#charles augustus fitzroy

[tenth-sentence]

FitzRoy would become Governor-General.

"Killing for Country: A Family History" - David Marr

[whats-in-a-sentence]

FitzRoy would not be cornered:

It is impossible at this distance to give particular instructions as to the course Mr. Walker is to pursue in the performance of his duties . . . He must be guided by his own discretion and I have no doubt that the zeal and ability which he has undoubtedly displayed in the management of the Native Police will be so tempered by that most essential quality as to merit no further cautioning on my part.

"Killing for Country: A Family History" - David Marr

[unfortunate-arrow]

𝐎𝐂 𝐱 𝐎𝐂 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: A Masterlist — 1870s-1950s

An open offer for oc x oc interactions for all of my HP OCs and the types of relationships that they’re open for! This also functions as a masterlist for my Hogwarts dorms. In addition, everyone featured will only get one tag to avoid breaking the post.

Interactions for ocs born between the 1960s & 2010s can be found here.

The preference is for mutuals and the ability to slip it the (few) storylines. If any of them strike your interest, please comment, reblog, send an ask, or DM and specify with the OCs’ names.

Extra Info:

Total Number of OCs: 17

Number of OCs Open for Dormmates: 11 & a half as two boys are in the same dorm

Number of OCs Open for Friendships: 15

Eras: HPHL, Victorian, WW1 & FBAWTFT

𝙻𝙴𝙶𝙰𝙲𝚈 𝙴𝚁𝙰

Orla O’Rourke

born september 6, 1873 | virgo

slytherin | pureblood | irish | infj | enneagram type 5w4

eldest of three and the great-grandmother of the o’donnell quads

pragmatic dreamer

trying her best, while clinging to doing what’s right for her and her family

translator of ancient runes

Love Interest: Cillian Lynch

Dorm: Orla | Helen Walsh (@camillejeaneshphm) | Cecilia Balinor (endlessly-cursed) | Maura Devitt (@mjs-oc-corner) | Ema McGilligundy (kc-and-co)

Open for: Friendships

Cillian Lynch

born march 5, 1874 | pisces

slytherin | pureblood | irish | entj | enneagram type 3

older twin and does not have a good relationship with his twin, it’s very antagonistic

great-grandfather of the o’donnells

started hogwarts in the third year

it’s very difficult to tell what cillian’s actual beliefs are and he’s not even sure himself

an extrovert who prefers to be alone

can be very defensive and has a lot of negative defense mechanisms

really hard to get to know and understand

appraiser of magical artifacts

Love Interest: Orla O’Rourke

Dorm: Cillian | Frederick Lavigne (slytherindisaster) |Bradford Pendleton (kc-and-co) | Elias Quintin (@amerrymystery)

Open for: Friendships, frenemies, and rivals

Tadhg Lynch

born march 5, 1874 | pisces

gryffindor | pureblood | irish | istp | enneagram type 7w6

does not get along with the rest of his family and has a very antagonistic with his twin brother, cillian

has a close knit group of friends that he thinks of as siblings

doing his best but in the most chaotic way possible

plays keeper on the gryffindor quidditch team

cursebreaker

has two timelines: the canon one where he dies in his early 20s and the au where he lives

Love Interest: Niamh Kelly

Dorm: Tadhg | Gabriel Sapieha (slytherindisaster) | Roel Leeuwenhoek (hufflefluffs)

Open for: Friendships

Niamh Kelly

b. february 9, 1875 | aquarius

ravenclaw | muggleborn | irish | enfp | enneagram type 7w8

grew up on a farm where she learned both men’s and women’s work

determined not to be constrained by the restrictions and expectations for women of the time

friendly, kind, intelligent, stubborn

ravenclaw prefect for her year, but is friends with a lot of the students in the year above her

she’s someone that you can count

auror

Love Interest: Tadhg Lynch

Dorm: Niamh | Primrose Gray (endlessly-cursed) | Siobhan Llewelyn (kc-and-co) | Gwen Archeron (@thatravenpuffwitch) | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, 1 dormmate

Vincent Fitzroy

b. october 4, 1875 | libra

slytherin | muggleborn | english | irish | entp | enneagram type 8

first cousin once removed to queen victoria — illegitimate son of an actress and victoria’s fictional first cousin, prince peter augustus (the son of the fictional sixteenth child of king george iii and princess amelia’s twin, prince charles augustus)

thief and conman

guarded and trying to be better than his past

very charming when he wants to be and it’s kinda vincent’s natural way

feels very out of place in slytherin thanks to the pureblood ideals they espouse

career is tbd

Love Interest: Brianna O’Rourke

Dorm: Vincent | Tiernan O’Rourke Jr. | OPEN | OPEN | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, rivals, 3 dormmates

Brianna O’Rourke

b. march 26, 1876 | aries

hufflepuff | pureblood | irish | infp | enneagram type 9

youngest of three children, orla’s little sister

a twin with a brother in slytherin

an idealistic dreamer who refuses her father’s attempts at arranging her marriage

the first hufflepuff in her family in over three generations

the not-so perfect daughter who has a very strained and antagonistic relationship with her mother

hatstall between hufflepuff and slytherin

a sweetheart with a big, but guarded, heart

Love Interest: Vincent Fitzroy

Dorm: Brianna | OPEN | OPEN | OPEN | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, 4 dormmates

𝚅𝙸𝙲𝚃𝙾𝚁𝙸𝙰𝙽 𝙴𝚁𝙰

Max Pembroke

b. october 31, 1880 | scorpio

hufflepuff | half-blood | welsh | irish | istp | enneagram type 5w6

oldest of three and very protective of his little sisters

seeker of the hufflepuff quidditch team

dog lover with an allergy to cats

homebody

on the serious side

smuggles a puppy, stanley, into hogwarts in his second year

plays professional quidditch as seeker for the caerphilly catapults and then the kenmare kestrels

Love Interest: Ivy Anders (@kc-and-co)

Dorm: Max | Jim Hexley (@the-al-chemist) | Lysander Mercury (slytherindisaster) | Jesse Seymour (endlessly-cursed) | OPEN

Open for: 1 dormmate

Georgie Parsons

b. january 31, 1881 | aquarius

gryffindor | muggleborn | irish | indian | enfj | enneagram type 1w9

older sister of divya parsons (endlessly-cursed)

dog lover and the owner of a corgi named bertie

guarded and almost always wearing a brave face

takes all of her responsibilities very seriously

puts others’ needs ahead of her own

made a prefect in her fifth year

lost both her parents before the age of 18

doing the best she can, but always feeling like she’d failing inside

eventually becomes a lawyer

Love Interest: Angelo della Rovere (@potionboy3)

Dorm: Georgie | Seraphina Hopper (thatravenpuffwitch) | Eleanor Parkmoore (@ellie-e-marcovitz) | Carmine Elderberry (potionboy3) | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, 1 dormmates

Edmund Kennedy

b. april 10, 1881 | aries

gryffindor | pureblood | irish | english | estj | enneagram type 1

oldest of eight children with a twin sister

has been the man of the house since the age of 11

bisexual but doesn’t know it

has a very analytical mind

answers to both ed and ned, but generally prefers to be edmund

has the ability to see thestrals after watching his dad die when he was eleven

likes numbers because they’re rigid and have no expectations

made a prefect in his fifth year and then named headboy in his seventh year

works for the ministry’s treasury department in varying capacities

Love Interest: Lottie Gallagher (@slytherindisaster)

Dorm: Edmund | Adonis Demiurgos (endlessly-cursed) | Cyrus Northrup (ellie-e-marcovitz) | Oliver Gerard (kc-and-co) | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, rivals, 1 dormmates

Minerva Kennedy

b. april 10, 1881 | aries

ravenclaw | pureblood | irish | english | entp | enneagram type 9w8

oldest daughter and the second of eight children

has a very creative mind

hates being called min or minnie

rarely seen without her notebook

has a quick wit and often has a comeback

always has a book with her and she’s quite fond of muggle and gothic literature but don’t tell anyone

a writer and eventually a published author

Love Interest: Adonis Demiurgos (@endlessly-cursed)

Dorm: Minerva | Sara Rosier (endlessly-cursed) | Genevieve Davenport (gaygryffindorgal) | OPEN | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, rivals, and 2 dormmates

Simon Battersea

b. june 21, 1881 | gemini

hufflepuff | muggleborn | irish | american | istj | enneagram type 9w1

hemophiliac

the earl of wexford and usually goes by wex or wexford

third of four children with two older brothers who passed away in a house fire when he was nine

has been the earl since he was nine and never expected to be the earl

his guardian tries to kill him a couple times and simon was emancipated at the age of nineteen

serious and cautious

he’s the last earl of wexford due to ireland gaining its independence from england

Love Interest: Nilüfer Sultan (@endlessly-cursed)

Dorm: Simon | Henry of Alderly (gaygryffindorgal) | Fintan Hopper (thatravenpuffwitch) | Colin Moss (@usernoneexistent) | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, 1 dormmate

William Devlin

b. july 5, 1881 | cancer

ravenclaw | muggleborn | english | irish | isfp | enneagram type 4w5

illegitimate son of a viscount and has a complex about that

awkward and quiet and generally keeps to himself

during his years at hogwarts, william’s engaged to primrose gray (endlessly-cursed) which ends in their seventh year

played seeker on the ravenclaw quidditch team while at school

artist

Love Interest: Josie Edwards (@slytherindisaster)

Dorm: William | Oscar Erdstern (cursed-herbalist) | Anthony Hawthorne (gaygryffindorgal) | Eliot Gerard (kc-and-co)

𝚆𝙾𝚁𝙻𝙳 𝚆𝙰𝚁 𝙸 𝙴𝚁𝙰

Ophelia Lovell

b. november 3, 1892 | scorpio

hufflepuff | half-blood | english | irish

linus’s older half-sister

joins world war i ‘cause her older brother, eugene, did and wants to make sure that he comes back alive — she fails at this

starts working as a nurse in wwi before being recruited into the owl airforce a year later

honestly just trying her best

probably ends up becoming a journalist

bisexual

often underestimated because she’s a woman in the early 1900s

single mother and widow after her husband dies in the war

she’s still in the early stages of being developed into a main oc, so i may add to this later

Love Interest: Klara Belikova (@gaygryffindorgal) ; Patrick Simmons (@potionboy3)

Dorm: Ophelia | OPEN | OPEN | OPEN | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, 4 dormmates

Linus Sullivan

b. november 26, 1893 | saggitarius

wampus | muggleborn | american | infj | enneagram type 6

raised by a single mother

ophelia’s half-brother

does not agree with macusa’s rappaport law and repeatedly violates which means he’s being chased by hit wizard ralph myers

from new york state but not nyc

worked as a newsie after his mother died

soldier in the canadian army but eventually ends up in colm’s company

in regards to personality, he’s colm’s foil

fan of muggle american sports and uses american slang (such as no-maj)

an amateur artist with a penchant for comic strips

Love Interest: Maritza Krum (@potionboy3)

Dorm: Linus | OPEN | OPEN | OPEN | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, 4 dormmates

Colm O’Shea

b. august 27, 1894 | virgo

gryffindor | half-blood but assumed muggleborn | irish | catholic | estp | ennegram type 6w5

irish republican and a supporter of the anglo-irish treaty of 1921

almost always talking and yet you know nothing about him

played keeper during his time at hogwarts

nicknamed cloverboy during the war

beefs with the english government and is not discreet about it

an intelligence operative for the ministry from 1914 to 1922

quidditch coach for the newly formed ireland national team

Love Interest: Ione Avery (@cursed-herbalist)

Dorm: Colm | Rory O’Neill | OPEN | OPEN | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, 3 dormmates

𝙵𝙰𝙽𝚃𝙰𝚂𝚃𝙸𝙲 𝙱𝙴𝙰𝚂𝚃𝚂

Rory O’Neill

b. may 8, 1894 | taurus

gryffindor | muggleborn | irish | istj | enneagram type 6w5

played chaser and then seeker while at hogwarts and eventually became gryffindor’s quidditch captain

he’s a widower as his first wife, frannie, died from complications during childbirth which means that he’s a single father

his son is number one priority most of the time

former street kid who grew up on the streets of belfast

closed off and hard to know

played seeker for the ballycastle bats and eventually he becomes one of the bats’ coaches

Love Interests: Francesca Ashby ; Ethel Malinda (@gaygryffindorgal)

Dorm: Rory | Colm O’Shea | OPEN | OPEN | OPEN

Aisling Lynch

b. april 22, 1907 | taurus

hufflepuff | half-blood | irish | isfp | enneagram type 6w7

tadhg lynch and niamh kelly’s daughter

was named prefect in her fifth year and headgirl in her seventh

eldest of three

her parents’ child with her father’s reserved nature and her mother’s desire to move outside of the women’s roles of the time

likes to see new things

travels extensively as a young woman due to a bad case of wanderlust

aurologist

Love Interest: Jojo Sapieha (@slytherindisaster)

Dorm: Aisling | Willa Stagg (kc-and-co) | Jocelyn Somerest (endlessly-cursed) | OPEN | OPEN

Open for: Friendships, 2 dormmates

[something-in-the-seas]

Booker beginning to talk about how Daisy was just as bad as Comstock to everyone without realizing Tenenbaum is a Holocaust survivor, Sinclair is Panamanian, Grace and Porter are black, and Johnny’s Irish so they all roast the fuck out of him and then when Liz tries to defend him they turn on her.

Ryan loves it, for once Liz is Boo Boo the Fool and he’s spared.

[lapuslazulli]

Chapters: 1/1 Fandom: Sherlock (TV) Rating: Not Rated Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply Characters: Sherlock Holmes, John Watson, Mycroft Holmes, Greg Lestrade, Mary Morstan, Jim Moriarty, Charles Augustus Magnussen, Fitzroy Sherrin Ford Summary:

For those who want a chronological approach to my universe of stories, here is a timeline, produced by the incomparable @jbaillier, my beloved beta, revised, and updated by me as new stories come along, and now FINALLY posted on Ao3.

[rcserph]

I promised I’d make a name masterlist when I reached 200 followers, and even though it’s been a while and I’m about to reach my next hundred, I finally did it. Here are some “elegant” sounding names (for both males & females) + surnames. Feel free to give it a like & a reblog if you found this helpful in any way, and thank you for everything! 

FEMALE NAMES:

Adelaide

Alessandra

Anastasia

Angelica

Annabelle

Anne

Antoinette

Antonella

Ariella

Audrey

Aurora

Beatrice

Bernadette

Beverly

Brianna

Bridget

Camilla

Carlotta

Caroline

Catherine

Charlotte

Clementine

Colette

Cordelia

Cynthia

Daisy

Delilah

Diana

Dorothy

Eleanor

Elizabeth

Eloise

Emilia

Emmaline

Emmanuelle

Esme

Evangeline

Felicity

Fleur

Gabrielle

Genevieve

Georgina

Gwendolyn

Gwyneth

Harriet

Harper

Helena

Isabella

Ivy

Jacqueline

Josephine

Juliette

Laurel

Louisa

Madelaine

Margaret

Margot

Marianna

Marie

Melinda

Meredith

Nadine

Natalie

Octavia

Odette

Olivia

Ophelia

Penelope

Petunia

Pippa

Poppy

Renee

Rosalie

Rosalind

Savannah

Scarlett

Sienna

Simone

Sophia

Stephanie

Susan

Sylvia

Tabitha

Tatum

Theodora

Valentina

Veronica

Victoria

Violet/Violetta

Virginia

Vivienne

Willa

Wren

MALE NAMES:

Albert

Alec

Alexander

Alfred

Alistair

Amadeus

Archibald

Arthur

Ashby

Atticus

Augustus

Bartholomew

Benjamin

Bertram

Bradley

Byron

Caesar

Caleb

Callum

Carson

Charles

Colin

Conrad

Dalton

Damien

Daniel

Dane

David

Dominic

Douglas

Edmund

Edward

Edwin

Egbert

Ezra

Felix

Finn

Frederick

Gabriel

Garrett

George

Gordon

Gregory

Harris

Harrison

Holden

Ian

James

Jasper

Jeremiah

Jonathan

Jude

Lance

Landon

Leonardo

Logan

Louis

Lucien

Malcolm

Matthew

Maurice

Maximillian

Miles

Milo

Nathaniel

Nicholas

Norman

Oliver

Orson

Paul

Peter

Phillip

Pierce

Quinn

Raphael

Richard

Robert

Roderick

Rufus

Rupert

Sebastian

Seth

Silas

Theodore

Thomas

Tobias

Vincent

Wesley

William

Xavier

Zachary

SURNAMES:

Abbott

Abernathy

Addington

Alderidge

Astor

Barnes

Baudelaire

Beaumont

Benson

Bentham

Berkshire

Bishop

Black

Bradford

Bradshaw

Buchanan

Burton

Cabot

Caldwell

Calloway

Campbell

Carraway

Caulfield

Chadwick

Chamberlayne

Compton

Cooper

Cromwell

Darling

Davenport

Donahue

Drummond

Fairchild

Fairfield

Fitzgerald

Fitzroy

Franklin

Grimaldi

Harding

Hastings

Hawthorne

Hearst

Hill

Hilton

Hollingsworth

Humphries

Lancaster

Lauder

Lexington

Lincoln

Locke

Lockwood

McCoy

Meyers

Montague

Montgomery

Pembroke

Pierce

Pratt

Pruitt

Radcliffe

Redfield

Reid

Reyes

Rhodes

Rhodes

Robinson

Rockingham

Rothchild/Rothschild

Schopenhauer

Schulz

Sinclair

Somers

Stone

Stratford

Talbot

Thompson

Townsend

Vanderbilt

Watson

Williams

Windsor

Wright

Wyndham

[georgiansuggestion]

AN EXHAUSTIVE RANKING OF EACH PRIME MINISTER OF OUR TIME, ON THE GROUNDS OF HIS BEARING AND PERSONAGE:

21. William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne 20. The Right Honourable George Canning 19. Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford 18. The Right Honourable George Grenville 17. William Pitt, “the Elder”, 1st Earl of Chatham 16. The Right Honourable Henry Pelham 15. The Right Honourable Spencer Perceval 14. Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme 13. Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington 12. Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon 11. William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire 10. John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute  9. Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool  8. William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland 7. William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville 6. The Right Honourable  William Pitt, “the Younger” 5. Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham 4. Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton 3. Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2. Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth 1. Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford

Dispute at your Leisure, and your Peril.

[nellygwyn]

Covent Garden Lovers

courtesy of Hallie Rubenhold’s “The Covent Garden Ladies”

A list of the notable and famous frequenters of London’s brothels in the latter half of the 1700s. “Patrons du peche” (patrons of sin)

Look out for the royalty, and the great and the “good.”

Lord Chief Justice Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth

Admiral George Anson, 1st Baron Anson

Sir William Apreece

Sir Richard Atkins

Sir John Aubrey, MP

Richard Barry, 7th Earl of Barrymore

Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl of Bathurst

Sir Charles Bingham, 1st Earl of Lucan

Captain George Maurice Bisset (yes, THAT George Bisset, of Lady Seymour Worsley’s scandal)

Admiral Edward Boscawen 

Hugh Boscawen, 2nd Viscount Falmouth

James Boswell (diarist, great friend of Samuel Johnson)

Sir Orlando Bridgeman

Thomas Bromley, 2nd Baron Montfort

Captain John Byron (Lord Byron’s grandfather)

John Calcraft, MP

Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll

John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll

John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun

George Capell, 4th Earl of Essex

David Carnegie, Lord Rosehill

John Cleland (writer of the pornographic novel “Fanny Hill: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure”)

Henry Fiennes Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln.

Robert “Cock-a-doodle-doo” Coates

Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess of Cornwallis

Colonel John Coxe

William Craven, 6th Baron Craven

His Royal Highness, Prince Ernest, Duke of Cumberland

His Royal Highness, Prince Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland

His Royal Highness, Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland

The Honourable John Damer

Sir Francis Dashwood, Lord Despenser (founder of “The Hellfire Club” and Chancellor of the Exchequer)

Francis Drake Delevel

Reverend William Dodd

George Bubb Doddington, Lord Melcombe

William Douglas, 4th Duke of Queensbury

Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville

George Montagu Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax

Sir Henry Elchin

Richard Edgecumbe, Lord Mount Edgecumbe

Sir Charles Fielding, son of the Earl of Denbigh

The Honourable John Finch

John Fitzpatrick, 1st Earl of Upper Ossory

Samuel Foote (theatre manager and dramatist)

Charles James Fox (prominent Whig statesman, arch-enemy of William Pitt the Younger)

Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland

George Fox-Lane, 3rd Baron Bingley

John Frederick, 3rd Duke of Dorset

His Majesty, King George IV (oh, what a surprise)

Sir John Graeme, 3rd Duke of Montrose

Charles Hamilton, Lord Binning

Charles Hanbury-Williams (British envoy to the court of Russia, introduced Catherine the Great to her lover, Stanislaw Poniatowski)

Colonel George Hanger

Count Franz Xavier Haszlang, Bavarian Envoy to London

Judge Henry Gould

Robery Henley, 1st Earl of Northington

Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (great-great-great-great grandson of King Charles II)

Henry Herbert, 10th Earl of Pembroke

Joseph Hickey

William Hickey

William Holles, 2nd Viscount Vane

Rear-Admiral Charles Holmes

Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood

Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk

Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham

Admiral Lord Richard Howe, 4th Viscount Howe

Thomas Jefferson (not that TJeffs; manager of the Drury Lane Theatre)

John Phillip Kemble

Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel

William John Kerr, 5th Marquess of Lothian

Sir John Lade

Penistone Lamb, 1st Viscount Melbourne

William Longhorne (the poet laureate)

Lord Edward Ligonier

Field Marshall John Ligonier, 1st Earl of Ligonier

Simon Luttrell, 1st Baron Carhampton

Thomas Lyttleton, 2nd Baron Lyttleton

Kenneth Francis Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Seaforth

Charles Macklin

The Honourable Captain John Manners

John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland

Charles Maynard, 1st Viscount Maynard

Captain Anthony George Martin

James Macduff, 2nd Earl of Fife

Captain Thomas Medlycott

Isaac Mendez

Major Thomas Metcalfe

Sir George Montgomerie Metham

John Montague, 4th Earl of Sandwich

Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton

Arthur Murphy

Richard “Beau” Nash (famous dandy, popularised ballroom etiquette at the assemblies in Bath)

Francis John Needham, MP

Henry Nevill, 2nd Earl of Abergavenny

John Palmer (actor)

Thomas Panton

William Petty, 1st Marquess of Landsdowne

Evelyn Meadows Pierrepoont, 2nd Duke of Kingston

Thomas Potter

John Poulett, 4th Earl of Poulett

William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath

William Powell (manager of Drury Lane)

Charles “Chace” Price

Richard “Bloomsbury Dick” Rigby

Admiral George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney

David Ross (actor)

Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford

Frederick John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset

Sir George Saville

George Selwyn (politician and wit)

Edward “Ned” Shuter (actor)

John George Spencer, 1st Earl of Spencer

Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington

Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield

Sir William Stanhope, MP

Edward Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby

Sir Thomas Stapleton

John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Bute

Frederick St John, 2nd Viscount Bolingbroke

Colonel Sir Banastre Tarleton

Commodore Edward Thompson

Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward Thurlow

Robert “Beau” Tracy

John Tucker, MP

Arthur Vansittart, MP

Sir Henry Vansittart, MP

Robert Vansittart

Sir Edward Walpole

Sir Robert Walpole (Britain’s first Prime Minister)

John Wilkes

His Majesty, King William IV

Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont

Henry Woodward (actor)

His Royal Highness, Edward, Duke of York

His Royal Highness, Frederick, Duke of York

Lieutenant Colonel John Yorke

Joseph Yorke, 1st Baron Dove

Extra information is my own

[aerospace-agenda]

Prime ministers; 

Spencer Compton Henry Pelham William Cavendish, John Stuart, Augustus FitzRoy, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Henry Addington William Grenville, George Canning Sir Robert Peel Henry John Temple, William Ewart Gladstone David Lloyd George Stanley Baldwin Winston Churchill Harold Wilson Margaret Thatcher Tony Blair

[thisdaynews]

The Nasty Political Fight Over the First Weather Forecasts

New Post has been published on https://thebiafrastar.com/the-nasty-political-fight-over-the-first-weather-forecasts/

The Nasty Political Fight Over the First Weather Forecasts

On October 25, 1859, a slow-moving gale churned northward toward the British Isles, winds topping 100 miles an hour in a narrow fury over the Irish Sea. That evening, the steam clipperRoyal Charteralso approached the coast with 500 men, women and children aboard, on what should have been the celebratory last night of a two-month journey from Australia.

Not gleaning the grave danger in the atmosphere, theRoyal Charter’scaptain pushed on toward Wales. By midnight, the 3,000-ton behemoth was foundering. The crew anchored off the coast of Anglesey to try and ride out the gale. The port chain snapped first; the starboard chain, an hour later. Just after dawn on the 26th, the winds and waves drove theRoyal Charteronto the rocky shore, breaking its iron hull to pieces. All but 41 passengers were crushed or drowned.

Story Continued Below

What became known as the “Royal Charter Storm” went down in history as the most violent storm of the 19th century in the British Isles, sinking 133 vessels and leaving more than 800 people dead, including all the women and children on the namesake ship.

The storm made history, too, for establishing the first systematic weather forecasts—until politics got in the way of public safety.

For two weeks now, Americans have watched as President Donald Trump’s refusal to admit a minor mistake about the path of Hurricane Dorian has consumed more attention than the rising death toll and humanitarian crisis in the Bahamas. Trump’s statement that Alabama could be hit by Dorian prompted a correction from the National Weather Service station in Birmingham. That was followed by the president’s alteration of a hurricane map with a Sharpie pen; an unusual, unsigned statement from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which oversees NWS, defending Trump; then, reports that the secretary of Commerce had threatened to fire top NOAA employees if they didn’t contradict their own forecasters.

Storm forecasting was born of the worst sort of politics, as the full story of theRoyal Chartermakes clear. Then, as now, the consequences of inaccurate or censored information about the weather can be measured in lost lives and widespread destruction of property.

Five years before theRoyal Charterdisaster, British Vice Admiral Robert FitzRoy, who had captainedHMS Beagleduring Charles Darwin’s famous voyage, was named founding director of Britain’s Meteorological Office. FitzRoy had long agitated for a system of weather-data collection to allow scientists to detect storms and warn ship captains and the public. He named his concept “forecasting.” By analyzing temperature, barometric readings, and other data from ships and stations, he was convinced, scientists could detect emerging storms and post warnings—saving thousands of lives, not to mention the property lost to shipwrecks.

FitzRoy was right about the science of forecasting. But the politics were beyond rational prediction. In Victorian times, the idea of forecasting struck many nonscientists as ludicrous—a con, or even an affront to God. In his bookThe Weather Experiment, the British historian Peter Moore recounts a telling House of Commons debate. When a science-minded member of Parliament suggested in 1854 that amassing weather observations from sea and land could someday mean “we might know in this metropolis the condition of the weather 24 hours beforehand,” laughter broke out raucously enough to stop the proceeding.

The screams from the wreck of theRoyal Chartersnuffed out the laughs. After the storm, FitzRoy produced a detailed report showing how the tempest could have been tracked and its path predicted, validating his model. The Meteorological Office began collecting weather data in the fall of 1860. When the office accurately predicted its first gale, in February 1861, FitzRoy became a hero to many.

To others, he was still a pariah. FitzRoy and other public meteorologists were ridiculed as the “government Zadkiel,” the pseudonym of the most famous British astrologer in Victorian times. Darker motives were also at work. The late Malcolm Walker, a long-time historian of the Meteorological Office, found that in the early 1860s, ship-salvaging and other disaster profiteerslobbied members of Parliament to complain that storm warnings were “having a damaging effect” on their livelihood.

In 1864, one member of the House of Commons, Augustus Smith, wrote that he did not think the government should “undertake the functions of Aeolus,” the Greek god of wind. Smith also had financial interests in the Isles of Scilly, off the Cornish coast. In his public response, FitzRoy noted that ever since the introduction of forecasting, the Scilly harbors had far fewer visits from vessels in distress. His implication: Smith’s real concern was loss of profits. Data collection continued, but only for another year.

Across the Atlantic, the Americans did not have the same qualms about forecasting. By 1860, 500 U.S. telegraph offices were transmitting weather data to Washington, though with the secession of the Southern states and the outbreak of civil war, the network crumbled. After the war, a petition from the Great Lakes region—where violent weather contributed to 1,914 shipwrecks in 1869 alone—urged Congress to establish a meteorology agency and national weather service that could track storms as they moved in from the west. The next year, President Ulysses S. Grant signed a resolution creating what would become the National Weather Service. Alabama’s was one of 22 original stations that telegraphed observations to Washington.

Trump’s crude altering of a Hurricane Dorian map to contradict Alabama forecasters recalls the Zadkiel politics that stymied British forecasting. For Trump, vindication has always been more important than public information. But the real shame of the president’s Sharpie is that it has blacked out the most important story in the wake of Hurricane Dorian: the 1,300 souls still unaccounted for in the Bahamas. NOAA’s chief scientist and three former heads of the agency are among many who have stood to make the point that forecasting “should never be political.” There are simply too many lives at stake.

That lesson was hard-won at the dawn of forecasting, a science whose truth had to overcome the vulgar politics of its birth. On April 30,1865, FitzRoy, hero to ship captains and the Royal Navy, died by suicide, slashing his throat with a razor. Fellow scientists believed it was the pressure of trying to make accurate weather predictions in the face of constant criticism and ridicule. FitzRoy was also anguished by the death of President Abraham Lincoln, according to Walker, the Meteorological Office historian. FitzRoy’s suicide gave his critics ammunition to convince the public and lawmakers that forecasting was an immoral pseudoscience. Parliament banned all public forecasts in England for the next 13 years, allegedly because of inaccuracies.

We can only imagine the number of lives lost at sea, all due to the politicization of storm forecasting.

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[tenth-sentence]

He had faced down tougher governments than FitzRoy.

"Killing for Country: A Family History" - David Marr

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Walker offered FitzRoy a practical plan to address the problem: he would refuse the assistance of the Native Police to squatters who cleared their land:

As every black has his own hunting ground from which he is thus expelled, and he is not allowed to trespass for any length of time on that of others he is compelled for his own subsistence to kill cattle.

It is my wish that the marauding parties which now infest the brigalow should be broken up, which can only be done by allowing each native to return to his own ground.

"Killing for Country: A Family History" - David Marr

[yewenyi]

James Troughton (5GF) selling a horse for the Government House Stables in Parramatta. From his death notices it seems he was the groom to the tenth Governor General of NSW – Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy.

[tenth-sentence]

FitzRoy forbade him to conduct war, but how far could he and his troopers go?

"Killing for Country: A Family History" - David Marr

[tenth-sentence]

While FitzRoy agreed clearing the runs was much to be regretted and did the squatters who did so no credit, he would not use the Native Police to discourage them doing so – despite London's expectations and the terms of the squatters' leases.

"Killing for Country: A Family History" - David Marr

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Reservations, he told FitzRoy in early 1848, did not suit Australia because both sheep and blacks needed so much land.

I think it has been generally agreed that this system is inapplicable to the circumstances of Australia. The necessity under which proprietors of flocks are placed of extending their occupation of Land, such as it is, over wide tracts of Country . . . the barren and inhospitable character of large tracts the Australian soil, the migratory habits of the scanty Tribes in search of sustenance which the earth very sparingly affords them, all seem to render the establishment of native reserves of Land on a large scale of very doubtful utility, if even practicable.

"Killing for Country: A Family History" - David Marr