#VII ZR 84/21

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Unternehmer kann Zahlung der Umsatzsteuer vom Bauträger verlangen - trotz Festsetzungsverjährung!

BGH, Urteil vom 25.07.2024 – VII ZR 84/21 „…Die durch das Urteil des Bundesfinanzhofs vom 22.08.2013 (IBR 2014, 49) veranlasste ergänzende Vertragsauslegung im Verhältnis des leistenden Bauunternehmers zum Leistungsempfänger (Bauträger) wird nicht dadurch beeinflusst, dass es – etwa wegen eingetretener Festsetzungsverjährung – nicht mehr zu einer Steuerfestsetzung kommen wird und der…

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Danh sách 118 nguyên tố hoá học đã biết

Bảng phân loại sau đây cho biết 118 nguyên tố hoá học đã biết.

Số, tên và biểu tượng nguyên tử đều phục vụ độc lập dưới dạng các số nhận dạng duy nhất.

Tên được chấp nhận bởi IUPAC; tên tạm thời cho các yếu tố sản xuất gần đây chưa chính thức được đặt tên trong dấu ngoặc đơn.

Nhóm, khoảng thời gian, và khối liên quan đến vị trí của một phần tử trong bảng tuần hoàn. Số nhóm ở đây hiển thị số được chấp nhận hiện tại; đối với số cũ thay thế, hãy xem

Nhóm (bảng tuần hoàn).

Trạng thái vật chất (rắn, lỏng, hoặc khí) áp dụng ở điều kiện nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn (STP).

Xảy ra, các chỉ định bởi một chú thích bên cạnh tên của phần tử, phân biệt một cách tự nhiên xảy ra các yếu tố, phân loại các yếu tố tổng hợp nguyên thủy một trong hai hoặc thoáng qua (từ phân rã), và thêm que đã được sản xuất công nghệ, nhưng không biết là xảy ra một cách tự nhiên.

Actinide, kim loại kiềm, kim loại kiềm thổ, lanthanit, kim loại sau khi chuyển đổi, kim loại, khí quyển, kim loại phi đa hình hoặc phi kim loại tảo, và kim loại chuyển tiếp.

List of chemical elements Z[I] Symbol Element Origin of name[38][39] Group Period Atomic weight[40][41](u (±)) Density(g/cm3) Melt(K) [42] Boil (K) C[I](J/g · K) χ[I] Abundance in Earth’s crust[II](mg/kg) 1 H Hydrogen composed of the Greek elements hydro- and -gen meaning ‘water-forming’ 1 1 1.008[III][IV][V][VI] 0.00008988 14.01 20.28 14.304 2.20 1400 2 He Helium the Greek helios, ‘sun’ 18 1 4.002602(2)[III][V] 0.0001785 —[VII] 4.22 5.193 – 0.008 3 Li Lithium the Greek lithos, ‘stone’ 1 2 6.94[III][IV][V][VIII][VI] 0.534 453.69 1560 3.582 0.98 20 4 Be Beryllium beryl, a mineral 2 2 9.0121831(5) 1.85 1560 2742 1.825 1.57 2.8 5 B Boron borax, a mineral 13 2 10.81[III][IV][V][VI] 2.34 2349 4200 1.026 2.04 10 6 C Carbon the Latin carbo, ‘coal’ 14 2 12.011[III][V][VI] 2.267 3800 4300 0.709 2.55 200 7 N Nitrogen the Greek nitron and ‘-gen’ meaning ‘niter-forming’ 15 2 14.007[III][V][VI] 0.0012506 63.15 77.36 1.04 3.04 19 8 O Oxygen from the Greek oxy-, both ‘sharp’ and ‘acid’, and -gen, meaning ‘acid-forming’ 16 2 15.999[III][V][VI] 0.001429 54.36 90.20 0.918 3.44 461000 9 F Fluorine the Latin fluere, ‘to flow’ 17 2 18.998403163(6) 0.001696 53.53 85.03 0.824 3.98 585 10 Ne Neon the Greek neos, meaning ‘new’ 18 2 20.1797(6)[III][IV] 0.0008999 24.56 27.07 1.03 – 0.005 11 Na Sodium the English word soda (natrium in Latin) 1 3 22.98976928(2) 0.971 370.87 1156 1.228 0.93 23600 12 Mg Magnesium Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece 2 3 24.305[VI] 1.738 923 1363 1.023 1.31 23300 13 Al Aluminium from alumina, a compound (originally aluminum) 13 3 26.9815385(7) 2.698 933.47 2792 0.897 1.61 82300 14 Si Silicon from the Latin silex, ‘flint’ (originally silicium) 14 3 28.085[V][VI] 2.3296 1687 3538 0.705 1.9 282000 15 P Phosphorus the Greek phoosphoros, ‘carrying light’ 15 3 30.973761998(5) 1.82 317.30 550 0.769 2.19 1050 16 S Sulfur the Latin sulphur, ‘fire and brimstone’ 16 3 32.06[III][V][VI] 2.067 388.36 717.87 0.71 2.58 350 17 Cl Chlorine the Greek chloros, ‘greenish yellow’ 17 3 35.45[III][IV][V][VI] 0.003214 171.6 239.11 0.479 3.16 145 18 Ar Argon the Greek argos, ‘idle’ 18 3 39.948(1)[III][V] 0.0017837 83.80 87.30 0.52 – 3.5 19 K Potassium New Latin potassa, ‘potash’ (kalium in Latin) 1 4 39.0983(1) 0.862 336.53 1032 0.757 0.82 20900 20 Ca Calcium the Latin calx, ‘lime’ 2 4 40.078(4)[III] 1.54 1115 1757 0.647 1 41500 21 Sc Scandium Scandia, the Latin name for Scandinavia 3 4 44.955908(5) 2.989 1814 3109 0.568 1.36 22 22 Ti Titanium Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology 4 4 47.867(1) 4.54 1941 3560 0.523 1.54 5650 23 V Vanadium Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja 5 4 50.9415(1) 6.11 2183 3680 0.489 1.63 120 24 Cr Chromium the Greek chroma, ‘color’ 6 4 51.9961(6) 7.15 2180 2944 0.449 1.66 102 25 Mn Manganese corrupted from magnesia negra, see Magnesium 7 4 54.938044(3) 7.44 1519 2334 0.479 1.55 950 26 Fe Iron English word (ferrum in Latin) 8 4 55.845(2) 7.874 1811 3134 0.449 1.83 56300 27 Co Cobalt the German word Kobold, ‘goblin’ 9 4 58.933194(4) 8.86 1768 3200 0.421 1.88 25 28 Ni Nickel from Swedish kopparnickel, containing the German word Nickel, ‘goblin’ 10 4 58.6934(4) 8.912 1728 3186 0.444 1.91 84 29 Cu Copper English word (Latin cuprum) 11 4 63.546(3)[V] 8.96 1357.77 2835 0.385 1.9 60 30 Zn Zinc the German Zink 12 4 65.38(2) 7.134 692.88 1180 0.388 1.65 70 31 Ga Gallium Gallia, the Latin name for France 13 4 69.723(1) 5.907 302.9146 2673 0.371 1.81 19 32 Ge Germanium Germania, the Latin name for Germany 14 4 72.630(8) 5.323 1211.40 3106 0.32 2.01 1.5 33 As Arsenic English word (Latin arsenicum) 15 4 74.921595(6) 5.776 1090 [IX] 887 0.329 2.18 1.8 34 Se Selenium the Greek selene, ‘moon’ 16 4 78.971(8)[V] 4.809 453 958 0.321 2.55 0.05 35 Br Bromine the Greek bromos, ‘stench’ 17 4 79.904[VI] 3.122 265.8 332.0 0.474 2.96 2.4 36 Kr Krypton the Greek kryptos, ‘hidden’ 18 4 83.798(2)[III][IV] 0.003733 115.79 119.93 0.248 3 1×10−4 37 Rb Rubidium the Latin rubidus, ‘deep red’ 1 5 85.4678(3)[III] 1.532 312.46 961 0.363 0.82 90 38 Sr Strontium Strontian, a small town in Scotland 2 5 87.62(1)[III][V] 2.64 1050 1655 0.301 0.95 370 39 Y Yttrium Ytterby, Sweden 3 5 88.90584(2) 4.469 1799 3609 0.298 1.22 33 40 Zr Zirconium Persian Zargun, ‘gold-colored’; German Zirkoon, ‘jargoon‘ 4 5 91.224(2)[III] 6.506 2128 4682 0.278 1.33 165 41 Nb Niobium Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology 5 5 92.90637(2) 8.57 2750 5017 0.265 1.6 20 42 Mo Molybdenum the Greek molybdos meaning ‘lead’ 6 5 95.95(1)[III] 10.22 2896 4912 0.251 2.16 1.2 43 Tc Technetium the Greek tekhnètos meaning ‘artificial’ 7 5 [98][X] 11.5 2430 4538 – 1.9 ~ 3×10−9[XI] 44 Ru Ruthenium Ruthenia, the New Latin name for Russia 8 5 101.07(2)[III] 12.37 2607 4423 0.238 2.2 0.001 45 Rh Rhodium the Greek rhodos, meaning ‘rose coloured’ 9 5 102.90550(2) 12.41 2237 3968 0.243 2.28 0.001 46 Pd Palladium the then recently discovered asteroid Pallas, considered a planet at the time 10 5 106.42(1)[III] 12.02 1828.05 3236 0.244 2.2 0.015 47 Ag Silver English word (argentum in Latin) 11 5 107.8682(2)[III] 10.501 1234.93 2435 0.235 1.93 0.075 48 Cd Cadmium the New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos 12 5 112.414(4)[III] 8.69 594.22 1040 0.232 1.69 0.159 49 In Indium indigo 13 5 114.818(1) 7.31 429.75 2345 0.233 1.78 0.25 50 Sn Tin English word (stannum in Latin) 14 5 118.710(7)[III] 7.287 505.08 2875 0.228 1.96 2.3 51 Sb Antimony uncertain: perhaps from the Greek anti, ‘against’, and monos, ‘alone’, or the Old French antimoine, ‘Monk’s bane’ (stibium in Latin) 15 5 121.760(1)[III] 6.685 903.78 1860 0.207 2.05 0.2 52 Te Tellurium Latin tellus, ‘earth’ 16 5 127.60(3)[III] 6.232 722.66 1261 0.202 2.1 0.001 53 I Iodine French iode (after the Greek ioeides, ‘violet’) 17 5 126.90447(3) 4.93 386.85 457.4 0.214 2.66 0.45 54 Xe Xenon the Greek xenos, ‘strange’ 18 5 131.293(6)[III][IV] 0.005887 161.4 165.03 0.158 2.6 3×10−5 55 Cs Caesium the Latin caesius, ‘sky blue’ 1 6 132.90545196(6) 1.873 301.59 944 0.242 0.79 3 56 Ba Barium the Greek barys, ‘heavy’ 2 6 137.327(7) 3.594 1000 2170 0.204 0.89 425 57 La Lanthanum the Greek lanthanein, ‘to lie hidden’ 3 6 138.90547(7)[III] 6.145 1193 3737 0.195 1.1 39 58 Ce Cerium the then recently discovered asteroid Ceres, considered a planet at the time   6 140.116(1)[III] 6.77 1068 3716 0.192 1.12 66.5 59 Pr Praseodymium the Greek praseios didymos meaning ‘green twin’   6 140.90766(2) 6.773 1208 3793 0.193 1.13 9.2 60 Nd Neodymium the Greek neos didymos meaning ‘new twin’   6 144.242(3)[III] 7.007 1297 3347 0.19 1.14 41.5 61 Pm Promethium Prometheus of Greek mythology who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to humans   6 [145][X] 7.26 1315 3273 – 1.13 2×10−19[XI] 62 Sm Samarium Samarskite, the name of the mineral from which it was first isolated   6 150.36(2)[III] 7.52 1345 2067 0.197 1.17 7.05 63 Eu Europium Europe   6 151.964(1)[III] 5.243 1099 1802 0.182 1.2 2 64 Gd Gadolinium Johan Gadolin, chemist, physicist and mineralogist   6 157.25(3)[III] 7.895 1585 3546 0.236 1.2 6.2 65 Tb Terbium Ytterby, Sweden   6 158.92535(2) 8.229 1629 3503 0.182 1.2 1.2 66 Dy Dysprosium the Greek dysprositos, ‘hard to get’   6 162.500(1)[III] 8.55 1680 2840 0.17 1.22 5.2 67 Ho Holmium Holmia, the New Latin name for Stockholm   6 164.93033(2) 8.795 1734 2993 0.165 1.23 1.3 68 Er Erbium Ytterby, Sweden   6 167.259(3)[III] 9.066 1802 3141 0.168 1.24 3.5 69 Tm Thulium Thule, the ancient name for Scandinavia   6 168.93422(2) 9.321 1818 2223 0.16 1.25 0.52 70 Yb Ytterbium Ytterby, Sweden   6 173.045(10)[III] 6.965 1097 1469 0.155 1.1 3.2 71 Lu Lutetium Lutetia, the Latin name for Paris   6 174.9668(1)[III] 9.84 1925 3675 0.154 1.27 0.8 72 Hf Hafnium Hafnia, the New Latin name for Copenhagen 4 6 178.49(2) 13.31 2506 4876 0.144 1.3 3 73 Ta Tantalum King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology 5 6 180.94788(2) 16.654 3290 5731 0.14 1.5 2 74 W Tungsten the Swedish tung sten, ‘heavy stone’ (W is wolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite) 6 6 183.84(1) 19.25 3695 5828 0.132 2.36 1.3 75 Re Rhenium Rhenus, the Latin name for the river Rhine 7 6 186.207(1) 21.02 3459 5869 0.137 1.9 7×10−4 76 Os Osmium the Greek osmè, meaning ‘smell’ 8 6 190.23(3)[III] 22.61 3306 5285 0.13 2.2 0.002 77 Ir Iridium Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow 9 6 192.217(3) 22.56 2719 4701 0.131 2.2 0.001 78 Pt Platinum the Spanish platina, meaning ‘little silver’ 10 6 195.084(9) 21.46 2041.4 4098 0.133 2.28 0.005 79 Au Gold English word (aurum in Latin) 11 6 196.966569(5) 19.282 1337.33 3129 0.129 2.54 0.004 80 Hg Mercury the New Latin name mercurius, named after the Roman god (Hg from former name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydr-, ‘water’, and argyros, ‘silver’) 12 6 200.592(3) 13.5336 234.43 629.88 0.14 2 0.085 81 Tl Thallium the Greek thallos, ‘green twig’ 13 6 204.38[VI] 11.85 577 1746 0.129 1.62 0.85 82 Pb Lead English word (plumbum in Latin) 14 6 207.2(1)[III][V] 11.342 600.61 2022 0.129 1.87 14 83 Bi Bismuth Uncertain, possibly Arabic or German 15 6 208.98040(1)[X] 9.807 544.7 1837 0.122 2.02 0.009 84 Po Polonium Named after the home country of Marie Curie (Polonia, Latin for Poland), who is also the discoverer of Radium 16 6 [209][X] 9.32 527 1235 – 2.0 2×10−10[XI] 85 At Astatine the Greek astatos, ‘unstable’ 17 6 [210][X] 7 575 610 – 2.2 3×10−20[XI] 86 Rn Radon From radium, as it was first detected as an emission from radium during radioactive decay 18 6 [222][X] 0.00973 202 211.3 0.094 2.2 4×10−13[XI] 87 Fr Francium Francia, the New Latin name for France 1 7 [223][X] 1.87 300 950 – 0.7 ~ 1×10−18[XI] 88 Ra Radium the Latin radius, ‘ray’ 2 7 [226][X] 5.5 973 2010 0.094 0.9 9×10−7[XI] 89 Ac Actinium the Greek aktis, ‘ray’ 3 7 [227][X] 10.07 1323 3471 0.12 1.1 5.5×10−10[XI] 90 Th Thorium Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder   7 232.0377(4)[X][III] 11.72 2115 5061 0.113 1.3 9.6 91 Pa Protactinium the Greek protos, ‘first’, and actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium   7 231.03588(2)[X] 15.37 1841 4300 – 1.5 1.4×10−6[XI] 92 U Uranium Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System   7 238.02891(3)[X] 18.95 1405.3 4404 0.116 1.38 2.7 93 Np Neptunium Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System   7 [237][X] 20.45 917 4273 – 1.36 ≤ 3×10−12[XI] 94 Pu Plutonium Pluto, a dwarf planet in the Solar System (then considered the ninth planet)   7 [244][X] 19.84 912.5 3501 – 1.28 ≤ 3×10−11[XI] 95 Am Americium The Americas, as the element was first synthesized on the continent, by analogy with europium   7 [243][X] 13.69 1449 2880 – 1.13 0[XII] 96 Cm Curium Pierre Curie, a physicist, and Marie Curie, a physicist and chemist, named after great scientists by analogy with gadolinium   7 [247][X] 13.51 1613 3383 – 1.28 0[XII] 97 Bk Berkelium Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with terbium   7 [247][X] 14.79 1259 2900 – 1.3 0[XII] 98 Cf Californium California, where the element was first synthesized   7 [251][X] 15.1 1173 (1743)[XIII] – 1.3 0[XII] 99 Es Einsteinium Albert Einstein, physicist   7 [252][X] 8.84 1133 (1269)[XIII] – 1.3 0[XII] 100 Fm Fermium Enrico Fermi, physicist   7 [257][X] (9.7)[XIII] (1125)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII] 101 Md Mendelevium Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist and inventor   7 [258][X] (10.3)[XIII] (1100)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII] 102 No Nobelium Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer   7 [259][X] (9.9)[XIII] (1100)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII] 103 Lr Lawrencium Ernest O. Lawrence, physicist   7 [266][X] (15.6)[XIII] (1900)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII] 104 Rf Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist 4 7 [267][X] (23.2)[XIII] (2400)[XIII] (5800)[XIII] – – 0[XII] 105 Db Dubnium Dubna, Russia 5 7 [268][X] (29.3)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] 106 Sg Seaborgium Glenn T. Seaborg, scientist 6 7 [269][X] (35.0)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] 107 Bh Bohrium Niels Bohr, physicist 7 7 [270][X] (37.1)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] 108 Hs Hassium Hesse, Germany, where the element was first synthesized 8 7 [277][X] (40.7)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] 109 Mt Meitnerium Lise Meitner, physicist 9 7 [278][X] (37.4)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] 110 Ds Darmstadtium Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesized 10 7 [281][X] (34.8)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] 111 Rg Roentgenium Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, physicist 11 7 [282][X] (28.7)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] 112 Cn Copernicium Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer 12 7 [285][X] (23.7)[XIII] – ~357[XIV] – – 0[XII] 113 Nh Nihonium the Japanese name for Japan, Nihon, where the element was first synthesized 13 7 [286][X] (16)[XIII] (700)[XIII] (1400)[XIII] – – 0[XII] 114 Fl Flerovium Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR where the element was synthesized; itself named for Georgy Flyorov, physicist 14 7 [289][X] (14)[XIII] – ~210 – – 0[XII] 115 Mc Moscovium Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesized 15 7 [290][X] (13.5)[XIII] (700)[XIII] (1400)[XIII] – – 0[XII] 116 Lv Livermorium Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (in Livermore, California) which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis 16 7 [293][X] (12.9)[XIII] (709)[XIII] (1085)[XIII] – – 0[XII] 117 Ts Tennessine Tennessee, United States 17 7 [294][X] (7.2)[XIII] (723)[XIII] (883)[XIII] – – 0[XII] 118 Og Oganesson Yuri Oganessian, physicist 18 7 [294][X] (5.0)[XIII][XV] – (350)[XIII] – – 0[XII]