#biodegradable polymer industry

[maryharrisk5]

The global biodegradable polymers market is projected to reach more than 800 kilo tons by 2025.

[evonnebaker]

The global biodegradable polymers market is projected to reach more than 800 kilo tons by 2025.

[jcmarchi]

The Next Frontier: How 3D Printing is Revolutionizing Manufacturing - Technology Org

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The Next Frontier: How 3D Printing is Revolutionizing Manufacturing - Technology Org

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has gained significant popularity in recent years, revolutionizing the manufacturing industry. The concept of 3D printing dates back to the 1980s when it was first introduced as a rapid prototyping technology. However, it is only in the past decade that 3D printing has gained widespread recognition and adoption in various industries.

The growing popularity of 3D printing can be attributed to its ability to create complex and customized objects with ease. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve multiple steps and processes, which can be time-consuming and costly. 3D printing simplifies the manufacturing process by directly creating objects layer by layer from a digital design, eliminating the need for molds or tooling.

The central piece of a 3D printer – illustrative photo. Image credit: Christian Englmeier via Unsplash, free license

The History of 3D Pringting

The concept of additive manufacturing has existed since the 1940s. In 1945, sci-fi author Murray Leinster described a machine that could “make drawings in the air” and output plastic parts layer-by-layer in his short story “A Logic Named Joe.” However, it took a few more decades for this vision to become reality.

1980s: Early Prototyping

In 1981, Dr. Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute invented one of the first working rapid prototyping systems. It used photopolymers that could be cured by UV light to build parts additively.

In 1984, Charles “Chuck” Hull filed a patent for stereolithography (SLA), which described an additive manufacturing process using photopolymers cured layer-by-layer by UV lasers. He later co-founded the company 3D Systems to commercialize SLA 3D printers.

In 1986, Carl Deckard, an undergraduate at the University of Texas, filed a patent for selective laser sintering (SLS), another 3D printing process that used a laser to fuse powder material. Deckard’s patent was licensed by DTM corporation, which released the Sinterstation 2000, the first SLS machine, in 1992.

In 1989, S. Scott Crump invented fused deposition modeling (FDM) and patented the technology. This process used a heated nozzle to extrude thermoplastic filament material layer by layer. Crump later commercialized it through the company Stratasys, which he co-founded.

1990s: Industry Growth

In 1992, 3D Systems released the SLA-250, which was the first commercially available 3D printer. Meanwhile, Stratasys introduced their first commercial FDM 3D printer in 1992 as well.

Through the 1990s and 2000s, the industry saw rising adoption and usage of additive manufacturing for rapid prototyping across automotive, aerospace, medical, consumer goods and other industries. Both established corporations and startups expanded the capabilities of 3D printing during this period.

2000s: Patent Expiration, Desktop 3D Printers

A significant milestone came in 2009 when key SLA patents expired, opening up the technology. This allowed for the rise of desktop SLA 3D printers like the Form 1, developed by startup Formlabs in 2012.

The expiration of FDM patents around 2010 similarly saw a wave of open source FDM/FFF desktop 3D printers like the RepRap, inspiring companies like MakerBot. This drove increased adoption of desktop 3D printing.

The Basics of 3D Printing: How it Works and its Advantages

The process of 3D printing involves several steps. First, a digital design of the object is created using computer-aided design (CAD) software. This design is then converted into a format that can be read by the 3D printer. The printer then builds the object layer by layer using various materials such as plastic, metal, or even biological materials.

One of the key advantages of 3D printing is its ability to create complex geometries that are difficult or impossible to achieve with traditional manufacturing methods. Traditional methods often involve subtractive processes, where material is removed from a larger block to create the desired shape. In contrast, 3D printing is an additive process, where material is added layer by layer to create the final object.

Another advantage of 3D printing is its ability to create customized products. With traditional manufacturing methods, producing customized products can be expensive and time-consuming. However, with 3D printing, each object can be easily customized by simply modifying the digital design before printing.

From Prototyping to Production: How 3D Printing is Changing the Manufacturing Process

One of the key roles of 3D printing in manufacturing is in the prototyping stage. Traditionally, prototyping involved creating molds or tooling, which can be expensive and time-consuming. With 3D printing, prototypes can be created quickly and cost-effectively, allowing for faster iteration and refinement of designs.

However, 3D printing is not limited to prototyping alone. It has the potential to replace traditional manufacturing methods in certain applications. For example, in industries such as aerospace and automotive, where complex geometries are often required, 3D printing can offer significant advantages over traditional methods. By eliminating the need for molds or tooling, 3D printing can reduce costs and lead times while enabling the production of lightweight and optimized components.

Customization and Personalization: The Power of 3D Printing in Meeting Customer Demands

One of the key advantages of 3D printing is its ability to create customized products. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve producing large quantities of identical products, which may not meet the specific needs or preferences of individual customers. With 3D printing, each product can be easily customized to meet the unique requirements of each customer.

This ability to create customized products has a significant impact on the customer experience. Customers today are increasingly looking for personalized products that reflect their individual tastes and preferences. By offering customized products, companies can differentiate themselves from their competitors and build stronger relationships with their customers.

Reducing Costs and Waste: The Economic Benefits of 3D Printing in Manufacturing

One of the key advantages of 3D printing is its potential to reduce manufacturing costs. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve multiple steps and processes, each adding to the overall cost of production. In contrast, 3D printing simplifies the manufacturing process by directly creating objects from a digital design, eliminating the need for molds or tooling.

By reducing the number of steps and processes involved in manufacturing, 3D printing can significantly reduce costs. This is particularly beneficial for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that may not have the resources to invest in expensive molds or tooling. With 3D printing, SMEs can compete with larger companies by offering customized products at a lower cost.

In addition to reducing costs, 3D printing also has the potential to reduce waste. Traditional manufacturing methods often result in significant material waste, as excess material is removed during the production process. With 3D printing, only the required amount of material is used, minimizing waste and reducing environmental impact.

Sustainability and Environmental Impact: How 3D Printing is Helping to Reduce Carbon Footprint

In addition to reducing waste, 3D printing also has the potential to reduce carbon footprint. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve transporting raw materials and finished products over long distances, resulting in significant carbon emissions. With 3D printing, products can be manufactured locally, reducing the need for transportation and lowering carbon emissions.

Furthermore, 3D printing enables the use of more sustainable materials. For example, bio-based materials can be used in 3D printing, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, 3D printing allows for the optimization of designs, resulting in lighter and more efficient products that require less energy to produce and use.

The Role of 3D Printing in Industry

The impact of 3D printing on various industries is significant. In the healthcare industry, 3D printing has revolutionized medical device manufacturing by enabling the production of customized implants and prosthetics. In the aerospace industry, 3D printing has been used to create lightweight components that improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.

The potential for 3D printing to disrupt traditional manufacturing industries is also significant. For example, in the automotive industry, 3D printing has the potential to transform the production of spare parts. Instead of maintaining large inventories of spare parts, manufacturers can simply 3D print the required parts on demand, reducing costs and lead times.

The Future of Manufacturing

The potential for 3D printing to revolutionize the manufacturing industry is immense. As the technology continues to evolve and improve, we can expect to see even greater adoption of 3D printing in various industries. The ability to create complex and customized objects with ease will continue to drive the growth of 3D printing in manufacturing.

However, there are also challenges and opportunities associated with 3D printing in manufacturing. One of the key challenges is the need for skilled operators who can design and operate 3D printers effectively. Additionally, there are regulatory challenges that need to be addressed, particularly in industries such as healthcare where safety and quality standards are critical.

The Challenges of 3D Printing in Manufacturing: Overcoming Technical and Regulatory Hurdles

One of the key technical challenges of 3D printing in manufacturing is the limited range of materials that can be used. While 3D printing has made significant advancements in recent years, there are still limitations in terms of the types of materials that can be used. For example, metals such as titanium and aluminum are commonly used in traditional manufacturing methods but are more challenging to 3D print.

Another technical challenge is the need for post-processing and finishing. While 3D printing can create complex geometries with ease, the surface finish of 3D printed objects is often rough and requires additional processing to achieve the desired quality. This can add time and cost to the manufacturing process.

In addition to technical challenges, there are also regulatory challenges associated with 3D printing in manufacturing. In industries such as healthcare, where safety and quality standards are critical, there is a need for regulatory frameworks to ensure that 3D printed products meet the required standards. This includes the need for validation and certification processes to ensure the safety and efficacy of 3D printed medical devices.

The Impact of 3D Printing on Supply Chain Management: Opportunities and Challenges

The potential for 3D printing to disrupt supply chain management is significant. With traditional manufacturing methods, products are often manufactured in one location and then transported to various distribution centers or retail stores. This can result in long lead times and high transportation costs.

With 3D printing, products can be manufactured locally, reducing the need for transportation and lowering lead times. This has the potential to transform supply chain management by enabling companies to produce products on demand, reducing inventory costs and improving responsiveness to customer demands.

However, integrating 3D printing into supply chain management also presents challenges. For example, companies will need to invest in 3D printing infrastructure and develop new processes and workflows to support on-demand manufacturing. Additionally, there may be challenges in terms of intellectual property protection and ensuring product quality and consistency across different manufacturing locations.

The Future of 3D Printing in Manufacturing: Emerging Trends and Technologies

The future of 3D printing in manufacturing is promising, with several emerging trends and technologies driving its growth. One of the key trends is the development of new materials that can be used in 3D printing. Researchers are exploring the use of materials such as graphene, carbon fiber, and biodegradable polymers, which offer improved strength, durability, and sustainability.

Another emerging trend is the development of multi-material and multi-color 3D printing technologies. Currently, most 3D printers can only print objects using a single material or color. However, researchers are working on developing printers that can print objects using multiple materials or colors simultaneously, opening up new possibilities for complex and customized designs.

The Promise of 3D Printing in Revolutionizing Manufacturing

3D printing has the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing industry. Its ability to create complex and customized objects with ease, reduce costs and waste, and promote sustainability makes it an attractive option for manufacturers across various industries.

While there are challenges and opportunities associated with 3D printing in manufacturing, the promise of this technology is immense. As the technology continues to evolve and improve, we can expect to see even greater adoption of 3D printing in manufacturing, leading to a more efficient, sustainable, and customer-centric manufacturing industry.

3D printing is transforming manufacturing across industries in revolutionary ways. Its ability to rapidly prototype designs, create complex geometries, enable mass customization, reduce waste, and distribute production is disrupting traditional processes. Companies are adopting 3D printing to accelerate product development, unlock new design possibilities, produce specialized components, and manufacture goods on-demand. While the technology does have some limitations currently, advancements around speed, materials, and costs are helping address these.

Overall, 3D printing provides unmatched flexibility that is spurring a manufacturing revolution. It allows for more sustainable production methods with less waste and emissions. As the capabilities of 3D printing continue to advance, its applications will expand even further. Forward-thinking companies that leverage this technology now will gain key competitive advantages. Adoption is still in early phases, signaling immense room for growth. 3D printing is undoubtedly redefining manufacturing as we know it and enabling the factories of the future.

[mindblowingscience]

A bacterium that can degrade the common polymer polybutylene succinate (PBS), which naturally biodegrades only to a limited extent in marine environments, could lead to improved ways to recycle this polymer. The bacterium's potential, and its enzyme molecule that breaks down PBS, were discovered by researchers at Hokkaido University, working with colleagues at the Mitsubishi Chemical Group in Japan. The team published their results in the journal Environmental Microbiology. PBS is generally regarded as an eco-friendly polymer due to its biodegradability when discarded on land and exposed to the atmosphere. This has led to its increased use since the early 1990s in industrial plastics, including mulching films, compostable bags, and catering packaging. But many discarded plastics eventually find their way into the sea, and unfortunately, PBS does not biodegrade well in that environment.

Continue Reading.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

New solvent-free 3D printing material could enable biodegradable implants

Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized many industries and holds the promise to affect many more in the not too distant future. While people are most familiar with the 3D printers that function much like inkjet printers, another type of AM offers advantages using a different approach: building objects with light one layer at a time. One such technology is digital light processing (DLP). Widely used in both industrial and dental applications, DLP works by converting a liquid resin into a solid part using light, essentially pulling solid objects out of a shallow pool of resin one layer at a time. A major challenge to using this 3D printing method, however, is that the resins need to have a low viscosity, almost like water, to function properly at high resolution. Plenty of polymers that would otherwise be useful in DLP printing are solids or too viscous, requiring solvents to dilute them to an appropriate consistency.

Read more.

[wolfliving]

Ex-Designer Project Bar in Barcelona

via e-flux

Martí Guixé’s Ex-Designer Project Bar, an exceptional project that turns a digitally designed interior, produced entirely using full-size 3D printing techniques into a standalone object, will be on display at the Disseny Hub Barcelona (DHub) from May 23 to August 25. 

The project was born in November 2015, when Martí Guixé, one of Barcelona’s most internationally influential 21st century designers, set out to design and 3D-print, independently and without help, all the components of a bar on Barcelona’s C/ Entença in collaboration with architect Pau Badia. The bar, an empty commercial unit with minimal structure, was gradually redesigned and built over a period of almost five years, using three on-site printers while still in operation. Thus, all the bar’s components were gradually printed: everything from the tiles on the walls and the furniture down to the smallest utensils, such as glasses of different types, plates and cutlery. 

According to Martí Guixé, the process itself is what matters, so the project became something performative, incorporating coincidence in a natural way.

The use of the establishment as a bar—where concerts, presentations, talks and other events were also held—was just as important as its role as a laboratory for experimenting on the possibilities of additive printing, and the utopia of digital autonomy. The project explores the true potential of digital fabrication technologies to achieve the dream of self-sufficiency for local production, without having to rely on large global manufacturing systems. 

Just as the bar was finished, with the grand opening scheduled for February 2020, the pandemic and subsequent lockdown forced it to close. It then underwent a process of “deconstruction”, which was carried out behind closed doors and in an orderly manner, like a work of archaeology, in order to preserve it in full. The Ex-Designer Project Bar thus ceased to be a bar or a work of interior design to become a standalone “object” adapted for other possible uses.

Martí Guixé’s Ex-Designer Bar is a reflection on the potential for democratising industrial production and the industrial process: “The use of 3D technology makes artisans redundant and unifies materials. The world is made up of ideas, not of people’s energy”. He also said that “bringing the Ex-Designer Bar to a museum turns it into an object, a ruin and an archaeological site of the future”.

The first full-size reconstruction of the bar With Ex-Designer Project Bar, the DHub is exhibiting this monumental object in its original format, after assembling the walls and other various components: A total of 30 wooden panels measuring 122 cm x 150 cm, plus over six thousand 14 cm x 14 cm tiles. The result is an installation that measures 8.75 x 3.56 m and is 5.02 m high, whose component parts have been 3D-printed in full size using polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer made from 100% renewable resources, such as corn or plant starch. 

The interior walls include the front of the bar, which features figurative motifs from other projects by Martí Guixé, the side bars with experiments with bas-reliefs and pseudo-geometric figures in various sizes and thicknesses, and unsuccessful attempts to create a series of bag and coat hooks. There is also a notice board with backlit tiles for posting information about events and food and drink prices, as well as a front panel in which the main figure represents Artificial Intelligence, a representation of all the 3D printers used, including the one for printing food. 

[mavaji]

Unveiling the Latest Advancements in Non-Woven Fabric Technology

Non-woven fabrics have revolutionized numerous industries with their versatility, durability, and eco-friendly properties. As a leading non-woven fabric manufacturer, Mavazi Fabrics is committed to staying at the forefront of technological advancements in this dynamic field. Let's explore some of the latest innovations shaping the landscape of non-woven fabric technology.

1. Sustainable Materials and Processes

In response to growing environmental concerns, non-woven fabric manufacturer are increasingly focusing on sustainable materials and processes. Innovations such as recycled fibers, bio-based polymers, and biodegradable additives are being incorporated into non-woven fabric production to reduce environmental impact and promote circularity. At Mavazi Fabrics, we embrace sustainable practices and offer a range of eco-friendly non-woven fabrics that meet the highest standards of environmental responsibility.

2. Enhanced Performance and Functionality

Advancements in non-woven fabric technology are leading to fabrics with enhanced performance and functionality. Manufacturers are developing fabrics with specialized properties such as moisture-wicking, antimicrobial, flame-retardant, and UV-resistant capabilities to meet the diverse needs of various industries. These advanced fabrics offer improved comfort, protection, and durability, making them ideal for applications ranging from healthcare and hygiene to automotive and construction.

3. Nanotechnology and Microfibers

Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the non-woven fabric industry by enabling the production of ultrafine fibers with unprecedented properties. Nanofibers exhibit superior strength, filtration efficiency, and surface area compared to conventional fibers, making them ideal for applications such as filtration, medical textiles, and protective apparel. Manufacturers are leveraging nanotechnology to develop non-woven fabrics with enhanced breathability, barrier properties, and filtration performance.

4. Smart and Intelligent Fabrics

The integration of smart and intelligent technologies is another exciting development in non-woven fabric technology. Manufacturers are incorporating sensors, conductive fibers, and microelectronics into non-woven fabrics to create smart textiles capable of monitoring vital signs, detecting environmental conditions, and transmitting data wirelessly. These smart fabrics have applications in healthcare, sports, military, and wearable technology, offering unprecedented levels of comfort, convenience, and functionality.

5. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing

Advancements in additive manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing are revolutionizing the production of non-woven fabrics. Manufacturers can now create complex fabric structures with precise control over fiber orientation, porosity, and thickness, allowing for the customization of fabrics according to specific requirements. 3D printing enables rapid prototyping, cost-effective production, and design flexibility, paving the way for innovative applications in fashion, aerospace, and consumer goods.

Conclusion

The latest advancements in non-woven fabric technology are driving innovation and opening up exciting possibilities across industries. From sustainable materials and enhanced performance to nanotechnology, smart fabrics, and additive manufacturing, non-woven fabric manufacturer like Mavazi Fabrics are at the forefront of these developments. By embracing cutting-edge technologies and pushing the boundaries of what is possible, we are proud to offer our customers innovative non-woven fabric solutions that meet the evolving needs of the market.

[greenwolverine]

### Eco-Friendly Shoes: Walking Towards a Sustainable Future

In recent years, the fashion industry has witnessed a significant shift towards sustainability, with eco-friendly shoes emerging as a crucial component of this movement. These shoes not only reduce environmental impact but also promote ethical practices, setting a new standard for the industry. In this article, we delve into the concept of eco-friendly shoes, exploring their benefits, the materials used, and the innovations driving their popularity.

#### Understanding Eco-Friendly Shoes

Eco-friendly shoes are designed with a focus on minimizing environmental harm. This involves using sustainable materials, reducing waste during production, and ensuring ethical labor practices. The aim is to create footwear that is not only stylish and comfortable but also environmentally responsible.

#### The Benefits of Eco-Friendly Shoes

One of the primary benefits of eco-friendly shoes is their reduced carbon footprint. Traditional shoe manufacturing processes often involve significant emissions and waste. In contrast, sustainable shoes utilize eco-conscious methods, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions and less pollution.

Additionally, eco-friendly shoes often prioritize fair labor practices. This means that workers involved in the production process are treated fairly, with safe working conditions and fair wages. By supporting brands that adhere to these principles, consumers can contribute to a more equitable and just fashion industry.

#### Materials Used in Eco-Friendly Shoes

The materials used in eco-friendly shoes are critical to their sustainability. Commonly, these include natural fibers, recycled materials, and innovative alternatives to traditional components.

1. **Natural Fibers**: Materials such as organic cotton, hemp, and bamboo are popular choices for eco-friendly shoes. These fibers are biodegradable, require fewer pesticides during cultivation, and have a lower environmental impact compared to conventional materials.

2. **Recycled Materials**: Many eco-friendly shoes incorporate recycled materials, such as recycled rubber, plastic bottles, and old textiles. By repurposing these materials, manufacturers can reduce waste and conserve natural resources.

3. **Innovative Alternatives**: In recent years, there has been a surge in the development of innovative materials for sustainable footwear. For example, Piñatex, made from pineapple leaf fibers, and Mycelium, derived from mushroom roots, are gaining traction as viable alternatives to leather and synthetic fabrics.

#### Innovations in Sustainable Footwear

The eco-friendly shoe market is continuously evolving, with new technologies and practices emerging to enhance sustainability. Some notable innovations include:

1. **3D Printing**: This technology allows for precise manufacturing, reducing material waste and energy consumption. Brands are utilizing 3D printing to create custom-fit shoes, improving comfort and extending the lifespan of the footwear.

2. **Biodegradable Soles**: Traditional shoe soles can take hundreds of years to decompose. Biodegradable soles, made from materials like natural rubber and plant-based polymers, break down much faster, reducing environmental impact.

3. **Circular Economy**: Some brands are adopting circular economy principles, where shoes are designed to be easily disassembled and recycled at the end of their life. This approach minimizes waste and encourages the reuse of materials.

#### The Future of Eco-Friendly Shoes

As consumer awareness of environmental issues grows, the demand for eco-friendly shoes is expected to increase. Brands are responding by investing in sustainable practices and materials, leading to a more diverse and innovative market.

Moreover, collaborations between fashion brands and environmental organizations are becoming more common. These partnerships aim to promote sustainability and drive positive change within the industry. For example, some brands are partnering with NGOs to plant trees for every pair of shoes sold, offsetting their carbon footprint.

In the future, we can expect to see even more advancements in sustainable footwear. Research into new materials, such as algae-based foams and lab-grown leather, holds promise for creating shoes that are both eco-friendly and high-performance.

#### How to Choose Eco-Friendly Shoes

When shopping for eco-friendly shoes, there are several factors to consider:

1. **Material**: Look for shoes made from sustainable materials, such as organic cotton, recycled plastics, and innovative alternatives like Piñatex.

2. **Production Practices**: Research the brand's manufacturing processes to ensure they prioritize sustainability and ethical labor practices.

3. **Certifications**: Certifications such as Fair Trade, Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS), and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) can provide assurance that the shoes meet high environmental and ethical standards.

4. **Durability**: Choose shoes that are well-made and durable, reducing the need for frequent replacements and minimizing waste.

5. **Brand Transparency**: Support brands that are transparent about their sustainability efforts and practices. Many companies now publish detailed reports on their environmental impact and goals.

#### Conclusion

Eco-friendly shoes represent a vital step towards a more sustainable future. By choosing footwear that prioritizes environmental and ethical considerations, consumers can make a positive impact on the planet and support responsible brands. As the market continues to grow and innovate, eco-friendly shoes are becoming more accessible and diverse, offering stylish and sustainable options for every wardrobe. Embrace the change and take a step in the right direction with eco-friendly shoes.

In conclusion, the journey towards sustainable footwear is both exciting and essential. As we become more conscious of our environmental footprint, the choices we make in our daily lives, including the shoes we wear, play a crucial role. By supporting brands that prioritize sustainability and ethical practices, we contribute to a healthier planet and a more equitable society. Let us all walk towards a greener future, one step at a time, with eco-friendly shoes leading the way.

[ainews]

If you’re in need of a synthetic material that’s reliable, efficient, and versatile, then c-change (material) is your answer. This innovative and sustainable polymer is making waves in the industry with its tremendous cost savings and renewable production process – but why is it truly impartial?

C-change (material) was designed as an environmentally sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics. It is made from renewable sources, thanks to its production process which includes the capture of carbon dioxide and its transformation into plastic. This means that c-change (material) requires much less energy to produce, as well as up to 95% less water than traditional petroleum-based plastics. This, in turn, reduces the carbon footprint of its production and helps conserve resources.

Moreover, c-change (material) is fully biodegradable, meaning that it won’t pile up in landfills and oceans like traditional plastics. And, its ability to be recycled and reused make it a great option for a broad range of applications. In fact, it has been used in a variety of industries from medical and food packaging to automotive and electronics.

Perhaps the most convincing argument for the impartiality of c-change (material) is its ability to reduce the cost of production. Its low energy and water requirements, as well as its fast production rates, make it much cheaper than traditional petroleum-based plastics. In addition, its renewable sources can provide significant financial benefits to producers and manufacturers.

For all these reasons, c-change (material) has earned its reputation as a highly impartial, reliable, and cost-effective synthetic material. Thanks to its versatile use and impactful environmental benefits, it is clearly an ideal option for anyone looking to reduce their environmental footprint and save money.

[aishavass]

Presence of well-established producers followed by stringent government regulations is expected to increase Biodegradable Polymers market traction over the...

[architecturalthesis]

3D Printed Freeform Formwork

The performance of 3D printed formwork and its geometric complexity varies, depending on the type of plastic used for 3D printing the formwork and the printing technology. The three columns showcase the degree of geometric freedom achievable in concrete formwork when printing with different materials—namely PLA, PVA, and PETG—and using different 3D printing techniques—robotic fused granulate fabrication (FGF) and fused filament fabrication (FFF) cartesian machines.

PLA (Polylactic Acid) is a common plastic material in the 3D printing industry, being both biodegradable and produced from renewable, organic starches. PVA (Polyvinyl Acetate) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer often used for support material on complex 3D prints due to its ease of removal when in direct contact with water. This research uses PVA to directly 3D print the formwork parts. Due to its high sensitivity to moisture, PVA requires airtight storage. Because of the material’s sensitivity, PVA can clog the nozzle of a 3d printer. PETG (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol) is a thermoplastic copolyester with high chemical resistance, durability, and ductility. It is also fully recyclable.

Acknowledgement for 3D Printing Concrete Formwork Project Project Instructor: Assistant Professor Dr. Mania Aghaei Meibodi

Contributing Students:  Ryan Craney, Han-Yuan Chang, Monik Gada, Feras Nour,  Christopher Voltl, Jessica Lin, Chia-Ching Yen, Carl Uwe Eppinger, Aaron Weaver

[nanpisss111]

Polyacrylamide: A Versatile Polymer for Various Applications

Polyacrylamide, often abbreviated as PAM, is a synthetic polymer with a wide range of applications. It has gained significant attention due to its excellent performance and versatility. In this article, we will explore the uses, properties, and preparation of polyacrylamide while highlighting its significance in different industries.

Polyacrylamide is commonly used in water treatment processes. It acts as a flocculant, helping to separate solid particles from wastewater and improving the overall water quality. With its high molecular weight and charge density, polyacrylamide effectively aggregates suspended particles, facilitating their removal during sedimentation or filtration.

The water treatment industry extensively utilizes polyacrylamide to treat various types of wastewater. Whether it's municipal sewage, industrial effluents, or agricultural runoff, polyacrylamide proves to be an efficient solution for reducing pollutant levels and ensuring environmental compliance.

Furthermore, polyacrylamide finds applications in diverse fields such as medicine, food, and cosmetics. In medicine, it is utilized for drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and wound healing. Its unique ability to form hydrogels makes it an ideal candidate for controlled release and targeted drug delivery.

In the food industry, polyacrylamide is employed as a thickening agent and stabilizer in processed foods, providing improved texture and shelf-life. Additionally, it finds use in cosmetics for its film-forming and moisturizing properties, making it valuable in skincare products.

When it comes to the preparation of polyacrylamide, it can be synthesized through free radical polymerization of acrylamide monomers. Various factors such as temperature, initiator concentration, and reaction time influence the polymerization process and result in polyacrylamide with different molecular weights and structures.

It's important to note that polyacrylamide is non-biodegradable and thus requires cautious handling and disposal. However, its non-toxic nature at low concentrations ensures its safe usage in various applications.

The price of polyacrylamide varies depending on factors like grade, purity, and quantity. Generally, it is priced per ton or per kilogram. For specific pricing details, it is advisable to contact reliable polyacrylamide suppliers who can provide accurate information based on your requirements.

In conclusion, polyacrylamide offers numerous advantages and finds extensive use in various industries. Its water treatment capabilities, along with its significant role in medicine, food, and cosmetics, make it an indispensable polymer. By understanding the properties and uses of polyacrylamide, industries can harness its potential to address challenges and improve processes.

[unboxpackaging]

Explore Top Sustainable Packaging Trends in 2023

 Introduction:

Sustainable packaging has become a significant concern for businesses and consumers alike, as the world continues to prioritize environmental consciousness.

With the increasing focus on sustainability, it’s crucial to explore the top sustainable packaging trends that will shape the packaging industry in 2023. This article delves into the various sustainable packaging trends that are expected to make a significant impact in the coming year.

Importance of Sustainable Packaging:

Sustainable packaging plays a prime role in minimizing waste, conserving resources, and minimizing environmental impact.This doesn’t only prioritize eco-conscious consumers but also is very beneficial for businesses in the long run.

Sustainable packaging can enhance brand reputation, attract environmentally conscious customers, and lead to cost savings through optimized material usage and streamlined logistics.

Sustainable Packaging Trends:

Read below to know more about the top Sustainable Packaging Trends that are shaping the future of packaging industry.

Eco-Friendly Packaging Materials:

To achieve sustainable packaging goals, businesses are increasingly turning to eco-friendly materials that have minimal impact on the environment. Three prominent options are:

Biodegradable Packaging: Biodegradable packaging materials are designed to decompose naturally over time, minimizing  the piling of waste in landfills. They are formed from plant-based polymers, such as PLA (polylactic acid), which can break down into harmless elements  with the help of microorganisms.

Compostable Packaging: Compostable packaging goes a step further by not only breaking down but also providing valuable nutrients to the soil during the composting process. These materials are made from organic matter, such as cornstarch or bagasse, and contribute to a circular economy by turning into compost that can enrich agricultural lands.

Recyclable Packaging: Recyclable packaging materials includes cardboard, glass, and certain types of plastics, can be gathered, refined, and reused to create new packaging or other products. Recycling preserves resources, reduces usage of energy, and minimizes the demand for virgin materials.

 Minimalistic Packaging:

One of the emerging sustainable packaging trends is minimalistic design. This approach focuses on eliminating excess packaging and using the bare minimum required to protect and present the product.

Minimalistic packaging not only reduces waste but also enhances the product’s visual appeal, creating a sleek and modern aesthetic.

Packaging Reduction and Lightweighting:

To further minimize the impact of packaging on the environment, companies are vigorously. seeking ways to minimize the amount of material used. Packaging reduction involves optimizing the size and dimensions of packaging to minimize waste, transportation costs, and storage requirements.

Lightweight, on the other hand, aims to decrease the weight of packaging materials without compromising their integrity, leading to energy savings and reduced emissions during transportation.

Smart Packaging Solutions:

Advancements in technology have paved the way for smart packaging solutions that offer enhanced functionality while remaining environmentally friendly. Two notable examples are:

Intelligent Labels: Intelligent labels comprise of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) or NFC (Near Field Communication) technology to impart real-time insights about the product, such as its origin, ingredients, and expiration date. By enabling consumers to make informed choices, intelligent labels promote transparency and minimize food waste.

Active Packaging: Active packaging involves the integration of active substances or components into the packaging material to extend the shelf life of the product. Oxygen absorbers, moisture control packets, and antimicrobial films are examples of active packaging solutions that help maintain product freshness, reduce spoilage, and minimize food waste.

Plant-Based and Renewable Packaging:

As the demand for sustainable packaging grows, there is a rising focus on plant-based and renewable materials. Packaging created from renewable resources, such as bamboo, sugarcane, or hemp, offers a viable substitute to traditional petroleum-based plastics.

These materials are not only biodegradable or dispensable but also have a lower carbon footprint during production.

Packaging Innovations:

In addition to the aforementioned sustainable packaging trends, packaging innovations continue to drive sustainable practices. Three noteworthy innovations include:

Edible Packaging: Edible packaging materials, often made from natural polymers like seaweed or starch, can be consumed along with the product. This eliminates the need for additional waste and offers a unique, eco-friendly packaging experience.

Water-Soluble Packaging: Water-soluble packaging is created to dissolve when it comes into contact with water, minimizing the amount of waste produced. This type of packaging is particularly applicable for single-use items like detergent pods or dishwasher tablets.

Mushroom Packaging: Mushroom packaging is also known as mycelium packaging, it makes use of  the root structure of mushrooms to create a biodegradable and compostable material. It offers a sustainable alternative to foam-based packaging materials, minimizing reliance on non-biodegradable options.

Packaging for E-commerce:

With the emergence of e-commerce, sustainable packaging solutions are crucial to minimizing the environmental impact of shipping and handling.

Sustainable Packaging Trends in the Food Industry:

The food industry is actively adapting to sustainable packaging practices to address the challenges of food waste and environmental impact.

From compostable food containers to eco-friendly food wraps, innovative packaging solutions are being developed to ensure the freshness and safety of food products while reducing the ecological footprint.

Sustainable Packaging Trends in the Beauty and Personal Care Industry:

 Sustainable Packaging Trends in the Fashion Industry:

Sustainable Packaging is gaining popularity in the Fashion Industry, as various brands realize the need to minimize environmental impact of products.

Packaging that is created using recycled materials, biodegradable garment bags and innovative ideas such as seaweed-based packaging is becoming increasingly popular.

Sustainable Packaging Trends in the Electronics Industry:

The electronics industry is notorious for its excessive packaging and e-waste. However, manufacturers are now adopting to sustainable packaging trends such as corrugated cardboard, molded pulp, and plant-based plastics to minimize waste generation and improve recycling rates.

Collaboration for Sustainable Packaging:

Collaboration between stakeholders is crucial to drive sustainable packaging initiatives forward. Brands, packaging manufacturers, consumers, and policymakers need to work in harmony to develop and implement effective strategies that boost sustainable practices throughout the supply chain.

Conclusion – Sustainable Packaging Trends:

In conclusion, the packaging industry is witnessing a shift towards sustainability, driven by the growing awareness of environmental issues and consumer preferences.

In 2023, the top sustainable packaging trends will revolve around eco-friendly materials, minimalistic design, packaging reduction, smart solutions, plant-based alternatives, and innovative packaging options.

By adapting to these sustainable packaging trends, businesses can align with consumer values, minimize their carbon footprint, and contribute to a more sustainable future.

FAQs:

Why is sustainable packaging important?

Sustainable packaging is crucial as it helps to minimize waste, preserve resources, and minimize environmental impact. It also improves brand reputation and attracts eco-conscious consumers.

What are some eco-friendly packaging materials?

Eco-friendly packaging materials such as  biodegradable packaging, compostable packaging, and recyclable packaging. These materials have minimal impact on the environment and promote a circular economy.

How can minimalistic packaging benefit businesses?

Minimalistic packaging not only reduces waste but also enhances the visual appeal of products, creating a sleek and modern aesthetic. It can attract consumers and differentiate brands in the market.

What are some packaging innovations in sustainability?

Some packaging innovations in sustainability include edible packaging, water-soluble packaging, and mushroom packaging. These innovations offer biodegradable or compostable alternatives to traditional packaging materials.

How can collaboration drive sustainable packaging initiatives?

Collaboration between brands, packaging manufacturers, consumers, and policymakers is crucial to develop and implement effective strategies for sustainable packaging. By working together, stakeholders can drive positive change throughout the supply chain.

[kieraoonadiy]

Ok folks here's the cons of various types of fiber to follow up on this.

This is not a definitive list, and most of the info is based on info I found on the web across various sources and may be incomplete, or possibly partially outdated. All of what I have listed are the cons of various types of fiber

Natural fibers:

Linen: uses more water to create than cotton, spun using cotton machinery, which causes manufacturers to break the fibers up, causing them to be less hardy than earlier textiles. Also wrinkles if you look at it

Cotton: uses a lot of water in production, a lot of pesticides and space needed to grow a small amount, wrinkles easily

Wool: requires special care to avoid it from shrinking, takes time to process after being harvested from sheep, some people are allergic to the lanolin in the wool, low quality wool is often coarse and causes it to be an itch factor, is expensive, and may need additional layers as a protective layer against the skin, not ideal for summer wear, due to insulating properties, can be prone to bugs if not stored properly. In rare circumstances, the farmers may be neglectful of the animals, livestock can over-graze an area causing soil erosion

Hemp: strict regulations due to the cannabis industries, in growing, cultivation, and processing. Repeat creases in the fiber can cause the fiber to break causing holes, expensive due to limited availability (starting to become more popular but that will take time)

Leather: Although its a natural material, it is a skin of an animal, often from the meat industry (some people have issue with this), does not breathe much,often made with chromium and formaldehyde in the tanning process which are toxic, requires special care, more often and better used for hard wearing items like bags, coats, and shoes, most common animals used for leather is pig, cow, deer, moose, and sheep

Silk: most common practice is killing the moths before they hatch (although in some cultures the moth larvae are eaten, from what I read), difficult to care for, hard to wash, and very expensive, and has no elasticity.

Lotus: Rare, hard to harvest and produce, and hellishly expensive due to scarcity

Pumpkin/squash/potato fiber: up and coming but not a lot of information on this yet. The premise is that they harvest the stems, and get the fibrous material out of it like with linen.

Nettle: hard to harvest, can cause an allergic reaction to those harvesting it, rarely used except in historical context

Synthetics:

Rayon (any type): also known as viscose, modal, Tencel, or Lycocel: chemical processes, can shrink or stretch out in the wash, not as long lasting as cotton or linen, originally developed from Nitrocellulose (aka gun cotton, and highly flammable). Bleeds color easily, wrinkles easily, pills easily, carbon disulfide used in processing the fiber which is toxic

Lenzing: also known as ECOVERO: Also a type of alledgedly eco friendly viscose. Still requires wood pulp in the process, with a "closed loop" processing, which reduces water consumption, energy, and chemicals, but all of the above are still used in the process of, and has all the same properties as viscose, rayon, or lycocel

Polyester: its plastic, doesn't biodegrade, can hold onto body odor over time, can melt in high heat

Pineapple/cork/mushroom/bamboo/banana/milk protein fiber/leathers: although from natural resources, still requires chemical processes and/or plastic binding agents

Pleather/vinyl: plastic, degrades quickly compared to leather, very hard to repair once it starts peeling/shedding

Nylon: it's plastic, but has the potential to be recycled, doesn't biodegrade, can old onto body odor, can easily melt under high heat

Elastane: also known as Spandex and Lycra: it's plastic, but stretchy, can loose elastic stretch if washed in hot water, or too many times in a dryer. The process is a polyurethane polymer so it's toxic and carcinogenic, does not biodegrade

Acetate: cellulose fiber. Certain versions of Acetate can have very toxic processes and chemicals in production. See viscose/rayon

Acrylic: a type of plastic, used for yarns for knitting, or also for windows, not as breathable or durable as many other synthetic fibers, pills easily, made from petroleum based chemicals, not biodegradable.

"hey why are all the barrier garments like linen shirts or chemises or combinations going away?"

"oh we have more washable fabrics now! you don't need to worry about sweat reaching your outer clothing when you can just chuck it in the washing machine!"

"cool!"

[100 years later]

"so uh all of those new washable fabrics are leaching microplastics into our water, and the constant machine-washing wears garments out faster. they're also not really sturdy enough to be mended, so we keep having to throw them out and now the planet is covered in plastic fabric waste that will never break down. also it turns out that the new washable fabrics hold odor-causing bacteria VERY well. so could we get those barrier garments back please?"

"sorry babe linen now costs $100000/yard and since it's been so long without them, nobody knows how to adapt barrier garments to the current styles anyway"

"..."

"maybe try this new $50 undershirt made of Special Sweat-Wicking Plastic Fabric! :) :) :)"