#ahaggar mountains

[vintagecamping]

Hiking through the extreme heat of the Ahaggar Mountains.

Algeria

1981

[mutant-distraction]

▪️The Massif de Hogar is a mountain range that rises suddenly to the west of Tamanrassete, Algeria. The region has an average height of 900 meters above sea level, the highest point is Mount Tahat, in the center of Atakor. It culminates at 3,003 meters high, and is also the highest peak in Algeria. The Hogar massif is essentially made up of volcanic rocks and constitutes a vast rocky region within the Sahara desert.

▪️The Hoggar Mountains are home to the Ahaggar National Park, one of the country's national parks. ▪️The Hoggar mountain range typically has hot summers, with a cold climate in winter. Temperatures drop below freezing in winter. Precipitation is rare and sporadic throughout the year. However, because the climate is less extreme than in most other areas of the Sahara, the mountains are an important location for biodiversity, including a number of relict species. The Hoggar Mountains are part of the Western Sahara montane xeric forests ecoregion.

▪️The park also contains a population of herbivores, such as the Saharan subspecies of the Berber sheep and the Dorcas gazelle.

The vegetation in this area includes trees such as Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia seyal, myrtle and Tamarix aphylla which are spread throughout the area. Other plants may include Citrullus colocynthis and Calotropis procera .

▪️The Hogar massif is the land of the Imuagues, a tribe of the Tuareg people. The oasis of Abalassa near the town of Tamanrassete is the site of the tomb of the famous leader Tin Hinan, the matriarch believed to have been the ancestor of the Tuareg people in the Hogar Mountains.

📸 By Дмитрий Дубиковский

[jojou2]

''قافـــلـــة الايـــموهاغ '' الـــــطـــــوارق

CARAVAN OF IMOHAGH - La caravane des Imoûhagh Touareg 🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪

الـــــــجزائـــــــــــــر_ Algeria

منذ اقدم العصور جاب الطوارق الايموهاغ الصحراء بقوافلهم فاحيوا الواحات و المخيمات و المجتمعات السكانية و قامو بتامين تبادل تجاري و ثقافي, حيث كان هناك قوافل تسافر لعدة اشهروكانت مكونة في بعض المرات مثل قافلة الملح " الزاي " بما يزيد عن الالف جمل .

Depuis la nuit des Temps, les TOUAREGS ont sillonné le Sahara en tous sens avec leurs caravanes, faisant vivre les oasis, les campements, les centres de vie, assurant les échanges commerciaux et culturels. Les caravanes partaient pour plusieurs mois et certaines étaient constituées, comme l’Azalaï la caravane du sel, de plus de 1000 dromadaires.

Since the dawn of Time, theTUAREG have crossed the Sahara in all directions with their caravans and live oasis, encampments, living centers, providing the commercial and cultural exchanges.

The caravan left for several months and were incorporated, as the caravan Azalaï salt, more than 1,000 camels.

La Grande Caravane de l’Ahaggar au Tassili N’Ajjer

C’est la piste des rezzou d’autrefois que vous suivez. De Tamanrasset à Djanet, 700 km à dos de dromadaire. Sur votre parcours, les oueds et campements de l’Est de l’Ahaggar, de vieilles montagnes volcaniques, les ténérés d’Amadghor et du Tafessasset, les grandes dunes de l’erg Admer, les falaises du tassili N’Ajjer

The Big Caravan

From Ahaggar to Tassili of N'Ajjer

This is the track of past raids that you follow. Tamanrasset to Djanet, 700 km camel. On your journey, wadis and settlements in eastern Ahaggar, ancient volcanic mountains, Ténéré of Amadghor Tafessasset, the large dunes of Erg Admer, cliffs of Tassili N'Ajjer

21jours & 22 nuits / 21 days & 22 nights

Caravane de l’Ahaggar

Au fil des oueds qui serpentent comme des veines entre les collines de l’Est de l’Ahaggar vous découvrez des campements de zéribas, des jardins sahariens, des gravures rupestres, des oiseaux, vieux volcans.

Ce voyage peut se faire à deux ou à plus que deux personnes

Caravan of Ahaggar

Over the wadis that wind like veins in the hills east of the Ahaggar you find camps of zéribas (huts), Saharan gardens, rupestral engravings, birds, old volcanoes.

🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪🐪

[womenandherstory]

THE QUEEN TIN HINAN!

(Painting of The Queen Tin Hinan by Hocine Ziani)

The Queen Tin Hinan, also known as Queen of the Hoggar, is a legendary woman that lived in the 4th Century whose skeleton was found in a pre-Islamic tomb in the Ahaggar Mountains. The literal meaning of Tin Hinan is “she of the tents.” She is believed to be the ancestress of the Tuareg ethnicity of northern Africa; they call her “The mother of us all.”

As centuries went by, her character gradually faded into myth and folklore until the discovery and opening of her tomb in 1925. the discovery reaffirmed her existence. Like many centuries old legendary characters, her true origin has become shrouded in mystery. Sadly without any real documented evidence because the Tuaregs of that time did not keep written records, oral narratives by the locals is a key option in retracing her history.

There are sources that say Tin Hanin was a princess driven from the Northern Sahara, and after a near-death journey through the Sahara Desert with her entourage, they reached the desert anthill where luckily they found grain.

Some say she was a Berber moslem who came from the Tafilalt oasis. with her maidservant Takamat. that she might have had a daughter called Kella. they settled in the mountainous region of Algeria. There is no record anywhere of her tribe, whom her husband or lover was, why she migrated to Hoggar, whom her parents were or the cause of her death.

Takamat had two daughters. Historians believe Tin Hinan gave the Oasis of Silet and Ennided to the two daughters of Takamat which til present day belongs to the descendants of the two women.

LEGEND

Tin Hinan accomplishments were no mean feat. As a woman coming from a foreign land she had to establish herself in the new territory and judging from history’s treatment of women during those times one can only imagine her level of wisdom, Intelligence, courage and endurance as she overcame opposition, won the hearts of the people, united them and rose to become their queen.

She was regarded as a fearless warrior; many Tuaregs today refer to her as the African Amazon Queen. She possessed a knowledge of herbs for healing and medicinal practices, taught her people poetry and the Tifinagh alphabet. Her greatest achievement was founding, uniting the Tuaregs and establishing a kingdom in the Hoggar. Her daughter Kella is widely judged to be the founder of the Kel Rela Tribe.

Under the leadership of Queen Tin Hinan, the Tuaregs established essential caravan trading routes through which they built great wealth and economic prosperity throughout the 4th and 5th century.

TIN HINAN TOMB

It was not until 1925 that Tin Hanin resurfaced again. A Polish American archaeologist Byron Khun De Porok unpopular within the science community at the time and dubbed “The Tomb Raider” discovered her tomb at the Hoggar regions of Abalessa in Southern Algeria.

 It was a Circular stone structure on a hill with a height of about 4 meters and a diameter of about 23 meters overlooking a dried river bed. It contained a number of rooms but only had one entrance.

Upon opening her tomb, Byron found the remains of the queen lying on her back legs crossed and covered with a red cloak of leather that had since turned to dust; she lay on a wooden litter her head facing east and was heavily adorned with gold and jewels. She wore seven silver and seven gold bracelets on her left and right arms respectively and a necklace of gold and pearls. A separate silver bracelet and a Gold ring were placed beside the body. Other funerary items and many pieces of jewelry like beads of turquoise, garnet, amazonite, and cornelian were also discovered in the tomb.

In the 1960s, the anthropologist E. Leblanc examined the skeleton within the Tin Hinan tomb. He observed that the remains were tall (1.72 to 1.76 meters tall) and lithe, with a narrow pelvis, broad shoulders and slender legs.

Today her remains can be found in the Bardo Museum of Algiers.

[nacapito]

Tuareg people

The Tuareg people are a large Berber ethnic group that principally inhabit the Sahara in a vast area stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Algeria, Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso. Traditionally nomadic pastoralists, small groups of Tuareg are also found in northern Nigeria.

They are a semi-nomadic people who practice Islam, and are descended from the indigenous Berber communities of Northern Africa, which have been described as a mosaic of local Northern African (Taforalt), Middle Eastern, European (Early European Farmers), and Sub-Saharan African-related ancestries, prior to the Arab expansion. Tuareg people are credited with the spreading of Islam in North Africa and the adjacent Sahel region.

Tuareg society has traditionally featured clan membership, social status and caste hierarchies within each political confederation.

The Tuareg have controlled several trans-Saharan trade routes and have been an important party to the conflicts in the Saharan region during the colonial and post-colonial era.

In the late 19th century, the Tuareg resisted the French colonial invasion of their Central Saharan homelands and annihilated a French expedition led by Paul Flatters in 1881. However, in the long run Tuareg broadswords were no match for the more advanced weapons of French troops. After numerous massacres on both sides,[30] the Tuareg were subdued and required to sign treaties in Mali 1905 and Niger 1917. In southern Algeria, the French met some of the strongest resistance from the Ahaggar Tuareg. Their Amenokal, traditional chief Moussa ag Amastan, fought numerous battles in defence of the region. Finally, Tuareg territories were taken under French governance.

Post-colonially, when African countries achieved widespread independence in the 1960s, the traditional Tuareg territory was divided among a number of modern states: Niger, Mali, Algeria, Libya, and Burkina Faso. Competition for resources in the Sahel has since led to conflicts between the Tuareg and neighboring African groups, especially after political disruption following French colonization and independence. There have been tight restrictions placed on nomadization because of high population growth. Desertification is exacerbated by human activity i.e.; exploitation of resources and the increased firewood needs of growing cities. Some Tuareg are therefore experimenting with farming; some have been forced to abandon herding and seek jobs in towns and cities.

In Mali, a Tuareg uprising resurfaced in the Adrar N'Fughas mountains in the 1960s, following Mali's independence. Several Tuareg joined, including some from the Adrar des Iforas in northeastern Mali. The 1960s' rebellion was a fight between a group of Tuareg and the newly independent state of Mali. The Malian Army suppressed the revolt. Resentment among the Tuareg fueled the second uprising.

This second (or third) uprising was in May 1990. At this time, in the aftermath of a clash between government soldiers and Tuareg outside a prison in Tchin-Tabaraden, Niger, Tuareg in both Mali and Niger claimed autonomy for their traditional homeland: (Ténéré, capital Agadez, in Niger and the Azawad and Kidal regions of Mali). Deadly clashes between Tuareg fighters (with leaders such as Mano Dayak) and the military of both countries followed, with deaths numbering well into the thousands. Negotiations initiated by France and Algeria led to peace agreements (11 January 1992 in Mali and 1995 in Niger). Both agreements called for decentralization of national power and guaranteed the integration of Tuareg resistance fighters into the countries' respective national armies.

Major fighting between the Tuareg resistance and government security forces ended after the 1995 and 1996 agreements. As of 2004, sporadic fighting continued in Niger between government forces and Tuareg groups struggling for independence. In 2007, a new surge in violence occurred.

Since the development of Berberism in North Africa in the 1990s, there has also been a Tuareg ethnic revival.

Since 1998, three different flags have been designed to represent the Tuareg. In Niger, the Tuareg people remain diplomatically and economically marginalized, remaining poor and not being represented in Niger's central government.

+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people

[fatehbaz]

WEST AFRICAN CROCODILE RETURNS TO MOROCCO!

The West African crocodile (Crocodylus suchus) is considered to have disappeared from Morocco in the 1950s, although there is some evidence that some may have persisted in the “guelta” of Tanzida (Guelmim-Es Smara Province) until the 1970s. For the first time in over 50 years, the species is once again present in Morocco.

---

Images, captions, layout, screenshots, and all text above from: Ariane Marinetti. In: Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter. Volume 41 No. 3. July 2022 -September 2022.

For context:

The West African crocodile is also known to some researchers as the “sacred crocodile” for its association with the deity Sobek and crocodile veneration in ancient Egypt. Though the creature inhabits tropical woodland landscapes across most of West Africa, it is also sometimes described as the “desert crocodile” because of how some populations live in oases in the Sahara, in small pools amidst vast desert. The sites in Morocco where crocodiles were historically reported are at the northern edge of the Sahara, far removed from other contiguous populations of crocodiles in the tropics. Previously, the West African crocodile (Crocodylus suchus) was considered to be the same species as the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Research in recent years has shown that the West African crocodile is a unique species, and it was historically present at sites across North Africa and the Sahara, including at sites in the Tassili n’Ajjer and Ahaggar mountains of Algeria. Crocodiles were reported to have survived in the Draa river system in Morocco until at least the 1940s. Crocodiles were even reported within the 20th century to survive near the Mediterranean coast (!), at Chott el-Djarid in Tunisia. Though both West African crocodiles and Nile crocodiles seem to be present in Egypt, many mummified crocodiles from ancient Egyptian sites have also been determined to be the West African crocodile. At times throughout the Holocene over the past 12,000 years, much of the Sahara featured savanna landscapes, and the “desert’ was home to many rivers and wetlands, now vanished. Even as the desert became dry, some hippopotamus and crocodiles survived in oasis landscapes in isolated parts of the Sahara. Today, some oasis sites in Mauritania provide a cool illustration of this lifestyle, as West African crocodiles still swim in isolated pools, gueltas, tiny spring-fed streams, and small caves surrounded by desert.

[earthstory]

Hoggar Mountains, Algeria

This image shows an ancient volcano located in southern Algeria. After some searching, I believe the correct name for this object is the Lharen phonolitic plug.

This photo was taken in an area of southern Algeria known as the Hoggar Mountains which makes up the Ahaggar National Park (Hoggar and Ahaggar seem to be interchangeable in the translations).

The Hoggar Mountains sit in the heart of the Saharan desert close to the southern tip of Algeria, close to the Tropic of Cancer. They sit on top of a broad plateau and are composed of volcanic rocks erupted over the last 40 million years. The most active portion of the volcanism took place between 12 and 20 million years ago and the rocks in this image date from that period.

This outcrop is a volcanic plug, the remnants of the inside of a volcano. This rock was formed by lava that migrated upwards inside a volcanic system but was stranded when the supply from below was cut off and the volcano died.

The rocks show columnar jointing; that’s the pattern of near vertical lines and cracks you see. Columnar jointing always forms lines in the direction cooling is happening; this rock cooled from above, suggesting that it was originally surrounded by a larger volcanic mass that shielded the sides from cooling.

Most of the outer volcano has been eroded away, but the plug in the volcano likely cooled slowly, generating a crystalline rock which is strong and resistant to erosion. The debris pile around it is some remnants of the erosion of the plug and the mountain around it. The rock itself is a phonolite, a common type of magma found in crustal igneous settings.

The cause of the volcanism in this area is enigmatic. The volcanic rocks are coming through the thick crust of northern Africa but have chemical signatures suggesting they were derived from the mantle. They could have been formed due to a small hotspot underneath this portion of Africa, or they could represent a product of the collision between Europe and Asia far to the north, which could break the crust throughout the continent and cause enough movement within the mantle to cause generation of the magmas that eventually formed this plug.

-JBB

Image credit: Patrick Gruban http://www.flickr.com/photos/gruban/137349085/

A data compilation source thanks to Dr. Anderson’s page: http://www.mantleplumes.org/Hoggar.html

World Geography entry: http://world-geography.org/mountain/12-ahaggar-mountains.html

http://www.volcanolive.com/tahalra.html

[omniatlas]

NEW MAP: Northern Africa 1906: Conquest of the Sahara (12 February 1906) https://buff.ly/3iCuA02 The first French military expeditions crossed the Sahara in 1900, defeating the Ahaggar Tuareg in 1902. However, it was not until 1906 that the French sent a permanent occupation force to Agadez and thereby secured their control of trans-Saharan trade to the west of the Tibesti Mountains. #1900s #1906 #20thcentury #agadez #algeria #frenchsahara #cartografia #cartographic #sahara #francophone #france #frenchwestafrica #frenchempire #historian #historical #historicalplace #historylesson #historylover #mali #mapping #maps #morocco #niger #northernafrica #empire #colonialism #imperialism #ottomanempire #britishempire #newmap (at Agadez) https://www.instagram.com/p/CCVfa4fAwjO/?igshid=1d8slh74r4gy1

[sitting-on-me-bum]

SERGIO RICCA - flickr

Algeria

Ahaggar Mountains National Park

Algeria's Ahaggar National Park covers an area of approximately 450,000 square kilometers in the Saharan Algeria Region in the extreme south of the country. The closest populated area near the park, which lies in a desert mountainous zone, is the oasis city of Tamanrasset. The Ahaggar Mountains, also known as the Hoggar, dominate the park, with the highest peak being Mount Tahat, measuring 3,003 meters above sea level.

Photos: Eric Montfort - flickr

Photos: Tato Edroso - flickr

Photos: SERGIO RICCA - flickr

Photo: Brigitte Djajasasmita - flickr

[anastpaul]

Saint of the Day – 1 December – Blessed Charles of Jesus/ Charles de Foucauld OCSO (1858-1916) – Priest, Martyr, Religious Brother, Apostle of the Holy Eucharistic, of Prayer and Charity, Writer, Founder of various groups and fraternities for both religious and the laity, that include Jesus Caritas, the Little Brothers of Jesus and the Little Sisters of Jesus, among a total of ten religious congregations and nine associations of spiritual life. Though originally French in origin, these groups have expanded to include many cultures and their languages on all continents.   Blessed Charles was born on 15 September 1858 in Strasbourg, France as Charles Eugenie de Foucauld and died by being shot on 1 December 1916 at Tamanrasset, Algeria.  

Charles de Foucauld (Brother Charles of Jesus) was orphaned at the age of six, he and his sister Marie were raised by their grandfather in whose footsteps he followed by taking up a military career.

He lost his faith as an adolescent.  His taste for easy living was well known to all and yet he showed that he could be strong willed and constant in difficult situations.   He undertook a risky exploration of Morocco (1883-1884).   Seeing the way Muslims expressed their faith questioned him and he began repeating, “My God, if you exist, let me come to know You.”

On his return to France, the warm, respectful welcome he received from his deeply Christian family made him continue his search.   Under the guidance of Fr Huvelin he re-discovered God in October 1886.  He was then 28 years old.   “As soon as I believed in God, I understood that I could not do otherwise than to live for Him alone.”

A pilgrimage to the Holy Land revealed his vocation to him – to follow Jesus in His life at Nazareth.  He spent 7 years as a Trappist, first in France and then at Akbès in Syria.  Later he began to lead a life of prayer and adoration, alone, near a convent of Poor Clares in Nazareth.

Ordained a priest at 43 (1901) he left for the Sahara, living at first in Beni Abbès and later at Tamanrasset among the Tuaregs of the Hoggar.   This region is the central part of the Sahara with the Ahaggar Mountains (the Hoggar) immediately to the west.   Foucauld used the highest point in the region, the Assekrem, as a place of retreat.   He wanted to be among those who were, “the furthest removed, the most abandoned.”   He wanted all who drew close to him to find in him a brother, “a universal brother.”   In a great respect for the culture and faith of those among whom he lived, his desire was to “shout the Gospel with his life”.   I would like to be sufficiently good that people would say, ‘If such is the servant, what must the Master be like?’”

Living close to the Tuareg and sharing their life and hardships, he made a ten-year study of their language and cultural traditions.   He learned the Tuareg language and worked on a dictionary and grammar.   His dictionary manuscript was published posthumously in four volumes and has become known among Berberologists for its rich and apt descriptions.

On 1 December 1916, de Foucauld was dragged from his hermitage by a gang of armed bandits led by El Madani ag Soba, who was connected with the Senussi Bedouin.   They intended to kidnap de Foucauld but when the gang was disturbed by two guardsmen, one startled bandit (15-year-old Sermi ag Thora) shot him through the head, killing him instantly.   The murder was witnessed by sacristan and servant Paul Embarek, an African Arab former slave liberated and instructed by de Foucauld.

[urbanhermit]

Blessed Charles of Jesus/ Charles de Foucauld OCSO (1858-1916) – Priest, Martyr, Religious Brother, Apostle of the Holy Eucharistic, of Prayer & Charity, Writer, Founder of various groups & fraternities for both religious & the laity, that include Jesus Caritas, the Little Brothers of Jesus & the Little Sisters of Jesus, among a total of ten religious congregations and nine associations of spiritual life. Though originally French in origin, these groups have expanded to include many cultures and their languages on all continents. Blessed Charles was born on 15 September 1858 in Strasbourg, France as Charles Eugenie de Foucauld & died by being shot on 1 December 1916 at Tamanrasset, Algeria. He lost his faith as an adolescent. His taste for easy living was well known to all and yet he showed that he could be strong willed & constant in difficult situations. He undertook a risky exploration of Morocco (1883-1884). Seeing the way Muslims expressed their faith questioned him & he began repeating, “My God, if you exist, let me come to know You.” On his return to France, the warm, respectful welcome he received from his deeply Christian family made him continue his search. Under the guidance of Fr Huvelin he rediscovered God in October 1886. He was then 28 years old. “As soon as I believed in God, I understood that I could not do otherwise than to live for Him alone.” A pilgrimage to the Holy Land revealed his vocation to him – to follow Jesus in His life at Nazareth. He spent 7 years as a Trappist, first in France & then at Akbès in Syria. Later he began to lead a life of prayer and adoration, alone, near a convent of Poor Clares in Nazareth. Ordained a priest at 43 (1901) he left for the Sahara, living at first in Beni Abbès & later at Tamanrasset among the Tuaregs of the Hoggar. This region is the central part of the Sahara with the Ahaggar Mountains (the Hoggar) immediately to the west. Foucauld used the highest point in the region, the Assekrem, as a place of retreat. He wanted to be among those who were, “the furthest removed, the most abandoned.” He wanted all who drew close to him to find in him a brother, “a universal brother.” https://www.instagram.com/p/CW7RA0RLx6k/?utm_medium=tumblr

[johnzstudio-blog]

The Sahara is a desert located on the African continent. It is the largest hot desert in the world, and the third largest desert overall after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi) is comparable to the area of China or the United States. The name 'Sahara' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for "desert", ṣaḥra 

The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions including: the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert.

For several hundred thousand years, the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 41,000 year cycle caused by the precession of the Earth's axis as it rotates around the Sun, which changes the location of the North African Monsoon. The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD). There is a suggestion that the last time that the Sahara was converted from savanna to desert it was partially due to overgrazing by the cattle of the local population.

Environment_Research

[directionias]

AFRICA

Position and size: Africa is the second largest continent of the world; stretches for approximately 35° on each side of the Equator, and is crossed by both the tropics.

Periphery: North – Mediterranean Sea, East – Indian Ocean, Red Sea, West Atlantic Ocean, South – Antarctic Ocean.

Physical Features: Africa is a plateau continent having very ancient crystalline rocks.

In the North Western Part: Lie the ranges of Atlas Mountains which belong to the Alpine Mountain System of Southern Europe and are folded mountains.

In the Southern Part : Lie older block mountains, i.e. the Swartzberg and Drakensberg  Mountains.

In North: The Tibesti and Ahaggar Mountains of the Sahara make some prominent features.

In East: The Volcanic comes such as Kilimanjaro, Mt. Kenya and Mt. Elogan are located in East Africa. Ethiopia is marked by a series of lakes like Lake Abaya, Lake Rudolf, etc. A large part of the plateau consists of a number of large basins, separated by divides.

Rivers and Drainage :The Nile, The Senegal, The Niger, The Congo, The Orange, The Limpopo, The Zambezi are important rivers

Climate:  Africa, climatically can be divided into 7 regions:

Rainy tropical, (ii) Wet and dry Savannah (Low and High), (iii) Tropical Steppe, (iv) Tropical desert, (v) Humid Subtropical, (vi) Mediterranean and (vii) Undifferentiated Highlands.

Ocean currents:

The cold Canaries and Benguela current along the west coast of Africa have a cooling  effect on neighboring coast.

The Warm Mozambique Current tends to warm southern coast.

The continent

Africa is the second largest continent on earth, approximately 11.7 million square miles.

Africa straddles the equator and is the only continent to extend from the northern temperate zone to the southern temperate zone.

Africa is the hottest continent on earth.

Africa covers 6 percent of the earth's total surface and 20.4 percent of the total land area.

Cairo is the continent's largest city.

Long before humans were around (the early Mesozoic Era) Africa was joined to the other continents in a massive continent called Pangaea. Over millions of years this huge continent broke apart shaping the world landscape as we know it today.

It is widely believed the African continent got its name from the ancient Romans. Upon defeating the ancient northern African city of Carthage, the Romans founded a province there they named Africa; named after the African tribe that inhabited the area.

Dallol in Northern Ethiopia has the world's hottest average temperature. The average temperature in this locality is 93 degrees Fahrenheit (33.89 degrees Celsius).

Winds: Great part of Africa lies in the north east and south east Trade wind belts.

Tropical Deserts:

(i) Somali desert of Somalia

(ii) Dankali desert of northern Ethiopia, Namibia and Kalahari.

Note:   Coarse grasses and scrubs are the only vegetation of this climate.

Africa - Animals

Africa is full of dangerous animals that account for thousands of human deaths per year. Mosquitos which can transmit numerous dangerous diseases such as malaria kill the most people. Other deadly animals include the hippopotamus, the deadliest mammal, and the Puff Adder, the most dangerous snake.

The world's largest land animal is the African elephant.

The world's tallest animal, the giraffe, lives in Africa.

The fastest land animal in the world, the cheetah, lives in Africa.

Africa is home to the world's largest reptile, the Nile crocodile.

The gorilla, which can be found in the continents jungles, is the world's largest primate.

The world's largest frog, the goliath frog (also called the goliath bullfrog) lives in Africa. They can be found in the central African countries of Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. They can grow to lengths of over 1 foot (30.5 centimeters).

Twenty five percent of the earth's bird species live in Africa.

People of Africa

The African continent has the second largest population in the world, at about one billion people.

Well over one thousand languages are spoken by the people of Africa. Some estimates put this number closer to two thousand.

The largest religion in Africa is Islam, followed by Christianity.

The African population is approximately 14.72% of the world's population .

The oldest human remains ever discovered were found in Ethiopia. They are approximately 200,000 years old.

Arabs, Berbers, Tuareg of desert : North Africa

The Pigmies : Congo Basin

The Bushman : Kalahari Desert

The Hottentots :  South Africa

The Ovambo tribes : South West Africa

The Herero : South West Africa

Some important information about Africa

Major Safari Centre :Kenya

Rich Mineral district of Zaire : Katanga

Country that is Christian and Muslim : Ethiopia

Large lake in Sahara: Chad

Highest Mountain of Africa:Kilimanjaro

Country having highest percentage of nomadic herders : Somalia

The coasts of North west Africa and South West Africa (cape Town) has Mediterranean type of climate

River Congo crosses the equator twice

Island noted for spice exports : Zanzibar

South Africa  is the leading producer of diamond and gold

Congo has the greatest hydroelectric potential in the world.

Common lingua franca across Eastern Africa : Swahili

Ghana was formerly known as ‘Gold Coast’ (British colony).

Nigeria is known as ‘Land of Palm Oil’.

Lake Tanganyika: A rift Valley Lake, world’s deepest lake (Kenya).

Most populated country of Africa is Nigeria. ‘Esparto Grass’ found in North Africa is used for paper making.

The Aswan Dam is situated on River Nile.

‘Port Said’ is the Northern Entrance to Suez Canal.

People of Katanga (Zaire) are known as Kasai Baluba.

Egypt is junction of the two continents, Asia and Africa.

To the west of Uganda, are the snow covered mountains of the ‘Ruwenzari Range’ known as ‘The Mountains of the Moon.’

Zanzibar and Pemba islands are well known for cloves.

Tanzania is well known for the ‘Sisal hemp’.

Coffee is produced by the progressive ‘Chagga’ Tribes on the fertile slope of

Kilimanjaro.

Kariba Dam famous for Hydro Electric Power is on River Zambezi.

Mozambique has the widest coastal plain in Africa.

Mozambique Channel separates Madagascar from Africa.

Cairo, the capital of Egypt, stands at the tip of the Nile deltas.

The whole savannah belt forms the actual Sudan, a word meaning ‘the land of the Blacks’, so called because of its Negro population.

River Nile is the longest river of Africa, emerging from Lake Victoria and draining into the Mediterranean Sea. A high class Arabian Coffee is produced in Ethiopia.

South Africa is the leading producer of maize in Africa, followed by Egypt.

Cotton is a leading export item from Uganda.

Africa Landforms

The longest river in the world, the Nile (4,132 miles), is located in Africa.

Africa has the world's largest desert, the Sahara, which is almost the size of the United States.

Victoria Falls is the largest waterfall in Africa; it is 355 feet high and one mile wide.

Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain on the continent. It towers over 19,300 feet, which is so tall that glaciers can be found at its summit even though the mountain is near the equator.

Madagascar is the largest island in Africa and the fourth largest island in the world. It is in the Indian Ocean off the East coast of Africa.

A plateau called Witwatersrand in South Africa has produced half of the gold ever mined on Earth.

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Must-visit cities in Algeria!!

Algeria is a country of 48 diverse states, each and one of them unique with an unmatched beauty with so much to offer to it’s guests, wether they are the people of Algeria it self or from abroad, by the end of the journey they leave with an experience like no other and memories that will with no doubt last forever!

Allow me to briefly guide you around the top cities to visit during your stay in the worlds 10th largest nation. Enjoy!

Algiers

The capital of this gem of a nation, Algiers is the first on our list. Located on the stunning bay of the Mediterranean sea, Algiers is a modern and metropolitan city, and never fails to make an impression with its rare beauty and almost disorienting architectural contrasts. With wide French-built boulevards and elegant villas alongside traditional and historic Islamic landmarks, including the enchanting Casbah; a winding urban maze, with streets flowing through the old town like streams, its architectural fusion serves justice to emphasize the beauty of the city. The enchanting labyrinthine streets leading to the stunning bay of Algiers are yet another of Algiers’ picturesque features, the perfect place to add pleasing pictures to your instagram feed, and offers an intriguing glimpse into the past, present and future of Algeria.

Oran

This city is known to be Paris’s long lost twin! Oran or Wahran is a fascinating city with such a lively port that boasts a rich history and animated pace of life. Oran is an attraction in its own right and has plenty of historical buildings to explore including beautiful mosques, the Casbah and Le Theatre (The Theatre). Wahran is internationally well renowned for it’s lively, upbeat and vibrant musical movement; The Rai. The open bay offers an idyllic and tranquil escape from the bustling city streets, and said streets offer an insight into the Spanish and French past of the city. It is a great place for scuba diving as well. Modern Wahran is divided boasts a refreshing waterfront, plus both an old and a new city, each section with its own unique charm and architectural landmarks.

Constantine

Constantine is one of Algeria’s and the Arab world’s great symbol of pride. It is a natural marvel that has transformed over the years into a stunning spot for the tourists. It arose out of its natural surroundings, having been protected by a deep gorge around an outcrop of rock that formed a natural fortress. To reach from one location to another in the city, one has to cross one of its 7 (now 8) bridges across a large canyon. This is why it is known by the City of Bridges, each bridge with an enchanting story behind it and a thrilling feeling as you walk through it. A city of great political, cultural, and economic significance, as it is the capital of the East of Algeria as well and it was appointed The capital of Arab Islamic culture in 2015. Constantine has an enchanting ambiance and is still rife with a sense of fantasy despite its cosmopolitan and modern movements. Indeed, Constantine now spreads much further than its original natural fortress, but it is a city that stays true to its origins. Constantine boasts a thriving Arab-Andalusian music scene that is yet another way it manages to enchant and entice those who are visiting.

Djanet

Djanet’s charming setting is ideally located in the surroundings of majestic mountains that overlook the town. A unique city with whitewashed buildings and bright blue doors lining the main street with an oriental Berber style. Many tourists flock the city to admire it’s stunning collection of rock paintings in the nearby national park, to experience the peacefulness and exotic surroundings that Djanet offers. Not to forget to mention, getting a great taste of the variety of food by the hospitable Touareg people.

Tamanrasset

Tamanrasset or Tamenghasset, is a modern and lively city that you will find if you travel south through Algeria towards Niger and it is the largest state in Algeria taking almost a quarter of the nations area. Tamanrasset has everything you might expect and it is a great base for exploring the Ahaggar National Park and the Tassili n'Ajjer National Park whilst retaining comforts of a well equipped town. For various reasons, the city is considered unsafe to visit at present and it is only possible to visit as part of a fully guided tour. Proof of a guided tour must be provided upon arrival in the town. Although this is currently a requirement it is not necessarily a bad things as it improves the safety of visitors and several fun excursions such a 4×4 tours are often included.

Annaba

A city with superb architecture and a welcome and refreshing proximity to both fresh water and fertile farmland, Annaba is definitely one of Algeria’s most beautiful cities. Beauty aside, Annaba is an extremely important city, with its port handling the majority of the country’s mineral exports, however for travelers the history and culture of Annaba is what attracts them the most, it’s what gives it its a charm; it was the city in which St Augustine lived out his final years, and the area now has a reputation for being a tranquil haven, much aided by its idyllic sea views and white tropical sand. The most famous ruins in the city are the Hippo Regius, which is the main attraction. The ruins of Hippo Regius are surrounded by olive trees on one side and the sea on the other. The ruins include mosaics, bronze trophies and ruins of villas and temples. Travelers get to as well try out the exotic fruits that could only be grown in Annaba.

To be continue...

[omniatlas]

Sub-Saharan Africa 113 years ago today: Conquest of the Sahara (12 Feb 1906) https://buff.ly/2WXhQ9x The first French military expeditions crossed the Sahara in 1900, defeating the Ahaggar Tuareg in 1902. However, it was not until 1906 that the French sent a permanent occupation force to Agadez and thereby secured their control of trans-Saharan trade to the west of the Tibesti Mountains. #subsaharanafrica #history #welovemaps #map #1900s #1906 #africa #africanhistory #agadez #colonialism #chad #february #february12 #frenchempire #frenchsahara #frenchwestafrica #imperialism #germanempire #niger #britishempire #tuareg #maps #sahara #tibesti #todayinhistory #historytoday #historyteacher #historygeek #historybuff #historynerd (at Agadez) https://www.instagram.com/p/BtxkhZ8gYAc/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=wh1oct4untbq

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Assekrem Sunrise

Ahaggar National Park, Tamanraset - Algeria

Omar Branine - flickr

Algeria

National Parks

Algeria is a land of great biodiversity. A massive country with a wide variety of landscapes and ecological zones, Algeria has a rich natural heritage. Considered by many to be the most unique natural country of the Mediterranean, Algeria's distinctive morphology, bioclimate, fauna and flora contribute to its great biodiversity. In fact, Algeria is home to some rare species such as the Monk Seal, Barbary red deer, Kabylie Nuthatch and Audouin's Gull. An extensive network of protected areas has been created in Algeria to protect this great natural heritage. Algeria's National Parks encompass a variety of ecosystems, from coastal areas to desert and mountain.

Coastal National Parks of Algeria: El Kala National Park Gouraya National Park Taza Naional Park

Algerian National Parks of the Mountain Areas: Theniet El Had National Park Djurdjura National Park Chrea National Park Belezma National Park Tlemcen National Park

Algerian National Parks of the Steppe: Djebel Aissa National Park

Algerian National Parks of Sahara: Tassili National Park l'Ahaggar National Park

Nature Reserves in Algeria: la Macta Nature Reserve Mergueb Nature Reserve Beni-salah Nature Reserve Babors Nature Reserve Iles Habibas Marine Nature Reserve

Lake Agoulmime / Lac Agoulmime / "Tamda u Gulmim"

Djurdjura National Park

Photos: M.D.S.A. - flickr 

Tassili National Park

Photos: chris - flickr

Theniet El Had National Park

Photos: M.D.S.A. - flickr

El Kala National Park

Photos: ermakvagus.com