#Indian human space flight programme

[shamnadt]

ISRO to develop ECLSS for Gaganyaan mission after failing to get it from other countries: Somanath

ISRO chairman S Somanath on Wednesday said the space agency has decided to indigenously develop the environmental control and life support system (ECLSS) for the upcoming human space flight mission Gaganyaan, after it failed to get it from other countries. The Gaganyaan project envisages a demonstration of Indian Space Research Organisation’s human spaceflight capability by launching a human crew…

[beardedmrbean]

India has unveiled four Air Force pilots who have been shortlisted to travel on the country's maiden space flight scheduled for next year.

The Gaganyaan mission aims to send three astronauts to an orbit of 400km and bring them back after three days.

India's space agency Isro has been carrying out a number of tests to prepare for the flight.

In October, a key test demonstrated that the crew could safely escape the rocket in case it malfunctioned.

After its success, Isro said a test flight would take a robot into space in 2024, before astronauts are sent into space in 2025.

At a function at the Isro centre in the southern city of Thiruvananthapuram (formerly Trivandrum) on Tuesday, the four astronaut-designates were described as "dreamers, adventurers and valiant men preparing to go into space".

The officers, chosen from the Indian Air Force, were introduced as Group Captain Prashanth Balakrishnan Nair, Group Captain Ajit Krishnan, Group Captain Angad Pratap and Wing Commander Shubhanshu Shukla.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Isro chief S Somanath pinned badges with golden wings onto their shirts and Mr Modi described them as "India's pride".

"These are not just four names or four people. They are four powers who will carry the aspirations of 1.4 billion Indians to space. I congratulate and wish them all the best," he said.

Officials said the men were selected from a pool of Air Force pilots and had undergone extensive physical and psychological tests before being shortlisted.

They have undergone rigorous training for 13 months in Russia and are now carrying on with their gruelling schedule back home. A video screened at the event showed them working out in the gym, swimming and doing yoga.

On Tuesday, Isro also showed a glimpse of Vyommitra - Sanskrit word for "space friend" - the female humanoid that will be sent into space later this year.

The Gaganyaan Mission is India's first human space flight programme for which extensive preparations are underway at various Isro centres.

Named after the Sanskrit word for craft or vehicle to the sky, the Gaganyaan project has been developed at the cost of 90bn rupees ($1bn; £897m).

If it succeeds, India will become only the fourth country to send a human into space after the Soviet Union, the US and China.

Gaganyaan has generated a lot of interest in India, although it's coming decades after Soviet Union and the US started making trips to the low Earth orbit. Both have been in space since 1961. China became the third country to reach space in October 2003 when a Chinese mission spent 21 hours and orbited Earth 14 times. And the US and China have fully operational space stations in low Earth orbit.

An Indian astronaut also went to space as early as in 1984 when Rakesh Sharma spent nearly eight days on a Russian spacecraft.

How important are India's Moon mission findings?

What has India's rover been up to on the Moon?

Last year, India made major forays into space. The country made history by becoming the first to land near the Moon's south pole in August 2023.

Just weeks later, scientists launched Aditya-L1, India's first observation mission to the Sun which is now in orbit, keeping an eye on our solar system's most important and volatile star.

India has also announced ambitious new plans for space, saying it would aim to set up a space station by 2035 and send an astronaut to the Moon by 2040.

[ilearnias]

Mission Gaganyaan UPSC - ilearn IAS Academy - Best civil service institute in trivandrum

You must have heard about the last news on India’s Big leap, Gaganyaan , at ILearn IAS one of the Best civil service academy we always stay ahead with the latest current affairs our research team are constantly looking for the latest trends and news so that civil servants like you can get one stop solution for all your civil service dreams

Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight Programme

The Gaganyaan Mission is an ambitious and co ordinated project of ISRO in collaboration with other agencies such as various research labs, Indian academia and industries

It aims to demonstrate ISRO;s Human Spaceflight capability by launching a human crew to an orbit of 400 km and brining them safely back to earth

In the long run it will lay the foundation for a sustained Indian huma space exploration programme

Launch Vehicle Human Rated LVM 3

A modified version of ISRO’s most reliable rocket LVM3 Previously called geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle md 3 is the launching vehicle of the Gaganyaan mission

It is re configured as human rated launch vehicle to be capable of safely transporting humans into the intended orbit

It has a three stage propulsion system solid stage, liquid stage and cryogenic stage

It consists of crew escape systems as well as orbital module along with solid stage liquid stage and cryogenic stage

Components of the Spacecraft

Orbital module : The Central Hub of the Gaganyaan mission orbital module which will comprise of the crew module and service module

Service Module: It comprises of the propulsion system thermal system power systems, avionics systems and deployment mechanisms which aims to provide necessary support to crew module while in orbit

Crew module : it will have an earth like environment in space for the crew it will include crew interfaces human centric products life support systems avionics and deceleration systems

Vyommitra : the female robot astronaut the humanoid designed and developed isro to fly aboard the unmanned test missions before the Gaganyaan human space flight mission

The Manned flight is the final part of the Gaganyaan mission where a human astronaut will be launched to space and will safely be escorted back to search through a soft landing in Arabian sea off the coast of Gujarat

This is the main part of the mission whereas the previous components were executed for ensuring safety of the final mission.

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[thetechmaster]

Isro's Cosmic Ambitions: A Glimpse into India's Space Odyssey

As we stand on the brink of 2024, the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) is poised for a stellar lineup of space missions, embarking on a journey of exploration, communication, and innovation that will redefine the boundaries of India's capabilities in the cosmic arena. Charting a Cosmic Course: Isro's Roadmap to 2024 Ambitious Projects on the Horizon Gaganyaan: Bridging the Cosmic Gulf Private Sector's Cosmic Leap Key points to keep in mind : People Also Ask : Charting a Cosmic Course: Isro's Roadmap to 2024 Isro's roadmap for the next two years unfolds a vision of 12 significant missions, each designed to propel India's space endeavors to new heights. Among these, the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) stands out as one of the most eagerly anticipated missions. A collaborative effort between NASA and ISRO, NISAR is scheduled for launch in 2024 and will mark the debut of a dual-band radar imaging satellite, delivering crucial data for Earth observation. This mission not only signifies technological prowess but also highlights the growing trend of international collaboration in the realm of space exploration. Ambitious Projects on the Horizon Beyond NISAR, Isro has a tapestry of ambitious projects poised to shape the future of space exploration. The INSAT-3DS, a communication satellite within the Indian National Satellite System series, takes center stage in meteorology and disaster management. RISAT-1B and Resourcesat-3 are set to elevate India's remote sensing capabilities, while TDS01 and SPADEX spearhead technological research, pushing the boundaries of lunar missions. Oceansat-3A is tasked with continuing the legacy of its predecessors in oceanography and atmospheric studies. The Indian Data Relay Satellite System (IDRSS) aims to establish a real-time communication link with scientific and remote sensing satellites. GSAT-20 is expected to fortify telecommunication services, and NVS-02 will enhance navigation systems, adding new dimensions to India's space capabilities. Gaganyaan: Bridging the Cosmic Gulf Isro's vision extends beyond unmanned missions with the Gaganyaan Programme, gearing up for test flights that will ultimately pave the way for sending Indian astronauts into space. The ambitious venture seeks to make India a significant player in human spaceflight, adding a new chapter to the nation's space exploration narrative. Private Sector's Cosmic Leap Beyond governmental efforts, Isro's commercial arm, IN-SPACe, has witnessed a surge in engagement from the private space sector. As of November 2023, 523 startups and companies have collaborated with IN-SPACe, with 297 seeking support for research and development and testing. This surge in private participation comes in the wake of the government's decision to open up the space sector, fostering innovation and collaboration in a new era of cosmic exploration. Key points to keep in mind : - Isro's roadmap for the next two years includes 12 significant space missions. - The NASA-Isro Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is a highly anticipated dual-band radar imaging satellite, scheduled for launch in 2024. - NISAR is a collaborative effort between NASA and Isro, showcasing the growing trend of international cooperation in space exploration. - Other ambitious projects include the INSAT-3DS for communication and meteorology, RISAT-1B and Resourcesat-3 for enhanced remote sensing, and TDS01 and SPADEX for lunar mission research. - Oceansat-3A continues the legacy of its predecessors in oceanography and atmospheric studies. - The Indian Data Relay Satellite System (IDRSS) aims to establish real-time communication with scientific and remote sensing satellites. - GSAT-20 is set to fortify telecommunication services, and NVS-02 will enhance navigation systems. - The Gaganyaan Programme focuses on test flights for crewed missions, aiming to send Indian astronauts into space. - The private space sector in India, with 523 startups and companies engaged with IN-SPACe, is playing a crucial role in research and development. https://youtu.be/YmEETJw_tYE?si=_YTDUWXLBPGiKjQa People Also Ask : - Q: What is NISAR, and why is it significant? - A: NISAR is the NASA-Isro Synthetic Aperture Radar, the first dual-band radar imaging satellite. It is crucial for Earth observation and highlights international collaboration in space exploration. - Q: What are some key projects in Isro's roadmap? - A: Key projects include INSAT-3DS for communication and meteorology, RISAT-1B and Resourcesat-3 for enhanced remote sensing, and Gaganyaan for crewed space missions. - Q: How is Isro collaborating with the private space sector? - A: As of November 2023, 523 startups and companies have engaged with IN-SPACe, Isro's commercial arm, reflecting increased private sector involvement in space initiatives. - Q: What is the Gaganyaan Programme, and what are its objectives? - A: The Gaganyaan Programme focuses on crewed space missions, aiming to conduct test flights and send Indian astronauts into space, marking a significant leap in human spaceflight capabilities. - Q: What role does the Indian Data Relay Satellite System (IDRSS) play? - A: IDRSS aims to establish a real-time communication link with scientific and remote sensing satellites, enhancing data relay capabilities in space missions. Top Tech News You Must Check Out In 2024 : ·  Wi-Fi 7 Set to Revolutionize Connectivity in Early 2024 ·  Tesla Vehicles To Get Apple Podcasts Soon – Tesla Big Update ·  Acer has unveiled the Nitro V 16 Gaming Laptop: Boost Your Gaming Experience ·  Tech News: Can the iPhone 15 Pro Max Handle PC Games? ·  Hottest Tech News: Top 5 tech News To Watch In 2024 ·  Unveiling the Revolutionary Transparent LED Screens Read the full article

[firstbuzz]

Gaganyaan: Isro aces two big tests part of ambitious plan to send Indians to space

The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) has successfully test-fired the L110-G Vikas Engine that will power its ambitious Gaganyaan mission to space. The engine was fired for 240 seconds at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri to mark the planned qualification tests of the engine as complete.

The engine has been designed by Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) and its Gimbal Control system was developed by VSSC. The engine uses storable propellants in a pump-fed gas generator cycle and is equipped with higher structural margins for sub-systems, an improved assembly process, and additional measurements for health monitoring.

"The successful completion of this test marks a major milestone in the human space flight programme, Gaganyaan," Isro said in a statement.

[defencecapital]

Lockheed Martin to explore space in India, ready to support Gaganyaan

Lockheed Martin to explore space in India, ready to support Gaganyaan

File Photo: India has a robust space programme and plans for human space flight.

By N. C. Bipindra

New Delhi: World’s largest defence and aerospace company is keen on exploring the newly opened Indian market for the space sector in collaboration with both the government and the new entrants from the private industry, Lockheed Martin Corp.‘s India chief has said.

In particular, the…

[architectnews]

12 student projects from the Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism

A tower designed for Ontario wildlife and a gold mine transformed into a soundscape feature in this school show from students at the Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism.

Other projects include an analysis of a hotel militarised in the Lebanese Civil War and a utopian world referencing the childhood memories formed in a Chinese-Canadian family.

Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism

School: Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism at the Carleton University Courses: M.Arch thesis, graduate and undergraduate studios

School statement:

"Many of the projects represent work from the year-long Master of Architecture thesis, including the Canadian Indian Residential Schools as potential sites of decolonization, remedies for the post-pandemic city, and Cairo's Cosmic Realms and Earthly Realities.

"Other projects illustrate several of the Master of Architecture six-week option studios. This year, the studios explored themes of Threshold Landscapes, Black Flight and Architectural Authorship, led by Azrieli visiting critics Virginia Lee, Thandi Loewenson and Neil Spiller.

"Also represented is work from the first MArch studio year in the three-year programme, the fourth-year fall housing studio and the final studio in the undergraduate Bachelor of Architectural Studies Major."

The Rhythm Section by Chloe Cooke

"Through processes of archiving and annotating movement, this project develops new forms of notation attempting to communicate social and spatial histories related to dance, choreography, rhythm, and sonic production as a result of bodily movement.

"The project also explores drawing as percussive performance, combining different styles of rhythm that are inherently connected and work together to reveal lines of flight, in which dance serves as a threshold to connect displaced people. This is done by creating – or recreating – spaces, narratives, performances and rhythms that beat 'new worlds' into being."

Student: Chloe Cooke Studio: M.Arch Option Studio — Black Flight Tutor: Dr Thandi Loewenson Email: ckcooke240@gmail.com

De-Colonial Intersections of Conservation and Healing: The Indian Residential School System by Catherine McBain

"This thesis explores the spatial conditions related to the territorial and architectural practices of the Indian Residential Schools (IRS) in Canada. The project alludes to 'illustrative futures' where the conservation of landscapes, architecture and territories means designing encounters for healing and critical reflection.

"Proposed as a series of frictional embodied experiences, the encounters subvert the IRS memory, interrogating its socio-spatial hierarchies. The project explores three former residential schools, intentionally reconnecting spatial fragments, reclaiming territories and subverting existing architectures. The encounters suggest ontological connections with erased cultural landscapes while challenging current hegemonic conservation practices."

Student: Catherine McBain Course: Thesis Tutor: Dr Natalia Escobar Castrillón Email: catherinemcbain@cmail.carleton.ca

Birds: Agents of Change by Brandon Todd

"This project reverses the degradation of bird habitats in the industrial landscape of Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, transposing conditions found in adjacent ecologically productive sites to barren industrial areas along the harbour's edge.

"Among several interventions, a series of ethereal bird towers reach to the sky, incorporating lightweight components for bird feeding, nesting, bathing, and perching above with spaces for human observation below. The tower's height attracts avian wildlife to the site and encourages birds' natural capacities for distribution, pollination, and ecological exchange. The project was developed using a series of models constructed within water tanks, immersing the towers within their atmospheric domains."

Student: Brandon Todd Studio: Fourth-Year Studio — Tank Worlds: Hamilton Harbour Tutor: Dr Lisa Moffitt Email: brandon.todd@carleton.ca

The Holiday Inn Beirut: Intentional Apparatus, Unintentional Monument by Anthony Youssef

"Among the relics of the Lebanese Civil War is the Holiday Inn Beirut. During the civil war, the hotel was militarized. Its towering body offered fighters – from leftist and rightist militias – a stronghold from which to launch their munitions. Still standing, it has been called an unintentional monument.

"This series of drawings seek to negotiate between the Holiday Inn Beirut's identity as an apparatus of war and a monument. Here, it becomes an urban observatory, allowing visitors to witness the city's past, present and future. Various layers are superimposed upon one another to embody the complexities and contradictions inherent in the capital city of Beirut."

Student: Anthony Youssef Studio: M.Arch Option Studio - Architectural Authorship Tutor: Azrieli visiting critic Neil Spiller Email: anthonyyoussef0@gmail.com

Orchestrated Soundscapes by Rudo Mpisaunga

"This project explores a fictional future in which the Mponeng Gold Mine in Johannesburg is transformed into an eerie soundscape. Eternally conducted by the wind, water, and heat, this musical ensemble disrupts the humdrum of daily life by giving voice to the land.

"When wind speeds are low, the pit and shaft become a celebratory space. The hollow amphitheatre floors become drums when people gather, such as during the toyi-toyi or when dancing to amapiano. When wind speeds are high, the wind turbines funnel air into reservoirs beneath the amphitheatre channelling it through the shafts and tunnels sounding the pipes."

Student: Rudo Mpisaunga Studio: M.Arch Option Studio - Deep Dust/The Killing Dark Tutor: Dr Ozayr Saloojee Email: rudompisaunga@cmail.carleton.ca

The Globe in a Granule of Cryoconite by Sean Broadhurst

"In response to a prompt to read place from afar, this project aggregates research into a story of cryoconite in the glacial crusts of Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut. In its bacteria-bound mineral cocoons that entrain airborne particulates, cryoconite authors stories of planetary relations. The embedded time and spatial scales of cryoconite subvert cartographic convention.

"The globe is distorted, and the section refuses scale; isometric space is warped by isotopes of plutonium or neon that signal colonial violence or possible cosmic origins. Drawing the immense micrometres of a single granule requires registers tuned to disparate moments and places at the thresholds of human perception."

Student: Sean Broadhurst Studio: M.Arch Option Studio - Cartographies of Refusal Tutor: Azrieli visiting critic Elise Hunchuck Email: seanbroadhurst@cmail.carleton.ca

Āyat al-Qāhirah: Cairo’s Cosmic Realms and Earthly Realities by Rehab Salama

"Āyat al-Qāhirah explores Cairo's sacred architecture as a mediator where the human, the landscape, and the cosmos collide and merge. The project analyzes how architecture and architectural representation can become a bridge between the earthly and the cosmic.

"The thesis proposes a conceptual network of thresholds between the sacred and every day. These serve as registers for the visible and the invisible. They connect the seen and unseen, the sensible and unintelligible, the physical and metaphysical, the quotidian and divine. The work aims to manifest the hidden orders imposed on the material world through motions of the cosmos and earth."

Student: Rehab Salama Course: Thesis Tutor: Dr Ozayr Saloojee and associate professor Johan Voordouw Email: rehabsalama@cmail.carleton.ca

Carleton Square Redevelopment - River Meadow Heights Ottawa, Ontario by Cameron Maiolo and Mark Meneguzzi

"Working with Minto Development Group, we wanted to explore increasing density, integrating nature within the built environment and creating a well-rounded pedestrian-focused urban node. Redeveloping for the future, we strove to emphasise the 15-minute community.

"Our master plan focal point consists of a high-density residential core followed by a mid-density mixed-use residential and commercial district. Adjacent is a low-density housing of mixed typologies. We formed a connection to the park by implementing green fingers that act as stormwater retention systems and promote the vibrant growth of local flora and fauna while also providing green barriers between buildings."

Student: Cameron Maiolo and Mark Meneguzzi Studio: Fourth-Year Housing Studio Tutor: Associate professor Benjamin Gianni Email: cameron.maiolo@gmail.com and markmeneguzzi@gmail.com

Post-Pandemia at the poissonerie shanahan: an account of sick cities and their remedies by Shannon Clark

"An epidemic is not simply biological but rather a spatial phenomenon that mutates sociopolitical constructions. The fears associated with the metaphors of disease have landscaped the city as though we are looking at "the section of a fibrous tumour," to quote architect and writer Frank Lloyd Wright in When Democracy Builds.

"The setting is the fictional Poissonerie Shanahan in Montreal’s Jean-Talon Market as envisioned by writer Nicholas Dickner’s Nikolski. Fiction is used as a tool to understand the intersections of architecture, urbanism, and public health. The story of four sick cities is then told to exercise our empathetic intelligence in the face of a global crisis that has rapidly spatialized blame."

Student: Shannon Clark Course: Thesis Tutor: Dr Ozayr Saloojee Email: shannon.clark@carleton.ca

Through Thick and Thin // Story Space on Rannoch Moor by Camille Ringrose

"This thesis proposes a compilation of fictional narratives that reflect on Rannoch Moor as ground, unstable terrain, burial, and wetness. It offers alternative ways of knowing through literature, folklore, and storytelling as a multiverse method of world-building.

"The thesis asks: can we use stories to design with precision? Not as an act of probing for answers, newness, or novelty, but as a form of watching and waiting? Storytelling suggests a movement to look not to the past or the future, but to the deepness of the conditions surrounding us, weaving together a more complex tapestry towards recovery and resilience."

Student: Camille Ringrose Course: Thesis  Tutor: Dr Ozayr Saloojee Email: camilleeringrose@gmail.com

Diasporic Dreamland: A Memory Box by Enid Huang

"This project focuses on reflecting on one's heritage and childhood memories. It is influenced by Enid Huang's Chinese heritage as a second-generation Canadian – diaspora. Diasporic Dreamland is developed through the foundation of siheyuan – traditional Chinese courtyards made of four sides.

"It correlates with four traditional Chinese tales and long-term memories that influenced Huang's childhood upbringing. Using various media, Huang created four drawings as a reflection that blends both cultural elements and childhood memories, to imagine a utopian world that connects her closer to her heritage."

Student: Enid Huang Studio: Fourth-Year Studio — Drawing Candy and Digital Sweetness Tutor: Associate professor Johan Voordouw Email: enidhuang@me.com

The Bitumen Biome by Odessa Boehm

"Like a Trojan horse, the Bitumen Biome surprises the unwitting visitors of the Muttart Conservatory in Edmonton, Alberta. Instead of visiting an arid or tropical biome, visitors are met with the wild landscape of their backyards, the Athabasca Oil Sands.

"The Bitumen Biome unearths an inaccessible landscape and translates oils origins, systems, and the scale of environmental degradation for its visitors. Through a sensory experience of tailing ponds, chemical diffusers, and bird scare contractions, the Bitumen Biome gives visitors a glimpse into the oil ecosystem and allows them to experience its often intangible effects."

Student: Odessa Boehm Studio: Fourth-Year Studio — Grounding Stories: Translating the Architectural Field, from Survey to Display Tutor: Instructor Émélie Desrochers-Turgeon Email: odessaboehm@gmail.com

Partnership content

This school show is a partnership between Dezeen and the Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism. Find out more about Dezeen partnership content here.

The post 12 student projects from the Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism appeared first on Dezeen.

[nuadox]

Six space missions to look forward to in 2021

- By Ian Whittaker , Nottingham Trent University , Gareth Dorrian , University of Birmingham , The Conversation -

Space exploration achieved several notable firsts in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic, including commercial human spaceflight and returning samples of an asteroid to Earth. The coming year is shaping up to be just as interesting. Here are some of the missions to keep an eye out for.

Artemis 1

Artemis 1 is the first flight of the Nasa-led, international Artemis program to return astronauts to the Moon by 2024. This will consist of an uncrewed Orion spacecraft which will be sent on a three-week flight around the Moon. IT will reach a maximum distance from Earth of 450,000km – the farthest into space that any spacecraft that can transport humans will have ever flown.

Artemis 1 will be launched into Earth orbit on the first Nasa Space Launch System, which will be the most powerful rocket in operation. From Earth orbit, the Orion will be propelled onto a different path towards the Moon by the rocket’s interim cryogenic propulsion stage. The Orion capsule will then travel to the Moon under the power provided by a service module supplied by the European Space Agency (Esa).

The mission will provide engineers back on Earth with a chance to evaluate how the spacecraft performs in deep space and serve as a prelude to later crewed lunar missions. The launch of Artemis 1 is currently scheduled for late in 2021.

Mars missions

In February, Mars will receive a flotilla of terrestrial robotic guests from several countries. The United Arab Emirates’ Al Amal (Hope) spacecraft is the Arab world’s first interplanetary mission. It is scheduled to arrive in Mars orbit on February 9, where it will spend two years monitoring the Martian weather and disappearing atmosphere.

Arriving within a couple of weeks after Al Amal will be the China National Space Administration’s Tianwen-1, consisting of an orbiter and a surface rover. The spacecraft will enter Martian orbit for several months before deploying the rover to the surface. If it succeeds, China will become the third country to land anything on Mars. The mission has several objectives including mapping the mineral composition of the surface and searching for sub-surface water deposits.

Nasa’s Perseverance rover will land at Jezero Crater on February 18 and search for any signs of ancient life which may have been preserved in the clay deposits there. Critically, it will also store a cache of Martian surface samples on board as the first part in a highly ambitious international program to return samples of Mars to Earth.

Chandrayaan-3

In March 2021, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning to launch its third lunar mission: Chandrayaan-3. Chandrayaan-1 launched in 2008 and was one of the first major missions in the Indian space programme. Comprising an orbiter and a surface penetrator probe, the mission was one of the first to confirm evidence of lunar water.

Unfortunately, contact with the satellite was lost less than a year later. Sadly, there was a similar mishap with its successor, Chandrayaan-2, which consisted of an orbiter, a lander (Vikram) and a lunar rover (Pragyan).

Chandrayaan-3 was announced a few months later. It will consist of only a lander and rover, as the previous mission’s orbiter is still functioning and providing data.

If all goes well the Chandrayaan-3 rover will touch down in the lunar south pole’s Aitken basin. It’s of particular interest as it is thought to host numerous deposits of subsurface water ice – a vital component for any future sustainable lunar habitation.

James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope is the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, but has had a rocky path to being launched. Initially planned for a 2007 launch, the Webb telescope is almost 14 years late and has cost roughly US$10 billion (£7.4 billion) after apparent underestimates and overruns similar to those experienced by Hubble.

Whereas Hubble has provided some amazing views of the universe in visible and ultraviolet region of light, Webb is planning to focus observations in the infrared wavelength band. The reason for this is that when observing really distant objects there will probably be gas clouds in the way.

The galaxy NGC 2275 seen by Hubble. Esa/Hubble & Nasa, J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Team;, CC BY-SA

These gas clouds block really small wavelengths of light, such as X-rays and ultra violet light, while longer wavelengths like infra-red, microwave and radio can get through more easily. So by observing in these longer wavelengths we should see more of the universe.

Webb also has a much bigger mirror of 6.5-metre diameter compared to Hubble’s 2.4-metre diameter mirror – essential for improving image resolution and seeing finer detail.

The primary mission of Webb is look at light from galaxies at the edge of the universe which can tell us about how the first stars, galaxies and planetary systems formed. Potentially this could include some information about the origin of life as well, as Webb is planning on imaging exoplanet atmospheres in high detail, searching for the building blocks of life. Do they exist on other planets, and if so, how did they get there?

We are also likely to be treated to some stunning images similar to those produced by Hubble. Webb is currently scheduled to launch on an Ariane 5 rocket on October 31.

Ian Whittaker, Senior Lecturer in Physics, Nottingham Trent University and Gareth Dorrian, Post Doctoral Research Fellow in Space Science, University of Birmingham

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

--

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[shijinpunnaykaljoseph]

#Blog Post 4. Western Classical Music and Indian Classical Music

The word "classical music" comes from the Latin classicus, meaning first-class, or the highest-class artistry for the Romans. This covers a wide range of music styles over an 800-year period. The word "Art music" is sometimes used. Western classical is just one among many different traditions and cultures of classical music across the world. There have been two forms of development throughout the history of Western classical music, typically distinguishable from each other, evolving in parallel – church music and secular music. Church music includes Gregorian Chants, Carols, Mass, and Requiems, for instance, while secular music includes sonatas, concertos, symphonies, and opera. Both church and secular music influenced each other as they developed and adapted to the cultural development of man throughout history.

                         The classical music of India is profoundly connected to the sacred ancient traditions of the region. It has two major traditions: Hindustani is the North Indian tradition while Carnatic is the South Indian region. There are two basic elements of Indian classical music: raga and tala. The raga, based on swara (microtones included), forms the framework of a melodic structure, while the tala tests the time period. The raga offers an artist a palette of sounds to create the melody, while the tala provides them with a creative structure for rhythmic improvisation using time. The gap between the notes is often more significant in Indian classical than the notes themselves, and there are no Western classical principles such as harmony, counterpoint, chords or modulation.

 Differences

1. Melody vs harmony: Indian classical music is mainly homophonic, meaning that it focuses on melodies that are formed using a sequence of notes. The magic of Indian classical music is encountered predominantly with different melodies formed within the framework of ragas, whereas the magic of Western classical music lies largely in polyphonic composition, where counterpoint, harmony and texture produced by multiple voices are essential. Melody still occurs in Western classical music, but from a broad perspective, most Western classical music works are not the sole or defining subject. So for example if melody is a slice of bread then harmony is a sandwich.

2. Composed vs Improvised: Western classical music is composed, Indian classical music is improvised. All Western classical music works are traditionally composed using staff notation, and there is practically no space for improvisation for performers. Since there are a lot of people on the stage in Western orchestras if everyone starts improvising in their own way, the performance will be just a sound. So before performance, western music must be pre-composed.

3. Vocals and instrumentation: Vocals are used in both Indian classical and Western classical music, but they are treated differently in comparison to other instruments. When vocals are used in Indian classical music, the rest of the instruments are mere accompaniments that follow the tonality of the voice by providing chords and so on. Whereas in Western classical music, when vocals are used, the instrumentation carries a lot of weight in the overall composition. In other words, voice forms the basis of the framework surrounding a classical Indian music recital, while it is an addition to the instrumentally produced structure of a classical Western music composition. The word ' voice ' is used in Western classical music in a generic way and does not always mean human voice. Any theme played by an instrument can be a ' voice’.

4. Performance: The artist shines through his improvisation in Indian classical music. In any recital or performance, there is a lead vocalist or instrumentalist who describes the raga, while others follow and relegate themselves to the background. The composer and the conductor excel as individuals in Western classical music, but the production is essentially a group effort. The artists are under the spotlight only in solo works or solo concerts.

5. Rhythm: Indian classical music uses ' Taal ' — a loop of beats that repeats itself. ‘Western classical music is not using these complex cycles of beat.

6. ‘Shruthi’/Microtones: Indian classical music makes significant use of quarter-tones and microtones, generally referred to as ' Shruti. ‘In recent times, Western classical music has some microtonal pioneers, but has been largely restricted to semitones.

7. Consonance & dissonance: As far as I know, dissonance is not used or supported in Indian classical music. Modern Western classical music has made extensive use of dissonance to contribute to the composition's texture.

8. Nature & spirituality: Indian classical music is closer to nature than Western classical music. Ragas are associated with specific times of the day or seasons of the year, while most Western classical music has no such function. Indian classical music's roots are religious, while Western classical music's secular works have origins in factors such as individual experiences, significant historical events in human history, culture, occasions of dance celebrations, and so on. The depth of intellectual satisfaction that you can receive from classical music (Indian and Western) is exceptional.

 Conclusion

There are no limits for art. The only music in this universe that's great, best and perfect is the one that gets us into the groove and mood. Then it can come from anywhere, from India or from the West. Each music in its own taste is good. By its different language or tuning, we should not compare. You just have to enjoy it, music is made to feel any reality or aspirations. It varies from listener to listener. Both western classical music and Indian classical music have revolutionised the field and concept of music. As a music lover I have found peace and satisfaction in both. Apart from differentiating the western and Indian classical music, considering them as a whole we get more benefit by listening to them.it helps to decrease blood pressure, boost memory, reduce stress level, fights depression, relives pain, makes us happy, helps to sleep well and many more. I conclude this by citing a quote of the famous Greek philosopher Plato:

 “Music is a moral law. It gives soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination, and charm and gaiety to life and to everything”.

 References:

1.      Darbar.org. (2019). East and West: Three basic differences between Indian and Western Classical music | Darbar Explains | Music of India. [Online] Available at: https://www.darbar.org/article/east-and-west-basic-differences-between-indian-and-western-classical-music/34 [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

2.      En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Indian classical music. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_classical_music [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

3.      ESMAIL, R. (2011). Observations on the culture of Hindustani Classical Music. [Online] NewMusicBox. Available at: https://nmbx.newmusicusa.org/observations-on-the-culture-of-hindustani-classical-music/ [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

4.      Goodreads.com. (n.d.). Showing all quotes that contain 'music, Plato'. [Online] Available at: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/search?q=music%2C+plato [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

5.      Indian classical music performance. (2019). [Image] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00tbft1/p00tbdmr [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

6.      Mahendra (2011). Western Classical vs. Indian Classical Music | An Unquiet Mind. [Online] Skeptic.skepticgeek.com. Available at: https://skeptic.skepticgeek.com/2011/08/31/western-classical-vs-indian-classical-music/ [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

7.      Makingmusic.org.uk. (2018). An introduction to: Indian classical music | Making Music. [Online] Available at: https://www.makingmusic.org.uk/resource/introduction-indian-classical-music [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

8.      Mistry, p. (2019). Indian Music Vs Western Music. [Online] ezinearticles. Available at: https://ezinearticles.com/?Indian-Music-Vs-Western-Music&id=2493223 [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

9.      PALSULE, M. (2015). What is Western Classical Music? How is it different from Indian Classical Music? | Serenade. [Online] Serenade. Available at: https://serenademagazine.com/series/music-education/what-is-western-classical-music-how-is-it-different-from-indian-classical-music/ [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

10.  Vaidyanathan, R. (2011). The story of Western classical music in India. [Online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15035703 [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

11.  Western musical performance. (2019). [Image] Available at: https://www.scmp.com/native/lifestyle/arts-culture/topics/concerto/article/2181586/love-western-classical-music-continues [Accessed 10 Nov. 2019].

[mybooksmagazine]

Biology today magazine

biology today magazine Published this article page no 53 The Gaganyaan orbital module has two parts the Crew Module (CM) and the Service Module (SM) and weighs about 8000 kg. o The Crew Module (CM) is a double walled system and a habitat of astronauts. It has an ablative thermal protection system (TPS) to protect it during the intense aerodynamic heating during the flight. The current status of Gaganyaan programme is as follows The astronaut training facility is getting established at Bengaluru and in advanced stage of completion. Basic Aeromedical training and flying practice completed as part of Indian leg of training. The design of all systems of Gaganyaan has been completed. Realisation of various systems are in different stages of progress. Ground qualification tests of human rated launch vehicle propulsion stages have been already commenced and successfully progressing. The configuration and design of ground infrastructure has been completed and modifications needed are being implemented. The MoU contracts and Implementation arrangement (IA) related activities with both national and international agencies are progressing well. o Receipt of deliverables has commenced against contracts with Ms Glavkosmos (Russian Space Agency) for space suit crew seat and View port. Also receipt of deliverables under various work packages of CNES (French Space Agency) IA has commenced. The activities related to development of microgravity experiments have commenced the conceptual design for experiments is under review. About GSLV Mark III It is a threestage heavy lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strapons a core liquid booster and a cryogenic upper stage. The two strapon motors of GSLV Mk III are located on either side of its core liquid booster. It is designated as ‘S200’ biology today magazine buy.

[newspatron]

Gaganyaan Mission: India’s First Human Spaceflight Programme

If you are interested in space exploration and science, you don’t want to miss this article. We will tell you everything you need to know about the Gaganyaan Mission, India’s first human spaceflight programme, which aims to send an Indian crew

editor@newspatron.comIntroductionHow ISRO is Preparing for the Gaganyaan MissionHistory of the Gaganyaan MissionGaganyaan Mission TimelineRecent Development: Uncrewed Test Flight of Gaganyaan MissionGaganyaan SpacecraftGaganyaan Astronaut TrainingChallenges and Risks of the Gaganyaan MissionBenefits of the Gaganyaan MissionConclusion Introduction Have you ever dreamed of going to space? Imagine…

[superpruchika99world]

First uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan programme not possible in Dec: ISRO

Current Affairs The launch of the first uncrewed mission planned in December, as part of the human spaceflight programme 'Gaganyaan', will be delayed due to the COVID-19-induced disruption in delivery of hardware elements for the ambitious venture, ISRO confirmed on Monday.

"Definitely it will not be possible in December. It's delayed", Chairman of ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation), K Sivan, told P T I here. "It (uncrewed mission) will shift to next year".

ALSO READ: This pilot trading scheme in Surat could help firms reduce air pollution

According to sources in the Bengaluru-headquartered space agency, under the Department of Space, delivery of hardware by the industry was hit due to the lockdown imposed in several States to contain the pandemic in recent months.

As part of the mandate of Gaganyaan, two uncrewed flights are planned to test the end-to-end capacity for the manned mission. "Design, analysis and documentation are done by ISRO while hardware for Gaganyaan is fabricated and supplied by hundreds of industry...Read more.

[net4news]

ISRO conducts hot test of liquid propellant Vikas engine for Gaganyaan

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Wednesday successfully conducted the third long-duration hot test of the liquid propellant Vikas engine for the Gaganyaan programme, the country’s first manned mission to space. The test was done for the core L110 liquid stage of the human rated GSLV MkIII vehicle, as part of the engine qualification requirements for the Gaganyaan programme, the space agency said in a statement. The engine was fired for 240 seconds at the test facility of ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, said the statement. The performance of the engine met the test objectives and the engine parameters were closely matching with the predictions during the entire duration of the test, it said. The objective of the Gaganyaan programme is to demonstrate the capability to send humans to low earth orbit onboard an Indian launch vehicle and bring them back to earth. Union Minister of State (Independent charge) of Space, Jitendra Singh said in February this year that the first unmanned mission is planned in December 2021 and the second unmanned one in 2022-23 followed by the human space flight demonstration. Four Indian astronaut-candidates have already undergone generic space flight training in Russia as part of the Gaganyaan programme. ISRO’s heavy-lift launcher GSLV Mk III has been identified for the mission. Formal announcement of the Gaganyaan programme was made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his Independence Day address on August 15, 2018. The initial target was to launch the human space flight before the 75th anniversary of India’s independence on August 15, 2022. ISRO is also taking the help of French, Russian and US space agencies in some of the crucial activities and supply of components, sources said. Source link Read the full article

[indianarrative1]

India’s first “uncrewed” mission is scheduled to launch in December as part of the human spaceflight programme “Gaganyaan”.  The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is racing against the time to keep up the appointment.

As part of the mandate of Gaganyaan, two unmanned flights are planned to test the end-to-end capacity, eventually for the manned mission.

The Gaganyaan programme is being launched to demonstrate the capability to send humans to low earth orbit on board an Indian launch vehicle and bring them back to earth safely.

[dailynewswebsite]

Six space missions to look forward to in 2021

NASA's James Webb telescope mirror present process cryogenic testing. Ball Aerospace/Flickr, CC BY-SA

House exploration achieved a number of notable firsts in 2020 regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with business human spaceflight and returning samples of an asteroid to Earth.

The approaching 12 months is shaping as much as be simply as attention-grabbing. Listed below are among the missions to maintain an eye fixed out for.

Artemis 1

Artemis 1 is the primary flight of the Nasa-led, worldwide Artemis program to return astronauts to the Moon by 2024. It will encompass an uncrewed Orion spacecraft which can be despatched on a three-week flight across the Moon. IT will attain a most distance from Earth of 450,000km – the farthest into house that any spacecraft that may transport people could have ever flown.

Artemis 1 can be launched into Earth orbit on the primary Nasa House Launch System, which would be the strongest rocket in operation. From Earth orbit, the Orion can be propelled onto a special path in the direction of the Moon by the rocket’s interim cryogenic propulsion stage. The Orion capsule will then journey to the Moon beneath the facility supplied by a service module equipped by the European House Company (Esa).

The mission will present engineers again on Earth with an opportunity to guage how the spacecraft performs in deep house and function a prelude to later crewed lunar missions. The launch of Artemis 1 is at present scheduled for late in 2021.

Mars missions

In February, Mars will obtain a flotilla of terrestrial robotic visitors from a number of nations. The United Arab Emirates’ Al Amal (Hope) spacecraft is the Arab world’s first interplanetary mission. It’s scheduled to reach in Mars orbit on February 9, the place it’ll spend two years monitoring the Martian climate and disappearing ambiance.

Arriving inside a few weeks after Al Amal would be the China Nationwide House Administration’s Tianwen-1, consisting of an orbiter and a floor rover. The spacecraft will enter Martian orbit for a number of months earlier than deploying the rover to the floor. If it succeeds, China will change into the third nation to land something on Mars. The mission has a number of targets together with mapping the mineral composition of the floor and looking for sub-surface water deposits.

Nasa’s Perseverance rover will land at Jezero Crater on February 18 and seek for any indicators of historical life which can have been preserved within the clay deposits there. Critically, it’ll additionally retailer a cache of Martian floor samples on board as the primary half in a extremely formidable worldwide program to return samples of Mars to Earth.

Chandrayaan-3

In March 2021, the Indian House Analysis Organisation (ISRO) is planning to launch its third lunar mission: Chandrayaan-3. Chandrayaan-1 launched in 2008 and was one of many first main missions within the Indian house programme. Comprising an orbiter and a floor penetrator probe, the mission was one of many first to verify proof of lunar water.

Sadly, contact with the satellite tv for pc was misplaced lower than a 12 months later. Sadly, there was an analogous mishap with its successor, Chandrayaan-2, which consisted of an orbiter, a lander (Vikram) and a lunar rover (Pragyan).

Artist depiction of the the Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission from India. Raymond Cassel/Shuttestock

Chandrayaan-Three was introduced just a few months later. It can encompass solely a lander and rover, because the earlier mission’s orbiter remains to be functioning and offering information.

If all goes nicely the Chandrayaan-Three rover will contact down within the lunar south pole’s Aitken basin. It’s of specific curiosity as it’s thought to host quite a few deposits of subsurface water ice – an important part for any future sustainable lunar habitation.

James Webb House Telescope

The James Webb House Telescope is the successor to the Hubble House Telescope, however has had a rocky path to being launched. Initially deliberate for a 2007 launch, the Webb telescope is sort of 14 years late and has value roughly US$10 billion (£7.Four billion) after obvious underestimates and overruns just like these skilled by Hubble.

Whereas Hubble has supplied some wonderful views of the universe in seen and ultraviolet area of sunshine, Webb is planning to focus observations within the infrared wavelength band. The rationale for that is that when observing actually distant objects there’ll in all probability be fuel clouds in the way in which.

The galaxy NGC 2275 seen by Hubble. Esa/Hubble & Nasa, J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Staff;, CC BY-SA

These fuel clouds block actually small wavelengths of sunshine, comparable to X-rays and extremely violet gentle, whereas longer wavelengths like infra-red, microwave and radio can get by means of extra simply. So by observing in these longer wavelengths we should always see extra of the universe.

Webb additionally has a a lot larger mirror of 6.5-metre diameter in comparison with Hubble’s 2.4-metre diameter mirror – important for bettering picture decision and seeing finer element.

The first mission of Webb is take a look at gentle from galaxies on the fringe of the universe which might inform us about how the primary stars, galaxies and planetary methods shaped. Doubtlessly this might embrace some details about the origin of life as nicely, as Webb is planning on imaging exoplanet atmospheres in excessive element, looking for the constructing blocks of life. Do they exist on different planets, and if that’s the case, how did they get there?

We’re additionally more likely to be handled to some gorgeous photos just like these produced by Hubble. Webb is at present scheduled to launch on an Ariane 5 rocket on October 31.

The authors don’t work for, seek the advice of, personal shares in or obtain funding from any firm or organisation that will profit from this text, and have disclosed no related affiliations past their tutorial appointment.

from Growth News https://growthnews.in/six-space-missions-to-look-forward-to-in-2021/ via https://growthnews.in

[bbcbreakingnews]

ISRO developing green propulsion for human space mission: K Sivan

CHENNAI: Indian Space Research Organisation(Isro) chairman K Sivan on Saturday said the space agency was developing ‘green propulsion’ for its ambitious human space flight mission, ‘Gaganyaan‘. He also said it may be adopted for use in every stage of a rocket. He was speaking at the 16th convocation of SRM Institute of Science and Technology, near here. Sivan, also the secretary, Department of Space, advised the new graduates to take up ‘calculated risk’ in their life as it may safeguard them from ‘absolute failure’. “As India continues to focus on economic growth, it needs to ensure that environmental damage is limited by adopting green technologies. ISRO has made space grade lithium-ion batteries and this technology is useful for mass adoption of electric vehicle”, he noted. On the green propellant, Sivan said, “Even in the rocket propulsion, ISRO is developing green propulsion for its human space flight mission. In future, all the propulsion stages may adopt green propulsion,” he said. According to ISRO, polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV) a trusted workhorse of the space scientists — is a four stage rocket filled with fuel which pushes the rocket to ensure that the satellite it carries is placed in the intended orbit. GSLV or a geo-stationery launch vehicle (GSLV) is a three stage rocket with a cryogenic upper stage. The Bengaluru-headquartered space agency had planned to launch its maiden human space flight mission ‘Gaganyaan’ by December 2021. But early this month, ISRO indicated that it is likely to be delayed by one year due to the impact of Covid-19 pandemic. Addressing students through virtual platform, the ISRO chief encouraged them to take up calculated risk as it would safeguard them from ‘absolute failure.’ “You may fail, but each failure would provide a valuable lesson. I can say with great confidence that India’s space programme has been built on spectacular failures and each failure has resulted in improvements in our system”, he said. Asking the students to innovate, Sivan said, innovation was not just having great idea on paper. “Innovation comes with a high risk of failure. You may be called crazy. Initial outcome of innovation may be imperfect. You must realize that you are not failing means you are not trying anything hard”, he said. Referring to the space sector reforms announced by the Centre in June, he said, “the government has already announced space sector reforms for greater participation of non- governmental entities in space activity”. “Our next PSLV (polar satellite launch vehicle) launch will have satellite from start-up agencies which will be the first product of this reform.” he said. On the SRM Satellite ‘SRMSAT’ launched by ISRO in 2011, he said it was in ‘healthy condition’ and urged the university to come forward and make use of the space sector reform as announced by the government of India. “ISRO is very much open to you all. I request SRM to come forward with their innovative idea of making space activities as required by the Government of India. I am sure that SRM will do this work”, he said. The Digital India initiative by the Centre was a key area to leverage and ISRO has already initiated reforms to make digital assets available easily to industry as well as for startups for making innovative applications in navigation, earth observation as well as disaster management, he said.

source https://bbcbreakingnews.com/2020/12/26/isro-developing-green-propulsion-for-human-space-mission-k-sivan/