#ancient pakistan

[shewhoworshipscarlin]

Head of Buddha, Gandharan style, 100s, Pakistan.

[witchparade]

[lesbianlenses]

Fertility Goddess, 100s CE. Pakistan, Gandhara, reportedly Charsada, early Kushan period. Terracotta; height: 10.5in. Female figures fashioned from terracotta were found at large man-made pools of water in early Buddhist sacred compounds. They indicate the importance of art and rites associated with fertility and childbirth among the Buddhist laity, of which women were a major component.

[1five1two]

[wormsngods]

16/11/24

Revised

1) Cell Wall/Membrane drugs 2) Bacterial Protein Synthesis Inhibitor 3) Aminoglycosides 4) Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim & Fluoroquinolones 5) Anti Mycobacterial drugs 6) Anti Helminth drugs

Government orders closing educational institutes on account of the deadly smog (since I literally live in the most polluted city on earth) resulted in my send up exams being delayed. Taking the rest of the day off.

Currently reading:

Syria and Egypt in the Amarna Letters (60%)

Got mildly upset at my granddad and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It is a strange feeling to be mad at people who never even knew you would come in to existence so decided what I was feeling was a vestigial emotion that was misfiring as collateral damage for having evolved emotions meant to keep me from overlooking injustice among the living.

Gf's sister is reading Dune, excited to talk about it with her.

Finished the entirety of The Satanic Bible in one sitting.

[classicschronicles]

Hi lovelies,

A few days ago this new Bollywood movie called Pathaan, starring Shah Rukh Khan and John Abrahams, came out and so obviously I HAD to go and watch it. But fun fact about me is that I am literally a melting pot of different cultures. My dads family are Indian-Kenyan. My mums family were initially (back in the 5th-7th century) a family of Jewish royalty in what is now Afghanistan (which is actually pretty cool). They converted to Islam some time later and became part of a very particular Afghani tribe called the Pathaan (also another reason I had to watch this movie). Over the course of the next few centuries they migrated from Afghanistan to India, before being forced into Pakistan because of colonialism. Throughout all of this, my mums branch of the Pathaan tribe stuck together and so even still, my mum’s family in pure Pathaan, but I’m only half Pathaan because my mum married out. However, me being me did some deep diving into this because it’s actually pretty cool that my family tree can be traced back that far. Okay so at this point you’re probably wondering how on earth this related to Classics, but I found out that the Pathaan langue (Pashto) is actually about 2500 years old, which makes it about the same age as Latin and therefore a classical language! And so today I thought I would tell you a little bit about Pashto.

The Pashto language belongs to the Indi-Iranian language family and is mainly spoken by the ethnic communities of Afghanistan and western provinces of Pakistan, which is partially inhabited by Pashtuns (aka Pathaan’s). It is also still the native language of the indigenous Pathaan people. The language is said to have originated in the Kandahar district of Afghanistan and is said to be one of the two national languages (the other being Dari, a Persian language).

The vocabulary of Pashto has actually not been borrowed or derived from other languages, which is extremely rare for any language still spoken in a modern setting. Many of its lexis do, however, relate to other Eastern Iranian languages such as Pamir and Ossetia.

The exact origin of the Pashto language and the Pathaan tribes are unknown, but the word ‘Pashto’ derives from the regular phonological process. Nevertheless, the Pathaan are sometimes compared with the Pakhta tribes mentioned in Rigvenda, around 1700-1100 B.C., apparently they are the same people that the Greek historian Herodotus referred to Paktika (a northern province in Afghanistan). However, this comparison appears to be due in large part to the apparent similarity between their names, despite the fact that etymologically it can’t really be justified. But there are some archeological compilations and historical data and so the majority of researchers now believe that the Pashto language is around 25000 years old.

Herodotus also mentions the Paktika ‘Apridai’ tribe but it is unknown what language they spoke. However, Strabo (who lived between 64 B.C. and 24 C.E.) suggests that the tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana and to their east was India. Since about the 3rd century B.C. and onwards from that, these tribes were mostly referred to by the name ‘Afghan’ (or ‘Abgan’) and their language as ‘Afghani’.

Many historians and scholars believe that the earliest piece of written Pashto work dates back to the 8th century. However, a lot of history outside of the western empires lacks the same clarity and information and so even this is highly disputed. However, during the 17th century, Pashto poetry became very popular amongst the Pathaan.

To be honest, there isn’t a whole lot of information on the Pashtun language or the origin of the Pathaan, other than that they have been around since the B.C. But it’s pretty cool to me that my families culture has such a long history. This entry was pretty special to me so hopefully you all enjoyed it and I hope you all have a lovely rest of your weekend!

~Z

[joelchaimholtzman]

Happy to share the final portrait of the batch I painted for the Numenera RPG!

Sesson is the High Priest of the village. He sees himself as a reflection of his patron deity, caring and kind, and thus a figure of responsibility. In addition to helping those in need, Sesson's role includes observing holidays and religious rituals in the temple.

Hope you like it,

Best,

JCH

[a-safe-and-quiet-place]

"Rawalpindi, 1910"

Original - Colorized via AI

Check all my colorized antique works in #asafeandquietplace

[meluhha]

Traces of Dravidian languages in North India & Pakistan

Some estimates suggest that there are between 100 to 200 Dravidian loanwords in Balochi:

Akni - Rice (from the Dravidian word "akkan")

Bhat - Rice (from the Dravidian word "paddi")

Bar - Big (from the Dravidian word "peru")

Chamak - Shine (from the Dravidian word "chamakka")

Cheez - Thing (from the Dravidian word "sizha")

Danka - Bell (from the Dravidian word "tanka")

Daraz - Long (from the Dravidian word "tarai")

Dasht - Desert (from the Dravidian word "takkam")

Dhoro - Stream (from the Dravidian word "dorai")

Dosi - Friend (from the Dravidian word "tozi")

Dunya - World (from the Dravidian word "taniya")

Ghan - Garden (from the Dravidian word "kanne")

Ghash - Grass (from the Dravidian word "kacca") 

Ghom - Bend (from the Dravidian word "kombu")

Gich - Thicket (from the Dravidian word "kitchi")  

Gida - Cow (from the Dravidian word "kudai") 

Gosht - Meat (from the Dravidian word "kozhi")

Gwadar - Port (from the Dravidian word "katara")

Kach - River (from the Dravidian word "kacca")

Kachkool - Beggar (from the Dravidian word "kaccha") 

Kaj - Glass (from the Dravidian word "kaccha")  

Kandah - Blind (from the Dravidian word "kandu") 

Kanjar - Itinerant tribe (from the Dravidian word "kanchari") 

Kapar - Cloth (from the Dravidian word "kappar") 

Karkhan - Workshop (from the Dravidian word "karkhana") 

Kharboza - Melon (from the Dravidian word "karbu")

Kuch - Key (from the Dravidian word "kuchi")

Kufri - Potato (from the Dravidian word "kukkiri")

Kup - Pot (from the Dravidian word "kuppi")

Kurr - Pot (from the Dravidian word "kudam")

Laddu - Sweet (from the Dravidian word "laddu")

Lar - Stream (from the Dravidian word "alaru") 

Las - Leaf (from the Dravidian word "ilai")

Mach - Fish (from the Dravidian word "matsya")

Makaan - House (from the Dravidian word "makkan") 

Makan - Mat (from the Dravidian word "mattai") 

Makkol - Ant (from the Dravidian word "makkoli") 

Manj - Cot (from the Dravidian word "manjai") 

Menj - Bed (from the Dravidian word "menju")

Mitha - Sweet (from the Dravidian word "mitai")

Moch - Goat (from the Dravidian word "mokka")

Munda - Boy (from the Dravidian word "munda") 

Naga - Naked (from the Dravidian word "naga")

Nagin - Snake (from the Dravidian word "nagini")

Nara - Man (from the Dravidian word "nara")

Nari - Woman (from the Dravidian word "nari") 

Naram - Soft (from the Dravidian word "naramu") 

Naukri - Job (from the Dravidian word "nokku")

Pakka - Cooked (from the Dravidian word "paka")

Palang - Bed (from the Dravidian word "palanku")

Palki - Palanquin (from the Dravidian word "palaku")

Pani - Water (from the Dravidian word "pani")

Panyar - Flour (from the Dravidian word "paniyaram")

Pashmina - Wool (from the Dravidian word "pashm")

Phana - Snake (from the Dravidian word "pana")

Phanda - Trap (from the Dravidian word "phandu")

Pind - Village (from the Dravidian word "pindu")

Pukka - Solid (from the Dravidian word "pukka") 

Rait - Sand (from the Dravidian word "arai")

Rang - Color (from the Dravidian word "rang")

Resham - Silk (from the Dravidian word "rezham")

Roh - Sun (from the Dravidian word "ravi")

Saman - Goods (from the Dravidian word "samana")

Sanj - Evening (from the Dravidian word "santati")

Sanni - Gold (from the Dravidian word "sonne")

Sardar - Leader (from the Dravidian word "sardara")

Sardi - Cold (from the Dravidian word "sardi")

Sark - Brocade (from the Dravidian word "sarkara")

Saunf - Fennel (from the Dravidian word "sombu")

Saz - Decoration (from the Dravidian word "sajja")

Seeng - Horn (from the Dravidian word "singam")

Sosan - Jasmine (from the Dravidian word "champaka")

Sumbal - Hyacinth (from the Dravidian word "chambakam")

Sur - Tune (from the Dravidian word "suram")

Surma - Kohl (from the Dravidian word "surmai")

Tamaash - Entertainment (from the Dravidian word "tamasha")

Taweez - Amulet (from the Dravidian word "tavi")

Thor - Arrow (from the Dravidian word "turu")

Tunda - Sharp (from the Dravidian word "tundu") 

Tunk - Hard (from the Dravidian word "tunku") 

Tutak - Parrot (from the Dravidian word "tuti") 

Uch - High (from the Dravidian word "ucchi") 

Udan - Flight (from the Dravidian word "udan") 

Umar - Age (from the Dravidian word "umaru") 

Utar - Descend (from the Dravidian word "utarai")

Wari - Fort (from the Dravidian word "varai")

Yak - One (from the Dravidian word "yeka")

Zang - Bangle (from the Dravidian word "sangam") 

Zarak - Gold (from the Dravidian word "sarakku")

Zard - Yellow (from the Dravidian word "jara")

Zaheen - Intelligent (from the Dravidian word "sahana")

Zangi - Black (from the Dravidian word "kari")

Ziarat - Pilgrimage (from the Dravidian word "chariya")

Zulfa - Tassel (from the Dravidian word "sulka")

It is generally believed that Sindhi has a significant number of words from Dravidian languages. Some estimates suggest that there are around 300 to 400 Dravidian loanwords in Sindhi, although the actual number may be higher or lower.

Prakrit

Acala (from Tamil "akalam," meaning time)

Aditi (from Tamil "aditi," meaning free from bonds)

Agara (from Tamil "akaram," meaning letter)

Ajagara (from Tamil "acankaram," meaning python)

Ajina (from Tamil "acanam," meaning skin)

Akasa (from Tamil "akasam," meaning sky)

Amba (from Tamil "ambu," meaning water)

Ambara (from Tamil "amparam," meaning clothing)

Ambaraṣa (from Tamil "amparacca," meaning shade)

Amma (from Tamil "amma," meaning mother)

Aṃsa (from Tamil "ampu," meaning shoulder)

Anila (from Tamil "anilam," meaning wind)

Apa (from Tamil "appa," meaning water)

Arjuna (from Tamil "arijuna," meaning white-flowered myrobalan)

Asa (from Tamil "acai," meaning hope)

Asana (from Tamil "asanam," meaning seat)

Aṭa (from Tamil "atta," meaning grain)

Avarodha (from Tamil "avarodam," meaning obstacle)

Ayasa (from Tamil "ayacu," meaning iron)

Ayya (from Tamil "acca," meaning father)

Baddha (from Tamil "vattam," meaning circle)

Bhadda (from Tamil "pattam," meaning cloth)

Bhanda (from Tamil "pandam," meaning vessel)

Bhava (from Tamil "pava," meaning being)

Bheda (from Tamil "petai," meaning division)

Bhrasta (from Tamil "purasadam," meaning ruined)

Bila (from Tamil "vilai," meaning hole)

Bimba (from Tamil "vimpu," meaning image)

Bujanga (from Tamil "puzhankam," meaning serpent)

Cakra (from Tamil "cakkaram," meaning wheel)

Camma (from Tamil "camai," meaning garment)

Candana (from Tamil "kantu," meaning sandalwood)

Candra (from Tamil "candram," meaning moon)

Carma (from Tamil "carimam," meaning skin)

Caru (from Tamil "caru," meaning rice)

Casaka (from Tamil "cakkaram," meaning pot)

Cattra (from Tamil "cattiram," meaning heroic deed)

Catura (from Tamil "catiram," meaning clever)

Caura (from Tamil "cavarai," meaning thief)

Cela (from Tamil "celam," meaning cloth)

Cesta (from Tamil "cetam," meaning action)

Citra (from Tamil "citiram," meaning picture)

Culla (from Tamil "cuḷḷam," meaning group)

Dadhi (from Tamil "tati," meaning curd)

Dana (from Tamil "tana," meaning wealth)

Danta (from Tamil "tantu," meaning thread)

Daru (from Tamil "taram," meaning wood)

Dhana (from Tamil "tana," meaning wealth)

Dhamma (from Tamil "tamam," meaning religious doctrine)

Dhanu (from Tamil "tani," meaning bow)

Dosa (from Tamil "tosai," meaning pancake)

Duhkha (from Tamil "tukkam," meaning sorrow)

Dvipa (from Tamil "tivam," meaning island)

Gada (from Tamil "kattai," meaning stick)

Gandha (from Tamil "kandam," meaning fragrance)

Gata (from Tamil "kadam," meaning gone)

Gaya (from Tamil "kai," meaning hand)

Ghata (from Tamil "katam," meaning jar)

Giri (from Tamil "kiri," meaning mountain)

Godha (from Tamil "kotai," meaning pond)

Godhuma (from Tamil "kothumai," meaning wheat)

Gola (from Tamil "kollam," meaning circle)

Gopura (from Tamil "kovil," meaning temple)

Guna (from Tamil "kunam," meaning quality)

Guti (from Tamil "kuti," meaning hut)

Hamsa (from Tamil "amsam," meaning swan)

Hasti (from Tamil "asti," meaning elephant)

Himavat (from Tamil "himam," meaning snow)

Iṣa (from Tamil "icai," meaning lord)

Jala (from Tamil "jalam," meaning water)

Jantu (from Tamil "jantu," meaning animal)

Jaya (from Tamil "jayam," meaning victory)

Jina (from Tamil "canam," meaning victory)

Jivha (from Tamil "cipam," meaning tongue)

Jnana (from Tamil "nanam," meaning knowledge)

Kacca (from Tamil "kacai," meaning green)

Kala (from Tamil "kalai," meaning art)

Kalya (from Tamil "kali," meaning sport)

Kama (from Tamil "kamam," meaning desire)

Kanta (from Tamil "kantam," meaning beloved)

Kara (from Tamil "karai," meaning shore)

Karman (from Tamil "karamam," meaning action)

Karu (from Tamil "karu," meaning embryo)

Karya (from Tamil "karyam," meaning work)

Kasa (from Tamil "kacai," meaning cough)

Kastha (from Tamil "kasam," meaning stick)

Kavaca (from Tamil "kavacam," meaning armor)

Kaya (from Tamil "kai," meaning body)

Kesa (from Tamil "kesam," meaning hair)

Khara (from Tamil "karai," meaning salty)

Kirti (from Tamil "kiruttam," meaning fame)

Kosa (from Tamil "kosam," meaning treasury)

Krsna (from Tamil "karuṇai," meaning black)

Kula (from Tamil "kudai," meaning family)

Kumara (from Tamil "kumaran," meaning youth)

Kumbha (from Tamil "kumpai," meaning pot)

Kusa (from Tamil "kusam," meaning grass)

Lata (from Tamil "ilai," meaning leaf)

Lavana (from Tamil "lavanam," meaning salt)

[raw1111official]

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[lionheartlr]

Discover Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Travel Guide

A Brief History of Bangladesh Bangladesh, located in South Asia, has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. The region was known as Bengal and was a significant cultural and commercial hub. Over the centuries, it saw the rise and fall of several dynasties, including the Maurya, Gupta, and Pala empires. Colonial Period In the late 16th century, the region came under Mughal rule, which…

[borgiabeacon]

Final Pool Parties in 3300 BCE

The Indus Valley Civilisation, flourishing between 3300 BCE and 1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India, was notable for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and social organisation. And sewage, people.

The sophisticated sewage and drainage systems of Harappans were unparalleled in the ancient world, with houses connected to a centralised water network preventing most people from dying from germs.

Quite a futuristic feat for that period, as the Harappan settlements predate Rome by millennia, solidifying its place as one of the most populous and significant urban centers of its time.

This system provided sanitation and helped manage the monsoon floods that could have devastated their cities. In the past, these floods used to be ambivalent, enriching the soil and facilitating agriculture, but also posing threatening urban infrastructure and probably even bringing Harappans to their eventual collapse.

Our expert opinion is: when our home gets flooded all the time, we tend to abandon it.

Or we stay, hoping the floods aren't that bad, right?

Illustration by stupid assholw + AI

Further reading:

1. "The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives" by Jane McIntosh, which offers a comprehensive overview of the civilization's architecture, social structure, and potential religious practices.

2. "Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization" by Marshall Sir John, a pioneering excavation report that provides firsthand observations of the the extensive urban planning of Harappans.

3. "The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective" by Gregory Possehl, which discusses the civilization's technology, trade, and the enigmatic script that remains undeciphered, offering insights into its possible religious beliefs and practices.

[darrylcalmandstrong09]

New Blog. Buddhism in the Modern World

“Buddha is considered the Enlightened One, Blessed One, or to Become awake.” – Dr. Rufus O. Jimerson

To find out more about how Buddhism can contribute to a more compassionate and socially just world, click here: https://rb.gy/0f0az3

[paulpingminho]

[oneworldearth]

OneWorld Economy

Representation of OneWorld OneWorld will undertake action to bring the Third World up to the level of the Second World and shift the First World to the Second World by securing and distributing the wealth from the First World and securing this and distributing this wealth to the Third World to develop in the Second World Level and balancing the Earth Economies a new First World. In addition…