#born 1596

[whencyclopedia]

Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. A leading figure of the Scientific Revolution, Huygens combined research into mathematical-based theories, such as the movement of light waves, with practical projects, like building superior telescopes and watches using balance springs. Huygens is credited with building the first working pendulum clock and first identifying the rings of Saturn.

Early Life

Christiaan Huygens was born in The Hague, the Netherlands, on 14 April 1629. Members of his family had held senior positions in the civil service for some generations. Christiaan's father, Constantijn (1596-1687), was secretary to the leader of the Dutch Republic. Christiaan was educated privately in the family home before he moved on to the University of Leiden, where he studied law and mathematics from 1645. He did not complete his degree, but his family's wealth meant he never needed to work for a living. Free to pursue his scientific interests and encouraged to do so by his father, Huygens first concentrated on mathematics and solving problems of geometry before exploring ways to improve the instruments that astronomers relied upon for their work.

Continue reading...

[scotianostra]

On November 7th 1619 Elizabeth Stuart was crowned Queen of Bohemia.

Elizabeth was the eldest daughter of James VI, and Anne of Denmark. She was thus sister to King Charles I and cousin to King Frederick III of Denmark.

Born in at Falkland Palace, Fife,on 19th August 1596, she was named Elizabeth in honour of the then-ageing English Queen, Elizabeth I, who had remained childless. Her older brothel was Prince Henry, of her other siblings, Charles would however go on to inherit the throne.

To all intents and purposes, Elizabeth had a happy upbringing at Linlithgow Palace, one of the grandest of Scotland’s royal residences, and one of my favourite places to wander around.

In 1603 her father James succeeded Elizabeth I to the English throne. Elizabeth was handed over to the care of Lord and Lady Harrington and took up residence at Coombe Abbey, Warwickshire.

Lord Harrington indulged her passion for nature, and in a secluded wilderness at the end of the park arranged the construction of a number of little wooden buildings in all the different orders of architecture which housed paintings and stuffed animals. He also established an aviary and a miniature menagerie (she continued to collect various animals throughout her life) which was later expanded to include meadows stocked with the smallest breeds of cattle from Jersey, Shetland and the Isle of Man. Elizabeth referred to her miniature world as ‘her Territories’ and ‘her Fairy farm’ and she engaged a pauper family as keeper of her birds and beasts.

Elizabeth idolised her older brother - they shared a love of life which eluded the sickly Charles, four years younger than his sister. Her letters to her brother Henry reveal a deep affection and and mutual respect. In 1605 she writes ‘My noble brother, I rouse you from sleep to remind you that I am your most humble servant, and desire above all that I might have the pleasure of remaining in your good graces and your best loved sister.’

Henry’s sickness and death on November 6, 1612, in the midst of Elizabeth's betrothal celebrations devastated her. It is not mentioned in Elizabeth’s letters of 1612 or 1613, a silence that suggest great mourning however her strength of character can be demonstrated by her attempts to gain access to Henry’s isolated sick room. Disguised as a country girl, she tried several times to gain admittance to Henry but was recognised and turned back. Henry’s last words were his sister’s name.

By the age of 12 Elizabeth’s political value was such that a member of the influential Hapsburg family, King Philip III of Spain, put himself forward as a eligible suitor. While Queen Anne relished the opportunity of a glittering Spanish throne, James’ mind was set on a Protestant:Frederick V, Prince Palatine of the Rhine in the Holy Roman Empire, frequently known as the Palsgrave.

Luckily for Elizabeth, Frederick was her own age, handsome, athletic, of a winning personality and generous. In many ways he resembled her brother Henry, with whom he developed a deep friendship. Frederick could not fail to love Elizabeth although she was initially more reserved.

On Valentine’s Day 1613, a spectacular wedding ceremony took place in the Royal Chapel at Whitehall Palace in London. At the time of their marriage, Elizabeth and her young groom Frederick V were destined to achieve international power and influence. However, by 1621, Elizabeth was in exile, destined to be remembered as the ‘The Winter Queen’, a derogatory epitaph that reflects the short duration of her rule in Bohemia, with her union with Frederick deemed a political failure.For almost two months, the young couple were feted and feasted in London before setting out on their journey to their new home in Heidelberg, in south west Germany. Elizabeth and Frederick eventually reached the Palatinate and its capital in Heidelberg situated on the banks of the river Neckar.

Six years later, in late 1619, Frederick and Elizabeth were crowned King and Queen of Bohemia (today part of the Czech Republic) at the invitation of the Bohemia Confederacy to prevent a Catholic incumbent ascending to the throne. Barely a year after receiving the crown, the couple were defeated at the Battle of the White Mountain, and driven from their court in Prague and deprived of all their Palatine lands by the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, events which led to one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in human history:The Thirty Years War.

During their separations whilst Frederick was on campaign, the couple wrote to each other three or four times a week, sometimes even twice in one day. Frederick describes Elizabeth as his ‘only heart’, he ‘kisses her mouth a million times in imagination’.

Frederick died unexpectedly from the plague at Mainz while on perpetual military campaign in 1632. So long as she lived, Elizabeth’s rooms were draped in black, and in memory of Frederick special days were set apart for fasting. She later wrote ‘though I make a good show in company, yet I can never have any more contentment in this world, for God knows I had none but that which I took in his company, and he did the same in mine.’

Elizabeth lived on in the Dutch Republic for a further 30 years, in voluntary exile, returning to England in 1661, a year before her death and a year after the restoration of her nephew, Charles II.

It is through Elizabeth’s daughter, Sophie, the Hanoverians line was established.

[yazzydream]

I'm doing that thing where I obsess and make timelines, and I'm doing that for JJK rn. As I'm calculating everything, I'm finding so much shit that makes sense together. I can't believe it.

1596 - 1615 Keichō era (422-403 years ago) Head of the Gojo clan with the Limitless and Six Eyes and head of the Zen'in clan with the Ten Shadows Technique, killed each other in front of the aristocracy. Likely, this was the last Six Eyes holder to be born until approx. 400 years later, when Satoru Gojo is born.

The Gojo family, who passes down the Limitless Cursed Technique, acquired the "Six Eyes" for the first time in approximately 400 years, with the possession of the current head— Gojo Satoru, the strongest sorcerer of the modern era.

Gege you mad lad. This stuff actually FITS together! What the hell!

Like, the last Six Eyes holder just happened to be the one who fought against a Zen'in's Ten Shadows technique??? So the next one didn't show up for over 400 years!!! And remember Megumi implied that that clan head probably used Mahoraga.

Chapter 117

Just throwing this out there... that this kind of nonchalant/negligent foreshadowing is so Gege's style. He deliberately obfuscates information and then doesn't bring it up for a dozen chapters (or more, as it is here).

Also, this smells fishy af. Did Kenjaku have something to do with the two Inherited Techniques clashing?! An experiment to see what would happen? I wouldn't be surprised, tbh.

[women-throughout-history]

Matoaka

Matoaka, known more widely as Pocahontas, was born into the Powhatan people around 1596. Her early years were spent in the midst of a bustling household led by her father, Chief Powhatan, in the Tsenacommacah region of Virginia. Though her given name was Amonute, she was affectionately known as Matoaka within her community. As a child, she likely engaged in the daily tasks typical of her culture, contributing to farming, gathering, and other domestic chores alongside her kin.

Her encounter with the English came in 1607 when Captain John Smith arrived at her father's capital. Despite legends suggesting her role in Smith's rescue, her involvement in saving him is debated among historians.

As tensions between the English settlers and the Powhatan people escalated, Matoaka's life took a tumultuous turn. She married a man named Kocoum, likely as a strategic move by her father to ensure her safety. However, her capture by English colonists in 1613 disrupted these plans, leading to her baptism, marriage to John Rolfe, and eventual journey to England.

In England, Matoaka was thrust into the spotlight, presented as a symbol of the "civilised savage" to garner support for the struggling Jamestown colony. Despite the attention, her time in England was marked by challenges, including strained relationships and deteriorating health.

Tragically, Matoaka's life was cut short at the age of around twenty-one, just as she prepared to return to Virginia. Her legacy, overshadowed by romanticised narratives, reveals a complex intersection of cultures and the harsh realities of early colonial America. She was not merely a figure of romance, but a young woman who suffered due to a rapidly changing world. 

[uwmspeccoll]

Shakespeare Weekend

William Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice, is volume twenty-three of the thirty-seven volume The Comedies Histories & Tragedies of William Shakespeare, published by the Limited Editions Club (LEC) from 1939-1940. The play is believed to have been composed between 1596 and 1598, and is mentioned in Francis Meres's commonplace book in 1598. James Roberts, the printer for Shakespeare's theatre company, entered the play in the Register of the Stationers Company on July 22, 1598 and he printed the text as a quarto for the bookseller Thomas Heyes in 1600. This first edition's title page states that the play had already been acted "divers times" by the company. The Roberts/Heyes quarto became the basis of the text published in the 1623 First Folio, which adds a number of stage directions, mainly musical cues.

The LEC Merchant of Venice was illustrated with reproduced watercolors by the Greek-born French artist Rene Ben Sussan, who became a principal illustrator for LEC publications through the 1950s. In a description of the six illustrations he did for this edition, Ben Sussan writes:

The principal character in The Merchant of Venice is not Antonio, the merchant, but Shylock; therefore Shylock is portrayed on the frontispiece. . . . The plate in the first act shows the heinous figure of Shylock confronting Antonio, and Bassanio the image of perfect friendship. In the second act a merry scene of Venetian carnival and Jessica's elopement are depicted. The third illustration shows fair Portia, personifying all the beauty and intelligence of the Renaissance, and Bassanio about to choose a casket. The fourth shows the Court of Justice, the Duke surrounded by Magnificoes, Shylock and Portia in the tense contending moment of the trial. The last plate is an illustration of the garden in Belmont -- the night, the musicians, Jessica and Lorenzo express the romance, Launcelot the merriness of the epilogue.

The volumes in the set were printed in an edition of 1950 copies at the Press of A. Colish, and each was illustrated by a different artist, but the unifying factor is that all volumes were designed by famed book and type designer Bruce Rogers and edited by the British theatre professional and Shakespeare specialist Herbert Farjeon. Our copy is number 1113, the number for long-standing LEC member Austin Fredric Lutter of Waukesha, Wisconsin.

View more Limited Edition Club posts.

View more Shakespeare Weekend posts.

[4eternal-life]

Caravaggio (Italian, 1571-1610)

Boy Bitten by a Lizard,  1594–1596

oil on canvas

@ Wikimedia Commons

Born Michelangelo Merisi, Caravaggio is the name of the artist's home town in Lombardy in northern Italy. In 1592 at the age of 21 he moved to Rome, Italy's artistic centre and an irresistible magnet for young artists keen to study its classical buildings and famous works of art. The first few years were a struggle. He specialised in still lifes of fruits and flowers, and later, half length figures (as in ‘Boy Bitten by a Lizard’) which he sold on the street...

info: https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/caravaggio

[thepastisalreadywritten]

SAINT OF THE DAY (November 12)

Today, on the day of his martyrdom, November 12, Roman Catholics and some Eastern Catholics remember St. Josaphat Kuntsevych, a bishop and monk whose example of faith inspired many Eastern Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Holy See.

Other Eastern Catholics, including the Ukrainian Catholic Church, celebrate St. Josaphat's feast day on November 25.

Born in 1580 in the western Ukrainian region of Volhynia, John Kuntsevych did not become “Josaphat” until his later life as a monk.

He was also not initially a full member of the Catholic Church, born to Orthodox Christian parents whose church had fallen out of communion with the Pope.

Although the Eastern churches began to separate from the Holy See in 1054, a union had existed for a period of time after the 15th-century Ecumenical Council of Florence.

But social, political and theological disputes caused the union to begin dissolving even before the Turkish conquest of Byzantium in 1453.

By John’s time, many Slavic Orthodox Christians had become strongly anti-Catholic.

During this time, Latin missionaries attempted to achieve reunion with the individual eastern patriarchs.

The approach was risky, sometimes politicizing the faith and leading to further divisions.

But it did yield some notable successes, including the reunion of John’s own Ruthenian Church in the 1596 Union of Brest.

John was trained as a merchant’s apprentice and could have opted for marriage.

However, he felt drawn to the rigors and spiritual depth of traditional Byzantine monasticism.

Taking the monastic name of Josaphat, he entered a Ukrainian monastery in 1604.

The young monk was taking on an ambitious task, striving to re-incorporate the Eastern Orthodox tradition with the authority of the Catholic Church in the era of its “Counter-reformation.”

Soon, as a priest, subsequently an archbishop, and ultimately a martyr, he would live and die for the union of the churches.

While rejecting the anti-Western sentiments of many of his countrymen, Josaphat also resisted any attempt to compromise the Eastern Catholic churches’ own traditions.

Recognizing the urgent pastoral needs of the people, he produced catechisms and works of apologetics, while implementing long overdue reforms of the clergy and attending to the needs of the poor.

Josaphat’s exemplary life and zeal for the care of souls won the trust of many Orthodox Christians, who saw the value of the churches’ union reflected in the archbishop‘s life and works.

Nevertheless, his mission was essentially controversial, and others were led to believe lurid stories and malicious suggestions made about him.

In 1620, opponents arranged for the consecration of a rival archbishop.

As tensions between supporters and opponents began to escalate, Josaphat lamented the onset of attacks that would lead to his death.

“You people of Vitebsk want to put me to death,” he protested.

“You make ambushes for me everywhere, in the streets, on the bridges, on the highways, and in the marketplace.

I am here among you as a shepherd, and you ought to know that I would be happy to give my life for you.”

He finally did so, on a fall day on 12 November 1623.

An Orthodox priest had been shouting insults outside the archbishop’s residence and trying to force his way inside.

Josaphat had him removed, but the man assembled a mob in the town.

They arrived and demanded the archbishop’s life, threatening his companions and servants.

Unable to escape, Josaphat died praying for the men who shot and then beheaded him before dumping his body in a river.

Josaphat’s body was discovered incorrupt, five years later.

Remarkably, the saint’s onetime rival - the Orthodox Archbishop Meletius - was reconciled with the Catholic Church in later years.

Josaphat was beatified by Pope Urban VIII on 16 May 1643. He was canonized by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1867.

He was the first saint of the Eastern Church to be canonized by Rome. He is the patron saint of Ukraine.

[intriguingpeoplebyangelafloyd]

HENRY CAREY, 1ST BARON HUNSDON

HENRY CAREY, 1ST BARON HUNSDON

1526-1596

Henry Carey was the son of Mary Boleyn and William Carey. Mary Boleyn was the older sister of Anne Boleyn (the second wife of King Henry VIII). Mary had been a mistress to King Henry VIII of England before he fell in love with her sister Anne. Mary married William in 1520 and the couple had two children. There were rumours that Henry Carey (and his sister Catherine) were fathered by King Henry VIII, due to their mother’s affair with him.

            William Carey died in 1528 from the sweating sickness and Mary became a widow, Anne provided a pension for her. Anne and Henry VIII married in 1533 and their daughter Elizabeth was born.

            Mary fell in love with the soldier and commoner, William Stafford and she married him in secret in 1535. When Anne found out about her sisters marriage she was furious and Mary was disowned by her family and banished from court. Mary struggled financially, and Anne finally caved in and helped her by sending her money. Anne was executed in 1536 for treason (Henry Carey was aged 10 when she was beheaded), and what happened to Mary at the end of her life is unknown, she died in 1543 in Essex.

            In 1545, Carey married Anne Morganand and all up he had 16 children as well as children with his mistresses. When his cousin Elizabeth became Queen, he became Member of Parliament and was then knighted in 1559. His sister, Catherine became one of Queen’s favourite ladies-in-waiting. Carey owned Hunsdon House which had previously belonged to Queen Mary I of England. In 1564, Elizabeth I made him her personal bodyguard for four years and he later became Lord Chamberlain of the Household in 1585.

            In 1587, Carey had an affair with Emilia Lanier the daughter of a court musician, he was 45-years older than her, during this time he paid her a pension. In 1529, Lanier, aged 23 gave birth to his child and Carey married Lanier off to her cousin (who was the Queen’s musician). Lanier gave birth to his son, who was also called Henry in 1593.

            Carey died at Somerset House in 1596 and is buried at Westminster Abbey.

#henrycarey #henrycarey1stbaronhunsdon #anneboleyn #maryboleyn #henryVIII

[orthodoxydaily]

Saints&Reading: Sunday, May 19, 2024

may 6_may 19

Tradition Liturgique: On the Third Sunday of Pascha the Orthodox Church celebrates theMyrrh-Bearing women as well as Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodimius.

SAINTS. MARY AND MARTHA, SISTERS OF ST. LAZARUS (1ST C.)

Icon: Uncut Mountain Supply

The righteous sisters Martha and Mary were believers in Christ even before He raised their brother Saint Lazarus (October 17) from the dead. After the murder of the holy Archdeacon Stephen a persecution against the Jerusalem Church broke out, and Righteous Lazarus was cast out of Jerusalem. The holy sisters then assisted their brother in the proclaiming of the Gospel in various lands.

Saints Martha and Mary are also commemorated on the Sunday of the Myrrh-bearing Women.

VENERABLE JOB, HEGUMEN OF POCHAEV AND WONDERWORKER (1651)

Saint Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev (in the world named Ivan Zhelezo), was born around 1551 in Pokutia in Galicia. At age ten he came to the Transfiguration Ugornits monastery, and at age twelve he received monastic tonsure with the name Job. The venerable Job from his youth was known for his great piety and strict ascetic life, and he was accounted worthy of the priestly office.

Around the year 1580, at the request of the renowned champion of Orthodoxy Prince Constantine Ostrozhsky, Saint Job was appointed the head of the Exaltation of the Cross monastery near the city of Dubno, and for more than twenty years he governed the monastery amidst the growing persecution of Orthodoxy on the part of the Catholics and Uniates.

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Saint Job withdrew to Pochaev hill and settled in a cave not far from the ancient Dormition monastery, famed for its wonderworking Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God (July 23). The holy hermit, beloved by the brethren of the monastery, was chosen as their Igumen. Saint Job zealously fulfilled his duty as head of the monastery, kind and gentle with the brethren, he did much of the work himself, planting trees in the garden, and strengthening the waterworks at the monastery.

Saint Job was an ardent defender of the Orthodox Faith against the persecution of the Catholics. Following the Union of Brest (1596), many Orthodox living in Poland were deprived of their rights, and attempts were made to force them to convert to Catholicism. Many Orthodox hierarchs became apostates to Uniatism, but Saint Job and others defended Orthodoxy by copying and disseminating Orthodox books. Prince Ostrozhsky was also responsible for the first printed edition of the Orthodox Bible (1581).

In taking an active part in the defense of Orthodoxy and the Russian people, Saint Job was present at the 1628 Kiev Council, convened against the Unia. After 1642, he accepted the great schema with the name John.

Sometimes he completely secluded himself within the cave for three days or even a whole week. The Jesus Prayer was an unceasing prayer in his heart. According to the testimony of his disciple Dositheus, and author of the Life of Saint Job, once while praying in his cave, the saint was illumined by a heavenly light. Saint Job reposed in the year 1651. He was more than 100 years old, and had directed the Pochaev monastery for more than fifty years.

The uncovering of Saint Job’s relics took place on August 28, 1659. There was a second uncovering of the relics on August 27-28, 1833.

Source: Orthodox Church in America_OCA

ACTS 6:1-7

1 Now in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplying, there arose a complaint against the Hebrews by the Hellenists, because their widows were neglected in the daily distribution. 2 Then the twelve summoned the multitude of the disciples and said, "It is not desirable that we should leave the word of God and serve tables. 3 Therefore, brethren, seek out from among you seven men of good reputation, full of the Holy Spirit and wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business; 4 but we will give ourselves continually to prayer and to the ministry of the word. 5 And the saying pleased the whole multitude. And they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and the Holy Spirit, and Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolas, a proselyte from Antioch, 6 whom they set before the apostles; and when they had prayed, they laid hands on them. 7 Then the word of God spread, and the number of the disciples multiplied greatly in Jerusalem, and a great many of the priests were obedient to the faith.

MARK 15:43-16:8

43 Joseph of Arimathea, a prominent council member, who was himself waiting for the kingdom of God, coming and taking courage, went in to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. 44 Pilate marveled that He was already dead; and summoning the centurion, he asked him if He had been dead for some time. 45 So when he found out from the centurion, he granted the body to Joseph. 46 Then he bought fine linen, took Him down, and wrapped Him in the linen. And he laid Him in a tomb which had been hewn out of the rock, and rolled a stone against the door of the tomb. 47 And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses observed where He was laid.

1 Now when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint Him. 2 Very early in the morning, on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen. 3 And they said among themselves, "Who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb for us?" 4 But when they looked up, they saw that the stone had been rolled away-for it was very large. 5 And entering the tomb, they saw a young man clothed in a long white robe sitting on the right side; and they were alarmed. 6 But he said to them, "Do not be alarmed. You seek Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified. He is risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid Him. 7 But go, tell His disciples-and Peter-that He is going before you into Galilee; there you will see Him, as He said to you. 8 So they went out quickly and fled from the tomb, for they trembled and were amazed. And they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid.

[sunnyapollonjabrigidotter]

In the Pocahontas movies, what does it mean to paint with all the colors of the wind?

In the "Pocahontas" movies, "painting with all the colors of the wind" symbolizes understanding and appreciating the beauty and complexity of nature and life. It's about seeing the world from a holistic perspective, respecting and learning from the natural world, and valuing the interconnectedness of all living things. The phrase encourages a deep, empathetic connection with the environment and a recognition of the wisdom it holds.

The movie "Pocahontas" is loosely based on the historical figure Pocahontas, a Native American woman born around 1596. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the chief of a network of tribal nations in the Tsenacommacah, an area encompassing present-day Virginia.

### Historical Pocahontas:

- **Early Life**: Pocahontas, whose real name was Matoaka, was known for her playful and curious nature.

- **Encounter with John Smith**: In 1607, English colonists arrived in Virginia, and Pocahontas is famously said to have saved the life of Captain John Smith, a leader of the Jamestown colony. This story, told by Smith years later, is debated among historians regarding its accuracy.

- **Kidnapping and Marriage**: In 1613, Pocahontas was captured by the English during conflicts with her people. During her captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. She married John Rolfe, an English tobacco planter, which helped establish a period of peace between the English settlers and Powhatan's tribes.

- **Journey to England**: In 1616, Pocahontas traveled to England with Rolfe and their son, Thomas. She was presented to English society as an example of the "civilized savage" and met King James I.

- **Death**: Pocahontas fell ill and died in March 1617 at the age of 21. She was buried in Gravesend, England.

### Differences Between History and the Disney Movie:

- **Romantic Relationship**: The Disney movie depicts a romantic relationship between Pocahontas and John Smith. Historically, there is no evidence of such a relationship.

- **Character Ages**: Pocahontas was around 11 or 12 years old when she met John Smith, who was about 27. The movie ages her to a young adult.

- **Cultural Representation**: The movie simplifies and romanticizes the complex interactions between Native Americans and English settlers, often glossing over the harsh realities and conflicts of that period.

The Disney version of Pocahontas aims to convey messages about love, understanding, and harmony with nature, but it takes significant creative liberties compared to the true historical events and context.

[spiritualworldsblog]

Consciousness: the Concept of Mind and the Transcendence of Conventional Thought'

Book Introduction

To write a treatise about the human Consciousness is tantamount to saying that the treatise is going to be based on the concrete evidence of the existence of ghosts, precisely because this subject is highly abstract. Besides which, there are many schools of thought and different methods as to how this subject may be treated, many of which completely contradict each other. The aim of this book will therefore be to try to find another way to better understand this human phenomenon, which in turn deals with yet another phenomenon which is even broader in scope though both are connected: the Cosmic Consciousness.

To start off, it should be understood that when we human beings look at the world around us we perceive not actual reality as it is, but a personalised world and from this individual perspective a personal hypothesis of this world is eventually born which then needs to be investigated. This is besides the fact that all that we do and experience in our lives involves mental events that we are not usually conscious of. For instance, as these words are being written down, my brain is sending signals to my nervous system so that I can utilise the keyboard to write down these words. This mechanism is known as mental-to-physical causation, which means that the mind and the body work together so that in a split second a person reacts according to what needs to be done.

However, this mental/physical mechanism goes beyond this function so that on some occasions what the brain thinks becomes manifest in the human body, as set forth by the American professor of biochemistry Dr Norman Cousins (1915-1990), “beliefs become biology”.1 This means that when there is an external suggestion (an idea that is born from the surrounding world) it can be changed into an internal expectation and the latter can then manifest itself in the human body, for example in the form of a psychosomatic condition.

Some of these theories are part of a general concept that is known as Emergentism which says that once a number of biological and neural processes in the brain reach a number of complexities, then phenomenal events emerge from them such as the human Consciousness through which a person thinks and reacts in an almost automatic manner.

It is obvious at this point that this argument begins to take on a complicated aspect and it is due to this that many philosophers in the past looked at the brain and the human mind (or Consciousness) in different ways. For example, the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes (1596-1650) maintained that while the mind and the body are two different departments, they relate perfectly with each other. In his Sixth Meditation, taken from his treatise Meditations on First Philosophy (1641), Descartes wrote thus:

“The mind is not immediately affected by all parts of the body, but only by the brain, or perhaps just by one small part of the brain... Every time this part of the brain is in a given state, it presents the same signals to the mind, even though the other parts of the body may be in a different condition at the time...”...

[whencyclopedia]

David Hume

David Hume (1711-1776) was a Scottish philosopher, writer, historian, and important figure in the Enlightenment. Hume presented a positive view of human nature but a sceptical view of religion's usefulness. His Treatise of Human Nature was later a hugely influential philosophical work, but his fame and fortune in his own lifetime came from his popular six-volume History of England.

Early Life

David Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 7 May 1711. His parents belonged to the landed gentry, his father practising law in the Scottish capital but also owning an estate at Ninewells near Berwick-upon-Tweed. As he had an elder brother, David would be obliged to find some other profession than that of estate owner. At the age of 12, he began to study law at the University of Edinburgh. Hume was not enthused by legal studies, endured some sort of nervous breakdown in 1729, and so switched his focus to literature. In 1734, he relocated to La Flèche in northwest France to study at a Jesuit college where René Descartes (1596-1650) had once studied.

Hume's career was rather unstable. He was rejected twice in his applications to lecture at university level, both by the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow, largely over concerns he was an atheist. The historian H. Chisick summarises the eventful merry-go-round of posts Hume held in his career:

He became a clerk in a company dealing in sugar; a tutor; secretary on a military expedition headed by a relative; aide-de-camp to the same relative in a military embassy to Vienna; librarian to the Faculty of Advocates of Edinburgh; and secretary to the British ambassador in Paris.

(214)

Continue reading...

[scotianostra]

On December 12th 1574, Anne of Denmark, the wife of King James VI, was born.

Anne was the second child, and second girl, of Frederik the Second and his queen, Sophie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The couple were initially married by proxy, which means on paper without them being present, and Anne was finding it difficult to make the journey across stormy seas, so James set about fetching her himself and upon reaching and presenting himself to her “in boots and all” and kissed her, in the Scottish fashion!

They were formally married the 23rd of November 1859 in Oslo before returning to Scotland. On the 17th of May she was crowned queen of Scotland. The ceremony lasted seven hours and , Anne’s dress was opened during it and “s "a bonny quantity of oil” was poured upon her breast and arm. James was at first infatuated by his bride, but later the couple often disagreed, though in the early years of their marriage, James seems always to have treated Anne with patience and affection.

Although Anne had been brought up in the Lutheran religion, she converted Roman Catholicism during the 1590s. In Basilikon Doron, written 1597-1598, James described marriage as “the greatest earthly felicitie or miserie, that can come to a man! Nothing changes with marriage through the centuries eh! lol

Despite James’ alleged homosexual tendencies, for which there is no definitive proof, Anne gave birth to their first child, Henry Frederick Stuart on 19 February 1594. She was given no say in the care and upbringing of her son who on James insistence, was placed in the custody of John Erskine, Earl of Mar at Stirling Castle.

Distressed at this situation she mounted a campaign for custody of her son, which James resisted, leading to further friction between the couple. Prince Henry was followed by a daughter, Elizabeth Stuart in 1596, then Margaret in 1598, who died at fourteen months old, a second son, Charles, later Duke of York (and Charles I), was born at Dunfermline in 1600, Charles was at first a sickly child and it was not thought likely that he would survive. Then came Robert, Duke of Kyntyre, born in 1601, who died at the age of four months. She didn’t have it easy in childbiirth, after eventualy gaining custody of Henry she gave birth to a daughter, Mary in 1605 and later her last child, Sophia in 1607, both these children failed to survive to adulthood, Mary died at two years and Sophia at a day old. Mary and Sophia are buried at Westminster Abbey.

The infant mortality rate was high in the seventeenth century, a fact of life that not even royalty could elude. After narrowly surviving the birth and death of her last child, Sophia, in 1607, Anne’s decision to have no more children resulted in widening the gulf between the couple. Queen Anne died aged 44 on 2 March 1619, of a dangerous form of dropsy. An inquest discovered Anne to be "much wasted within, specially her liver”.

James did not attend his wife’s funeral, claiming illness, his symptoms, according to Sir Theodore de Mayerne, included “fainting, sighing, dread, incredible sadness…” Anne was buried in the south aisle of the Henry VII Chapel, Westminster Abbey, on 13 May 1619.

[branches-and-whippets]

Harmonia Macrocosmica.

"The star atlas from the Golden Age of Dutch cartography unfolds the celestial structure across twenty-nine unique double-page spreads. These illustrations depict the movements of celestial bodies, constellations of the northern hemisphere, Ptolemy's ancient geocentric universe, Copernicus' new heliocentric universe, and Tycho Brahe's eccentric combination of both – where the Moon revolves around the Earth, and planets orbit the Sun, yet the Sun still revolves around the Earth. The edges of each brightly colored map depict a hive of activity: astronomers hunched over maps, eager youth directing their quadrants skyward, and cherubs flying with domestic birds in tow.

The life of the Dutch-German creator of this foliant, Andreas Cellarius, has reached us only as a skeleton. Born around 1596 in a small town near Worms, he spent his adult life as a schoolteacher in Amsterdam, The Hague, and finally, Hoorn. Around 1637, he was appointed the rector of the Latin school in Hoorn, where he wrote 'Harmonia Macrocosmica' and all his other scientific works, including one on designing impregnable fortifications.

All major moments presented here are sourced from the digital repository of the Stanford University Libraries. However, they are presented in two separate collections, each with different licenses for sharing and reuse. Six are taken from the Glen McLaughlin Map Collection.

[microwavedautism]

I am going to rant about my two Hazbin Ocs because my brain wants to think about them tonight and I don't want to get my information fucked up

So. We have Captain Widow, known by her friends as Amelia. This is her casual look, she dresses like a pirate otherwise. She, unlike most other sinners her age, isn't against embracing the modern.

She was born in 1596 and died 1643. She doesn't remember her place of birth, but it was somewhere around England. She was married at 15, but ended up killing him and running away after three years of putting up with him.

She ended up in a pirate crew a few years later, and eventually took over the ship once the previous captain died.

Don't misunderstand her, she is a very sadistic woman, but she tries to pick her targets carefully. When she was on land she'd go around killing off abusive husbands and the like. Occasionally she'd bring the wife onto her crew.

Her crew was almost entirely women, sides from the two queer teenage boys she'd picked up.

She ended up drowning, turns out she wasn't too experienced at swimming with a broken leg!

In Hell, she looked pretty much the same as she did alive, but with six more eyes then she was used to, two more arms and fins for ears.

She now is an overlord who runs several fighting rings and gyms around the city. All of the souls under contract with her are sinners she personally tracked down, kidnapped and tortured them into giving their soul to her. Her contracts are things like "You give me your soul and in turn I will no longer harm you."

Those sinners are now training dummies or punching bags for her establishments! Afterall, it's not HER harming them, it's everyone else!

--

Now we have Gaspard, 'the artist'. A french painter from the 1400s. It's been quite a while, the only thing he remembers is the century, not the day he was born or the day he died, or even how! He was 37 when he died, he remembers that at least!

He looks more human than most sinners, aside from the fact he is completely greyscale. His body is like a messy 3d sketch, the lines are always changing slightly when he moves, like someones animating him but can't quite keep the lines the same.

When he was alive, not many people knew him. He made an effort to keep to himself, unless he was looking for a new muse or restocking his supplies.

He'd stay locked up in his apartment, spending hours and hours working on his latest piece. He'd done sculpting, he'd done drawing, he'd done everything. But painting was always his favourite. He enjoyed how the colours mixed, especially with the subjects he drew.

See, he would stay out, looking for people who caught his attention. When he found someone, he'd bring them to his apartment, willingly or not, and pose them. Sometimes they lived for a while whilst being posed, most of the time not.

He'd paint the most beautiful of women on their knees... with their hands up above their head and their guts spilling out.

He would paint handsome men, with nothing but their hearts remaining.

He even painted children! Though that was only once.. getting references for how skipping with intestines worked was quite difficult.

Needless to say, he was a horrific serial killer with a fucked up sense of beauty.

He continued his art in the afterlife, only this time. He had plenty of models to choose from!

It's surprisingly easy to get peoples souls, so long as you have a way to protect them from extermination!

And if that 'protection' just so happens to be eternal imprisonment in a canvas well... thats not his fault, they should've been more clear with what they meant, protection is such a loose term really.

After all, what angel is going to attack a painting?