#MOS Technology 6502

[commodorez]

A rare example of an MOS 6501 microprocessor - Vintage Computer Federation Museum, Wall, NJ

[carnagewizard]

Commodore 2001 series The Commodore PET is a line of personal computers produced starting in 1977 by Commodore International. A single all-in-one case combines a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor, Commodore BASIC in read-only memory, keyboard, monochrome monitor, and, in early models, a cassette deck. 

Source: Wikipedia

[adafruit]

🎄💾🗓️ Day 8: Retrocomputing Advent Calendar - Commodore PET 🎄💾🗓️

The Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor) came out in 1977 and was among the earliest personal computers - featuring an all-in-one design with a keyboard, monochrome monitor, and cassette deck - all within a single chassis. Powered by an MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz, it had 4 KB of RAM and was expandable up to 96 KB in later models. The PET had Commodore BASIC stored in ROM, allowing users to write and execute programs directly. Its display supported text resolutions of 40×25 or 80×25 characters, using the PETSCII character set for semigraphic capabilities. While early models did not have sound, later versions included a basic beeper. PET's all-in-one design and user-friendly interface contributed to its popularity in education and business, and it sold approximately 219,000 units before its discontinuation in 1982.

Check out the wikipedia page for some extended history and great photos -

Have first computer memories? Post’em up in the comments, or post yours on socialz’ and tag them #firstcomputer #retrocomputing – See you back here tomorrow!

[stevebattle]

Robodroid (1984), The Robot Factory Inc., Cascade, CO. "Robodroid is a self-contained robot for the experimentalist, hobbyist, and educator. Robodroid's sensory inputs include three sonar transducers on a rotating head, a head position sensor, and two wheel odometers with several options available. Its controlled outputs include two drive motors, a head motor, a sound/music synthesiser and a speech synthesiser with several options planned for the future. Its microprocessor is a MOS Technology 6502. Its memory consists of 64 Kbytes programmable memory and 28 Kbytes read only memory. Its I/O system includes a full upper/lower case keyboard with function keys and eight I/O ports. The interface is an RS/232 with several options. The standard software is Robot Extended BASIC, English text-to-speech conversion and a joystick control program." – THE ROBOT FACTORY.

[thasallweare]

The Apple II is an early personal computer that was created by Apple Inc. It was one of the first successful mass-produced microcomputer products, and it played a significant role in the early development of the personal computer industry. It has an 8-bit microprocessor.

Manufacturer: Apple

Date introduced: June 1977

Developer: Steve Wozniak (lead designer)

Memory: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 48, or 64 KiB

Year: 1977 si.edu

CPU: MOS Technology 6502; @ 1.023 MHz

Discontinued: May 1979; 44 years ago

[europa6502]

i like your name

Thank you so much!! It’s a reference to two things - “Europa” is a reference to the song “Europa and the Pirate Twins” by Thomas Dolby, and the “6502” is a reference to the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor <3

I like your name too :)

[ldg777mcb]

Diseña LuisMi. Temp 1 Cap1

Aprendamos Sobre el Diseño Digital.

Para comprender el diseño digital, es de vital importancia ver los primeros avances en la tecnología, ver de donde surgió cada elemento tecnológico que hoy en día son de uso común en nuestro cotidiano existir.

En nuestra primera imagen podemos ver una computadora industrial de los años 60. Se puede apreciar como las máquinas de antes harán más mecánicas en lo que a sus procesos se refiere, además que se tenía que tener grandes espacios para poder construirlas, tanto así que, una computadora era una simple maquina que mandaba y recibía información menos de un"bytes". Eran máquinas del tamaño de un salón de universidad, que se encargan de procesarsistemas binarios y duraban horas para el proceso de cálculos. Requerían de mucha atenciónde parte de los científicos que los tenían en observación. Se utilizaban para descifrar o calcular o identificar alguna información que se requería en forma de mensajes.

Para tener un poco más de información, podemos apreciar el anterior video, realmente nos muestra de una forma divertida y con mucha información, como fue que se construyó ña primera maquina de procesamiento la Z1 diseñado por el Ing. Alemán Conrat, el cual diseño la Z1 en base a procesos matemáticos, los cuales repitiendo varias veces el proceso, nos dejaba un resultado de investigación.

Inicios de las computadoras personales Cap2

Luego de la creación de las primeras máquinas de procesamiento, en los años 70 en la época hippies, el pensamiento liberalista, creo una revolución constante en como se veía el mundo hasta ese momento, un mundo lleno de creatividad y romper las barreras sobrepuestas era pensamiento base para una gran revolución, en este caso en las máquinas de procesamiento.

HABLEMOS DE APPLE

Apple fue fundada el 1 de abril de 1976 por Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, y Ronald Wayne en el garaje de la casa de Jobs en Cupertino, California. La idea principal detrás de la empresa era crear computadoras personales accesibles y fáciles de usar. Wozniak diseñó el primer producto, el Apple I, que era una computadora básica sin teclado ni monitor, pero que representaba un gran avance en comparación con otros dispositivos de la época.

La creación de la primera computadora personal de Apple, el Apple I, fue una tarea compleja que involucró varios componentes innovadores para la época. Aquí te detallo cómo se desarrollaron algunos de los componentes clave:

1. Placa base (Motherboard): Steve Wozniak, el ingeniero detrás del Apple I, diseñó y construyó la placa base. A diferencia de otras computadoras de la época que venían en forma de kits para ensamblar, el Apple I se vendía con la placa base ya montada. Esto facilitó su uso por personas sin conocimientos técnicos avanzados.

2. Procesador: El Apple I utilizaba el microprocesador MOS Technology 6502, que era muy económico en comparación con otros procesadores de la época. Este chip de 8 bits fue clave para reducir los costos de la máquina, lo que permitió a Apple ofrecer una computadora personal a un precio más accesible.

3. Memoria: La memoria RAM del Apple I era de 4 KB, pero podía expandirse hasta 8 KB o incluso 48 KB con tarjetas adicionales. La RAM se utilizaba para almacenar temporalmente datos y programas en ejecución, una característica crucial para cualquier computadora.

4. Interfaz de entrada y salida: Aunque el Apple I no venía con un teclado o monitor incorporado, sí incluía un puerto para conectar un teclado, permitiendo a los usuarios interactuar con la máquina. Para la salida, se utilizaba una señal de vídeo que podía conectarse a un televisor. Esto era revolucionario, ya que la mayoría de las computadoras en ese momento requerían monitores especializados.

5. Almacenamiento: El Apple I no incluía un dispositivo de almacenamiento permanente, como un disco duro o una disquetera. Los programas y datos se cargaban en la memoria RAM utilizando cintas de casete a través de un adaptador de cassette opcional. Este método de almacenamiento era común en los primeros días de la computación personal.

6. Fuente de alimentación: La fuente de alimentación para el Apple I no venía incluida en el paquete; los usuarios debían adquirir una fuente de alimentación separada. Wozniak diseñó el Apple I para funcionar con una fuente de 5V que pudiera alimentar la placa base y los periféricos.

7. Software: El Apple I no tenía un sistema operativo sofisticado como los que conocemos hoy. En cambio, los programas se cargaban directamente en la memoria mediante código máquina o BASIC (un lenguaje de programación sencillo). Wozniak también escribió un intérprete de BASIC específicamente para el Apple I, lo que permitía a los usuarios escribir y ejecutar programas de manera más sencilla.

8. Carcasa: Originalmente, el Apple I no venía con una carcasa. Los primeros usuarios, incluyendo aquellos que lo adquirieron en la tienda Byte Shop, a menudo construían sus propias cajas para albergar la placa base y los componentes adicionales. Más tarde, se fabricaron algunas carcasas de madera a medida para darle un aspecto más acabado.Estos componentes, aunque rudimentarios en comparación con los estándares actuales, fueron pioneros en su tiempo.

La combinación de un diseño accesible, un precio relativamente bajo y la visión de Steve Jobs y Steve Wozniak hicieron del Apple I un producto revolucionario que sentó las bases para la evolución de las computadoras personales.

Steve Jobs y Wozniak son un punto clave para el diseño digital de hoy en día, la revolución con la Apple 1 y más adelante lo que veremos cómo pasamos de interfases más mecanicas y complejas a más amigables y que podían ser utilizadas por casi cualquier persona. Todo lo anterior visto nos dará una perspectiva y base de como inicio el diseño en su propio camino.

[gayarograce]

Escribiendo en español cada día del año (EEECDDA)

Día 86, el 26 de marzo: sobre el 6502

El 6502 por MOS Technologies es un microprocesador que lanzó en 1975. El 6502 sólo puede calcular con 8 bits y tiene un conjunto de instrucciones muy pequeño. Para el proyecto en mi clase de compiladores, mi grupo y yo vamos a programar un compilador para traducir código en C a código para el 6502. Tendremos que usar una versión de C mucho más sencillo que el C normal porque el 6502 no puede trabajar con números de coma flotante.

[rte-66]

The MOS Technology 6502 8-bit microprocessor, introduced in 1975. A workhorse of 1980s home computing, it and its variants powered the Apple I, Apple II, Apple II+, Apple IIe, Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 7800, Atari 800, Atari Lynx hand-held, BBC Micro and Master, Commodore PET, Commodore VIC-20, Commodore 64, Commodore 128, Famicom, Nintendo Entertainment System, and TurboGrafx-16, among others. Initially clocking in at 1.023 Mhz, some variants could reach up to 4 Mhz.

The 65xx series lives on through variants of the improved low-power WDC 65C02 CMOS version, first released in 1983. Hundreds of millions of units are still being produced annually; in particular, the W65C02S–14 variant can exceed a blistering 14 MHz, and continues to see use in a wide variety of embedded devices ranging from automotive and industrial applications to medical implants.

[lowkeynando]

and microcontrollers that have also been labeled CISC in many academic publications [citation needed include the Motorola 6800, 6809 and 68000-families; the Intel 8080, ¡APX432 and ×86-family; the Zilog Z80, Z8 and Z8000-families; the National Semiconductor 32016 and NS320xx-line; the MOS Technology 6502-family; the Intel 8051-family; and others.

Some designs have been regarded as borderline cases by some writers. For instance, the Microchip Technology PIC has been labeled RISC in some circles and CISC in others. The 6502 and 6809 have both been described as RISC-like, although they have complex addressing modes as well as arithmetic instructions that operate on memory, contrary to the RISC principles. Before the RISC philosophy became prominent, many computer architects tried to bridge the so-called semantic gap, i.e., to design instruction sets that directly support high-level programming constructs such as procedure calls, loop control, and complex addressing modes, allowing data structure and array accesses to be combined into single instructions. Instructions are also typically highly encoded in order to further enhance the code density. The compact nature of such instruction sets results in smaller program sizes and fewer main memory accesses (which were often slow), which at the time (early 1960s and onwards) - [ ] JUNGLEWOODNETHERRACKNETHERWARTENCHANTMENTTABLECHORUSFLOWERREDSTONEREPEATERREDSTONECOMPARATORTRiPWiREHOOKCOMMANDBLOCKSTiCKYPiSTONALiENSSPECiESFAiRiESDEiTiESGODSCLOWNSROBOTSANDROiDSARTiFiCiALiNTELLiGENCESBRAiNSPOWERSiNTELLiGENCEQUOTiENTSWORMSTAPEWORMSTUBESTUMORSCANCERSHOSTSENTiTiESFUNGiSPARASiTESBACTERiASAMiCROORGANiSMSMUSHROOMSSURGERiESSCiENCESPHYSiCSWiTCHCRAFTSMAGiCSVOODOOSHOODOOSWiZARDSWARLOCKSCULTSSECRETSOCiETiSALTEREGOSiNNERDEMONSCROSSROADDEMONSMEDiCALTREATMENTS CLONES

[commodorez]

I wish I had the money (or luck) for a 6501.

I've seen a 6501 in the VCFed museum before, and I know a guy who knows a guy who owns one, but I've never seen it in person. The two of them tested it in an OSI-400 replica board.

In the even that I ever had the opportunity to give one a test drive, my OSI-400 has been specifically configured for the 6512 which is 97.5% pin compatible with the 6501 and somehow lawsuit-free enough that MOS was able to keep producing them. I have a jumper point that I can change to allow a 6501 to (hopefully) work within that setup.

Odd 6502 family processors:

6502 - the flagship chip 6503 6504 6507 6512

[vincentbarletta1]

What is the most widely used personal computer?

There are various options available if you are seeking a personal computer. They include the Apple Macintosh, the Commodore PET, the LINC, and the Xerox Alto X. Whether you are a company owner, home user, student, or gamer, you may find one to meet your needs.

Apple Inc. created the Macintosh personal computer. A Motorola 68000 CPU powers it. A graphical user interface (GUI) enables users to choose commands, access files, and make menu selections.

The graphical interface approach of the Macintosh was popular with other PC software vendors. This was due to the advantages of the GUI over text-based interfaces.

The popularity of the Macintosh declined after the advent of MS-DOS. Microsoft's Windows became the central personal computer operating system. Macintosh, on the other hand, was able to maintain its market share.

The Macintosh was first advertised on television in 1984. Ridley Scott directed the commercial, which depicted a guy dictating to the masses on a massive screen.

One of the first personal computers was the Commodore PET. Commodore International created it in 1977. Initially, the cassette drive was the sole option to save data on the PET. However, early users quickly discovered a technique to make the entire system perform more quickly.

PET, one of the earliest home computers, was made in the United States. It went for $595. It included a tiny integrated keyboard as well as a monochrome display. Although PET was touted as a low-cost computer, production was restricted. Only 500 units were built in the first year.

The MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor was used to power the PET. This CPU was also found in many of the day's most popular computers.

The Xerox Alto was the first personal computer to include a graphical user interface, sometimes known as a GUI. As so, it was a forerunner to modern computers. Many of Xerox Alto's features are still in use today.

The Alto was created in the early 1970s by Xerox PARC, a research center in Palo Alto, California. This system includes a graphical display, a three-button mouse, and a bespoke central processing unit. It was also one of the first computers to make use of Ethernet.

The Xerox Alto began as a desktop computer. However, a portable personal computer variant was later developed.

The original Alto X is a PC with a graphical display and a mouse. On a 60-line screen, up to 90 characters can be shown. A user can also choose different font sizes and forms for the characters.

The LINC was one of the most exciting discoveries of the mid-1960s. This computer was planned and built by MIT engineers and scientists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was a little machine that was the first to be commercially produced. The LINC was eventually implemented across the country. The LINC-I, or initial LINC model, was a 12-bit transistorized system with a tiny display and two magnetic tapes for storage.

In the mid-1970s, a more powerful LINC was developed and released. Meanwhile, numerous smaller computers were developed. The Scelbi-8H minicomputer, which was released in 1974, was one of them.

Workstations are personal computers created primarily for the needs of engineers, scientists, and other professionals. They usually feature a lot of RAM and storage, as well as fast CPUs, powerful graphics cards, and high-resolution displays. These computers are frequently used for video editing and graphic design.

In the mid-1980s, there was a surge in the manufacturing of big, powerful personal workstations. These devices had specialized components, proprietary operating systems, and high-priced hardware. Early versions cost approximately $10,000, but by the late 1980s, prices had begun to fall.

Workstations are now available at a variety of pricing points. A low-cost desktop computer can cost less than a fourth of the price of a high-end server. Vendors are increasingly offering off-the-shelf components that may be combined into a bespoke workstation.

A gaming computer is a computer that is solely dedicated to video games. It is widely regarded as a robust system, with features such as a high-end CPU, solid-state storage, and a solid-state graphics card. Your computer can handle both single-player and multiplayer online games. Aside from gaming, it is frequently used for multimedia, video editing, and other purposes.

You'll need more than a few gigabytes of RAM to play a game. At least 8GB of RAM is required for the finest gaming laptops. But it's a small price to pay for a truly immersive gaming experience.

A good gaming PC will include an SSD, and one of them will protect your game from freezing at vital points. You'll also have to spend some money on cooling.

[adafruit]

🎄💾🗓️ Day 14: Retrocomputing Advent Calendar - Atari 400/800🎄💾🗓️

The Atari 8-bit computer line was launched in 1979 with the Atari 400 and Atari 800. Both were advanced for home computers at the time. Both were driven by a 1.79 MHz MOS Technology 6502 CPU, with ANTIC and CTIA/GTIA custom chips for advanced graphics and the POKEY chip handling sound and input/output duties. The Atari 800 was the premium model, featuring a full mechanical keyboard, user-expandable to 48 KB of memory, more metal shielding, and more durability. The Atari 400 was a lower-cost alternative with a membrane keyboard, limited to 16 KB of RAM, and a simplified construction.

With hardware-accelerated scrolling, Player/Missile graphics, and rich sound, the Atari 8-bit systems were known for gaming and creative applications. They were a versatile platform with cartridge-based software, cassette, and floppy disk storage. Atari's proprietary SIO (Serial Input/Output) port allowed daisy-chaining peripherals such as printers, modems, and disk drives, making connecting them easier than with other systems.

Newer models were more compact, combined memory expansion to as much as 128KB, and compatibility with developing software and peripherals improved. Atari's 8-bit computers are remembered for having groundbreaking hardware and a very colorful game library, and they are still being used by the retrocomputing community.

While doing research for this, I saw the XE Game System, never saw it before, very 80s for sure!

The Atari XEGS (XE Game System) was launched in 1987. A repackaged 65XE with a removable keyboard, it boots to the 1981 port of Missile Command instead of BASIC if the keyboard is disconnected.

Have first computer memories? Post’em up in the comments, or post yours on socialz’ and tag them #firstcomputer #retrocomputing – See you back here tomorrow!

[yodaprod]

Only early 80s gamers will smile at this...

[andmaybegayer]

There were dozens of Pong On A Chip clones all competing for a slice of the pie back then, which led to bizzare designs like the MOS 7600 programmable games chip which could implement (among other things) several variations on Pong and had a higher transistor count than the Zilog Z80.

It's really telling how fast chip design was already moving in the 70's that by the end of the decade you could produce this, but at the beginning of the decade it just wasn't feasible to use general purpose logic to run Pong affordably.

Atari - Circuit Diagram Schematic of the original Pong (1972)

[redsnerdden]

Personal Computer CPU Pioneer Chuck Peddle Passed Away

Personal Computer CPU Pioneer Chuck Peddle Passed Away #MOSTechnology #CommodorePET #Technology #Computers #Apple #VideoGames #Atari #Nintendo

One of the most important engineers in the early home computer era has passed away after a long, lengthy battle to Pancreatic Cancer; he was 82 years old. Peddle was best known for being the lead designer of the MOS Technology’s 6502, a low-cost processor that was used in first-wave home computers such as the Apple II and the Commodore PET. At the time of 1975, MOS Technology’s 6502 was priced…