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silvermaplealder · 2 years ago

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Vampire Feed Requirements (informational)

I wanted to go into some depth about feed requirements for vampires in the same sort of strategy that I use for livestock. I wrote a whole funny kinda guide on fanfic .net , but since I don't like that site anymore I wanted to edit my original guide and put it here for you guys to see (also no one called me out on my mathematical mistake where I flipped two numbers rip). I'm also adding a section on using a replacer blood.. Please enjoy my terrible sarcasm and humor. You have no clue how many times I have to write little guides like this for people on Facebook who obtain animals and have no clue how to feed them.

Before I can get down to the numbers of how much blood a vampire would have to drink to survive, I need to state several assumptions:

Since lore does not cover this, I am assuming that fully fledged vampires require blood as their sole nutrient source and are unable to derive nutrients from other foods (though they can eat it and it makes them feel “full”, they will not be able to get their nutrients from it and thus eating it would further starve them). Half vampires seem to be able to digest food just fine, so they can consume and get nutrients from human foods.

I don’t know the internal anatomy of the vampires, but I am assuming that they have 1 stomach. A human stomach can hold up to about 1 gallon of liquid at max. 1 gallon of blood = around 8 pounds. However, in the bonfire feeding scene the vampires were gorging on blood. It's unclear to tell how much blood they ingested verses just killing for fun.

I am assuming after they are turned into a full vampire they have new enzymes and proteins that help them with getting the nutrients out of blood.

We are doing all calculations based on bodyweight. I’m going to be using 180ibs as the weight of our vampires, though I'm terrible at judging weight. You can adjust this number for whatever stories you may need to in the future.

The first thing we need to do to get an accurate understanding of how much a vampire should be eating is we need to figure out their weight. When dealing with potentially dangerous critters, it’s okay to estimate to get a general idea if you don’t have a safe management plan to contain and weigh them. Judging from a distance using David and his boys as a general guide, I will assume they weigh between 150ibs - 180ibs. Since they are most often seen feeding together, we can put them into a single feeding group assuming that each will eat their own fill. As a general note, remember that there is usually a pecking order for pack animals, so be aware that one may get more than another. If this is a prolonged issue, consider separating during feeding.

Now that we have a general number for their weight of 180ibs, we need to figure out another crucial piece of information: what kind of diet are they in need of? There are several main types of diets such as: growing stock, maintenance, and production. Growing stock is for young critters that need the extra energy to grow. Maintenance is for critters that are fully grown and are not putting extra energy out in production. Production is for critters that are actively putting energy towards things such as reproducing, lactating, or other work. Our four vampires here would be considered needing a “maintenance” diet since they are fully grown, and they are not putting energy towards some sort of production (though if they are actively being worked, consider that they will need more calories to help perform these activities). Most maintenance diets need for the animal to have around 2.7% - 3.0% of their body weight in nutritional food per day.

Seeing the four vampires in question are moderately active and don’t exert too much energy in hunting (looks like a majority of their food comes to them/does not put up very long fights), we will be using 2.7% of their body weight for intake per day. We can determine 2.7% of their body weight with simple math:

180ibs x 2.7% = 4.86ibs

Reminder: when multiplying percentages, remember to move your decimal point two spaces to the left! So when you input it into a calculator it should look like this:

180ibs x .027 = 4.86ibs

Great! So we’ve found out that 2.7% of our 180ibs vampire is 4.86ibs. But here’s the catch: you can’t just feed out 4.86ibs of blood to the vampires since they require 2.7% of their body weight in caloric intake. Blood is around 55% water, which has 0 calories. 45% of blood is nutrient dense for them to digest (all according to a thing I found on Google). So in reality, feeding a vampire 4.86ibs of blood only gives them 2.187ibs of actual digestible content. Time for some more math! We will need to set up two fractions and cross multiply to find the amount of blood required for the vampires.

Our first fraction is as follows:

2.187ibs of digestible content

-------------------------------------

4.86ibs of blood

The fraction above tells us that we currently are only getting 2.187ibs of digestible content out of the 4.86ibs of blood we’ve given them. We will need to set up another fraction to show the amount of digestible content we want to get and find the number of how much blood will that require.

That fraction is as follows:

4.86ibs of digestible content

-------------------------------------

X amount of blood

Now it’s time to cross multiply the fractions, but due to the formatting it will not look pleasant on here. If you don't know how to cross multiply, feel free to look it up.

Remember: multiply the 4.86 of blood to 4.86 of digestible content, and then multiply the 2.187 with X to look as follows:

23.62 = 2.187X

Now just isolate the X! Divide both sides by 2.187

10.8 = X

We have now found that each vampire (estimated weighing around 180ibs) will require 10.8 pounds of blood PER day. For 4 adult male vampires, that is 43.2 pounds of blood PER day!

As a little conversion, 1 pound of blood is just about 1 pint. So we’re looking at around 1.3 gallons of blood per vampire per day, or 5.2 gallons for the feeding group.

Now, you may be saying to yourself, "Geez, that's a lot of blood and I don't know how I'm going to get that much to feed them." The first thing I'm going to say to you is that you shouldn't have gotten a vampire in the first place if you cannot adequately feed them. However, there is a replacer you can use. Animal blood can work to feed a vampire, but it will require more energy for them to convert the digestible calories into usable energy. They will require more caloric intake because their bodies have to work harder to convert the blood to usable energy. I would add an extra 1.35% (which is half of the 2.7%) of their bodyweight. Using the same conversion we did earlier, that looks like:

180ibs x 1.35% = 2.43ibs

Which, remembering that only 45% of the 2.43ibs is digestible (1.09ibs), we need to do the same ratio that we created earlier to determine that we would need an extra 5.42ibs of blood on top of the 10.8ibs we calculated earlier. In total, for a 180ibs vampire to be drinking animal blood, they would need 16.22ibs of blood, or 2 gallons, per day.

Don’t forget about other requirements for the proper care of your vampires. Ensure that they have free choice minerals and consult your local vet to see what kinds of mineral deficiencies are in the blood of your feed. You may need to give periodic vitamin or mineral injections.

#tlb 1987 #lost boys #the lost boys #the lost boys 1987 #tlb david #vampires #dwayne tlb #tlb #marko tlb #tlb paul

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pansy-buttercups · 8 months ago

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MUSHROOMS IN THE GARDEN BED🍄

(Garden Tips Tuesday #1)

🙘✦🙙🙘✦🙙🙘✦🙙🙘✦🙙🙘✦🙙🙘✦🙙🙘✦🙙🙘✦🙙🙘✦🙙🙘✦🙙

Ft. This little guy in my starter tray <3

First off if you find a mushroom in your garden beds or containers, DONT FREAK OUT! No you didn't do anything wrong, and nothing bad is going on. I think a lot of gardeners that just started out panic at the sight of a capped stalk in their beds because they think it means their soil is messed up or that mushroom will make their plants ill. That was definitely my first reaction a couple years ago the first time a mushroom popped up in one of my containers. Mushrooms and Fungi however are actually a good sign (Normally)!!

What are mushrooms and what do they mean????

Mushrooms and Fungi while not being plants have a couple similar system. Fungi are often complex systems that can span for miles underground in a fine delicate networks called mycelium. These systems can go hundreds of years underground, but only sprout their fruiting bodies (which we call mushrooms) when conditions are right for them to emerge.

And these conditions that make it right for mushrooms to pop out also makes it the right condition for your plants usually. Mushrooms thrive on humidity, moisture, shade, but most importantly decaying organic matter in your soil. Mushrooms help break down the matter in your soil and help make it more accessible for your plants! They are also useful in remedying soil of contaminates, such as oil, heavy metals, pesticides and apparently even bits of radioactive waste. Here's an article that goes way more in depth on how mushrooms are used in land restoration projects:

The relationship between Fungi and Plants:

Finally this is less of a gardening thing and more of an environmental thing, however it still applies. Fungi and plants often share the same ecosystem, and beyond that some share resources too! Why? Simply because they both have something the other needs. Mycelium as previously mentioned breaks down organic matter using enzymes into usable nutrients for themselves. The kind that breaks down dead organic matter for their own use are called Saprophytic fungi and are responsible for recycling our dead organisms. There are however fungi called mycorrhizal fungi that do not live by this method and instead thrive on their symbiotic relationship with plants. Plants have one very important thing the fungi requires which is the sugars they produce through photosynthesis, and the plants require the complex nutrients that only fungi can give them. So the mycelium colonizes the tips of the plants roots and they pass resources back and forth, however mycelium sprawl and connect to other plants meaning these resources also get shared between plants. This also them help keep the balance between an ecosystem by sharing the nutrients of healthier plants to those that are struggling. The large network that communicates nutrients, moisture, and even chemical signals between plants and mycelium is referred to as a mycorrhizal network.

The dozen threats to the network:

The mycelium network however is very delicate often, and human activity often poses a threat to these important fragile systems. There is no short list of threats to mushrooms listing from the already harmful herbicides, fungicides, certain fertilizers, to logging which is a major detriment due to the compaction from both heavy machine and foot traffic and from the damage that comes with removing the stumps. There is however one thing a lot of gardeners do that often damage mycelium networks and that is tilling soil! Along with disrupting the network tilling already has a dozen problems it causes (Which ill probably be writing about as well in a later post). All of these things can lead to the rapidly decay of a proper mycelium network which can sudden cause harm to surrounding plants and trees that relied on them.

How to be a mutual friend to the Mycelium! :

There are however a lot of things you can also do to help promote your fungal friends! Try to avoiding disrupting the soil in your garden as much as much as possible, and looking into no-till alternatives! Leave out lots of organic matter such as fallen leaves, fallen logs, bark, straw, hay, woodchips, basically anything organic and dead. I believe the organic matter my mushroom in the starter tray liked was the coco coir which is also common mushroom cultivation substrate. Fungi also heavily appreciate humidity and shade so make sure to keep the soil around any mushrooms that pop up a fair bit damp. Lastly when you're not gardening and instead out hiking perhaps try to stay on the path to avoid compacting the earth over where precious mycelium is keeping the environment balanced and thriving!

So next time you see a mushroom pop out in your garden be sure to give it a little thank you for keeping the soil nice and helping your plants :)

#Gardening Tips Tuesday🌿#Gardening tips #gardening #Mushrooms #Fungi #mycelium #ecology #permaculture #???#Ive seen alot of mushroom sustaining talk and anti-tilling talk in permaculture articles so i hope it applies #Originally this post was going to be a bit shorter but i got a bit carried away lmao #I hope this is a good first proper post tried write in a way that didn't make such exciting information seem boring hopefully it came out o #Also sorry for post being late i was a bit busy celebrating new years lmao #Anyways if anyone reads this youre cool as hell and probably a Fung-#no I shant #But youre defintly cool as hell and i hope youre doing well :3

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alexeiadrae · 2 years ago

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Blaster Interview with Hajime Kanzaka vol 11, Pt 1&2, translated

Original Japanese here. And what can we say, HK, other than that plans change, lol. He does show his skeptical attitude once more, and as someone raised on Skeptical Inquirer, I love it!

Also, Demons Blood Talisman, the breakfast of champions!

Tamiki Well. I would like to start off with a normal Q&A corner.

KANZAKA Umiu.

Tamiki: Starting this term, "Mega Brand" has abolished its membership system and converted "Lina Tsushin" into web content.

For this reason, many of the questions we received this time were ones that have already been asked in previous interviews with the author. ......

Among them, the most common question, request, or earnest wish was the following. ...... There are some differences in expression, but to summarize, the following is the most common question

The most common question was "Do you have any plans to write a continuation of the Slayers story? (Please write it!)"

KANZAKA: I wonder how many times I have to answer that question.

Tamiki: Well, you really have to answer that question as many times as you want. So, please go ahead.

KANZAKA: First of all, there are no plans. I know there are a lot of hopes for the resumption of the main story, but there is no possibility of resumption. However, please consider that the possibility of resumption is only about the same as the possibility of the discovery of Nessie.

Tamiki: Since the announcement of the fabrication of the famous Nessie sighting photos, the topic has been toned down considerably. I guess there is no Nessie, after all.

KANZAKA: Well, I don't think we can completely deny the existence of Nessie, as in the case of the coelacanth. ...... Loch Ness has been thoroughly researched. ......

Tamiki: Well, that's why ......Now, everyone, please look forward to the new series...Now for the first question.

What happened to the Demon’s Blood Talisman that Lina ate in volume 15 of the main series? Does it have any residual effects on the body, such as an increase in magical capacity?"

KANZAKA: If you are talking about the effects on the body, I would say it's more like "I ate something a little more nutritious than usual" or "I ate vegetables with a little more pesticides on them.”

Tamiki: In other words, even if you ate something like that, it would be no big deal.

KANZAKA: If you continue to eat the Demons Blood Talisman every morning and evening without fail, you may eventually see some effects (laughs).

As for what happens after eating them, I was wondering if the Demons Blood Talisman are physical in nature or rather astral in nature.

Lina temporarily took in the magic power of the Demons Blood Talisman by performing the "ritual" of "eating" = "taking it into the body," not by dissolving and digesting it with enzymes in her stomach .......

So even if it had the initial material form, it may have already disappeared by the time it passed through the throat.

Tamiki: Next question. Is Naga a human being? (laughs).

KANZAKA: If you mean the question in the sense of whether they are actually a high-ranking demon tribe or something like that, the answer is no. Biologically speaking, she is definitely a human being.

However, whether or not to recognize that thing as a human being, the answer is in each person's own mind (laughs).

Tamiki: This is a completely redundant question. How old is Xellos? (In volume 7, he told Mr. Gourry he was over 1012 years old, but I would like to know more about him.)"

KANZAKA: As I answered before.

Tamiki: Specifically, it is in the notes of the previous interview, so if you would like to know more about it, please refer to that~.

Some questions about Sherif Stars follows, and I’m not going to clean them up. Anyone who wants to is free to do so. There is some more about writing Light Novels and Slayers after this in Part 2, though it isn’t much.

Tamiki: I'm going to get into a question related to Sherif Stars.

　I heard that there is actually a disease in which people are born without pain, and because they don't feel pain, it is difficult for them to control the amount of force they exert, and even just walking can damage their legs.

　　In Meny's case, how do you manage the subtle adjustments in force?"

Kamisaka: In the case of Meny, she was created that way, and she has been trained that way during her upbringing.

Tamiki: "I heard that Menyi's preference for tofu is based on its texture.

　　Do you also like chawanmushi (steamed egg custard), pudding, jelly, etc., which have similar textures?

Kamisaka: Yes, I think I am probably more of a silken tofu person.

　　But I think I would probably make yudofu with silken rice as well.

Part 2, and yes, once more this interview cuts off on a question, and in this case one I would have liked to see the answer to.

Tamiki: How are sales of light novels themselves? I hear that in the industry as a whole, the number of copies of the first edition per work is decreasing.

KANZAKA: As the number of books published is increasing, the number of copies per book is decreasing. ......Well, that's a matter of course.

Tamiki: That is not limited to light novels, is it?

KANZAKA: That's right. How many people buy all five kinds of green onions at the grocery store? ...... I accidentally bought three kinds, though (laughs).

Tamiki: Now, two new series of Kanzaka's works are about to start under such circumstances. Do you have any ideas about what you would like the new series to be like?

KANZAKA: Well, with so many works out there, I feel that no matter who writes what, it is inevitable that it will resemble something written by someone else in some way. So it all comes back to the question of what I want to write now.

Tamiki: So, can we assume that the new series is purely a work in the style that you wanted to write? Of course, since it is a commercial work, I don't think it is just because you like this kind of thing.

KANZAKA: Well, I guess you can think of it that way. Fujimi's new series is, let's say. It's like "My Idea of Cthulhu" (laughs). When you talk about balancing the work as a commercial work, I mean the process of deciding what parts should be "my idea" and what parts should be left as is.

If you can write everything based on your own taste, then you shouldn't even think about selling the work in the first place (laughs).

Tamiki: If you were to write a story that was 100% your own taste, what kind of story would it be? What would it be like if you wrote a story that was 100% about your hobbies?

KANZAKA: I wonder. Well, Slayers! is also a story that I wrote quite naturally, so if I say it's true, it's true too.

Tamiki: I see. In the early days of "Slayers", there was a large element of a collection of small stories that you were thinking about on a daily basis in response to the role-playing games and heroic fantasy of the time, wasn't there?

#the slayers #blaster interviews #hajime kanzaka #slayers translated #demons blood talisman #naga the serpent

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mysticdreamcafe · 4 days ago

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Hello!

Yes, that's a very boisterous greeting. I'm not perfect, but I do feel better today after remembering to take mental health meds and changing mattress back. Mental health has times like that...forgetful.

It's strange that I picked a card of the day for the tarot cafe yesterday and didn't jive with it. Yet, it is a bit similar to today's card that I do jive with. If you don't feel connections to things, I mean actual things and not people, then you won't get it.

Growing up there was an old hutch that my mom bought from a 90 yr old lady who inherited it from her mom. I wasn't a teen yet and that hutch was mine and I protected it and got upset if I thought people were mistreating it. Same with a clear peach scalloped edge bowl my fathers mom had. I was 17 when she passed at the age of 97. I have it and a clear pink cookie jar that we don't use and no one can touch.

We had her bowl for years before she passed, same with cookie jar, and I've always felt this way about them. Actually yelled at my mom when she tried using the bowl for chips one time. There's something about them that makes me protective and feel connected. It's not about the age of the items it's something else. Past life? Energy they give off? Who knows. I just know you don't touch them without asking first.

I instantly knew that the card I pulled today was for me, yesterdays was not, and it simply verified that I'm on the right track and have done my due diligence to get to the path I need to be on.

Yesterday, I posted and it reflected my mental state. I had to much swirling around my head and had been isolating myself to much the past couple weeks. I refuse to reread it and just hope it wasn't to chaotic.

Yesterday, I sat in my room and researched a bit more about nutrition, ordered a standing easel because I find it hard to work on the table top one I have and will keep for outside projects were tables are, I looked through and picked books that will help me write a good book vs a bubble gum no meat to it book, and I've made a plan to utilize all these things.

Problem is I'm shyte at routines and have always eaten by craving vs planning what to eat and actually eating it. I may plan meals but rarely do they see fruition.

A daily routine sounds easy. To sum up my trouble with them in one word...Health. It screws me every damn time I try.

Update: just got off phone with PCP and blood work isn't great. Immune infusion is helping but not like it should. LDL is a bit high. Liver enzymes are elevated. Now, we all know why I needed to leave my comfort zone (junk food and uninformed because it's overwhelming when it comes to nutrition), and make a plan to correct things using information I discovered after hours of looking.

I'm outta here. I think I need to go buy some milk thistle, dark leafy greens, and fatty fish. Been a while since I've made Maki rolls so I might just make some of those. Or ask the kid too.

Stay healthy, stay safe, and stay you,

#health #understanding #not giving up #personal rant #intuition #interpretation #tarot cards #research #search for my path #health complications #determination #self care #self peace #self love #be yourself #self improvement

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meditating-dog-lover · 2 months ago

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Health update - cravings

I haven't dealt with junk food and sugar cravings in a long time. Even on my birthday I had a brownie and coffee rather than a full cake (I did eat a lot that day but not a ridiculous amount of sugar).

I even quit having dark chocolate in the morning to break my fast because the banana was sweet enough. I had dark chocolate caramel pieces at the mall on Saturday, but they're small. I feel like I'm eating more like my sister.

I've had chips from Whole Foods that use avocado oil so I avoid inflammatory oils. But this is a snack and not an everyday food. And they're pretty good, which makes me want to ditch commercial supermarket chips. I also eat out at anti-inflammatory restaurants. I have not had cravings in a while, but will have some chips and a piece of caramel chocolate or small piece of desserts they bring to work. And I feel better and more in control. I'm taking a break from fasting, but am breaking my fast with a healthy snack (banana and cheese). That won't influence my weight and I should be fine.

I've gained more confidence in my body image this year, thanks to my recent fat loss. I also eat well and take digestive enzymes, which help a lot with bloating (I don't experience it anymore on the anti-inflammatory diet and taking enzymes help a lot as well). I think the only thing I wish I could change is my calf size. I've always had bulky muscular calves. Calves that are large due to excess fat can easily be reduced because getting rid of fat is way easier than reducing muscle size. I stopped doing HIIT and strength workouts that target the calves, but I know my calves are tight and need stretching. I do want to do more yoga and pilates (I'm avoiding intense workouts because I don't want to increase my stress and cortisol levels). This would be a nice goal for the future, massages help too. I know calf botox is a thing, but I'd much rather work on improving my stretching than resorting to an expensive injectible that might not even work and might come with side effects and could be a waste of money altogether. I know botox is generally safe, but I tend to avoid injectibles altogether. I'll think about it, but I need to focus on establishing and following a stretching/yoga routine first because health and relaxation are more important than aesthetic.

I've been on my meds for a week. My mood has been good, but it's too early to see drastic changes. I have not had much feelings of anxiety and hopelessness. I had a bit, but it wasn't awful. My mom and sister are supportive. I'll continue to monitor my mood. I know I will psychologically heal.

I'm going to see my doctor in a few days to review my hormonal health and how it triggers my skin inflammation, because I do believe there is a link. I hope I get a solid treatment plan. I am willing to take medication if needed, but I'm not crazy about birth control (though it may help in this case, I don't want to deal with more hormonal imbalances). I'll also ask about things like cycle fasting, estrogen dominance, DIM, and chasteberry/vitex. I have regular cycles and manageable cramps (sometimes they're pretty light). But my latest one was painful and experienced more bleeding than normal. I slept a lot throughout the day and had no energy to do anything. I'm a bit concerned because this normally doesn't happen. So I can ask about that. It could be hormone imbalances as well. I know vitamin D and omega 3 fatty acids are great for reducing cramps and menstrual inflammation, but sometimes it's moreso hormone physiology than nutritional deficiencies.

Regarding gut health, I've been taking a break from that. I do take enzymes and I drink aloe juice and eat anti-inflammatory. I know I have malabsorption issues, but I'll worry about that later. I'm just so happy I'm eating anti-inflammatory now because I've had issues with cravings, emotional eating, and my weight in the past. And I found an eating plan that minimizes both overeating and inflammation. So I'm doing great in that respect. I also started taking medication and am seeing a great therapist. That's another area where I'm doing great. Then my hormones next. Even if I have some imbalances and resulting skin flares, I'm not going to beat myself up anymore because I'm doing great. I'm still seeing a doctor to get answers, but I'm doing amazing. Like I said I also want to do yoga for flexibility and muscle tightness and relaxation. Maybe this can be my next goal along with my hormone balancing protocol, because gentle exercise does help.

My face has also cleared up after I got my period. I know my skin rashes were hormonal.

If I do end up being autistic, I know I'll get the support I need.

Overall I'm doing great this year!! I will heal. Then I'll go to the dentist with my mom (I'll be fine, eating anti-inflammatory, D3/K2 and magnesium, brushing and flossing, and support gut health to adequately absorb nutrients that teeth and gums love also helps a lot). Hormonal imbalances can also cause dry mouth. So nutrition, gut health, and hormones are also important here. I know doctors are pretty much running a business and will always try to sell stuff, but I need to remember this and remind myself that I know my body best and no single doctor is going to recommend an anti-inflammatory diet or provide me a lot of info on gut and hormone health.

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survivingcollegeonefanficatatime · 5 months ago

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biology 2

star wars, just as eddited as the last one (it's not) although I spelt Ahsoka's name rigt more often than before

After the first impromptu lecture, Ahsoka made plans for the event to be a regular thing. She’d passed her first exam, not exactly with flying colors, but with a wide enough margen she was sitting happily above class average. The entire 501st was ecstatic at the news and practically demanded to be a part of Ahsoka’s next ‘I forgot there was a test coming up and I need to study RIGHT NOW’ binge. The little Togruta had flushed in embarrassment, and tried to explain that she’d definitely host more of these events after each lecture rather than waiting until the last minute to go over everything at once…. Except…. She forgot. In her defense there was at least one battle and a minor mision she’d participated in after clases but that didn’t really change the fact that it was, yet again, the day before the exam, and Ahsoka was in a panic. So she took over one of the less used rooms on the Resolute and set up shop.

Rex was busy this time, having been claimed by Anakin to go over mission reports (read: write them for Anakin) and Pebble, Jesse, Shadow, and Pattern had been called away to do something or another but that still left Echo, Fives, Kix, Dogma, Hardcase, Suture, Leif, and Wraith behind. Ahsoka took a deep, steady breath, as she looked over the room.

“Unit two is about plants.” she explained “they originally came from protists if you remember them and can be divided into groups just like animals could be. Plants are multicellular, they’re eukaryotic, and are generally photosynthetic, so, in other words they typically eat light in order to get energy.” the clones' attention flicked into place, zeroing in on Ahsoka all at once.

“Phyte means plant, so you’ll probably see that affix show up a lot, and Sterpto means twisted, so the clade sterptophyes means twisted plants. After that is the kingdom Plantae, or land plants, so that means the stretophyes include some ocean plants, that said most ocean plants are not ‘true’ plants. Seagrass is, but uhhh anyways under plantae which are also embryophytes are the vascular plants, tracheophytes, and then the seed plants, spermatophytes, we can divide plants into green algae, bryophytes are nonvascular plants seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms.” Ahsoka took another breath, there was a lot to explain.

“Land plants came from green algae, they started their transition to land a long time ago, over 475 million years ago, like most things on the scale of planetary and biological time, it’s such a long time ago it’s almost impossible to imgen, does anyone know what some common features of land plants are?”

Echo spoke up. “You mentioned photosynthesis? So I assume that’s something they can do” Ahsoka nodded. She waited a few moments and was just about to continue when Kix spoke up.

“Cell walls?”

“Yeah, cellulose cell walls, chlorophyll which is the pigment that is involved with photosynthesis, and common enzymes, they have a common sperm structure and use starch to store carbon. well photosynthesis too but we already mentioned that.” nodes passed around the room “there’s a big difference between water and air, so plants had to compensate, one of the ways they did that was through tissues that came from something called the Apical Meristems which are growing tips. Plants are very diverse, and are often sessile, which means they don’t move a whole lot.”

The padawan szed, she was hardly a few slides in and she already had to get into her least favorite part of the plant section. She wrinkled her nose, why couldn’t plants be easy or at least easy to understand, why did they have to delight in being so strange. She steadied herself and jumped in.

“Plants are, annoyingly weird. They have a life cycle which honestly gives me a headache, but unfortunately, it’s real, and it's going to be on my exam so…. Plant life cycles. Plants can reproduce sexually, and they alternate between haploid and diploid phases, however both phases are multicellular, so basically an entire portion of their life, and this is called the ‘alternation of generations’ which is a headache and a half to deal with.” The men smiled, a few huffed breathless laughs. Ahsoka wished it was as amusing to her as it was to her men. She used the force to flick on a holo projector, a different kind than the one she used last time, and pulled her stylus out. With a gesture the projector forms lines around where she draws. A circle appears in the air.

“Alright, the alternation of generations is going to get a lot more complicated but let’s start with something simple.” Ahsoka writes ‘gametophyte’ at the top of the circle, and ‘sporophyte’ at the bottom. She takes a breath and starts filling in steps, mitosis after gametophyte, then fertilization, mitosis again, the sporophyte and a longer gap to meiosis before mitosis hits and the circle completes with gametophyte. To finish the circle off Ahsoka draws a horizontal line though the middle, between fertilization on one side, and meiosis on the other, on the top, towards gametophyte she writes ‘haploid’ and on the bottom ‘diploid’

“We’re going to start with this mitosis' ' she points towards the word that directly follows ‘gametophyte’ and it lights up as she tapps the stylus to it. “O wait, uh first, Gametophyte is the word for the haploid multicellular part and sporophyte is the diploid multicellular part. A good way to remember that is that the Sporophyte is the Diploid generation, there’s this holo-vid franchise Master Obi-Wan likes, and his favorite sub-series in the franchise is called Digital Space nine or DS9, so DS--diploid sporophyte.” Ahsoka huffed out a breathless laugh, it was a stupid way to remember but it worked well, Anakin had never been all that much of a fan of ‘digital voyage’ he was much more interested in the more action focused ‘distant conflict’ but Ahsoka liked both, and if using Obi-Wan’s interest in media with a heavy dose of political drama helped her pass her exam then she’d use it.

The togruta blinked and continued “Anyways, uh mitosis, the gametophyte made a haploid gametes via mitosis oh and haploid cells cannot undergo meiosis because meiosis is the process of a diploid cell splitting into haploid cells and you can’t do that without a diploid cell. Anyways, after the gametophyte makes haploid gametes the gametes fuse to make a zygote” Ahsoka moves her pen to highlight ‘fertilization’ then slowly moves her pen to the next ‘mitosis’ as she speaks “this zygote develops into a diploid Sporophyte” she traces the circle, passing over the sporophyte as it’s more the product of something than a step in and of itself. The next word highlighted is meiosis “the sporophyte which has made haploid spores can undergo meiosis which transitions the plant from diploid to haploid, or at least leads to it, because the final step has spores germinating and dividing to make the haploid gametophyte”

“That seems complicated” Leif huffs Ahsoka and can't help but nodd, and it will only get worse as they pass through the lecture. She’s already dreading angiosperms.

“Despite its seeming complexity we can compare this to the reproductive cycle of naboo's native sapients. which do technically have a haploid stage, but the main difference here is that the plant generation is multicellular and also more confusing.” the little jedi paused for a moment, she basked in the amusement that flickered through the small crowd.

“Sperm and eggs are unicellular, so despite being haploid they’re not like plants. It’s also worth pointing out that where gametophytes--the haploid generation--reproduce sexually, sporophyes--which are diploid--repoduce axesually. That may also be confusing considering they're both sorta involved in sexual reproduction but…. That’s just how plants are.” Ahsoka waved her stylus dismissing her little doodle, she tapped it against the datapad that rested on her arm, and flicked upwards, transferring the diagram from her notes to the air in front of her.

“Over time, or rather, with evolution the gametophyte--haploid--generation has become more prominent, conversely the diploid, or sporophyte generation has gotten less prominent. This means that bryophytes have a large gametophyte generation and a much smaller sporophyte generation. Vascular seedless plants have a larger sporophyte generation, and smaller gametophyte generation, and angiosperms have even smaller gametophyte generations.” she gestured to her diagram, highlighting the generations in different colors, it demonstrated the way the gametophyte generation got smaller over time.

“Plants, as I mentioned had to overcome some challenges when coming to land. Start thinking about what those challenges might be, we’ll go over an official list later but for now I just want you to come up with a few on your own.” She paused for a few beats “one of the ways plants had to adapt was the creation of sporopollenin, which is a resistant polymer that protects spores and pollen, this helps them prevent drying and decay. On land plants need to survive in a way that means they won’t dry out. Creating spores is one way they do that. There are special structures, called sporangia, that help plants make, protect and send spores out. This is important for land plants. Te gametangia do the same but for gametes. This makes it fairly easy to remember, spores come from sporangia, gametes come from gametangia. The gametangia are one of the key adaptations of land plants, as I mentioned they help prevent the plant from drying out. There are also the antheridia which are haploid and produce sperm, and the archegonia which are also haploid and produce eggs. Young plants also come in embryos, that are inside a protective structure, if you remember the land plants were also called embryophytes, this is why, green algae don’t have embroeos but alnd plants do. Individuals that are larger diploids produce more spores, this is why a lot of plants have chosen to grow up.”

“There are nine phyla of land plants. The first three are bryophytes which are nonvascular plants, these are liverworts, mosses and hornworts. Seedless vascular plants have lycophytes, and pteridophytes, then the gymnosperms have cycads, ginkgos and conifers, finally the angiosperms just have angiosperms. I’m going to go over all these phylums so we can learn a little more about them. The bryophytes could be a clade, anyone remember what clade means?”

“It’s a group that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants right?” Wraith asked, Ahsoka nodded.

“So bryophytes might be a clade, they’ve got mosses, liverworts, and hornworts which are all monophyletic phylums, which means?”

“A group with only one phylum, which is similar to a clade but not quite” Dogma added.

“That’s right! All three bryophytes grow in damp environments and are nonvascular, they don’t have roots and they don’t produce seeds. They’re very early on the timeline of plants, and they’re gametophyte or haploid dominant, if you remember simple plants are more often gametophyte dominant. And they also introduce us to our second plant life cycle chart!” Ahsoka cimed with mock enthuseasum, her men groaned, already starting to see the pattern. “Don’t worry, this one’s more complicated!” The smile on her lips did nothing to prevent the glare that Gives leveled her with.

Once again Ahsoka took her stylus and held it to the air. After a second she decided to fill this one in as she went. First she drew a tallish structure, and labeled it as the gametophyte, the top of which was the gametangia ``this will split into two paths, one of the archegonia, and one to the antheridia, what were those again?”

Leif perked up “the archegonia is where eggs are produced, it's the female part of the plant, and the antheridium is where sperm is produced, it’s the male part of the plant!”

“Perfect!” Ahsoka doodled with little structures, then drew them slightly larger and indicated that the two plant parts were in water. “In bryophytes water is necessary for sexual reproduction, this is because the water helps the sperm flow from the antheridium to the archegonium so federalization can take place.” she drew an arrow from the doodle and labeled it ‘ferelization’ she then drew the archegonium again, only this time, instead of drawing a little ball for the egg, she drew it with the opening closed, and a bundle of cells that were slightly larger than the egg had been in its place. “This is where the diploid or sporophyte generation starts. And in mosses theory grow a sporangium, to house spores right from the archegonium, it rises up in stalks” she drew the sporophyte form of the moss, then an arrow from it, and wrote meiosis, before drawing the sporangium opens with little dots escaping it, she labeled these ungerminated spores. Then she drew a few sketches in quick succession, between each arrows were drawn. From the ungerminated spores to a germinating spore to a bid placed on a protonema and a rhizoid, to that bud growing larger and then the circle completed back at the gametangia. “As you can see the haploid or gametophyte generation is larger, with the diploid stage only taking up a single step. You can also see that the steps are quite similar to the previous example, only there’s a bit more going on.” several men were squinting at her doodle, a small line of frustration or confusion clear on their faces.

“Clear as mud, Sir.” Hardcase huffed, causing Ahsoka to snort.

“That’s about how I felt about it” the togruta admitted, unfortunately my exam is coming up and I need to at least attempt to understand this mess, so moving on to vascular plants, horsetails and ferns, or lycophytes and pteridophytes” Echo held his hand up.

“Yes?”

“Does Not pterid just mean fern?”

“Huh yeah I guess it does, so that makes it easy enough to keep track of this one . These were the earliest plants to process stems, roots , leaves and a vascular system. They had to use lignified cells to gather straight to fight against gravity. The vascular tissue system has xylem which carries water. These cells are dead at maturity and will form sort of… empty tube like structures, then there’s the phloem which is alive at maturity and transports carbohydrates and other such neuterants. To be honest it’s not so much that the phloem is alive that the companion cells are but it’s still alive enough to count. There are consequences to having a more structured and strengthened vascular system, anyone got any ideas as to what they may be?”

“They can get bigger? If they've got more strength then they’ll probably grow larger, and you said that larger plants can send their spores farther.” Dogma phrased his words like a question.

“Yeah, they can get bigger, in some dryer environments especially, in peat bogs you may not need to have such massive plants because the water is closer to the ground, this will leave them mostly as grasses but in some larger forests you can maintain stable water content and get very big. Vascular plants also maintain stable internal water content because they have a waxy cuticle and stomata, the cuticle is a coating outside the cell that limits water loss, and the stomata is a closable opening that regulates water loss and gas exchange. Lycophytes and prediophyes are diploid or sporphyte dominent” Ahsoka took a deep breath, how she was still in the first lecture was beyond her, but she still had so much to cover. She swore it didn't take quite so long to cover everything the first time around, but then again, she understood the first unit more than she understood the second one. Growing a little frustrated she let emotions over her, and jumped back into her lecture.

“After vascular systems seeds showed up, these appeared in gymnosperms, which just means naked seed, because the seeds are uncovered. In this case the seeds protect the embryos and have chemicals that help plants grow and develop. In this case gymnosperms include cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes and conifers, which lack flowers, fruits, and endosperms. In these plants the eggs and sperm are usually contained in cones, with te male cones being much smaller than the female cones. After that we have angiosperms which are covered seeds or seeds within vessels, they’re flowering plants. They’ve replaced gymnosperms as thedomente plants on Naboo. They make flowers fruits and endosperm they also have wood ovules seeds and pollen. As well as xylem and phloem. If we go back to gymnosperms there are a few of them, cycads which are the oldest phylum and are endangered, like a lot of species on Naboo. The planet as a whole is facing a mass extinction event, and current top scientists are working to help them prevent it from worsening. Regardless, the second group is the Ginkgo which only really remains as the ginkgo biloba, it's almost extinct in the wild and is often used for decoration. They can live for over a thousand years but every modern one was grown in captivity. Conifers are easy to remember because they’re named for their seed cones, and modern conifer families have more than 50 genera, they often appear in cold and dry climates, and are commonly referred to as pine trees, they’ve got needle leaves and are often evergreen. These are going to be our next life cycle!”

“Let me guess?” Fives called “it’s even more complicated than the last one?”

“So you’ve noticed the trend huh?” Ahsoka asked

“Unfortunately It was fairly clear from the start that this was only going to get more confusing.” Kix admonished. The padawan nodded and groaned, she quickly realized she hadn’t waved away her last chart and tapped it away. Then she looked down at the datapad in her arm, she had no idea who she was supposed to transfer the mess of a chart in her notes to something she could explain. If she was being honest it was so busy she struggled to read it in places. Still that didn’t change the fact that, fundamentally, it held the same steps as the others, so she took a deep breath and held her stylus to the air. “Sporophyes produce ovule cones and pollen cones” Asoka explained as she doodled a conofer, she wrote mature spophye next to it, then drew two arrows one to the ovule cone and one to the pollen cone, “this is where the paths split, in ovule cones emaspores are made by meiosis within the megasprangia, in pollen cones microspres are produced by meiosis within the microsprangia” she drew the larger cone and labled it, then followed the ovole cone, following the path by drawing a megaspora dn megasoprangim with scales, she proceed to draw an egg, and spoke “in ovoule cones megaspore onder go mitosis and produce female gamaphotes these have eggs and are in the achregnonia, the entire structure includes the oter integers and each of the cones has two ovoles” she labled the drawing with the intergument the female gametophye, the megasporangium and the archegnonium, then she drew a diagram of the polen grain entering the ovule “pollen grains are dispersed into the wild and will encounter ovules” from there the last drawing on the ovole path was a male gretophtye, she then returned to the pollen cone, and traced it’s path, staring with mitosis “in pollen comes micorpsores undergomitosis develop into pollen grains which are young male gemotphyes” she then drew the pollen grains that would fly away form the microsprangium, te two arrows met back up under the label of ferterlization, “the pollen tube delivers sperm to eggs where fertalization occures, only one egg per ocule is fertalized” she wrote mitosis next, and continue d”the zygote produces and embryo in a seed, amtrue seeds are then dispersed” the embryo was abled 2n, and finally Ahoka drew a scale, withcontained seeds “seeds germinate and embroidery sporophytes grow into seedlings” the last thing she drew was a seedling. The togruta huffed and moved on.

“Conifers also include gentiles, a gentum, and ephedra, they also include welwitschia which only has one living species and angiosperms have flowers.” she grinned as she waved away the image on the projector, and shifted it to images of flowers she gestured to a ball-looking plant that was made up of a collection of flowers

“An inflorescence is a group of flowers! And umble is one pod of a group of flowers, there are also flowers that look like they’re only one flower but in reality they have ray flowers at the edges and disk flowers inside” she waved towards the image of a red flower with the center surrounded by little yellow blooms'' her smile was genuine she loved the way those flowers looks

“Flowers have a bunch of parts” she explained and gestured to the flower diagram “the stamen contains the male parts of the flower and contains the anther and filament, the pistil contains the female part and has the stigma style and ovary, then there’s the perianth, which ahs the petal and sepal” Ahsoka waved away her diagram and continued “carpels are also what bear the female megasporangia, although Pistil is also sometimes used but I think the pistil is more spsuficalc. And carpels is just the general term. Statements don’t have a more general term, a perfect flower has both megasporangia and microsporangia, so male parts and female parts.”

“Like--” someone called and was instantly cut off by noise

“We’re talking about plants right now” Ahsoka emphasized with a roll of her eyes. “Plants which are monoecious have both male and female flowers on the same plant, mono-one so one plant, whereas diecious have male and female flowers that are on different plants, a monoecious plant can be perfect or imperfect but a dioecious plant cannot be perfect. Plants also go through something called double fertilization, this basically means that a male gametophyte will end up fusing with two cells both the egg and gametophyte nuclei” Ahsoka huffed she could have made another plant life cycle chart but this one was fairly simple and she was tired.

“There are two main types of angiosperms, monocots and dicots which will be referred to as dicots, I’m not sure why they have two names but they do. Anyways here’s some difference, the monocots have onle ctyledon and includes grassees cattails lilies orcheds and palms, whereas the dicots have two cotyledons and are most species of seed plants, or at least the familiar ones.'' The padawan took a breath, and wrapped up the first lesson.

“Flowers have a lot of variation, monocots and dicots are included in this, dicots often have organs in sets of 4 or fives, whereas monocots often have flower organs in mutables of fress. There are variations of shape because of this and flowers can have radial or bilateral symmetry, like like animals could plants also have their own life cycle diagram we have to cover” and the room groaned, Ahoska couldn't help but huff in amusement, at least her mene didn’t need to take an exam about it tomorrow she was getting increasingly nervous about the whole office.

“It’s similar enough” she said waving her stylish, she drew a circle and labeled the top diploid and the bottom half lid. “If you remember, angiosperms are sporophyte dominant. So the diploid stage is bigger” she explained as she drew a little flower at the top, she labeled the ovary ovule and anther, then drew the male sporangia much larger, and drew a microsporocyte common from it, she also drew the megasporocyte much larger next to it. “The sporangia surround the gametes, and after meiosis there are 4 microspores” she drew this and then drew the pollen grain landing on the gametophyte, she made a little wiggle down from the plen grain and reaching towards the egg “they make a spleen tube so the sperm can travel from the pollen to the egg” she drew this and then traced an arrow away from it and wrote double fertilization “double fertilization is when thee ends up with an endosperm nucleus and a zygote this then develops into a seed and seedling and back around it goes.” she was scared, and continued.

“In meiosis there end up being 4 haploid megaspores, which make 3 megaspores degenerate and leave one megaspore behind, it undergoes mitosis three times and ends up with 8 haploid cells, then two dissolve and we geta 7 celled female gametophyte” the men huffed at her, confused but said nothing. She moved on to seeds ``dicots seeds often have an epicotyl which is a portion of the embryonic stem, seeds can become dormant and dry, but they do need water to sprout. Monocot and dicot seeds are different. Monocot seeds have an epicotyl within a first bud, they’ll typically shoot up straight from the seed. Fruits are basically ovaries that form around the seeds, although sometimes they come from other portions, they’re designed to help with seed dispersal, to attract animals or some other such thing.” the second chapter had gone much faster than the first so Ahoka smiled as she wrapped it up “plants can also have asexual reproduction, some roots stems and leave can function as reproductive structures, and somatic embryos can develop at the edges of plants, that’s not to emotion apomixis which is where fruits and seeds are produced in the absence of fertilization. Once again Ahoska took a breath and moved on, there was more to deal with flowers.

“Here’s some of the differences between monocots and dicots, the embryos of monocots have one cotyledon, they have scattered vascular tissues in their stems and their leaf veins are usually parallel, they’ve got fibrous roots and have floral organs in sets of threes. Whereas dicots have cotyledons, vascular tires in a concentric circle, veins that form a network, a taproot and flowers in multiples of four or five organs.” she yawned despite herself, and moved right along “plants have distinctive architecture, they have a shoot system which are the leaves and stems and also a root system.”

“Let me guess, that contains the roots?” Fives snarked

“Yeah, got an idea of what the roots do?”

“They help the plant get water and nutrients?” Echo offered

“They act as stabilizers?” Wraith asked.

“Yes to both they also store the products of photosynthesis and increase surface area. Primary growth is lengthening of shoots and roots whereas secondary growth comes later and is an increase in thickness.”

“There are also different types of tissues in plants, there’s the parenchyma which are the most abundant and have thin cell walls, they can photosynthesise the collenchyma which have thick cell walls and provide support then there’s sclerenchyma which have thick cell wall reinforced with lignin. We already covered the xylem and the phlegm so I’m not going over that again. Going back to the monocot vs dicot dichotomy we can see that monocot stems have vascular bundles that kinda look like little faces, and their roots are kinda circular whereas the stem from dicots form a lateral ting and look more like ovals whereas their roots form a distinctive x shape roots have a pith xylem phloem a previccle endodomers a cortex and epidermis, although a monocot root salsa has a stele” she sighed

“We’re moving on to angiosperm nutrition, remember angiosperm means covered seeds so it’s stuff that has its seeds covered, this is the group that includes flowers. Now plants, well most of them, are autotrophs. They have limiting factors, light for energy, carbon fixing from the atmosphere, hydrogen and oxygen from water, nitrogen from the soil well from the bacteria and fungi and also phosphorus and other such mineral nutrients. That said, not every plant is an autotroph, there are some parasitic plants, which I think are pretty neat. Ahsoka flicked her wrist and prompted the projector to display a list “here’s some essential elements that plants need, they can be divided into macronutrients and micronutrients, which means the plants need at least one g per kg of dry plant mass. These include carbon which is a component of all organic columles, and oxygen which is also a component of organic molecules, and hydrogen, they also need nitgorgen while we’r ein the acronym they also need phosphorus and sulfur, if you remember the acronym CHNOPS carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur then you remember that living things need CHNOPS, although plants also need potassium which is important in iconic ballance, calcium which is a component of cell walls and magnesium which is a part of chlorophyll. Plants also need micronutrients less than .1 g per kg, these include chlorine ironmagnesese boron zinc sodium and copper, fertilizer can provide these nutrients but you don’t want to add too much or it may result in blooms'' with a Sigh Ahsoka continued “soil is important for growing plants, they have a lot of comprent, living things like plant roots bacteria and such and nonliving things like rock fragments, it’s important to understand the difference in types of soil they have sand which is the largest piece, silt which is smaller and clay which is the smallest, it also has bacteria, fungi, roots and root hairs, and air and water. If the soil is too thick with water plants can die. Soil with organic matter is called humus, and humus which is a good food sources, there are also types of sil, sandy soil which is proosu and allows air and water, silty clay souls which retain more water and minerals and loam soils which combine the aeration benefits of sand with the water and iron retention of silty clay soils, soils are also a part of nitrogen fixation because mycorrhizae is a fungus that grows on the roots of plants and helps the plant get nutrients, there’s also nitrogen fixing nodules which are bacteria in a symbiotic relationship with plant roots. Nitrogen must be fixated, going from atmospheric nitrogen to NH4+ or ammonium, then from that to NO2 and then NO3 then from there to organic nitrogen and then to ammonia and then NO3 back to atmospheric nitrogen, this process has steps called Nitrogen fixation nitrification assimilation ammonification and denitrification. Nitrogen fixing nodules are bacteria this is because bacteria is the thing that can fix nitrogen.” Ahsoka scrolled on her datapad for a few moments before she continued

“We also need to cover diffusion, osmosis is diffusion but with water, there’s also facilitated diffusion that flows through a specific transport protein path and then active transport that requires energy. Secondary active transport requires energy in the first step but not in the second. There’s also three tissue level transport forms, the first is transmembrane, the second is symplastic which is like using the slow lane and then apoplastic which is much faster plants use bulk flow to transport water, bulk flow occurs using negative pressure and this is called the cohesion tension theory this is kind of like a straw, when water evaporates it creates a negative pressure and sucks more water up into its place, this is happening nearly constantly and allows the plant to transport water through its body with extreme efficacy. There are three factors to this, transportation cohesion and tension. Blue light is absorbed by a guard cell and activates H atpase, which then pumps protons and K and CL enter guard cells, then water enters by osmosis and increases turgor pressure which opens the stomata, so during the day water is transferred much faster. Some plants have adapted to drop all their leaves when water is unavailable so they can preserve water and not let it evaporate too fast. This can also happen seasonally in a process called leaf abscission.”

Finally she was onto the last lecture. This whole thing had been exhausting, and although there wasn’t nearly as much content as there was last time, it was still so much to cover.

“Plants have behavior” the little jedi announced “they can respond to changes, environmental cues like day lengths, they use receptors to sense environmental cues, and hormones for chemical signals, some of the plant behaviors include shoots growing towards the light or roots growing towards gravity, seed germination, seasonal flower production or protective responses cell communication happens by receptor activation, signal transduction and then cellular response. We also need to go over a list of hormones and what they all do.” with a breath Ahsoka pulled up her list “Auxins establish optical basal polarity, they’re often called a control hormone because they encourage a lot of stuff, they promote formation or doors and himiti leaf and fruit drop, they also help with fruit development, cytokines promote cell division and inference cells cephalization, gibberellins stimulate cell decision, and stem elongation and flowering, ethylene is the reason fruit goes bad so fast, it promotes seedling growth induces fruit ripening and plays a role in leaf and petal aging, abscisic acid slows or stops metabolism during stress it also induces bud and see dormancy and prevents germination in unfavorable condition brassinosteroids promote cell expansion”

“The effects of auxins can make plants bigger or taller, they can also help with phototropism, and gravitropism, so in other words movement, although auxins can inhibit cell elongation. In a curve the cells that elongate are on the outward edge. Cytokines are a part of cell division and they increase cttokensisis which is an important factor. Gibberellins are similar to dioxins but they also promote fruit growth and seed germination. Gibberellins are sprayed on fruits to get more product out of them. Ethylene is a gas and it promotes ripening, it’s how some fruit ripens and goes bad so fast. It also is involved in a positive feedback loop so the release of some amount of ethylene encourages more ethylene, ABA or abscicic ascid stops plant botabalsisum and bratheostariods induce vacule water intake and foster cell expansion.”

“Seeds can germinate in the presence of light, Pr absorbs red light and Pfr absorbs far-red light, if the sun is out then there’s plenty of red light and Pr switches to Pfr so the plant can germinate, in the presence of far red light the reverse happens plants can also respond to touch and curl up in a really cool way, plants are also chemical weapons, and they defend against predators by releasing a volatile chemical which then prompts the rest of the plants to produce the volatile chemical” Ahsoka paused for a moment, remembering the anecdote her professor had told her “scientists found this out during an experiment where they decided to simulate predation by getting a bunch of plants and whacking a few with a broom, or at least that’s the story I was told.'' There was laughter in the room, and the padawan took a breath before continuing. “There’s also ways for plants to defend against pathogens, plant pathogens produce compounds known as elicitors which promote infection they can feel these chemicals through the use of receptors, and then they can use mRNAs to destroy the nucleic acids and well as chemical defenses, these things can change things like strengthening plant cell walls, programed cell death or producing a compound that will kill the pathogen. A hypersensitive response is a local reaction to a pathogen attack that’s supposed to limit the progression of the disease, they can kill pathogens or stimulate the synthesis of chemicals, or induced programed cell death, killing sections to stage out the pathogen and protect the rest of the plant a systematic acquired resistance is an immune response of the WHOLE plant.” with a smile Ahsoka realized that she’d reached the last of her slides, and slumped in releaf.

“That’s all for now, with any luck I’ll pass this exam!” she chimed.

#college #study fic #wiring

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michaelleafer · 1 year ago

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How to Fix Kitchen Details that Chase Renters Away

Kitchen Details That Chase Away Renters (& How to Fix Them)

5 Kitchen Details That Chase Away Renters

Renting out an investment home, you want the house to look its best. Renters are often swayed by first impressions. They are following their hearts to their vision of a good home while checking for practical details in every home they tour. The kitchen is especially important when preparing your home for presentation on the rental housing market. If you hope to inspire future tenants and get the best price for your house, it's important to understand both what renters want to see and what they consider to be a red-flag to avoid.

The last thing you want is for the natural charm of your kitchen to be overlooked due to a few off-putting details. When preparing your home to rent, be sure to avoid these seven things that cause concern for potential tenants.

Stains, Scuffs, and Scratches

The kitchen is one of the busiest rooms in the house. Every day, meals are cooked and family activity flows through. Scuffs and even the occasional baked-on food stain are par for the course. But all that needs to disappear when it comes time to sell the house. After all, each renter wants to start fresh.

If your kitchen shows a few signs of wear, don't worry. You can always scour, refinish, and repaint every surface in the kitchen. Your countertop can be stripped and resealed to remove discoloration. Walls and cabinets can be repainted, and appliances or stove hoods can be given a fresh coat of epoxy to remove any previous light damage in the kitchen.

Dark and Gloomy Spaces

Lights that cast shadows are a no-go in modern home design. Of course, many older kitchens rely on poorly placed or oddly shaded ceiling lights that create gloomy corners. This is why lighting upgrades are among the most popular for kitchen renovation choice. You can add ambient lights with better light distribution in combination with stylish pendant lights above the island and even countertop lighting mounted on the underside of your upper cabinets.

Chase away the shadows and show your future tenants the true cooking potential of your pristine kitchen and layout.

Poor Quality Remodeling

Watch out for signs of low-quality remodeling. Issues like DIY tile or poorly fitted shelves may be something you can be proud of as the creator, but renters won't appreciate DIY work as much. The same goes for remodeling features that came with the house when you bought it. You can boost the value of your rental home by having skilled contractors repair or replace poor-quality work before listing your house on the rental market.

Lingering Unpleasant Smells

If there's one thing that tenants trust, it's their noses. If a house smells "off" they are likely to get a bad impression, no matter what the reason. Old food in the garbage disposal, lingering pet smells, or rising damp from water-damage cabinets; it doesn't matter. Bad smells are bad news when trying to sell your home, and air freshener often isn't enough.

After a day outside the house, come back with your senses "reset" and sniff around. If you detect an odd odor anywhere in the house - especially in the kitchen - locate the cause and make plans for repairs. You might need to get your kitchen drains cleaned, replace some old particle board that's grown a little mold, or enzyme-clean spaces where pets have spent time.

Signs of Neglectful Maintenance

After years of hardy service, your home may need a little maintenance before it can be sold. No matter how simple the repair, renters will notice things like rattling door handles, loose drawer pulls, or baseboards separating from the walls. They will infer that this means the house is in poor repair overall, even if this is not the case.

It is worth your while to do a wave of small maintenance repairs to ensure your home appears fresh and new to the casual observer. Tighten screws, touch up paint, reattach molding, and polish the tarnish off plumbing fixtures. You can also replace a few essential yet small pieces of hardware to make a positive first impression and subtly update the decorative style of your kitchen and home.

Keep Your Rental Homes Appealing with Property Management

Many of the features that chase away good tenants can be prevented with good property management. Your property managers will know when a fresh coat of paint and a little maintenance can work wonders on preserving the natural charm of each rental home. Contact Leaf Management today to learn more about how to keep attracting great tenants and keep your properties in top condition at the same time.

#real estate #propertymanagement

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catbreedsblog · 1 year ago

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Can Cats Eat Pringles? Navigating Feline Nutrition & The Truth Health Care Considerations

We'll talk about the complicated feline diet and answer the question, "Can cats eat Pringles?"

Because of their unique shape and variety of flavors, Pringles have become a snack that people all over the world love. With their unique mix of ingredients, Pringles combine convenience and taste in one package. As pet owners, we often wonder if our cats can enjoy this crunchy treat too.

Does cat food contain Pringles?

It depends on the cat. Cats may be interested in the taste and smell of Pringles, but these treats are not healthy for them. Since Pringles are made for people, they contain flavors, seasonings, and other ingredients that are bad for cats. Cats might be interested in Pringles, but it's important to know that these treats are not good for their health.

Cats may be curious, but they shouldn't eat Pringles because they have a lot of salt and artificial flavors. Cats that eat Pringles may have stomach problems or make health problems worse if they already have them.

Is Pringles bad for cats?

It depends on the cat. There are some things in Pringles that are not only bad for cats' health but also don't provide enough nutrition for them. Flavored Pringles often have ingredients like onion powder and garlic powder that are bad for cats. These ingredients could be bad for cats' health because they don't have the right enzymes to break them down. Also, Pringles have a lot of salt, which can hurt a cat's kidneys and cause urinary problems.

There is a good chance that a cat eating a lot of Pringles will have serious health problems. Cats can become dehydrated and have electrolyte imbalances when they eat too much salt.

Why Pringles are good for cats

It depends on the cat. Cats don't get any health benefits from Pringles. Cats don't need Pringles to meet their nutritional needs, and the ingredients in them are more likely to hurt them than help them. Animal-based protein and certain nutrients that are good for their health and well-being should be a big part of a cat's diet.

How Many Bags of Pringles Can Cats Eat?

Pringles are not good for cats to eat at all. A cat can get too much salt and other bad things from Pringles, even if it's just a small amount. Putting a cat's health first and giving them a balanced, species-appropriate diet that meets their nutritional needs is very important.

How do I give my cat Pringles?

It depends on the cat. Because Pringles can hurt cats, it is strongly advised not to feed them to them. Certain foods are essential for cats, and their needs are very different from ours. Instead of adding Pringles to their diet, you should focus on giving them healthy, high-quality food.

Different options and extras

If you are looking for healthy snacks and foods for your cat, here are some options to think about:

Prepared Meat: Cooked chicken or turkey that is lean and not seasoned can be a tasty and protein-rich treat for cats.

Catnip: Many cats like small amounts of catnip because it stimulates their minds and bodies.

Treats that are freeze-dried: These treats often keep more of the healthy nutrients that come from meat.

Good Cat Treats: Look for treats that are made just for cats and have the right amount of nutrients.

Carrots: Some cats like the crunchiness of baby carrots, and a small bite here and there might not hurt them.

It depends on the cat. Brands of cat food that you can trust include Purina Pro Plan, Hill's Science Diet, and Royal Canin. There are different kinds of these brands' foods for cats, each made to meet their specific nutritional needs.

In the end

It depends on the cat. Lastly, cats shouldn't eat Pringles. Cats have specific nutritional needs that can only be met by food that is made just for cats. Cats may get sick if they eat too many Pringles, which contain unhealthy ingredients and too much salt. Giving your cat a diet that meets their specific nutritional needs is an important part of putting their health first and making sure they live happy, healthy lives.

#cat food

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tastydregs · 1 year ago

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A Woman Barely Feels Pain and Heals Rapidly. Scientists Are Unraveling Her Weird Genetics

Scientists are starting to crack the mystery behind one woman’s pain-free life. In new research, a team in the UK dove deep into the genetic make-up of Jo Cameron, a woman in Scotland with a rare mutation that leaves her practically incapable of experiencing physical and emotional pain. Among other things, the team found that her mutation seems to turn on and off a variety of other genes, including those linked to wound healing and mood.

A Mononykus Hunts In ‘Prehistoric Planet’

Researchers at University College London detailed Cameron’s story in 2019, though they had first started studying her in 2013. At the age of 66, the woman had undergone hand surgery but remarkably needed no postoperative anesthesia afterward. A year earlier, she was diagnosed with severe joint degeneration in her hip but had none of the expected pain as a result. Throughout her life, she also reportedly felt little anxiety or fear and seemed to heal especially quickly from cuts and bruises.

When UCL researchers studied her extensively, they discovered two genetic mutations that appeared to explain her resilience, both connected to a pain-related enzyme known as fatty acid amide hydrolase, or FAAH. One was a deletion in a pseudogene (a region of DNA that resembles a gene but doesn’t code for a protein) that the team would go on to name FAAH-OUT; the other was in a gene nearby to the one that actually regulates FAAH.

Other studies have found that FAAH plays an important role in controlling our sensation of pain by breaking down a neurotransmitter that binds to our cannabinoid receptors. Studies of mice bred without the FAAH gene have shown that they experience less pain, for instance. But the woman’s unique condition—and the mutations that caused it—indicated that there are other ways that pain sensitivity can be influenced by our genetics.

Now, in a study published Tuesday in the journal Brain, the same UCL team is closer to understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the woman’s mutant powers.

The researchers used a variety of methods, including the gene editing technology CRISPR, to study the effects of the woman’s mutations on human biology. As expected, they found evidence that FAAH-OUT regulates the expression of FAAH itself. Her FAAH-OUT mutation seems to directly reduce levels of the enzyme, for instance. But they also found that the mutation appears to turn off and on hundreds of other genes. Some of these genes influence how fast we heal from wounds, while others affect our mood or levels of the body’s natural opioids. The findings also are the latest to show that so-called junk DNA has plenty of importance.

“The FAAH-OUT gene is just one small corner of a vast continent, which this study has begun to map. As well as the molecular basis for painlessness, these explorations have identified molecular pathways affecting wound healing and mood, all influenced by the FAAH-OUT mutation,” said senior study author and UCL researcher Andrei Okorokov in a statement from the university.

Related story: We Spoke With the Italian Woman Who Can’t Feel Pain

Like any novel discovery, these findings will have to be validated by others. And even a pain-free life doesn’t come without struggles. People with these conditions have to be especially careful to avoid ignoring or missing serious injuries, for example. But the lessons learned from Cameron’s genetics could very well pay off in the future. Despite some early promise, pain treatments based on affecting FAAH directly haven’t panned out. But this research suggests that there are other avenues to try, and the UCL team is already planning to do so.

“As scientists it is our duty to explore and I think these findings will have important implications for areas of research such as wound healing, depression and more,” said Okorokov.

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fluffy-critter · 2 years ago

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#crosspost #busybee

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mycreativitysblog · 2 years ago

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Benefits of Cow Ghee

What is the first thing that pertains to your mind when you think of cow ghee?

Is it the fluffy, warm chapatis smeared with a charitable offering of ghee that makes your mouth water? Perhaps a huge dollop poured in your preferred dal tadka that takes its scent to the next degree? Or that scrumptious bowl of completely dry fruits halwa made with rich cow ghee that instantly makes you wish for home-cooked food?

If these are what you thought of, after that you understand how essential an active ingredient cow ghee remains in Indian kitchen areas. While it includes an one-of-a-kind flavour to every food, it also bears huge wellness advantages that makes it a staple in our normal diet plan. Here are a few of one of the most important ones to recognize:

1. Rich in nutrients: earthomaya Cow ghee is a rich resource of vitamin A, D, E & K that is very important in guaranteeing normal cellular function and also development in people. It likewise consists of a wide range of antioxidants that prevents free radical damages in our bodies which is a significant reason for cardiac ailments and also details sorts of cancer cells. Consisting of cow ghee in our normal diet plan is an easy means to augment dietary needs while safeguarding ourselves from a variety of illness caused by an absence of antioxidants.

2. Enhances food digestion: Cow ghee helps keep excellent digestive tract health and wellness as it renews the secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes to break down the food easily. As it contains lower chain fats, it obtains metabolized fast and is quickly taken in by the body. Usage of cow ghee additionally aids avoid irregular bowel movements by regularizing bowel movement.

3. Help in bone health: In Ayurveda, cow ghee is one of the most favored base for preparing any medication because it can get to the inmost of cells in the human body and nurture it. This is why it is also efficient in improving bone health and wellness by enhancing its stamina and thickness. It soothes joint discomforts, stiffness by oiling bones as well as also helps in reducing signs and symptoms of joint inflammation. Consequently, it's advisable to consume cow ghee regularly to ensure long-term flexibility, bone strength and also general conditioning.

4. Improves immunity: It do without saying that strong resistance is the foundation of a healthy body. As well as since cow ghee is a rich resource of anti-oxidants, it also works as a resistance booster for it protects against the generation of totally free radicals in our bodies that gives way to persistent health conditions like cardiac problems, inflammatory condition, cataract as well as a number of various other illness. At once such as this when the world is passing through a significant pandemic, reinforcing our resistance is of critical value to prevent falling ill. And also cow ghee, provided its vast nutritional range and also antioxidant properties, is a must-have in your regular diet.

5. Nurtures skin: Yes, that's right. If you have actually been taking into consideration a genuinely all-natural skin care product for some time that includes no negative effects and also doesn't pinch your pocket either, get that jar of ghee from your kitchen area rack right now. Cow ghee is an all-natural moisturizer that can keep your skin soft as well as hydrated even in the driest of weathers. The fats in it provide the much-needed hydration that leaves the skin beautiful. So make certain to include this all-natural skincare hack to look your best on a daily basis. Just take a few declines of ghee on your palm and massage it over your face/hands in a round movement. Leave it over night as well as clean off with lukewarm water. You will certainly be amazed to see just how soft, smooth and also radiant your skin feels with this natural therapy.

There you go! These are several of the most impressive wellness advantages of cow ghee. So if you are not currently using it, take a look at Heritage's fragrant Golden Cow Ghee right here. Made from pure cow milk and processed in cutting edge plants, this is as all-natural as it can obtain. It's a stunning gold colour, abundant fragrance as well as granular structure makes it a favourite of many.

Try it for yourself as well as elevate your wellness & your dishes with the flavourful touch of Heritage Golden Cow Ghee. Purchase Now on Huge Basket.

Ghee is produced from a fatty component that is sourced from either cows or buffalos. There are numerous techniques that can be used to make ghee or cleared up butter. Over the years, ghee has actually become one of one of the most favoured fats for its range of health advantages. Furthermore, ghee is packed with nourishment, and improves psychological and physical wellness. It is deemed medicine in Ayurveda Exactly how you may ask?

Ghee is produced from a fatty component that is sourced from either cows or buffalos. There are different approaches that can be used to make ghee or cleared up butter. For many years, ghee has actually turned into one of one of the most favoured fats for its variety of wellness advantages. Moreover, ghee is loaded with nourishment, and boosts mental and physical wellness. It is considered as medication in Ayurveda. How you may ask?

Because time long past, it has actually been an essential part of a sattvic bhojan (sound eating regimen) to annihilate side-effects of illness from the body.

The duty of ghee in Ayurveda.

Ayurveda is an alternative science, which is why the whole cycle of sourcing desi ghee is basic. There are particular ways in which untainted ghee can be procured. To start with, cows must not be bound in gaushalas. They need to be delegated bite unreservedly during the day, generally on grass. Their consuming regimen must consist of roughage. In conclusion, the right eating program is what influences the nature of the milk.

Ghee is created from a fatty component that is sourced from either cows or buffalos. There are different methods that can be used to make ghee or cleared up butter. For many years, ghee has actually become one of one of the most favoured fats for its series of health and wellness benefits. Moreover, ghee is loaded with nourishment, and also improves mental and physical well-being. It is considered as medicine in Ayurveda. Just how you may ask?

Considering that time long past, it has been an indispensable part of a sattvic bhojan (sound eating routine) to annihilate side-effects of sicknesses from the body.

which ghee is better

It is the strong fat in ghee that functions towards building a healthy liver and digestive tract.

The function of ghee in Ayurveda

Ayurveda is an all natural science, which is why the whole cycle of sourcing desi ghee is essential. There are specific methods which untainted ghee can be acquired. To start with, cows must not be bound in gaushalas. They should be left to munch unreservedly throughout the day, generally on yard. Their consuming regimen need to consist of roughage. Altogether, the best eating regimen is what affects the nature of the milk.

In Ayurvedic literary works, ghee is considered helpful for the body. It aids to construct the sapta dhatus in our body. That's not all-- it is abundant in antioxidants, fat soluble vitamins like vitamins A, E, as well as D. It additionally purifies the vata, pitta, as well as kapha doshas which get aggravated in our bodies.

Latest thing

Ghee is beneficial and also healing. Some eat it for weight decrease; others for weight gain and heart-related concerns. So, approving ghee as a part of your everyday diet regimen can be helpful for your well-being.

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