General, she was also a law professor, advisor to President Clinton and Dean of Harvard Law School before being appointed to the Supreme Court in 2010. As Dean of Harvard Law School, she was known for building consensus among professors reluctant to collaborate, and as Solicitor General, she was responsible for representing the government before the Supreme Court—beginning with Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.

Ellen Malcolm (1947- ) Emilys List

Malcolm, who founded EMILY’s List in 1985, is the exception to the rule for our list, in that she is not noticeable for actually running for office herself. When she founded that organization, no Democratic woman had ever begun a Senate career in her own right. Malcolm and the friends she enlisted to help aimed to change that by raising early money for female candidates. (The organization’s name stands for Early Money is Like Yeast.) EMILY’s List has a hundreds-long list of women—Democratic and pro-choice women— who they’ve helped elect to local and state office as well as to Congress. The organization recruits and trains women to run successful campaigns for political office and supports them along the way.

Claire McCaskill (1953- ) Claire McCaskill, Democratic Missouri U.S. Senate candidate, gestures to the crowd as she prepares to leave the stage with former U.S. President Bill Clinton during a rally Saturday, Sept. 9, 2006, at The Pageant theater in St. Louis.

The senior Senator from Missouri, Claire McCaskill became the first elected female Senator from her state in 2007, and has come to be known as one of the most moderate members of the entire Senate. In 2014, she introduced the Victims Protection Act into the Senate, aiming to protect sexual assault survivors in the military.

Barbara Mikulski (1936–) Barbara Mikulski at her reception following her swearing-in at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, DC on Jan. 6, 1987.

At the point of her decision to retire in 2017 at age 80 — about which she posed the question, “Do I spend my time raising money? Or do I spend my time raising hell?” — her 40 years of work on Capitol Hill made her the longest-serving woman in Congress. A social worker before serving on the Baltimore City Council, her first campaign for Senate was unsuccessful, but two years later, in 1976, she was elected to the House. She served five terms before she was elected to the Senate in 1986, when TIME wrote that she was “blunt, outspoken and feisty” and “a fierce debater, with a fondness for pointed quips.” Mikulski pushed local advances for Maryland, like environmental protections or highway funding; helped protect the New Horizons mission to Pluto when budget concerns jeopardized it in 2002-3; pushed to advance women’s rights by championing legislation like the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act and supporting shelters for victims of domestic violence; and was the first woman to chair the powerful Appropriations Committee. She also co-wrote two mystery novels and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015.

Patsy Takemoto Mink (1927-2002) Patsy Mink, D-Hawaii, meets reporters on Capitol Hill Wednesday Nov. 5, 1997

As the first Asian-American woman in the House of Representatives, representing Hawaii from 1965 to 1977 and again from 1990 to 2002, Mink co-sponsored Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 with fellow congresswoman Edith Green, barring gender discrimination in academics and athletics at schools receiving federal funding. This law dramatically changed opportunity and participation in sports for women across the country, among other things. In addition to championing women’s rights, civil rights and education reform, Mink was an early critic of the Vietnam war.

Michelle Obama (1964-) US-POLITICS-ELECTION

The first African-American First Lady and a lawyer by training, Obama made the First Lady’s role more relatable than ever by utilizing social media platforms to promote her healthy eating, arts, girls’ education and college initiatives. One of her most significant legacies has been the first modernization of nutrition labels in over 20 years. Her popularity in the polls at times surpassed that of her husband, earning her the nickname “The Closer” on the campaign trail.

Sandra Day O’Connor (1930- ) Sandra Day O'Connor, circa 1981-1983.

The first female Supreme Court Justice, O’Connor was nominated by Ronald Reagan and confirmed by the Senate 99-0. She was known for upholding states’ rights and was often a swing vote, perhaps most famously by casting the deciding vote in Bush v. Gore, making George W. Bush president. She is also famous for letting Roe v. Wade stand in abortion cases, rejecting challenges to the use of affirmative action in higher education and for writing the opinion reiterating that all U.S. citizens are entitled to due process in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, in which she wrote that “a state of war is not a blank check for the President when it comes to the rights of the Nation’s citizens.”

Sarah Palin (1964- ) Sarah Palin campaigns for the Republican gubernatorial nomination in the primary election Tuesday, Aug. 22, 2006.

Sarah Palin shot from relative national obscurity as the Governor of Alaska to countrywide prominence when John McCain named her his running mate—and the first female vice-presidential nominee for the Republican party—in 2008. She grew to be one of the most prominent voices for the Tea Party movement as a pro-life and pro-gun-rights advocate. As governor, she notably signed a bill that would allow an Alaskan gas pipeline, and since she stepped down in 2009, she has been a political commentator and television star.

Nancy Pelosi (1940- ) Congressional candidate Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., waves at the Headquarters in San Francisco Tuesday night April 7, 1987.

The Bay Area congresswoman became the highest ranking elected female leader in the U.S. when she was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives in 2007. She helped push through President Obama’s historic health care law, the law that raised fuel-efficiency standards for cars and trucks for the first time in 32 years, the first federal minimum wage increase in a decade—from (from $5.15 to $7.25)—and the largest college aid expansion since the G.I. bill.

Frances Perkins (1880-1965) Frances Perkins

As Labor Secretary from 1933-1945, she was the first woman to hold a cabinet position. Perkins was an architect of FDR’s New Deal, saw to much of the implementation of policies like minimum wages and unemployment compensation, and drafted the Social Security Act. She majored in physics and chemistry at Mount Holyoke, but an economic history course that required her to tour nearby factories sparked her life’s work. Having been a social worker, high school teacher and colleague of Jane Addams at Chicago’s Hull House, she moved to New York, where she witnessed the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. She would later say that was “the day the New Deal began.”

Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973) Jeannette Pickering Rankin (1880-1973), a member of the House of Representatives who was elected in 1916 as the first woman to serve in the U.S. Congress.

The Republican social worker became the first woman to be elected to Congress when she was elected to represent Montana in the House of Representatives in 1916. Coming from a state that passed women’s suffrage in 1914, she came up with the idea for a committee on women’s suffrage and as a member, started the House floor debate on a constitutional amendment that would give women the right to vote. (The amendment was ratified in 1920, after Rankin’s term had ended.) She was also a noted pacifist, voting against the USA’s entrance into both World War I and World War II.

Janet Reno (1938-2016) Janet Reno is sworn in before the Senate Judiciary Committee on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., Tuesday, March 9, 1993.

Janet Reno became the first female Attorney General of the United States after President Bill Clinton appointed her in 1993, and she held the post during eight years punctuated by high-profile cases. During her tenure, she notably took the fall for the failure of a deadly Waco, Tex., police raid that went awry, declined to appoint independent investigators into Clinton’s campaign finances in 1997 and extended the Whitewater investigation into Clinton’s land deal to include the Monica Lewinsky scandal. The relative Washington outsider had previously served as a Florida State Attorney for 14 years.

Condoleezza Rice (1954- ) Condoleezza Rice talks about her new book, Extraordinary, Ordinary People: A Memoir of Family, during the Newsmakers luncheon at the National Press Club October 15, 2010 in Washington, DC.

Serving in President George W. Bush’s administration, she became the first African-American woman to serve as Secretary of State and national security advisor. She held the record for most miles traveled by a Secretary of State until John Kerry broke it in April 2016; she got the White House to support nuclear negotiations with Iran and North Korea, and she was the first Secretary of State to go to Libya in over 50 years.

Ann Richards (1933-2006) Texas governor Ann Richards at the Democratic National Convention on July 13, 1992 in New York.

As Governor of Texas from 1991-1995, Richards left her mark, appointing more women and minorities to official positions—including the first women and African-Americans in the Texas Rangers—than any of her predecessors had. She also worked to improve the prison system, and vetoed bills that would have allowed concealed carry of handguns and damaged the environment. (She’s also mother to Planned Parenthood’s Cecile Richards and three other children.) In 1988, as the keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention, she famously said of Republican Nominee George Bush: “Poor George, he can’t help it. He was born with a silver foot in his mouth.” In addition to her work in public office, she helped raised awareness about alcoholism by being public about her own treatment in 1980.

Edith Nourse Rogers (1881-1960) Edith Nourse Rogers at her desk, 1936.

Rogers represented Massachusetts in Congress from 1925 to 1961. During World War I, she volunteered with the YMCA and Red Cross and continued to work with military hospitals after the war ended, while her husband served in Congress. After her husband’s death in 1925, she ran in the special election to fill the remainder of his term—she won, and then won another 17 elections after that. She introduced legislation that created the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps in 1942 and in 1944 helped draft the G.I. Bill of Rights, which, among other provisions, helped WWII veterans afford college tuition and provided for low-interest home and small business loans.

Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) American diplomat and former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt (1884 - 1962), circa early to mid 1940s.

As the longest-serving First Lady (12 years), she hit the road to promote the work of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s administration and her public policy interests via nationwide press conferences, radio segments and her daily, syndicated newspaper column “My Day.” Having pioneered the activist role of the First Lady, she was later appointed a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by Harry S. Truman, after FDR died, and served as the first chairperson of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights when it drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the wake of World War II.

Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (1952- ) House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio performs a mock swearing in for Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, R-Fla., Thursday, Jan. 3, 2013, on Capitol Hill in Washington as the 113th Congress began.

Ros-Lehtinen became the first Cuban American and Hispanic woman to be elected to Congress in 1989, and is now the most senior Florida member of the U.S. House of Representatives and the most senior female Republican in the House. Born in Havana, Ros-Lehtinen lobbies for the Cuban government to enact political changes that will benefit its citizens, and was a prominent supporter of ending the U.S. embargo on Cuba. She was also the first Republican in the House to support same-sex marriage, announcing her support in 2012.

Nellie Tayloe Ross (1876-1977) Nellie Tayloe Ross Director of the bureau of the Mint at her desk on May 1, 1942 in Washington where she supervises the turning out of the billions of coins needed for the defense effort.

Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first American woman to be a Governor after her husband died and she took over his office in 1924. Her political career was only beginning: After that, she eventually served as vice chair of the National Democratic Committee, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed her the Director of the Mint in 1933. Under her leadership, the mint started printing the Roosevelt dime and the Jefferson nickel.

Phyllis Schlafly (1924-2016) Phyllis Schlafly at the State house pressroom, Feb. 8, 1984.

Phyllis Schlafly was a prominent political activist of the late 20th century, known for her outspoken positions against the women’s liberation movement and the Equal Rights Amendment, which she campaigned against. She rose to prominence when her book in support of GOP candidate Barry Goldwater, A Choice Not an Echo, sold more than three million copies in 1964. Though she never successfully won an election, she ran for Congress in 1952 and 1970.

Patricia Schroeder (1940–) Democratic Representative Patricia Schroeder, 1983.

“Little Patsy” was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives 12 times — and was the second–youngest woman ever elected to Congress. She sat on the House Armed Services Committee and championed issues pertaining to women and families, most notably the Family and Medical Leave Act and the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act. Her responses to sexist comments made national headlines, too. For instance, when a male colleague asked how she could balance the job with being a mother of two small children, she replied, “I have a brain and a uterus. I use both.”

Margaret Chase Smith (1897-1995) Margaret Chase Smith, wife of the late Rep. Clyde Smith, Maine Republican, being sworn in, June 10, 1940.

The Maine Republican was the first woman to win election to both houses of Congress and the first to be put forward as a presidential candidate at a national political convention in 1964 (she earned the support of 27 delegates but lost to Barry Goldwater). One of her best-known moments was her June 1, 1950, speech on the floor of the U.S. Senate denouncing her colleague and Red Scare proponent Joseph McCarthy (R-WI): “The American people are sick and tired of being afraid to speak their minds lest they be politically smeared as ‘Communists’ or ‘Fascists,’” she said. “Freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America. It has been so abused by some that it is not exercised by others.”

Sonia Sotomayor (1954- ) Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor, poses for a photograph at the Supreme Court building on September 29, 2009 in Washington, DC.

Sotomayor grew up in the Bronx and has said that the TV show Perry Mason was responsible for “igniting the passion” that led her to pursue a legal career. In 1992 she was appointed a federal judge in the Southern District of New York’s U.S. District Court and five years later was nominated to the U.S. Court of Appeals, beginning the role in 1998. In 2009, President Obama nominated her to the Supreme Court, and she became the first Hispanic person to serve as a justice.

Elizabeth Warren (1949- ) Elizabeth Warren looks to the audience after addressing the Democratic State Convention before the delegate vote in Springfield, Mass. on Saturday, June 2, 2012.

The Democratic Senator from Massachusetts has become perhaps the most high-profile progressive of her party. After presiding over the Troubled Asset Relief Program as chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel following the 2008 economic crisis, Warren beat incumbent Republican Scott Brown to become the first woman to represent Massachusetts in the Senate in 2012. She pushed for the 2011 creation of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to protect buyers by monitoring financial sector institutions.

Edith Wilson (1872-1961) Edith Wilson, wife of President Woodrow Wilson, circa 1922.

This First Lady of the United States (1915-1921) is often described as the first woman president, based on her power to decide which issues would be brought to President Woodrow Wilson’s attention after he suffered a stroke that left him largely incapacitated in 1919. Among those issues was the League of Nations. Some historians argue that, by refusing to compromise with key U.S. Senators who were opposed to the U.S. joining the pact, she contributed to leaving the world vulnerable to the rise of fascist leaders in the lead-up to World War II.

Victoria Woodhull (1838-1927) Victoria Claflin Woodhull, the first woman to run for US president from a nationally recognized ticket as the candidate of the Equal Rights Party in 1872.

In 1872, Woodhull became the first woman to run for president. Having been, along with her sister, one of the first female stockbrokers, she helped launched a newspaper dedicated to women’s suffrage and reform. In 1871, she argued before the House Judiciary Committee that women were covered by the 14th and 15th Amendments and so already had the right to vote. The Equal Rights Party, an offshoot of the National Woman Suffrage Association, nominated her for president and decided on Frederick Douglass as her running mate, though it’s unclear if he even acknowledged the nomination. She supported rejecting conventional moral standards for men and women, advocating “free love” alongside workers’ rights, healthcare and more. Just days before the election she was arrested on obscenity charges; she eventually moved to England.

http://time.com/4551817/50-women-political-history/

#Women's History Month

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