#Vedic civilization

[eye-of-mordor]

The Rings of Power: analysis of Sauron's character

[father-of-the-void]

Rejecting those who disregard his worship, Indra victorious lives through many autumns. In every figure he hath been the mode: this is his only form for us to look on. Indra moves multiform by his illusions; for his Bay Steeds are yoked, ten times a hundred. Here Tvastar, yoking to the car the Bay Steeds, hath extended sway. Who will for ever stand upon the foeman's side, even when our princes sit at ease? Gods, we have reached a country void of pasture the land, though spacious, was too small to hold us. Brhaspati, provide in war for cattle; find a path, Indra, for this faithful singer. Day after day far from their seat he drove them, alike, from place to place, those darksome creatures.

— Rig Veda 6.47.17-21

[eagle-longing-for-rostau]

Rig Veda 1.1.1

[historbuff]

Vedic Civilization :-

Introduction :- The Vedic era was between 1500 AD to 600 AD. Vedas were composed in this period. It is the next major civilization that arrived in ancient India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization by 1400 BC.The first Rigveda was composed in the Vedic period, which is as follows.

Arrival of Aryan people in India:-

Place of original residence.

1. According to Maxmular - the Aryans came from Central Asia.

2. According to Dr. Sampurna Nanda - Aryans came from the Alps.

3. Bal Gangadhar Tilak - The Aryans came from the Arctic region.

4. Dayanand Saraswati - The Aryans came from Tibet. Read more :-

[rigvedanew]

The role of seasons in the organization of Vedic rituals

In the Seven Rivers civilization, seasons played a central role in organizing religious rituals. Each time of year brought specific energies, and rituals were designed to harmonize with these natural cycles. Agnistoma: a key spring ritual Among the most important rituals, the Agnistoma occupied a unique place. This ritual, whose name means “praise of fire”, was obligatory in spring for all the…

[drmohitchangani]

Time calculation in The Ling Mahapuran

Old Indian scriptures and literature are little explored. Majority of the people who follow Hinduism barely get in to the depth of it. Apart from religious values, it contains very rich information which help up to get an idea about the advancement of the civilization back then. If you open up any of the book and start reading, at the first glance it would appear a religious text. As you continue…

[a-god-in-ruins-rises]

i revere vedic gods but i am wary of modern hinduism. i generally like hinduism and look to it as a source of inspiration for how a revived paganism can look in the west but i'm certainly not all-embracing of hinduism.

a lot of hinduism really resonates with me. but also, much of it feels very foreign.

one thing that really stands out to me is that there is apparently a pretty big theological divide among hindus with regard to indra. in my studies, it seems like most hindus don't even really recognize indra as a deity. instead, they consider it a title or a position.

gives me really bad vibes.

[astroworldsite]

Ancient Astrology: Unleashing the Power in the Modern World

 Ancient astrology refers to the practice of studying celestial bodies and their movements to gain insight into human affairs and the natural world. It has its roots in various civilizations dating back thousands of years, including ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and India. In ancient times, people observed the positions and movements of the sun, moon, planets, and stars, believing that they held significant influence over human lives and events. Astrologers developed intricate systems to interpret these celestial patterns and make predictions about various aspects of life, such as personal characteristics, relationships, health, and even political and societal events.

Article Source Link

[meluhha]

Research Article Links

- Tamil Merchant in Ancient Mesopotamia: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109331

- Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Processes at the End of the Indus Civilization: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084814

- Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-021-00868-w

[eye-of-mordor]

THE RINGS OF POWER – analysis of Sauron’s character 1/3

Throughout the series of The Rings of Power, there is heavy symbolism and allegory. Several of these that tie in with Sauron's character seem to have been noticed by some but gone largely undiscussed. Frequent contrasts between the colors blue and red have been used in the storyline arc of his character. The two elements that are represented by these colors are water and fire, which are weaponized by Sauron in Tolkien's legendarium – the deluge of Númenor, and his kingdom of Mordor that is best known for its fiery Mount Doom. Another allegory that seems to be at play here, and plausibly deliberately done by the show creators, are the subtle hints of Sauron embodying many of the main traits of the ancient three-eyed god, Rudra, of the archaic oral tradition of the Rig Veda that was brought to the Indian subcontinent in a bygone epoch by the Vedic civilization who were Proto-Indo-Europeans from somewhere in the far north. Around the time when the Vedic civilization mysteriously disappeared from India sometime in the second millennium BC, the oral tradition of the Vedas was transferred into written documentation. Then when the Vedic civilization spirited away from India, the Hindu civilization was born and with it, the seedling of a newly developing religion would come to grow into the tree known as Hinduism today.

From this seed, grew multilayered stories featuring many new gods. But some were built from the characteristics of the preexisting Vedic gods. One such god is the familiar Shiva, depicted as three-eyed, blue-skinned, wielding a trishula, a lunar ornament atop his hair, and his serpent Vasuki coiled around his neck. This god was developed out of Rudra, likely based on a word used in an account in the Rig honoring Rudra as 'auspicious,'  a word that in Sanskrit is śivaḥ. Throughout the Vedic period, Rudra was often associated with the color red, depicted as an irascible god with whom not even the other gods wanted anything to do with unless they needed his destructive powers to solve a problem. Then later when Hinduism developed, the color blue was attributed to Shiva, who is seen as a calmer side of Rudra, and is believed to be able to control water, especially at night when the Moon's gravity pulls the Earth towards it. This trait of his seems to have been incorporated into The Rings of Power, especially concerning the otherworldly aura of Sauron’s sword hilt that emblazons the symbol of Mordor, seemingly reminiscent of Shiva’s three-pronged trishula. In fact, when his reformed sword is used as a key by Waldreg to awaken the ancient fire of Mount Doom, the element of water is used to achieve this via a massive flowing river that pours into the magma chamber of the volcano, triggering a phreatomagmatic eruption. In this way, Sauron’s weapon is linked to the elements of water and fire. Archaic knowledge of the interaction between water and magma chambers has been demonstrated in the Rig.

(Click here to continue to segment 2)

[father-of-the-void]

May Agni, yielding to our prayer, the Raksas-slayer, drive away the malady of evil name that hath beset thy labouring womb. Agni, concurring in the prayer, drive off the eater of the flesh, the malady of evil name that hath attacked thy babe and womb. That which destroys the sinking germ, the settled, moving embryo, that which will kill the babe at birth, even this will we drive far away … this we will exterminate.

— Rig Veda 10.161

[marsprincess889]

VEDIC ASTRO OBSERVATIONS

Part 3

More random and messy but still true

DISCLAIMER: if you consider some of these positive and others negative, then I want you guys to know that they come from my personal observations of real life. None of the nakshatras are better or worse, or positive or negative, these are just aspects of them, but nevertheless, true.

Magha people can have such an ego omg like I've said that before with rat yonis but P.Phalguni I think is nowhere near Magha in that department. Ashwini can also come off as egotistical, but it's moreso that they're unintentionally(or sometimes, intentionally) ignorant. Mula can also have egotistical tendencies, esp cause the galactic center(the black hole) is in Mula nakshatra, so they can have this "I'm the center of the world" attitude, but in my experience it manifests as just them mainly trusting themselves. All Ketu nakshatras have this theme of going inwards and shutting the world out, but since Magha is in the Sun ruled Leo (sun=ourselves, confidence) it can come off as undeservedely egotistical, different from Ashwinis aggressively(Aries/Mars) ignorant and Mula's relentlessly preachy(Sagittarius/Jupiter).

The Ashlesha to Jyeshta pipeline is actually very obvious, they're more connected than people realize. Obviously they're both Mercury nakshatras, but Ashlesha is often seen in a very sensual, feminine light and Jyeshta in a no-nonsense, cut to the chase light. The difference is that all that bottled up energy of Ashlesha, that was either healing or poisoning the native is ready to fight and be more direct in Jyeshta. They're both laser focused on survival and protecting themselves, desperately trying to realize themselves in the proccess, so it's a struggle. Both are trying to preserve their energy, but Ashlesha was trapped in the confines of the 4th house(family, roots,mother) and the sign of Cancer/Moon(emotions, fliudity, sensitivity), either for its safety or to its detriment, and was trying to get their energy out in a correct way. Jyeshta is out in the open, thrown in the sign of Scorpio/the 8th house/ passive Mars (transformation, rebirth, purging, sex, death, warfare, survival, defence. You and the other are one and the same in the 8th house). For Jyeshta, the only way to survive, is to win over everyone else, and when they eventually win, they gain dominion over others. So Jyeshta is kind of about revisiting that Ashlesha state and having the revenge, so to speak, because after gaining strength on your own, you eventually have to face the ones who you were so desperately trying to get away from(ashlesha).

Mulas can be so gentle and honestly at first I did not know where that came from, but since the last third of nakshatras are about transcending and mastering their ruling planet in a sense(btw, that does not mean that they embody the energy of the planet more, or that they're better) and Ketu is about primal instincts, then Mula is the place where the individual centers themselves in their truth and is unmoved by others, thus, avoiding unnecessary energy drainage. Of course, they can also be the most untamed of all, but in our civilized(mostly🙁) society, their natural demeanor is extremely calm.

Chitra natives are soooooo chaotic like calm down jesus. It makes sense when your consider that its gunas are TTT(tamas, tamas, tamas). Among the planets, Ketu is the most tamasic one(Chitra's ruler_Mars is also tamasic), but each nakshatra has their own guna(Ashwini is Rajas x3, Bharani is Rajas-Rajas-Tamas, Revati is Sattva x3, you get it). So Chitra people are the most chaotic, if I may say so. (Gotta credit The Hidden Octave's Chitra video for the observation). There are a lot of indicators that explain this but I've already written a lot in the previous ones😭 if you know basic vedic, this observation is of no surprise to you. They can also be prone to anxiety, but often they're unaware of it, so that has a detrimental effect on people around them.

Uttara Bhadrapadas are VERY hard to order around. Impossible even. Idk why someone would want to order someone else around but nevertheless, these natives can deal with any kind of unfairness with such grace, self-mastery and quiet strength that eventually nothing gets to them anymore. So if you see an U. Bhadra child disobey their superiors calmly and in a controlled but determined manner, you know why.

I really have a lot of respect for Uttara Ashadas(not all, lmao), because they just deal with stuff alone. And it's natural for them, and they don't do it for a goal(like in Jyeshta, which is not bad, it's just different) or for attention, it's just a way of life for them. Simplicity and stoicism 🤌

Okay, now a fun one: Moon girls (Rohini, Hasta and Shravana) are the blueprints of Y/N. If you guys don't know what Y/N please look it up. Not just Y/N, but characters like Bella Swan(hasta moon, rohini asc actress) and Elena Gilbert(shravana moon anctress) come to mind. Even popular instagram users who parody those movies/fanfics/characters have moon placements(@laframbuesaa_ rohini moon if i remember correctly and @yasmine_sahid_ shravana moon(?) on insta). Even Harry fcking styles, who is probably the most common love interest in those fanfics has hasta moon. If you know a little about nakshatras, this makes sooo much sense. Moon is something that masses can understand and digest easily, so it's not complicated and sometimes, it can verge on delusions(or an insane sensitivity and receptivity and the ability to read between the lines, but that's just for a number of their natives). Other nakshatras that can fall into the Y/N trope are venus and ketu nakshatras, but moon is the most classic example of it.

I want confirmation in the comments/reblogs for this one: Bharani natives love high fantasy, history(esp medieval), fantasy in general and/or just everything/anything with that vibe. Cause I'm bharani moon and I do, and I've seen some other examples. If not, then the Bharani natives themselves seem like they're out of those times/stories. I can't explain it in any other way. (This might be true for Bharani Ketu too.)

Alright, this is all. Reblog, comment, like. Interact please

Take care

[lua-magic]

Rahu and how your desires would manifest.

Rahu is your past life desires, obsessions and also your illusions in life.

If your Rahu is afflicted in chart then avoid Blue colour at home and don't take any electronic equipments as gifts from others, instead give electronic equipments as gifts.

If rahu becomes too strong in chart then it becomes hard for natives to remain in real World.

In animals Rahu is snake, hence, in many ancient cultures and civilization, natives worship snake and it is forbidden to kill snakes

Saturn is crow, best remedy of Saturn is to feed crows. Crows also represents ancestors in vedic astrology, hence feeding crows are extremely auspicious.

Another best remedy of Saturn is to massage your body especially feet area with black sesame oil..

Rahu is smoke, hence it makes you obsessed for someone or something.

Rahu in first house 🏠

Your desires would manifest when you involve yourself in "higher learning" either through guru or teacher or desires would manifest through your father.

You need to involve yourself more in counselling and guiding others.

Rahu in second house 🏠

Your desires would manifest when you focus only on your career, reputation, and duties.

More hard work you do to achieve professional success more easily your desires would come to you

Rahu in third house 🏠

Your desires would manifest through your social networks, friends, or elder brother.

You need to focus on your desires here, more focused you are more easily you attract it

Rahu in fourth house 🏠

Your desires will come to you, when you involve yourself in spirituality, yoga and meditation and charity.

You have to leave your birth place inorder to get your desires.

Rahu in fifth house 🏠

It is also ancestral curse and you need to do rituals and pray for your departed ancestors so they get peace.

Your desires would manifest when you work on yourself, more you improve yourself more easily your desires will come to you.

You need to take care of your physical body and involve in some kind routine exercise.

Rahu in sixth house

It is exalted, your desires will come to you, when work with your family or for your family . Family would play and important role in manifesting your desires.

Keep your diet good and pay attention to your spoken words, don't use hurtful words

Rahu in seventh 🏠.

Your desires will come you when put efforts to manifest your desires, your younger siblings could play an important role in manifesting your desires.

You need to continually work on your skills and keep yourself updated skill wise

Rahu in eight House 🏠

Your desires will come to you when you work on your mental attitude, and mental peaceful.

Your House environment also plays an important role in manifesting your desires.

Rahu in ninth house.

Your desires will come to you, when you work on your knowledge, more you read and study more easily your desires would manifest.

Your children could also play and important role in manifesting your desires.

Rahu in tenth house 🏠

Your desires would come to you when you involve yourself in some kind of social services or volunteering.

If you want to manifest your desires, then don't get into lust, greed and especially competition. Compete with yourself and not with your eniemies.

Work on your physical body. Take Care of it.

Rahu in eleventh house 🏠

Your manifestation will come to through your life partner or through your business.

You need to respect your partner, and take care of your image in the public.

Rahu in Twelfth house 🏠

You manifestation will come to you, when you learn Astrology and occult.

You need to work on triggers and traumas of your life..

Venus and your blessings

Venus conjunct Ancendent

When Venus is with your ancendent Lord then you should always work on yourself, and dedicate yourself to self development.

Venus with Mercury

You should always maintain a good relationship with friends circle, your network will help you to succeed. They should keep learning new skills.

Venus with Mercury conjunction natives most of the time get exposed to porn or sexually explicit content at early age hence, later it causes them problems in married life

Venus-Mars

Venus Mars native should have good relationship with brothers or siblings and take care of their physical body.

Venus Mars natives gets sexually attracted to opposite sex quite often, and that causes problems in their love life. They need to control their sexual urges, or try to be celibate if possible.

Venus-Jupiter.

They should have good relationship with their gurus or teachers, and always read religious books.

Native should learn to balance both physical world and spirituality, because Jupiter causes intimacy issues, and person looses intrest in sexual Pleasures.

Venus Saturn

Native should always focus on their work and respect females in their life.

Native should learn to balance work and personal life as this conjunction makes native workholic.

Venus -Sun

Native should stay close to their father and respect their father and the higher authorities.

Native should avoid ego clashes with anyone, and should keep themselves grounded.

Venus-Moon

Native should stay close to their mother and need to balance their sexual fantasies.

Native should be careful, as this conjunction person faces lot of blames in his/her life time.

Venus Rahu Conjunction

Native should stay close to their or maintain good relationship with their paternal grandparents.

Native should settle outside their motherland and should focus more on providing value to the society in whatever work they do

Venus ketu conjunction

Native should have good relationship with their maternal grandparents, ketu is roots, so person should never forget their own roots and culture and should always follow it.

Native if staying far from maternal grandparents then native should try to visit them often, if native can't visit them should atleast visit the place often and spend few days there.

[rigvedanew]

Tales of Ascetics in the Rig Veda: Wisdom and Enlightenment

The Rig Veda, humanity’s oldest text, is a true source of inspiration for understanding the spiritual and philosophical practices of the civilization of the 7 rivers. Among its many hymns, several evoke the life of ascetics, wise men who chose to detach themselves from material pleasures to explore the mysteries of the mind and the universe. These stories, rich in symbolism, reflect a profound…

[rambite6]

Astrological Connections in Creative Collaboration

In my observation, people who share the same nakshatra often form a mentor-like relationship, particularly if one is younger. It’s as if they see themselves in one another and feel compelled to guide the other toward spiritual and material success similar to their own. There is also a deep spiritual bond between these natives. Whether they consciously recognize it as spiritual or not, they often notice similarities in speech, thinking, and mannerisms. This shared energy can lead to either mutual appreciation or annoyance, which sometimes results in conflict. For more information about rivalry between natives of the same nakshatra, check Claire Nakti’s video on Jyestha. The dynamic of shared signs and opposing signs can manifest in similar ways. Sharing the same zodiac sign creates a familiarity in planetary energy, and even if ruled by different nakshatra lords, there is often a mutual understanding due to the overarching influence of the sign.Opposition signs, on the other hand, create a balance, representing complementary energies that function like yin and yang. However, the tension between opposites can sometimes cause animosity, as they challenge each other to confront and integrate their differences. By embracing the qualities of their sister sign, natives can achieve greater balance and a fuller expression of their potential.

Cailee Spaeny has spoken about how Kirsten Dunst served as a mentor to her while working on the film Civil War (2024). Interestingly, their on-screen dynamic mirrors this relationship, as Dunst’s character guides Spaeny’s, a young war photojournalist navigating a dangerous and life-changing mission.Astrologically, Spaeny and Dunst share an Ashlesha ☽, which highlights their emotional connection and shared creative energy. Both are double cancers in Vedic astrology: Cailee has a Pushya ☉, while Kirsten has an Ashlesha ↑ in addition to their Moon. They also form an opposition, with Kirsten’s ☉ in Bharani (sidereal ♈︎) and Cailee’s Ascendant in Swati (sidereal ♎︎).

Kirsten Dunst’s collaboration with Sofia Coppola has spanned decades, beginning when Dunst was just 16 years old. Coppola has often referred to Dunst as her muse, featuring her in several of her iconic films, including The Virgin Suicides (1999), Marie Antoinette (2006), and The Beguiled (2017). Interestingly, Coppola’s ☋ (a karmic, creative influence) is in Ashlesha, aligning with Dunst’s Moon and Ascendant. Ketu symbolizes raw, untamed creative energy tied to past lives and unconscious instincts. In astrology, artists often choose muses who resonate with their Ketu placement, as seen in Coppola’s creative relationship with Dunst. Dunst’s connection with Spaeny extended beyond Civil War, as she personally recommended her for the role of Priscilla Presley in Sofia Coppola’s film Priscilla. After securing the role, Spaeny celebrated on set with Dunst. Spaeny’s Ashlesha ☽ likely played a role in Coppola’s admiration for her work and decision to cast her.

Cailee Spaeny shared: “I guess Kirsten believed in me and liked what I did [on Alex Garland’s ‘Civil War’], and she is obviously Sofia Coppola’s muse. So, to enter into this film with that as a start was pretty special. It was also surreal in the sense that Kirsten played Marie Antoinette [in Coppola’s ‘Marie Antoinette’ 2006] when she was around 23, and then I did this at 24. So it was funny that our paths crossed in that way. It felt very kismet. So Kirsten having that faith in me and Sofia trusting her was a great way to start this film. And very strange.”

It’s fascinating how astrology works, even unconsciously. Spaeny herself noted the uncanny connections, calling the experience “very strange.”

Side note* I would also like to mention that Venus-ruled nakshatras tend to gravitate toward working with or being around one another, as Venus is known for being selective and “discriminating.” Sofia Coppola, with her Purva Ashada ☽ , and Kirsten Dunst, with her Bharani ☉, both fall under Venus-ruled nakshatras. Edit* I initially got Elle Fanning’s moon nakshatra wrong—she is actually an Uttara Phalguni ☽. Sofia Coppola, on the other hand, has a Krittika ☉. Both are Sun-ruled nakshatras, and like Venus and Ketu nakshatras, they tend to prefer collaborating with one another.

Additionally, Cailee Spaeny, who has a Swati ↑, portrayed the real-life Priscilla Presley, who has a Swati ☽.

[stylo-90]

Tamil Linguistics thread (bc nobody cares but me)

but really, if you are interested in linguistics at all, give this post a read, because this shit really blew my mind ...

have been reading the following paper: https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/public/h_sch_9a.pdf

"The Tamil Case System" (2003) written by Harold F. Schiffman, Professor Emeritus of Dravidian Linguistics and Culture, University of Pennsylvania

Tamil is one of the oldest continuously-spoken languages in the world, dating back to at least 500 BCE, with nearly 80 million native speakers in South India and elsewhere, and possessed of several interesting characteristics:

a non-Indo-European language family (the Dravidian languages, which include other languages in South India - Malayalam being the most closely related major language - and one in Pakistan)

through the above, speculative ties to the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the first major human civilizations (you can read more about that here)

an agglutinative language, similar to German and others (so while German has Unabhängigkeitserklärungen, and Finnish has istahtaisinkohankaan, in Tamil you can say pōkamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka - "for the sake of those who cannot go")

an exclusively head-final language, like Japanese - the main element of a sentence always coming at the end.

a high degree of diglossia between its spoken variant (ST) and formal/literary variant (LT)

cool retroflex consonants (including the retroflex plosives ʈ and ɖ) and a variety of liquid consonants (three L's, two R's)

and a complex case system, similar to Latin, Finnish, or Russian. German has 4 cases, Russian has at least 6, Latin has 6-7, Finnish has 15, and Tamil has... well, that's the focus of Dr. Schiffman's paper.

per most scholars, Tamil has 7-8 cases - coincidentally the same number as Sanskrit. The French wikipedia page for "Tamoul" has 7:

Dr. Schiffman quotes another scholar (Arden 1942) giving 8 cases for modern LT, as in common in "native and missionary grammars", i.e. those written by native Tamil speakers or Christian missionaries. It's the list from above, plus the Vocative case (which is used to address people, think of the KJV Bible's O ye of little faith! for an English vocative)

... but hold on, the English wiki for "Tamil grammar" has 10 cases:

OK, so each page adds a few more. But hold on, why are there multiple suffix entries for each case? Why would you use -otu vs. -utan, or -il vs -ininru vs -ilirintu? How many cases are there actually?

Dr. Schiffman explains why it isn't that easy:

The problem with such a rigid classification is that it fails in a number of important ways ... it is neither an accurate description of the number and shape of the morphemes involved in the system, nor of the syntactic behavior of those morphemes ... It is based on an assumption that there is a clear and unerring way to distinguish between case and postpositional morphemes in the language, when in fact there is no clear distinction.

In other words, Tamil being an agglutinative language, you can stick a bunch of different sounds onto the end of a word, each shifting the meaning, and there is no clear way to call some of those sounds "cases" and other sounds "postpositions".

Schiffman asserts that this system of 7-8 cases was originally developed for Sanskrit (the literary language of North Indian civilizations, of similar antiquity to Tamil, and the liturgical language of Vedic Hinduism) but then tacked onto Tamil post-facto, despite the languages being from completely different families with different grammars.

Schiffman goes through a variety of examples of the incoherence of this model, one of my favorites quoted from Arden 1942 again:

There is no rule as to which ending should be used ... Westerners are apt to use the wrong one. There are no rules but you can still break the rules. Make it make sense!!

Instead of sticking to this system of 7-8 cases which fails the slightest scrutiny, Dr. Schiffman instead proposes that we throw out the whole system and consider every single postposition in the language as a potential case ending:

Having made the claim that there is no clear cut distinction between case and postpositions in Tamil except for the criterion of bound vs. unbound morphology, we are forced to examine all the postpositions as possible candidates for membership in the system. Actually this is probably going too far in the other direction ... since then almost any verb in the language can be advanced to candidacy as a postposition. [!!]

What Schiffman does next is really cool, from a language nerd point of view. He sorts through the various postpositions of the language, and for each area of divergence, uses his understanding of LT and ST to attempt to describe what shades of meaning are being connoted by each suffix. I wouldn't blame you for skipping through this but it is pretty interesting to see him try to figure out the rules behind something that (eg. per Arden 1942) has "no rule".

On the "extended dative", which connotates something like "on the behalf of" or "for the sake of":

I especially find his analysis of the suffix -kitte fascinating, because Schiffman uncovers a potential case ending in Spoken Tamil that connotes something about the directness or indirectness of an action, separate from the politeness with which the person is speaking to their interlocutor.

Not to blather on but here's a direct comparison with Finnish, which as stated earlier has 15 cases and not the 7-8 commonly stated of Tamil:

What Schiffman seems to have discovered is that ST, and LT too for that matter, has used existing case endings and in some cases seemingly invented new ones to connote shades of meaning that are lost by the conventional scholar's understanding of Tamil cases. And rather than land on a specific number of cases, he instead says the following, which I find a fascinating concept:

The Tamil Case System is a kind of continuum or polarity, with the “true” case-like morphemes found at one end of the continuum, with less case-like but still bound morphemes next, followed by the commonly recognized postpositions, then finally nominal and verbal expressions that are synonymous with postpositions but not usually recognized as such at the other extreme. This results in a kind of “dendritic” system, with most, but not all, 8 of the basic case nodes capable of being extended in various directions, sometimes overlapping with others, to produce a thicket of branches. The overlap, of course, results from the fact that some postpositions can occur after more than one case, usually with a slight difference in meaning, so that an either-or taxonomy simply does not capture the whole picture.

How many cases does Tamil have? As many as its speakers want, I guess.