#broiler farming and economic growth

[farmerstrend]

Broiler Chicken Management for Profitable Meat Production in Kisumu County: A Comprehensive Guide for Poultry Farmers in Kenya

As part of efforts to enhance poultry farming in Kisumu County, I, Bala Morgan, supervised a comprehensive training session on broiler chicken management.The training, organized under the Office of the Kisumu County MP H.E Ruth Odinga, aimed to equip farmers with the best practices for rearing broilers profitably. Farmers were taken through key management aspects, including feeding, vaccination,…

[market-insider]

Exploring the ASEAN Poultry Vaccines Market: Detailed Insights on Size, Share, Growth Potential

The ASEAN poultry vaccines market size is expected to reach USD 253.22 million by 2030, registering a CAGR of 8.97% from 2025 to 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. The key factors driving the market growth include the increasing prevalence of poultry diseases, growing population, rapid urbanization, rising government initiatives, and reducing antibiotic usage.

For instance, The U.S. Bureau of Census data suggests that the ASEAN region’s (inclusive of 10 countries) total population grew by 11.6% in 2017 from 2008 and is expected to reach 720.0 million by 2027. In addition, according to Bloomberg, the urban population in the ASEAN region will grow by 100.0 million people by 2030. The region’s per capita GDP has grown annually by 3.4% in the last decade and is expected to grow by 3.5% in the next decade.

ASEAN Poultry Vaccines Market Report Highlights

The attenuated live vaccines segment led the market with the largest revenue share of 36.00% in 2024. The most traditional immunization technique in use in the veterinary industry is live attenuation.

Based on disease, the avian influenza segment led the market with the largest revenue share of 9.93% in 2024 and is anticipated to grow at the fastest CAGR over the forecast period.

Based on application, the breeder segment led the market with the largest revenue share of 44.80% in 2024.

Based on distribution channel, the hospital/clinic pharmacy segment led the market with the largest revenue share of 47.01% in 2024.

The poultry vaccines market in Indonesia led the market with the largest market share of 18.99% in 2024, owing to the increasing chicken meat consumption and poultry production rates in the country, which further boosts the demand for import of technology for keeping, feeding, & storage.

For More Details or Sample Copy please visit link @: ASEAN Poultry Vaccines Market Report

Furthermore, owing to the increasing poultry production in developing economies, concerns regarding food safety are growing. To prevent the spread of deadly diseases such as avian influenza in poultry farms, the governments of ASEAN countries are individually taking several measures. For instance, based on the Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 4026, pathogenic Avian Influenza (AI) has been considered a notifiable disease in Indonesia, and the government has implemented actions to maintain AI control via vaccination, improved biosecurity measures, education & awareness, and routine surveillance. As part of its strategy, the country implemented intense vaccination among layer and breeder types.

Recently, Vietnam reported its first human H5 bird flu case as a result of infected chicken consumption in October 2022, which alerted the country to take strict measures with avian influenza vaccination drives. Similarly, governments of other ASEAN countries are taking a wide range of measures to control such severe infectious diseases to prevent economic loss. For instance, the Vietnamese government has collaborated with international organizations such as World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN, and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to implement the national animal disease control program 2019-2025. These measures improve the country’s poultry disease management and help develop safe meat supply chains.

Asian countries such as Malaysia, India, Nepal, South Korea, Vietnam, and the Philippines have reported Newcastle disease outbreaks in chickens. Due to these sudden outbreaks, governments are taking severe actions to implement vaccination drives and biosecurity measures. Moreover, according to an article published in the International Journal of Poultry Science, a study was conducted to determine how Malaysian government policies have affected broiler output in Peninsular Malaysia. Three different production sizes of chickens were produced and sold by contract and noncontract farmers in the study.

The effect of government protection on broiler production in Peninsular Malaysia was assessed using a policy analysis matrix including policy protection indicators. A field survey was used to gather information from 310 farms in Peninsular Malaysia. According to the findings, contract farming is more profitable than noncontract farming when producing broilers. The notional protection coefficient calculation results show that current regulations do not adequately safeguard producers. It came to the conclusion that the broiler industry needs government support to increase its competitiveness.

List of major companies in the ASEAN Poultry Vaccines Market

Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH

Ceva

HIPRA

Zoetis

Phibro Animal Health Corporation

Elanco

Merck & Co., Inc.

Medion Farma

For Customized reports or Special Pricing please visit @: ASEAN Poultry Vaccines Market Report

We have segmented the ASEAN poultry vaccines market on the basis of application, product, disease, distribution channel, and country.

[businessesindelaware]

How Delaware’s Agriculture Sector Boosts the State’s Economy

Despite being one of the smallest states in the U.S., Delaware's agriculture sector stands tall in bolstering its economy. Famed for its fertile soils, strategic location, and farming legacy, Delaware boasts a robust agriculture industry that sustains jobs and food production and fuels economic growth. From poultry farming to crop production, Delaware's agriculture is a fundamental part of the state's identity and a robust economic engine, showcasing its resilience and stability.

Let's look into the importance of Delaware's agriculture sector and how it contributes to the state's economic success.

1. The Poultry Industry: A Cornerstone of Delaware Agriculture

The poultry industry is one of the most significant contributors to Delaware's agriculture sector. The state is one of the top producers of broiler chickens in the U.S., and the poultry industry accounts for a significant portion of the state's agricultural revenue.

The poultry industry supports thousands of jobs, from farmworkers to processing plant employees. Additionally, it stimulates demand for feed grains and other supporting industries such as transportation and packaging. Delaware's poultry industry's success has ripple effects throughout the state's economy, bolstering local businesses and contributing to community development.

2. Crop Production: Supporting Food and Livestock

Alongside poultry, Delaware hosts a robust crop production sector encompassing corn, soybeans, wheat, and vegetables. Corn and soybeans are significant because they are used as feed for the poultry industry, underscoring the deep interconnection between crop and livestock production that fortifies Delaware's comprehensive agricultural ecosystem.

Delaware's crop production contributes to the state's economy by providing raw materials for human consumption and livestock feed. The sale of these crops generates income for farmers, and processing facilities create additional employment opportunities. Farmers in Delaware also play a vital role in national food production, ensuring that grocery shelves and restaurants remain stocked with locally grown goods.

3. Dairy and Livestock: Smaller but Significant Players

While Delaware is primarily known for poultry and crop farming, dairy farming and other livestock operations contribute to the state's agricultural output. Delaware dairy farms produce milk, cheese, and other dairy products sold locally and regionally. Additionally, beef and pork production is on a smaller scale than poultry.

The dairy and livestock sectors add diversity to Delaware's agriculture, making the industry more resilient to market fluctuations. These farms support local economies by providing jobs and contributing to Delaware's food supply chain. Although smaller than poultry, the dairy and livestock sectors provide essential goods to consumers in and out of the state.

4. Employment Opportunities: Agriculture as a Job Creator

The agriculture sector is a significant employer in Delaware, providing thousands of jobs across various fields. Agriculture supports employment at every level, from farmworkers and equipment operators to scientists and agribusiness professionals. The industry also offers opportunities for seasonal workers and young people through farm internships and training programs.

Agriculture's contribution to Delaware's employment is critical for rural areas where job opportunities may be limited. In addition to direct employment, agriculture creates jobs in related industries, including transportation, logistics, manufacturing, and retail. This ripple effect ensures that agriculture's economic impact extends beyond the farm.

5. Local and Sustainable Agriculture: Supporting Delaware's Communities

Delaware is witnessing a burgeoning movement towards local and sustainable agriculture. The popularity of farmers' markets, community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs, and organic farming practices is not just a trend but a testament to the shared values of many Delaware residents. This demand for locally grown food is economic and a way to support small and mid-sized farms, fostering a sense of community and shared values.

The rise of local agriculture allows Delaware farmers to sell directly to consumers, keeping money within the community. This form of agriculture also promotes sustainable farming practices that reduce environmental impact, conserve water, and preserve soil health. As a result, Delaware's local agriculture contributes to economic stability and long-term sustainability.

6. The Role of Technology in Delaware's Agriculture

Modern technology is vital in increasing productivity and efficiency in Delaware's agriculture sector. Technological advancements have transformed agriculture, from precision farming techniques that optimize crop yields to automation in poultry processing plants. Delaware farmers increasingly adopt intelligent farming technologies, such as drones, GPS-guided equipment, and data analytics, to improve decision-making.

Technology enables Delaware's agriculture industry to stay competitive globally. By increasing efficiency and reducing waste, technology helps farmers save on labor and resources while improving output. This increases profitability for farmers and ensures that Delaware can meet the growing demand for food locally and nationally.

7. Export Markets: Extending Delaware Agriculture's Reach

Delaware's strategic location along the East Coast gives it easy access to major transportation routes, ports, and international markets. The state exports a significant portion of its agricultural products, particularly poultry and grains, to other states and countries. This access to global markets is critical for the long-term success of Delaware's agriculture industry.

Exporting agricultural products brings additional revenue to Delaware's economy. It allows farmers to tap into international demand and diversify their income streams. This global reach strengthens Delaware's agriculture sector and positions the state as a critical global food supply chain player.

Agriculture's Crucial Role in Delaware's Economy

Delaware's agriculture sector is a cornerstone of the state's economy, contributing billions of dollars in economic output and supporting thousands of jobs. From the thriving poultry industry to the diverse crop production and increasing focus on local agriculture, Delaware's farmers play a vital role in feeding the nation and driving economic growth.

For Delaware residents, supporting local agriculture by purchasing from farmers' markets, participating in CSA programs, and choosing locally grown products is a way to contribute to the success of the state's agriculture industry. Additionally, continued investment in technology and sustainable practices will ensure that Delaware's agriculture remains competitive and resilient in the future. As the state evolves, agriculture will remain a key pillar of the Delaware economy.

[divya1234]

VINEMULSI: Reducing Feed Costs Through Optimized Nutrient Uptake in Poultry

Poultry producers face constant challenges in balancing feed costs with animal performance. Feed is one of the largest investments in poultry farming, making it critical to ensure that every dollar spent yields optimal returns. In this context, nutrient uptake plays a central role in determining the efficiency of feed utilization. One innovative solution to improve nutrient absorption and lower feed costs is VINEMULSI, a natural emulsifier developed from a blend of lysophospholipids, phospholipids, and glycolipids.

VINEMULSI stands out by significantly enhancing nutrient uptake in poultry. It works by improving the digestibility and absorption of fats, which are an essential part of the poultry diet. Fats provide a rich source of energy, and when they are better absorbed, poultry can perform more efficiently, converting feed into body mass more effectively. This means that poultry producers can reduce the amount of feed needed to achieve desired growth rates, ultimately cutting down on feed costs.

The blend of lysophospholipids and glycolipids in VINEMULSI creates a natural emulsifier that breaks down fat molecules into smaller particles. This allows for more effective digestion in the bird's gastrointestinal system. When the bird’s body can absorb fats more easily, it can make better use of the energy provided, which leads to improved growth rates and better overall health.

In addition to improving fat digestion, VINEMULSI also enhances the uptake of fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K, which are crucial for immune function, bone health, and reproductive performance in poultry. By ensuring these vitamins are absorbed efficiently, VINEMULSI contributes to the overall well-being of the flock.

For poultry producers, the financial benefits of using VINEMULSI are clear. By enhancing nutrient uptake, birds require less feed to achieve optimal growth and performance, reducing feed costs. As feed prices continue to fluctuate, having a tool like VINEMULSI can offer significant savings and improve the profitability of poultry operations.

VINEMULSI is a powerful solution for poultry producers looking to reduce feed costs while optimizing nutrient absorption. Its natural emulsifying properties ensure that birds absorb fats and essential vitamins more effectively, leading to better performance and greater economic returns.

For more information visit us:

[foodandbeverages]

Poultry Feed Market Size 2023 Global Industry Share, Top Players, Opportunities And Forecast To 2033

The poultry feed market is expected to increase from US$ 216.5 billion in 2023 to US$ 365.6 billion by 2033.

Increased Use of Online Food Delivery Channels is Contributing to the Growth of the Poultry Business

Farmers feed poultry birds such as ducks, turkeys, chickens, geese, and other domestic birds with poultry feed. Modern feed is created by carefully selecting and combining ingredients to provide a high nutritional diet that maintains the health of poultry birds while also boosting the quality of end products such as meat and eggs. The primary ingredients required by poultry birds for development, reproduction, maintenance, and health include minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and water.

Protein is a vital source of energy for chicken birds, particularly when carbohydrate and fat intake is low. The lack of anti-nutritional substances such as phytic acid, as well as the effect of unrestricted feed intake on the digestive tract of poultry birds, are driving up demand for poultry feed.

The rise in the global population is a critical factor that is likely to fuel the growth of the global poultry feed market. Furthermore, due to their low cost and a movement in customer taste towards white meat rather than red meat, consumption of poultry-based products has expanded dramatically around the world.

Improved awareness of protein intake in daily diet is an important factor in growing global per capita meat consumption. Additionally, rapid economic growth in the Asia Pacific and the Middle East and Africa countries has increased meat production and consumption in these regions, propelling market growth.

The fundamental driver of the poultry feed industry is an increase in demand for poultry meat products. Additional factors driving market growth include increasing industrial livestock production and growing demand for organic feed.

Population and income have a considerable impact on poultry product demand. Packaged poultry feed is expected to evolve more quickly than traditional chicken feed, offering new opportunities for industry participants.

Feed product quality and cost have emerged as two of the most important elements in this market, and suppliers are playing an essential role in the poultry feed business. To keep prices under control, chicken feed businesses are anticipated to increase their involvement in raw material production, which is expected to change market buying processes.

Information Source: https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/poultry-feed-market

Key Points from the Poultry Feed Market

The requirement for nutritional feed to avoid poultry diseases, as well as farmers’ embrace of poultry farming as a source of income, is likely to drive the poultry feed market during the forecast period.

The poultry feed market is expected to capture a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period 2023 to 2033.

Asia Pacific dominated the poultry feed market.

Key Developments in the Poultry Feed Market

In March 2019, DuPont de Nemours and Company introduced the chicken feed supplement SYNCRA to improve nutrient digestibility in poultry production.

In September 2018, DSM N.V. and Novozymes released BALANCIUS, a feed enzyme that improves feed efficiency and digestibility in broilers while simultaneously increasing long-term product yield.

In October 2019, Cargill developed a feeding intelligence platform that provides farmers with materials on the most recent intelligent animal production techniques, intending to assist farmers in navigating and improving their operations across all species, including poultry animals.

In May 2018, Farmers introduced APOLLO, a new broiler feed brand, to broiler producers in the United Kingdom and Northwest Europe. The new feed line was designed to help modern broiler birds grow and stay healthy.

Poultry Feed Market by Key Segment

By Livestock:

Layers

Broilers

Turkeys

By Nature:

Conventional

Organic

By Feed Type:

Corn

Wheat

Barley

By Form:

Granules

Pellets

Powder

By Regional:

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Central & South America

The Middle East & Africa

[sb-group-nepal]

Poultry Production System in Nepal: An In-depth Overview

Overview

Poultry production is one of the key components of Nepal’s agriculture industry, which is essential to the country’s economy. Over the years, Nepal’s poultry industry has experienced substantial transformations, moving from small-scale backyard farming to a more organized and commercialized sector. This essay explores the several facets of chicken farming in Nepal, highlighting the system’s growth, difficulties, and possibilities.

Nepal has a long history of poultry farming, which is based on traditional agricultural methods. Poultry was historically mostly raised for domestic use and had little economic value. Backyard farming was common, with people raising a few hens for eggs and meat to suit household needs.

Nepal’s Poultry Production System Types

In general, there are three types of Nepali poultry production systems:

Backyard Poultry Farming(Source: Pinterest)

Semi-Commercial Poultry Farming:

Description: This system represents a transition between backyard and commercial farming. Farmers rear a moderate number of birds, often using improved breeds.

Characteristics: Birds are partially confined and provided with supplementary feed. The productivity is higher than backyard farming, with a focus on both egg and meat production.

Challenges: Inadequate infrastructure, limited access to veterinary services, and fluctuating market prices.

Commercial Poultry Farming:

Description: This is Nepal’s most advanced and organized form of poultry farming, characterized by large-scale operations.

Characteristics: Commercial farms focus on intensive production, keeping birds in controlled environments. The breeds used are typically high-yielding, and the farms are equipped with modern infrastructure.

Challenges: High initial investment, disease management, market competition, and dependency on imported feed and chicks.

Also Read: Organic Poultry Farming Made Simple: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners

Poultry Breeds in Nepal

Nepal’s poultry industry utilizes indigenous and exotic breeds, depending on the farming system.

Indigenous Breeds: These include local varieties like the Sakini, Ghanti Khuile, and Pwankh Ulte, known for their adaptability to harsh conditions and disease resistance. However, their productivity in terms of egg and meat yield could be a lot higher.

Exotic Breeds: Commercial farming heavily relies on exotic breeds like the White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red, and Broiler strains (e.g., Cobb, Ross). These breeds are preferred for their high productivity, with layers producing many eggs and broilers maturing quickly for meat production.

Feed and Nutrition in Poultry Production

Feed and Nutrition in Poultry Production(Source: allaboutfeed)

Traditional Feed: In backyard systems, poultry is often fed on scraps, grains, and insects. This practice results in inconsistent nutrition, affecting the growth and productivity of the birds.

Commercial Feed: Formulated feed is used in semi-commercial and commercial systems to meet the specific nutritional requirements of layers and broilers. It is balanced in protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals, ensuring optimal growth and production.

Challenges in Feed Supply: Nepal’s feed industry depends on imported raw materials (like maize and soybean meal), and price volatility and inadequate feed quality control may raise the cost of production and reduce the competitiveness of regional poultry products.

Disease Management in Poultry Farming

Disease management is a critical aspect of poultry production in Nepal. Common poultry diseases include Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza, Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD), and Salmonellosis.

Backyard Farming: Disease management is often neglected due to insufficient awareness, veterinary services, and financial resources. This leads to high mortality rates and reduced productivity.

Commercial Farming: Disease management is more systematic in commercial farms, with regular vaccination, biosecurity measures, and veterinary supervision. However, the industry still faces challenges, such as the emergence of new diseases, inadequate disease surveillance, and the misuse of antibiotics.

Veterinary Services: Access to veterinary services is uneven across Nepal, with rural areas often needing more adequate coverage. This gap poses a significant risk to the poultry industry, particularly during disease outbreaks.

Poultry Product Marketing and Distribution

The marketing and distribution of poultry products in Nepal have become more organized with the growth of commercial farming.

Market Structure: Nepal’s poultry market includes formal and informal sectors. The formal sector consists of registered poultry farms, processing units, and retailers, while the informal sector includes backyard producers selling directly to consumers or through local markets.

Distribution Channels: Poultry products are distributed through a network of wholesalers, retailers, and direct farm sales. Due to the higher demand for eggs and meat, urban areas like Kathmandu, Pokhara, and Biratnagar represent significant markets.

Challenges: The poultry market in Nepal faces challenges such as price fluctuations, inadequate cold chain infrastructure, and competition from imported poultry products. Additionally, the lack of standardization in product quality and safety poses a risk to consumer health and market trust.

Future Prospects and Challenges

The future of poultry production in Nepal holds both opportunities and challenges.

For More Details, Click Here

[adelbertvegyszerek]

The Role of Di-Calcium Phosphate in Poultry Nutrition

In the world of poultry farming, proper nutrition is essential for ensuring the health, growth, and productivity of birds. One of the key components in poultry diets is Di-Calcium Phosphate (DCP), a vital mineral supplement that plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of strong bones, eggshell quality, and overall health of the birds.

Why Di-Calcium Phosphate?

Di-Calcium Phosphate is a rich source of both calcium and phosphorus, two minerals that are crucial for various physiological processes in poultry. Calcium is essential for the formation and maintenance of skeletal structures and eggshells, while phosphorus is involved in energy metabolism, DNA synthesis, and the regulation of acid-base balance in the body.

Inadequate levels of these minerals can lead to poor bone development, weakened eggshells, reduced growth rates, and overall decreased productivity. Therefore, the inclusion of DCP in poultry feed is necessary to ensure that birds receive the optimal levels of these essential nutrients.

Benefits of Di-Calcium Phosphate in Poultry Nutrition

Strong Bone Development: DCP provides the necessary calcium and phosphorus that are crucial for the development and maintenance of strong skeletal structures. This is particularly important for broilers and laying hens, where strong bones are essential for supporting rapid growth and high egg production.

Improved Eggshell Quality: Calcium is a primary component of eggshells, and its adequate supply is critical for producing eggs with strong, thick shells. DCP helps in preventing eggshell deformities and breakage, thereby improving the overall quality and marketability of eggs.

Enhanced Growth and Productivity: The balanced supply of calcium and phosphorus from DCP supports efficient feed utilization, leading to better growth rates and higher productivity in poultry. It ensures that the birds can fully utilize the nutrients in their feed, leading to optimal performance.

Prevention of Nutritional Deficiencies: Incorporating DCP in poultry diets helps prevent common deficiencies related to calcium and phosphorus, such as rickets, weak bones, and poor egg production. This, in turn, reduces the risk of economic losses due to health issues in the flock.

Application and Dosage

Di-Calcium Phosphate is typically added to poultry feed in specific ratios to ensure the right balance of calcium and phosphorus. The recommended dosage can vary depending on factors such as the type of poultry (broilers, layers, or breeders), age, and production stage. Consulting with a nutritionist or feed specialist is advised to determine the appropriate inclusion rate for your specific needs.

Why Choose Adelbert Vegyszerek as Your Di-Calcium Phosphate Manufacturer?

As a trusted Di-Calcium Phosphate manufacturer, Adelbert Vegyszerek is dedicated to producing high-quality mineral supplements that meet the stringent demands of modern poultry farming. Our DCP is manufactured using advanced processes to ensure consistency, purity, and bioavailability.

Adelbert Vegyszerek is committed to providing reliable and effective solutions to enhance the health and productivity of your poultry. Our products are designed to meet the highest industry standards, ensuring that you receive a product you can trust for your poultry nutrition needs.

Partner with Adelbert Vegyszerek

At Adelbert Vegyszerek, we understand the critical role that Di-Calcium Phosphate plays in poultry nutrition. Our commitment to quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction makes us the preferred choice for poultry producers looking to optimize their feed formulations.

For more information on our Di-Calcium Phosphate and how it can benefit your poultry, please visit our website or contact us directly. We look forward to helping you achieve your production goals with our premium products.

[cruetlyfarm2]

The Clucking Truth: Addressing the Mistreatment of Chickens

In the world of animal agriculture, chickens often occupy a peculiar place. They are one of the most populous and economically significant livestock animals on the planet, yet their treatment is frequently overlooked or misunderstood. Behind the idyllic images of free-roaming hens pecking in the grass lies a stark reality of widespread mistreatment and exploitation.

From cramped cages to inhumane slaughter practices, the mistreatment of chickens is a pervasive issue that demands urgent attention. Here, we delve into some of the key areas where chickens suffer and explore potential avenues for change.

1. Confinement in Factory Farms:

The vast majority of chickens raised for meat and eggs are confined to industrial-scale factory farms. These facilities prioritize efficiency and profit margins over animal welfare, resulting in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. Chickens are often packed into small cages or overcrowded barns, unable to engage in natural behaviors such as dust-bathing, perching, or foraging.

2. Cruelty in Egg Production:

For egg-laying hens, life is especially grim. Many are confined to battery cages, which are so small that the birds can barely move. These cages often house multiple hens, leading to aggression, stress, and injuries. Even in cage-free or free-range systems, hens may still face crowded conditions and lack of access to the outdoors.

3. Suffering in Slaughterhouses:

The journey for chickens doesn’t end with the farm. Slaughterhouses are notorious for their high-speed processing lines, where birds are subjected to rapid and often botched killing methods. Improper stunning and slaughter techniques can result in chickens being scalded alive or conscious during the slaughter process, causing immense suffering.

4. Genetic Manipulation:

Selective breeding has led to the genetic manipulation of chickens for increased productivity, but at great cost to their welfare. Broiler chickens, bred for rapid growth, often suffer from skeletal problems, heart issues, and organ failure due to their unnaturally fast growth rates. Similarly, egg-laying hens are bred to lay an unnatural number of eggs, which can lead to reproductive disorders and osteoporosis.

5. Lack of Legal Protections:

Despite mounting evidence of their suffering, chickens have historically received little legal protection. Many countries have minimal regulations governing their treatment, and even those that do exist are often poorly enforced. The result is a system where cruelty and exploitation are rampant, with few consequences for those responsible.

Addressing the Issue:

Efforts to improve the welfare of chickens must involve a multi-faceted approach. Consumer awareness and demand for ethically produced chicken products can drive change within the industry. Supporting companies that prioritize animal welfare standards, such as pasture-raised or certified humane producers, sends a clear message that cruelty will not be tolerated.

Legislative action is also crucial in holding the industry accountable for its treatment of chickens. Stronger animal welfare regulations, enforced through rigorous inspections and penalties for non-compliance, can help raise the bar for humane treatment standards.

Furthermore, investing in alternative protein sources, such as plant-based or lab-grown meat, offers a sustainable and cruelty-free solution to the demand for chicken products. By reducing reliance on animal agriculture, we can alleviate the suffering of billions of chickens worldwide. In conclusion, the mistreatment of chickens is a pressing ethical issue that requires immediate attention. From factory farms to slaughterhouses, these animals endure unimaginable suffering in the name of profit and convenience. It is incumbent upon us as consumers, activists, and policymakers to advocate for a more compassionate and sustainable approach to chicken production. Only then can we truly address the clucking truth behind their mistreatment.

[farmerstrend]

Do You Want to Cut Your Poultry Feed Cost? Here is A Comprehensive Guide

Discover how Kenyan poultry farmers can cut down on high poultry feed costs and boost productivity with homemade chicken feed solutions. Learn more in our detailed guide! Explore the struggles of Kenyan poultry farmers facing high feed costs and uncover practical, cost-effective strategies for making high-quality chicken feed at home. Read now! Learn how to overcome the high costs of chicken feed…

[trouwnutritionsouthasia]

Mycotoxin Risk in Poultry - Trouw Nutrition

Microbial contamination

Without solid feed hygiene and preservation strategies in place, Enterobacteriaceae, moulds, and yeast in raw materials and compound feed can easily make their way into feed on the farm. Taking an integrated approach to feeding hygiene is even more important now that formaldehyde has been banned as a feed hygiene enhancer in many countries. For poultry producers that process their own feed, a feed mill scan can assess critical control points on microbial, colony-forming units and identify potential pathogenic threats in raw materials, process lines and compound feed.

An effective quality control programme should include regularly sampling raw materials and cleaning process lines, silos, and feeders on the farm as well as removing residual biofilm in process lines. Treating feed and feed materials with buffered and synergistic blends of organic acids, offered by Selko, can support hygiene and strengthen the natural barrier against gram-negative bacteria in the first part of the digestive tract

Mycotoxin impact

Poultry is vulnerable to mycotoxins, the secondary metabolites of moulds, and can suffer severely, especially when exposed to a combination of different mycotoxins. The most critical mycotoxins for poultry production are aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and fumonisins. Ever since their discovery in the 1960s, mycotoxins have caused headaches for feed and livestock producers.

One critical factor contributing to mycotoxin risks is the use of high-fibre diets for layers. These diets cause sustained exposure to multiple mycotoxins, which can negatively impact layer performance and producer's economics. Long-living birds can succumb to chronic toxicity after consuming low levels of mycotoxins every day over time.

Another factor that makes mitigation challenging is the fact that binders are not a solution to all mycotoxins. More than 600 mycotoxins have already been discovered, and researchers continue to identify more every day. Combatting mycotoxins goes beyond binding alone and requires more effective methods that improve both gut health and immunity, enabling birds to endure mycotoxin exposure without a major impact on their health and performance

Mineral optimisation

High-quality poultry feed should not only be free of contaminants but also provide the necessary minerals to support growth and performance. Trace minerals like zinc, copper and manganese are essential to the growth and development of poultry but providing them in the wrong form and amount – either too low or too high – could negatively impact a bird's productivity. Achieving consistent delivery of an optimised level of trace minerals supports multiple essential functions in poultry, including the production and quality of eggs, reproduction and embryo development in layers and growth performance, and immune and oxidative response in broilers. Optimising the levels of minerals in feed can benefit overall health, immunity and oxidative response in birds.

Traditional inorganic trace minerals can bind feed antagonists, such as other minerals, fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes or phytate molecules. This can cause problems in the gut, impairing mineral absorption and promoting oxidation. Supplementing poultry diets with either hydroxy- or organic sources of trace minerals can increase the amount of biologically active minerals delivered to the entire length of the intestine, improving mineral absorption, performance parameters, gut health and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens.

When it comes to minerals, more is not always better. Excessive minerals can find their way into animal manure, which can, in turn, end up in soil and lead to environmental contamination. Over-dosing minerals is no guarantee for better outcomes. The best outcome results when the right sources of trace minerals are efficiently used at the right level to maintain the homeostasis of minerals in the animal.

For More Details: https://www.trouwnutritionasiapacific.com/en-in/

[thxnews]

Verdant Capital Drives South African Growth

  Verdant Capital Activities

In a significant move shaping Africa's economic landscape, South Africa-based Verdant Capital recently played a pivotal role in advising a prominent UK private equity firm on the complete sale of Biyinzika Poultry International Limited (BPIL), a thriving vertically integrated poultry business in Uganda. This transaction, representing a 100% interest in BPIL, underscores Verdant Capital's influence as a leading advisor in the African private equity space.  

A Feather in the Cap of Ugandan Poultry

Established in 1990, BPIL started as a poultry breeder farm and has evolved into a key player in Uganda's poultry industry. Specializing in supplying day-old chicks, poultry feeds, broilers, and both branded and unbranded dressed chicken, BPIL has solidified its position with renowned brand names, including Pearl Chicken and Biyinzika Feeds.   Verdant Capital's Thriving Sector Competence Verdant Capital's role in this transaction not only cements its standing as a private equity advisor in Africa but also strengthens its position as a leader in the food and agri-business sector. With three completed transactions in this sector in 2023 alone, Verdant Capital is riding high on its market expertise, as reflected in its top-tier rankings in DealMakers' pan-African and East African league tables.  

Empowering SMEs: Enable Capital's Financial Catalyst

In a parallel venture, Verdant Capital facilitated a USD 2.5 million revolving credit facility for Enable Capital, a South African financial institution specializing in providing short-term funding solutions to SME subcontractors involved in deploying fiber network infrastructure across the nation.   Enable Capital's Transformative Impact Since its inception in 2018, Enable Capital has proven instrumental in providing financial support exceeding ZAR 1.5 billion to over 250 SMEs. Focusing on overcoming financial hurdles faced by SME subcontractors, Enable Capital directly engages with suppliers and service providers, addressing challenges related to equipment hire, supply of building materials, and diesel.   Verdant Capital's Partnership: Fostering Growth Beyond Boundaries Verdant Capital's collaboration with Enable Capital aims to continue supporting SMEs engaged in fiber network deployment, fostering economic growth in critical areas. By extending access to the internet, especially in less affluent regions, this partnership strives to bridge the digital divide.  

Investment Partnerships for Africa's Future

The funding provided through Verdant Capital's investment partnerships strategy aligns with its commitment to supporting high-impact businesses and financial institutions across the African continent. This approach underlines Verdant Capital's dedication to driving transformative change and fostering economic growth in vital sectors.   Conclusion Verdant Capital's recent ventures showcase not only its financial acumen but also its commitment to shaping a robust and inclusive economic landscape across the African continent. As the ripple effects of these transactions unfold, they promise to leave an enduring mark on Africa's business narrative.   Sources: THX News & Verdant Capital. Read the full article

[sb-group-nepals]

SUCCESS IN POULTRY FARMING: MITIGATING RISKS AND NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS Introduction

Poultry farming is a rewarding venture that requires careful planning, management, and implementation of effective strategies. Farmers must mitigate risks and take necessary precautions to ensure success in this industry. This article provides valuable insights and practical tips to help poultry farmers navigate potential challenges and maximize their chances of success.

Poultry farming is a thriving industry that offers significant opportunities for farmers to generate income. However, it is crucial to comprehend the elements contributing to success and put suitable precautions in place to reduce dangers. You can enhance your methods for producing chicken and raise your chances of receiving profitable outcomes by placing the information in this article to use.

Selecting the Right Poultry Breeds

Choosing the appropriate poultry breeds is crucial for the success of your farm. Consider factors such as breed characteristics, adaptability to local conditions, market demand, and disease resistance. Popular poultry breeds include broilers for meat production, layers for egg production, and dual-purpose breeds.

Creating a Suitable Housing Environment

Proper housing plays a vital role in ensuring the health and productivity of your poultry. Design and construct a well-ventilated, spacious, and secure housing facility that protects adequately from predators and extreme weather conditions. Ensure proper insulation, lighting, and waste management within the housing unit.

Implementing Biosecurity Measures

It would help if you practised biosecurity to stop pathogens from entering and spreading across your farm. Implement strict biosecurity protocols such as controlled access to the farm, disinfection measures, quarantine procedures for new birds, and regular veterinary check-ups. This will protect your flock’s health and assist in keeping the environment free of sickness.

Ensuring Proper Nutrition

Proper nutrition is vital for your poultry’s growth, health, and productivity. Develop a balanced diet plan that meets the nutritional requirements of different age groups and poultry breeds.

Provide access to clean water and quality feed rich in essential nutrients.

Disease Prevention and Management

Diseases can significantly impact poultry farms, leading to economic losses and reduced productivity. Implement preventive measures like vaccination programs, regular health checks, and appropriate sanitation practices. In case of disease outbreaks, consult a veterinarian to determine the best treatment options and preventive strategies.

Maintaining Optimal Hygiene

Maintaining high levels of hygiene is crucial in poultry farming. Regularly clean and disinfect the housing unit, equipment, and feeding areas. Proper waste management, including the timely removal of manure, helps minimize the risk of diseases and ensures a healthy environment for your poultry.

Monitoring and Record-Keeping

Effective monitoring and record-keeping enable you to track your farm’s performance and identify improvement areas. Keep records of feed consumption, egg production, growth rates, vaccination schedules, and other relevant data. This information will assist in making informed decisions and optimizing your farming practices.

Managing Ventilation and Temperature

Proper ventilation and temperature management are crucial for your poultry’s welfare. Ensure adequate air circulation in the housing unit to minimize humidity, ammonia buildup, and respiratory issues. Install appropriate ventilation systems and monitor temperature levels to maintain optimal bird conditions.

Addressing Water Quality and Availability

For your poultry to stay healthy and hydrated, they must have access to clean, enough water. Regularly test the quality of water sources and always provide clean water.

Implement measures to prevent water contamination and ensure water availability throughout the day.

Effective Waste Management

Implementing efficient waste management practices is essential for maintaining a clean and disease-free farm. Develop a waste management plan that includes proper disposal of manure, regular cleaning of the housing unit, and recycling options if available. By doing this, you can stop the spread of diseases and lessen environmental degradation.

For More Details Click Here

[marketing123456789]

Expect Substantial Growth in the Compound Feed Market by 2033

The global compound feed market size is poised to exhibit monumental growth from 2023 to 2033. According to the research report published by FMI, the global market is projected to cross a valuation of US$ 418 billion in 2023. It is predicted to surpass a valuation of US$ 674.42 billion by 2033. The market is anticipated to showcase a modest CAGR of 4.9% from 2023 to 2033.

Urbanization and industrialisation are consistently mushrooming across the globe. The increasing global population is resulting in a surge in demand for poultry, meat, and dairy products. With increasing urbanization, the purchasing power of consumers is also increasing. The demand for food goods including beef, milk, eggs, and other dairy products is projected to increase as urbanisation and industrialization progress. An increase in industrial livestock production methods is likely to boost the demand for compound feed in coming years.

Explore the opportunities! Request our latest sample report for comprehensive market analysis and valuable insights, and stay ahead of the competition @ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/sample/rep-gb-16948

When compared to conventional feed, compound feed is more effective. It is an economical method of giving animals the nourishment they require to develop and remain healthy. Compared to conventional feed, it is easier to carry and store. Also, it can be tailored according to the unique nutritional needs of various animals and the stages of their development. These factors are anticipated to increase the preference for compound feed over conventional feed, consequently accelerating the market’s development. Furthermore, ingredients for compound feed are readily accessible and may be obtained from a wide range of sources. For large-scale cattle production, this offers a stable and dependable feed supply. Growth potential for the market players is projected to be profitable as a result of the expansion of supply chain networks and manufacturing capacities.

In Asia Pacific, meat consumption is rising as a result of rising economic levels and the ever-increasing population. It is predicted that rising livestock farming methods in China, Japan, India, and other South East Asian nations would increase demand for compound feed. Also, the growing emphasis on producing healthier cattle is anticipated to boost market expansion in the Asia Pacific region.

Key Takeaways from Compound Feed Market Report:

The mash segment is projected to clock a modest CAGR of 4.6% from 2023 to 2033.

In 2018, the global market size stood at nearly US$ 335.42 billion.

In 2022, the market accounted for a worth of US$ 400 billion.

The cereal segment is likely to account for a revenue of nearly US$ 283 billion by 2033.

Asia Pacific is anticipated to generate a revenue of approximately US$ 280 billion by 2033.

Discover the In-Depth Analysis @ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/compound-feed-market

Recent Developments Observed by FMI:

Precision Livestock Analytics, a provider of livestock data analytics, was acquired by Cargill in June 2021. The acquisition is intended to assist livestock farmers in enhancing the health and growth of their animals.

In May 2021, DSM purchased First Choice Ingredients. The goal of this acquisition is to strengthen the company's range of ingredient solutions.

In April 2021, Alltech acquired Solbiosur, a significant Argentine provider of animal feed. The acquisition intends to increase the company's market share in South America.

Sojaprotein, a top European manufacturer of plant-based protein components, was acquistion by ADM in March 2021.

Key Companies Profiled:

ForFarmers

Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM)

Cargill Incorporated

Alltech

Roquette

Charoen Pokphand Group

Land O’ Lakes

Guangdong Haid Group

Feed One Co.

Indian Broiler Group Pvt. Ltd.

Kent Nutrition Group

Compound Feed Market Segmentation

Compound Feed Market by Ingredients

Compound Feed in Cereals

Compound Feed in Cakes & Meal

Compound Feed in Animal By-Products

Compound Feed in Additives

Compound Feed in Supplements {Vitamins, Enzymes, Acidifiers, Amino acids, Probiotics & Prebiotics}

Compound Feed Market by Form

Compound Feed in Pellets

Compound Feed in Mash

Compound Feed in Crumbled

Compound Feed Market by Livestock:

Compound Feed in Poultry {Broilers, Layers, Breeders}

Compound Feed in Ruminants

Compound Feed in Swine

Compound Feed in Aquaculture

About Future Market Insights (FMI):

Future Market Insights, Inc. (ESOMAR certified, Stevie Award - recipient market research organization and a member of Greater New York Chamber of Commerce) provides in-depth insights into governing factors elevating the demand in the market. It discloses opportunities that will favor the market growth in various segments on the basis of Source, Application, Sales Channel and End Use over the next 10 years.

[dwellordream]

“Jeanne Boydston’s study of housework suggests another possible explanation for the tendency of parents to withdraw their daughters from domestic employ: the devaluation of housework itself as an activity of any economic value. The introduction of a cash economy into the interstices of post revolutionary American life meant that activities that did not customarily generate cash—including those myriad duties of domestic maintenance—became ‘‘invisible,’’ defined as something other than work both by those who did housework and by those who did not. 

Women themselves increasingly devalued the importance of their own work, as evidenced by Lydia Almy of Salem, Massachusetts, who ‘‘wove, attended to livestock, made cider, carted wood, tanned skins, took in boarders,’’ but nonetheless, recorded in her diary that she was disturbed to know that she was ‘‘in no way due any thing towards earning my living,’’ unlike her mariner husband. The increasing tendency to define housework as hardly work at all, because of its unwaged (or low-waged) character, influenced the calculations of parents as they made decisions about their daughters’ lives. 

Mary Virginia Terhune’s advice explicitly attributed a cash calculation— and an invidious distinction—to the attitudes of both daughters and their fathers toward daughters’ work, especially when girls had received educations. Fathers, she felt, imagined that ‘‘the labor of an educated woman,—especially if that woman is his child, and her scholastic education has cost him thousands of dollars—should . . . command a better market-price than that of an illiterate Celt, whose schooling cost nothing.’’ Daughters themselves might have adopted a wage theory of value to assess the value of their own labor, Terhune speculated. A middle-class daughter’s ‘‘time and strength are worth more than a seamstress’s, or chambermaid’s or cook’s wages. The world teems with seamstresses, chambermaids, and cooks, clamoring for the very work she abhors.’’ 

Frances Willard’s book of advice to girls put a different spin on the situation, based on a similar hierarchy of class. She urged middle-class daughters to aspire to higher work than housekeeping, arguing that opening a place for a domestic servant in their homes created a place for a destitute young woman who otherwise ‘‘might be tempted into paths of sin.’’ (Prostitutes themselves often compared the two vocations, to the disadvantage of housework.) Writing in the 1880s,Willard and Terhune did not lament the graduation of middle-class girls from housework; they seemed to agree that middle-class girls either had priced or should price themselves out of the market for domestic labor. 

…One of those who worked for her living was Ann Ware Winsor herself, who ran a school from their home and sought other ways to eke out the family’s subsistence. In a letter to her daughter the previous summer, she informed Annie of several schemes she had for making money; for one, the boys would raise chickens. ‘‘While they make money out of hens, I expect you girls to make it out of small fruits, and I have engaged a lot of plants to be delivered here in the Spring for you to cultivate!’’ Ann Ware Winsor assured her daughter that not only would it provide a welcome contribution to the family coffers, but ‘‘That’s the way out of head-aches and other ails. Read some books on the subject and you will grow enthusiastic.’’

Despite the economic worries of the Winsor family, however, only one child, a middle son, actually worked at a paid job outside the home in 1880: seventeen-year-old Paul was a clerk at the railroad office. The eldest, Robert, was in college, and all the rest were in school, including nineteen-year-old Mary and fifteen-year-old Annie. Presumably the ‘‘opportunity costs’’ of educating the girls were low enough that it weighed against sacrificing their education. Family calculations also suggested that the daughters’ extra energies would be better used in assisting in teaching in their mother’s school than in doing housework. For the 1880 census indicated that the Winsor family employed three female servants. (Annie’s private journal recorded cryptically, ‘‘Maids are an abomination for children.’’) 

…The growth of the market economy during the course of the nineteenth century meant that girls as well as their parents felt the need of cash. Those without access to cash sought strategies to make some, whatever their attitudes toward women’s wage work as a social development. Away at school in the cash-poor South, and largely abandoned as well by her father, Mary Thomas fantasized about alternative lives. In one of them she sold things, ‘‘for I mean to work a patch next year and make some money, if I don’t have to come back to school; and then at Christmas, I will have a right good lot of money to do as I please with, I think I shall get a watch with it.’’ Despite her clear disdain elsewhere in her diary for the notion of working for a living, Mary Thomas was willing to countenance work for wages in order to be able to participate in a consumer economy. 

A fourteen-year-old subscriber to the youth magazine Harper’s Young People reported that she had earned the money for her subscription herself ‘‘by sewing for the black people.’’ She reported that she had to sew ‘‘very cheaply, because they are so poor’’; presumably her low wages also reflected her low level of skill. A correspondent to St. Nicholas also reported that she and her brother had earned the money for their subscription themselves—in this case by selling hickory nuts and onions. Elite girls came late to money earning. Mary Virginia Terhune charged late Victorian parents with discriminating against girls in their differential training in the basics of money management. 

‘‘Jack raises chickens and sells the eggs and ‘broilers’ to Mamma. Willy splits kindling-wood for the kitchenfire and draws his lawful wages from Papa as would any other laborer. Mamie comes down to breakfast, as gay as the morning, hair bound with a blue ribbon that matches her eyes, waltzes up to Papa, in a gale of affectionate glee, throws her arms around his neck and begs for a kiss. She gets two and a gold dollar, fished up from the vest-pocket nearest the paternal heart—‘because she looks so pretty today.’’’ Terhune’s charge that girls were not given experience managing money had some basis. 

Women were not paid wages for housework; instead, their work was supposed to come ‘‘from the heart,’’ and to be inspired by devotion to the family good. To the extent that girls shared in their mothers’ lots, they too were encouraged to dust, to make beds, and to shell peas not as entrepreneurs but as part of their responsibilities to womanly service. However, just as housewives made some cash through the nineteenth century for a variety of home manufactures, girls too might learn to work for profit in performing those home tasks still considered ‘‘productive.’’ 

…Good parents saw to it that daughters had some skills in handling their own money—and because few urban girls had the money-making possibilities available to Margaret Tileston on her family’s farm, some of them began to receive small sums in the form of a regular allowance. An 1897 study on ‘‘Children’s Sense of Money’’ found that 7 percent of all girls were given a regular allowance. Jessie Wendover, the daughter of a prospering Newark grocer, was one. At the age of nine in 1881, she received ten cents a week allowance, which was raised to twenty-five cents by the time she was fourteen. She kept a careful account of every expenditure. 

At fourteen, her expenditures included an occasional soda water (ten cents), ice cream, Sunday school donation (five cents), a variety of school supplies, carfare, ribbons, music. Although she was not usually responsible for buying her own clothes, she also recorded paying twenty-five cents several times for a bustle, perhaps because it was not encouraged by her mother, or more likely because it was one of the few ready-made items in her wardrobe. She paid for her own magazine subscription to St. Nicholas, $2.75, or nearly three months’ allowance. As befitted her regular habits, Jessie Wendover customarily carried a balance of $5 or so from month to month, except when depleted by the Christmas season. 

By 1887, when Wendover was fifteen, she was receiving fifty cents a week, and recorded paying twenty-five cents ‘‘to see picture ‘Christ on Calvary.’’’ At sixteen, she developed a taste for milkshakes, a habit of occasionally eating lunch out, and a preference for having her bangs cut by a salon. Chewing gum, peanuts, and marshmallows made their appearance in her accounts in the summer of 1888, but so did regular contributions to the missionary box, and in the fall, a donation for yellow fever sufferers. The following year she noted frequent small outlays for hokeypoky—ice cream—and she once spent seventy-five cents to have her hair shampooed. 

But in October of that year she was sufficiently ahead to deposit $3.00 in the bank, and in September of 1892, her twentieth year, $20.00. Clearly Jessie Wendover’s ample allowance and her own prudence allowed her early to learn not only how to spend money and account for it but also how to save it—all important lessons for bourgeois helpmates. Another pattern though seemed to be gaining currency at the same time. Increasingly, household chores began to creep in as part of the way that parents justified giving money to youth. 

…Occasionally, and unevenly, girls’ diaries began to suggest that they themselves were beginning to expect and to receive wages for work done for their families. Marian Nichols reported receiving wages for family sewing. ‘‘Worked on some drawers for Margaret. Mamma is to pay 30 cts a pair for them.’’ The next year she reported that she was even getting paid for exercise. ‘‘Went to school. Walked in and out by myself. Rosy doesn’t like my getting money from walking out. I get 3 cts.’’ Jane Addams’s father paid her for every volume of Plutarch she read and reported on, as well as for every volume of such things as Irving’s Life of Washington, ‘‘after the manner of Victorian fathers,’’ according to Anne Scott.

The custom of paying daughters for their work in the bourgeois family suggested a new approach to girls as well as to family economics. The same study that tracked the development of the ‘‘allowance’’ also discovered that fully a quarter of all girls reported making money for doing housework. It is no wonder that girls increasingly began to resist doing housework as part of their womanly lot that others were getting paid to do. Giving girls allowances was good Victorian practice—encouraging regularity of habits, responsibility, careful accounting, and prudence. 

Yet in its tendency to evolve into a quid pro quo for performing household and other kinds of chores it contributed to a radical new notion well expressed in the economic writings of Charlotte Perkins Gilman—the notion that daughters, if not their mothers, were autonomous economic beings in control of their own labor, and able to exchange it for currency. When Victorian fathers paid their daughters wages for housework, they were laying the seeds of turn-of-the-century rebellions against conventional notions of female self-sacrifice as woman’s natural lot.”

- Jane H. Hunter, “Daughters’ Lives and the Work of the Middle-Class Home.” in How Young Ladies Became Girls: The Victorian Origins of American Girlhood

[antoine-roquentin]

The intensive production of broilers and rising rates of consumption (figure 1) increases the standing biomass of domesticated chickens year on year. Over 65.8 billion meat-chicken carcasses were consumed globally in 2016 [6] and this is set to continue rising. This may be an underestimate, given the standing population of 22.7 billion and lifespan of five to seven weeks. The FAO states that this number is aggregated from statistics that may be official, semi-official, estimates, or calculated data. The lifespan of broiler chickens is short (five to seven weeks) compared to egg-laying hens (1 year), both of which are slaughtered at a young age for economic reasons. The contrast between the lifespan of the ancestral red jungle fowl (3 years [46] to 11 years (Tommaso Pizzari 2018, personal communication) in captivity) and that of broilers means that the potential rate of carcass accumulation of chickens is unprecedented in the natural world. Irrespective of the number of broiler chickens killed per annum, the standing population of 22.7 billion chickens is striking and mirrors other population data comparing domesticated with wild animal populations; for example, the biomass of domesticated cattle is 250 times higher than that of elephants [8]. The standing biomass of domesticated poultry, mostly chickens, has been calculated as 5 Mt C, about three times higher than the total biomass of all wild bird species combined [7]. The rise in the number of domesticated chickens over recent decades mirrors the decline in the population numbers of wild bird species, particularly those that are the most common [5,10]. This mono-specific vast bird biomass is unprecedented in Earth's recent history and perhaps also in Earth's geological history. While fossil bird populations are difficult to estimate, it is thought that the most common wild bird in human history, the passenger pigeon, had a population of 3–5 billion in the 1800s [47].

The global range of modern broilers, in comparison with the geographically restricted range of their jungle fowl ancestors, is in part a factor of their climate-controlled (temperature, humidity and light) housing conditions [48]. The vertical integration farming system of industrial production is reliant on the technosphere (the global emergent system that includes humans, technological artefacts, and associated social and technological networks) [49]. Broiler farming is undertaken within a complex mechanized system that operates with the integration of computer software, electricity, transportation vehicles, refrigeration, feed processing factories and more [17]. This is epitomized in the life cycle of intensively farmed broilers: eggs are laid in broiler breeder facilities and transported to hatcheries, where eggs are incubated artificially for 21 days [50]. After hatching, the 1-day-old chicks are transported to high-capacity finishing units housing up to 50 000 individuals in climate-controlled sheds [51]. For the first week of life, chicks are kept at temperatures of 32°C to 35°C and relative humidity of 60% to 70% [48]. At five to seven weeks old, broiler chickens are transported to the slaughterhouse, where most waste products (feathers, manure, blood etc.) are recycled via anaerobic digestion, incineration and rendering into edible by-products [52], all technology-dependent.

Breeding by natural selection has been modified by human-directed selection. While the size of the domesticated chicken in historical times was little different to the red jungle fowl (figure 3), domestic chicken bone morphology shows that selective breeding practices took place as early as the sixteenth century [53,54]. Chickens from the late twentieth century are markedly different in terms of size (figures 3 and 4), growth rate (figure 5) and body shape. The change in body mass and body shape has been visually documented by photographs of broiler breeds throughout ontogeny from 1957, 1978 and 2005 [14]. Broilers from a 1957 breed are between one-fourth and one-fifth of the body weight of broilers from a twenty-first century breed [13,14]. The modern broiler is a distinctive new morphotype with a relatively wide body shape, a low centre of gravity [13] and multiple osteo-pathologies. If left to live to maturity, broilers are unlikely to survive. In one study, increasing their slaughter age from five weeks to nine weeks resulted in a sevenfold increase in mortality rate [55]: the rapid growth of leg and breast muscle tissue leads to a relative decrease in the size of other organs such as the heart and lungs, which restricts their function and thus longevity [56]. Changes in the centre of gravity of the body, reduced pelvic limb muscle mass and increased pectoral muscle mass cause poor locomotion and frequent lameness [15]. Unlike most other neobiota, this new broiler morphotype is shaped by, and unable to live without, intensive human intervention.

Naturally omnivorous, the diet of the broiler chicken has become more grain-based with approximately 60% of broiler feed composed of cereals such as maize, wheat and barley [18]. Diets vary globally, with maize most commonly used in the USA because it has a higher nutrient value than other cereals [57]. Additions to the dietary cereals can include fishmeal [18] and re-processed hatchery and broiler waste (egg shells, chicks and chickens) [13]. The alteration to chicken diets is designed to reduce the amount of feed used while increasing meat yields [13]; however, it also homogenizes nutritional intake, eliminating a source of natural variation within the stock (figure 6). The current plateau in broiler growth rates may not be maintained, with current research focusing on new technologies to increase the protein intake of broiler diets by using insect meal instead of plant proteins [58].

The genetic make-up of the modern broiler morphospecies is equally striking. The domestic chicken's genetic make-up differs from the ancestral red jungle fowl, in terms of deletions and mutations, some of which relate to the modification of the animal for maximum growth [59]. For example, the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) allele has a pivotal role in metabolic regulation and photoperiod control of reproduction, allowing domestic breeds to reproduce year-round [59]. This genetic marker could be used to recognize Gallus gallus domesticus in the future fossil record, in the way that the β-carotene dioxygenase 2 gene associated with yellow skin colour resulting from a diet of maize may be identified in archaeological chicken bones from approximately 500 years ago [60]. Three companies worldwide supply 90% of broiler chicks and selective breeding has resulted in 50% or more of genetic diversity loss in commercial lines compared with ancestral breeds [16].

Global human trends towards increased animal protein consumption, along with an increased human population, is impacting on land use and wild species populations [5]. Chickens have the greatest feed efficiency of any farmed animal species [61], but their numerical dominance is reflected in feed consumption. In the USA the combined feed consumption by broiler and egg-laying chickens has been calculated as 58 Mt (×109 kg) of dry concentrates (grains and by-products) per year; the greatest feed volume of any farmed animal group [62]. Overall, the land area required to produce feed for chickens is lower than for pigs and cattle, who consume processed roughage and pasture, which increases the overall land-use burden [62,63]. Nevertheless, the land area and reactive nitrogen emitted (from fertilizers) from the production of chicken feed is significantly higher (more than double) that used to grow plant crop staples (rice, wheat and potatoes) [62]. The total global energy consumption (electricity, natural gas) used in the broiler production system in Europe is estimated to be higher than that for the production of beef or pork [64], although a global data analysis is yet to be undertaken.

What is the potential for broilers to become fossilized? Bird carcasses in the wild are scavenger- and decay-prone and so do not commonly fossilize. Chicken bones, by contrast, are often sold intact within products for human consumption, such as chicken wings, drumsticks and whole birds, and post-consumption the discarded bones form a common component of ordinary landfill sites as part of domestic garbage [65]. The low skeletal density of chicken bones [30] would normally mitigate against long-term preservation potential. However, organic materials are often well preserved within landfill deposits, where anaerobic conditions mean that bones ‘do not so much degrade as mummify’ [66]. The osteo-pathology of modern broiler bones could be used as an additional stratigraphic characteristic of late-twentieth century birds which have been bred for weight gain and/or a fast growth-rate. Further research is needed to document the extent of the occurrence and type of osteo-pathologies in broilers in the twentieth century in order to better constrain their incidence through this time interval.

Carcasses can be disposed of in on-farm burial pits from routine losses during production [67], or as mass-burials at landfills resulting from the depopulation of flocks affected by pathogenic outbreaks of avian influenza, as when 10 million poultry were euthanized in South Korea in 2008 [68]. The broiler chicken is therefore likely to leave a widespread and distinctive biostratigraphic signal in the sedimentary record, as a key fossil index taxon of the Anthropocene. Its potential in this respect is similar to that of other anthropogenic materials which have appeared, or exponentially accumulated in volume. These include during the Great Acceleration [69] from the mid-twentieth century, materials such as plastic, concrete and spheroidal carbonaceous particles [1]. Broilers are globally distributed and their carcasses have accumulated in settings which lead to good fossil preservation potential. Chicken bones, though not as homogeneously distributed as some geochemical anthropogenic markers such as radionuclides [1], will be abundant at landfill sites and other widely distributed accumulations. Given this global distribution, together with its huge population size and distinctive biology, genetics and bone geochemistry, the broiler chicken may be viewed as a key species indicator of the proposed Anthropocene Epoch.

The advent of the fast-growing broiler morphotype in the 1950s and its uptake across industrial farms worldwide, can be viewed as a near-synchronous global signal of change to the biosphere, currently maintained by humans and the technosphere. Modern broiler chickens are morphologically, genetically and isotopically distinct from domestic chickens prior to the mid-twentieth century. The global range of modern broilers and biomass dominance over all other bird species is a product of human intervention. As such, broiler chickens vividly symbolize the transformation of the biosphere to fit evolving human consumption patterns, and show clear potential to be a biostratigraphic marker species of the Anthropocene.