#Gabriel Gómez

[bocadosdefilosofia]

«Quizás no hay error más funesto que el que consiste en concebir el yo como el reducto o la guarida de la originalidad. Para comprenderlo mejor hay que hacer intervenir aquí la noción injustamente desacreditada de los dones. Lo mejor de mí no me pertenece, no soy en absoluto su propietario, sino sólo depositario. No tiene ningún sentido preguntarse, a no ser en un registro metafísico que actualmente ya no es el nuestro, de dónde vienen estos dones, cuál es su procedencia. Por el contrario, lo que importa de entrada es saber qué actitud adoptaré ante ellos. Si los miro como un depósito que estoy obligado a hacer fructificar, es decir, en el fondo como la expresión de una llamada que me ha sido dirigida, o incluso a veces como la expresión de una cuestión que se me ha planteado, no pensaré en enorgullecerme por ello y en pavonearme delante de otros, es decir, de nuevo ante mí mismo.»

Gabriel Marcel: «Yo y el otro», en Homo viator. Editorial Sígueme, pág. 31. Salamanca, 2005.

TGO

@bocadosdefilosofia

@dias-de-la-ira-1

[gposada]

Probablemente, si usted pregunta en el medio radial por Juan Manuel Gómez, pocos van a saberle responder; pero si pregunta por "El Pecoso" de Pereira, hasta los oyentes de radio le van a responder con admiración y propiedad. Esta es la conversación con uno de los personajes más admirados y queridos de la radio regional colombiana, una de mis personas favoritas en el mundo. Es un tipo que oye, respira, sueña y hace radio. Y como ya no quedan muchos iluminados por la mística del transistor, comparto este episodio para el que Armando Plata Camacho, decano de los DJs en Colombia, hace la introducción.

[thecubanartobserver]

Exposición "Hijos de Darwin", Colectiva

[cultofthewyrm]

Nazgûl by Gabriel Gómez Almenzar

[garadinervi]

Libros/Arte: Handmade Books from Latin America & the Caribbean / Libros hechos a mano de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, (brochure), Edited by Elizabeth Floyd Mair, Translation by Néstor Pastor, Design/Photography by Gil Gentile, University Art Museum, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 2023 (pdf here)

Cover Image: Patria, 2021, illustrated book of 28 texts, linocuts and collagraphs on handmade paper; Authors: Bonifacio Byrne, Rafaela Chacón Nardi, Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés, Roberto Fernández Retamar, Sindo Garay, Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, Nicolás Guillén, José María Heredia y Heredia, Pedro (Perucho) Figueredo Cisneros, Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Juan Cristóbal Nápoles Fajardo, Manuel Navarro Luna, Noel Nicola, Silvio Rodríguez; Illustrator/Designer: José Emilio Leyva Azze; Artistic Realization: Boris Angel Dorrego Bergantiño, Yanely Esquijarosa Abradelo; Collaborator: Fabio Ochoa Cuba; Editor: Manuel Arias Silveira; Printer: Rubén Darío Zaldivar Santiesteban; Publisher/Location: Casa Editora Cuadernos Papiro, Holguíno

Exhibition: August 7 – December 4, 2023 presented in partnership with the University at Albany M.E. Grenander Special Collections and Archives; the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures; and the Department of Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Studies

[thequeenofthedisneyverse]

La Violencia (Research I did for Encanto fic writers so you don't have to)

TW: Assassination and death

Long but necessary post

@yellowcry @miracles-and-butterflies @evostar (if you already knew about it, that's fine, but reblog so others can too.)

To put it simply;

During this time, an estimated 200,000 people lost their lives, with 112,000 of those deaths occurring between 1948 and 1950. Additionally, two million people were forcibly displaced from their homes, primarily to Venezuela.

The root of this conflict lies in the intense partisan rivalries between Colombia’s two traditional political parties: the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. These tensions created a divide between liberals and conservatives, eventually leading to the partial collapse of the state and existing institutional structures. As violence escalated, economic motivations began to outweigh political ones, and armed bands took advantage of the chaos to commit robberies, assaults, and revenge against their neighbors.

More in depth;

La Violencia was a ten-year civil war in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the countryside.

Liberal hegemony continued through the 1930s and the World War II era, and Alfonso López Pumarejo was reelected in 1942; however, wartime conditions were not favourable to social change. In the elections of 1946, two Liberal candidates, Gabriel Turbay and Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, stood for election and thus split the Liberal vote. A Conservative, Mariano Ospina Pérez, took office. 

Conservatives had been embittered by political sidelining and, since 1930, had suffered violent attacks at the hands of Liberal supporters. With the electoral victory of 1946 they instituted a series of crude reprisals against Liberals. It was the initiation of the period that was dubbed La Violencia. On April 9, 1948, Gaitán, leader of the left wing of the Liberal Party, was assassinated in broad daylight in downtown Bogotá. The resulting riot and property damage (estimated at $570 million throughout the country) came to be called the bogotazo.

La Violencia originated in an intense political feud between Liberals and Conservatives and had little to do with class conflict, foreign ideologies, or other matters outside Colombia.  Authoritative sources estimate that more than 200,000 persons lost their lives in the period between 1946 and 1964.

The most spectacular aspect of the violence, however, was the extreme cruelty perpetrated on the victims, which has been a topic of continuing study for Colombians. La Violencia intensified under the regime of Laureano Gómez (1950–53), who attempted to introduce a fascist state. His excesses brought his downfall by military coup—Colombia’s first in the 20th century. Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla assumed the presidency in 1953 and, aided by his daughter, María Eugenia Rojas, began an effort to end La Violencia and to stimulate the economy.

Rojas was a populist leader who supported citizens’ demands for the redress of grievances against the elite. Support for Rojas began to collapse when it appeared that he would not be able to fulfill his promises, when he showed reluctance to give up power, and when the economy faltered as a result of a disastrous fall in coffee prices in 1957. He was driven from office that year by a military junta.

The arrangement for the National Front government—a coalition of Conservatives and Liberals—was made by Alberto Lleras Camargo, representing the Liberals, and Laureano Gómez, leader of the Conservative Party, in the Declaration of Sitges (1957).

The unique agreement provided for alternation of Conservatives and Liberals in the presidency, an equal sharing of ministerial and other government posts, and equal representation on all executive and legislative bodies. The agreement was to remain in force for 16 years—equivalent to four presidential terms, two each for Conservatives and Liberals. The question of what governmental structure would follow the National Front was left unsettled.

It had been contemplated that a Conservative would be the first to occupy the presidency in 1958. When the Conservative Party could not agree on a candidate, however, the National Front selected Lleras, who had previously served in that office for 12 months in 1945–46.

During Lleras’s tenure an agrarian reform law was brought into effect, national economic planning for development began, and Colombia became the showcase of the Alliance for Progress (a U.S. attempt to further economic development in Latin America). But severe economic difficulties caused by low coffee prices, domestic unemployment, and the apparent end of the effectiveness of import substitution were only partially offset by Alliance aid. 

The Alliance increased Colombia’s economic dependence on the United States, which, to some Colombians, had serious disadvantages. By 1962 economic growth had come almost to a standstill.

The precarious state of the economy and the degree of social tension were revealed when only about half of those eligible to vote did so in the 1962 presidential elections, which brought Guillermo León Valencia, a Conservative, to the presidency.

During Valencia’s first year in office internal political pressures led to devaluation of the peso (Colombia’s currency), wage increases among unionized workers of some 40 percent, and the most rampant inflation since 1905. Extreme deflationary policies were applied in the next three years, raising the unemployment rates above 10 percent in the major cities and turning even more Colombians against the National Front. 

Less than 40 percent of the electorate went to the polls in the 1964 congressional elections.

Marxist guerrilla groups began appearing in Colombia during Valencia’s presidency. The first was the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional; ELN), which was created by a group of Colombian students who had studied in Cuba.

Founded in 1964, the ELN followed strategies espoused by Che Guevara. Another guerrilla group, which followed two years later, was the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia; FARC), which was more connected to Soviet-influenced communist movements. Much of FARC originated in the “resistance committees” that had appeared in Colombia during La Violencia.

Carlos Lleras Restrepo was the third National Front president (1966–70). He returned the economy to a sound footing, improved government planning for economic development, and pushed through political reforms essential to an orderly end to the Front (which seemed increasingly to constitute a monopoly of power by the Conservative-Liberal oligarchy).

Although the constitutional reform of 1968 stipulated that elections would become competitive again after 1974, the president was still required to give “adequate and equitable” representation to the second largest political party in his cabinet and in the filling of other bureaucratic posts.

Read more here (This article is mostly where I got my info from as well as copilot.ai. I know, AI is bad, but please don't judge me. I was not about to do six hours of research when I have a tool that can help me in seconds.)

What does this have to do with the madrigals?

Well, if you're planning on writing any madrigal (or all) outside of Encanto, La violencia is something you need to take into consideration. It's an important part of Colombia's culture and shouldn't be ignored.

(I just learned about it recently and in turn, need to rewrite some stuff. So I can only imagine that half of the Encanto fandom knows nothing about it)

What cities were safe you ask? I don't think there really was any.

Bogotá: As the capital of Colombia, Bogotá witnessed significant unrest during this period. Political factions clashed, leading to violence and instability.

Cali: Cali, located in the southwestern part of the country, also suffered from La Violencia. It was a hotspot for clashes between Liberal and Conservative supporters.

Medellín: Medellín, another major city, faced its share of violence. The conflict often played out in the streets, affecting civilians and communities.

Barranquilla: This coastal city experienced tensions between rival political groups, resulting in bloodshed and loss of life.

Cartagena: Cartagena, known for its historical significance, was not immune to the violence. The struggle between Liberals and Conservatives left scars on its urban landscape.

Cúcuta: Located near the border with Venezuela, Cúcuta also witnessed violence during La Violencia.

Palmira, Santa Marta, Soledad Atlántico, Armenia, Pereira, Neiva, Valledupar, Bucaramanga, Popayán, Villavicencio, and Soacha were other cities affected by the turmoil.

So, in either city, the madrigals would be exposed to this war if they chose to come out. Now, let's say Encanto is in the very center of Colombia (or at lease close to it) -

(Right where the red dot is)

The closest area is Villavicencio, Puerto Lypez, and Bogota. All three cities that were affected by the war. And I'm not saying Villavicencio is THAT close to Encanto, probably a week trip at best, but still.

Why did I choose the center of Colombia?

Because I don't see it sitting anywhere else. And it's convenient fic wise. But you can do what you want.

Now I'm not saying the Madrigals won't experience fun in the new world. They most certainly will (culture and technology wise), but the war is really unavoidable for them.

That's all for now, but if you have anything to add or for me to correct, reblog or message me.

[kvothes]

🪸KVOTHES’ BEST OF 2023🪸

in no particular order, except that i tried to list things that came out this year/last year first <3

poetry

almost obscene, raúl gómez jattin

master, simon shieh

the book, mary ruefle

judas goat, gabrielle bates

please make me pretty, i don’t want to die, tawanda mulalu

ballast, quenton baker

all the flowers kneeling, paul tran

fiction

mrs. s, k. patrick

annihilation, jeff vandermeer

the name of the rose, umberto eco

nonfiction

patricia highsmith: her diaries and notebooks 1941–1995, ed. anna von planta

it was vulgar and it was beautiful: how aids activists used art to fight a pandemic, jack lowery

the eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses, juhani pallasmaa

movies

asteroid city dir. wes anderson

poor things dir. yorgos lanthimos

killers of the flower moon dir. martin scorsese

oppenheimer dir. christopher nolan

stop making sense dir. jonathan demme (1984)

days of heaven dir. terrence malik (1978)

they live by night dir. nicholas ray (1948)

[marcmarcmomarc]

Camp Camp Spanish dub

Max: Héctor Emmanuel Gómez

Nikki: Lileana Chacón

Neil: Pascual Meza

David: Irwin Daayán

Gwen: Alondra Hidalgo

Neil “Niño Espacial” Armstrong Jr.: Monserrat Mendoza

Dolph Houston: Arturo Cataño

Harrison: Moisés Iván Mora

Nerris: Nycolle González

Ered Miller: Karen Vallejo

Nurf Nurfington: Raúl Anaya

Preston Goodplay: Óscar Flores

Intendente: Germán Fabregat

Cameron Campbell: Octavio Rojas

Sasha / Erin / Tabii: Carla Castañeda

Edward Pikeman: Jesús Guzmán

Billy “Serpiente” Nikssilp: Alan Fernando Velázquez

Stephan van Petrol: Juan Carlos Tinoco

Hecdor Repugnante: Eduardo Garza

Jasper: Arturo Castañeda

Bonquisha: Laura Torres

Daniel: Alan Bravo

Jen: Karla Falcón

Intenhermana: Gabriela Guzmán

Penelope Priss: Ruth Toscano

Candy: Violeta Isfel (Startalent)

Carl: Andrés López (Startalent)

Agentes Miller: Joaquín Cosio (Startalent)

Sra. Nurfington: Kate del Castillo (Startalent)

El Papá de Nerris: Kuno Becker (Startalent)

La Mamá de Harrison: Consuelo Duval (Startalent)

El Papá de Harrison: Javier Ibarreche (Startalent)

La Mamá de Nerris: Jacqueline Bracamontes (Startalent)

Teniente Stuart Houston: Salvador Cienfuegos (Startalent)

Buzz Aldrin: Rodolfo Neri Vela (Startalent)

La Abuelita de Preston: Elena Poniatowska Amor (Startalent)

Sr. Repugnante: Faisy (Startalent)

Sra. Repugnante: Favio Posca (Startalent)

Brian: Daniel Lacy

Vera: Alicia Barragán

Hwan: Pepe Vilchis

Dang: Miguel Ángel Ruiz

Clark Campwell: Gabriel Pingarrón

Muriel Campwell: Olga Hnidey

Ainsley: Alina Galindo

Louis: César Filio

Cameron Jr.: Ricardo Brust

[alexlacquemanne]

2023 in 12 movies (1 per months)

January

The Horse Whisperer (1998) directed by Robert Redford with Robert Redford, Kristin Scott Thomas, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Neil, Chris Cooper and Cherry Jones

[First Time]

February

L'Horloger de Saint-Paul (1974) directed by Bertrand Tavernier with Philippe Noiret, Jean Rochefort, Jacques Denis, Yves Afonso, Julien Bertheau and Jacques Hilling

[First Time]

March

The Fabelmans (2022) directed by Steven Spielberg with Gabriel LaBelle, Michelle Williams, Paul Dano, Seth Rogen, Keeley Karsten, Julia Butters and Judd Hirsch

[First Time]

April

The Third Man (1949) directed by Carol Reed with Joseph Cotten, Alida Valli, Orson Welles, Trevor Howard and Bernard Lee

[First Time]

May

The World, The Flesh and the Devil (1959) directed by Ranald MacDougall with Harry Belafonte, Inger Stevens and Mel Ferrer

[First Time]

June

La ciociara (1960) directed by Vittorio De Sica with Sophia Loren, Eleonora Brown, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Carlo Ninchi, Andrea Checchi and Pupella Maggio

[First Time]

July

Oppenheimer (2023) directed by Christopher Nolan with Cillian Murphy, Robert Downey Jr., Emily Blunt, Matt Damon, Florence Pugh, Josh Hartnett and Casey Affleck

[First Time]

August

Heat (1995) directed by Michael Mann with Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, Val Kilmer, Tom Sizemore, Diane Venora, Amy Brenneman, Dennis Haysbert, Donald Breedan and Ashley Judd

[First Time]

September

Catch Me If You Can (2002) directed by Steven Spielberg with Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Hanks, Christopher Walken, Nathalie Baye, Amy Adams, Martin Sheen, James Brolin and Brian Howe

[First Time]

October

Le Grand Bain (2018) directed by Gilles Lellouche with Mathieu Amalric, Guillaume Canet, Benoît Poelvoorde, Jean-Hugues Anglade, Philippe Katerine, Félix Moati, Alban Ivanov, Balasingham Thamilchelvan, Virginie Efira et Leïla Bekhti

[First Time]

November

Fools Rush In (1997) directed by Andy Tennant with Matthew Perry, Salma Hayek, Jon Tenney, Carlos Gómez, Tomás Milián, Siobhan Fallon et John Bennett Perry

[First Time]

December

The Great Race (1965) directed by Blake Edwards with Tony Curtis, Natalie Wood, Jack Lemmon, Peter Falk, Keenan Wynn et Ross Martin

[First Time]

Honourable Mentions :

Airplane! (1980)

Duel (1972)

Les Sentiments (2003)

The Carpetbaggers (1964)

Scoop (2006)

Mon crime (2023)

To Have and Have Not (1944)

The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023)

The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962)

臥虎藏龍 (2000)

The Glenn Miller Story (1954)

Le Dernier Voyage (2020)

Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982)

L'ingorgo (1979)

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)

Adieu Gary (2008)

Conflict (1945)

Fahrenheit 451 (1966)

La Nuit américaine (1973)

Sorcerer (1977)

La Guerre des polices (1979)

Life of Pi (2012)

The Big Short (2015)

Le Hussard sur le toit (1995)

Excalibur (1981)

The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! (1988)

Bridget Jones’s Diary (2001)

Le Procès Goldman (2023)

Enter the Dragon (1973)

Matrimonio all'italiana (1964)

Chaplin (1992)

La Vie de château (1966)

Escape from Alcatraz (1979)

Au-delà des grilles (1949)

Second Tour (2023)

Le Couteau dans la plaie (1962)

The Eiger Sanction (1975)

JFK (1991)

Le Fugitif (1993)

Chef (2014)

Quai des Orfèvres (1947)

Appointment with Death (1988)

Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004)

Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)

River of No Return (1954)

L'Assassinat du père Noël (1941)

Dances with Wolves (1990)

Die Glasbläserin (2016)

The Lion in Winter (1968)

Les Mystères de Paris (1962)

[cathy-plus-e]

Who is your favourite OC?

Can you describe them? 🤭♥️

I have a lot but I'll separate them in categories or whatever it is spelled

Bungou Stray Dogs

Makoto Dazai

Makoto Dazai is 8 months younger than Osamu Dazai

Being Ougai Mori's bodyguard, Makoto is in the Port Mafia even after what happened with Oda, he has always and will always stay on Mori's side. His ability makes him able to control rats

Makoto is a trans boy, autistic and blind, also Ougai Mori's height. Osamu is obsessed with him in a way that he overprotects his younger brother

Hiroki Maruyama

Covering his right eye because someone took that eye, Hiroki Maruyama is a 28 years old who shares Chuuya's height

Grumpy former trainer in a yakuza, nowadays works in a brothel but in an AU he's a teacher in a school. He's disabled not only because he sees through one eye that makes his life difficult, he has issues walking and is always using a cane

574

2 meters tall man looks scary but is actually extremely soft

Former trainer in a yakuza, now takes care of the daughter of the boss who died. He's a bodyguard, has always been a bodyguard and is in charge of giving the numbers to the people of his (previous) criminal organization

From 0 to 1.000.000, the closest it is to the 0, the stronger the person is with their ability/skill

Bungou Stray Dogs Beast

Gabriel García Márquez

Inspired in the author of the same name, he's from BSD Beast

He owns a restaurant (cat cafe) with his cousin Ángela Vicario and her husband Bayardo San Román. His ability is inspired in the book Chronicle Of A Death Foretold, he's the same age as Hirotsu

M. M.

Max Gómez

Protagonist of the first part of my original story. Max Multiverse

He's a grumpy teenager in that picture, and uh it's hard to explain his world but I hope the multiverse-thing give you an idea

He's 25% a OC self-insert, I started doing his story when I was literally 4 years old lol

Kid is the vessel of a powerful demon, mother abusive, doesn't know his biological dad is the brother of his dad, has an older brother... Max ended up in an asylum after burning his house with his family in, ended up doing a deal with the strongest demon of them all and bla bla bla

B. A. D.

Jack 4

That draw is old as fuck but he's the Jack of universe 4, from the second part of my original story, Black And Demons

Jacks are demons that are the personifications of traumas in humans, the reason why they are traumas rather than the feeling of fear

Jack 4 is in charge of a place called «The Prison/Jail» where powerful and dangerous being are sent so the multiverse won't be destroyed. Oh and his right hand? Oh it's connected to the place he's also locked in and can't scape

BSD OCs inspired in authors excluding Gabriel García Márquez

Egon Wolff

He's a homeless person inspired of two characters by Egon Wolff. El Merluza in Paper Flowers and China in The Invaders

Ranpo doesn't trust him and is afraid of him

Obey Me!

Zalgo

He's a demon and the personification of fear, inspired in the creepypasta of the same name, Zalgo

He covers his eyes because when people outside his dimension of chaos stare at him, start crying and shaking in fear extremely traumatized

He gets along with Diavolo, met his dad, Barbatos is his best friend and Lucifer doesn't trust him at all

Jujutsu Kaisen

Kiyoshi Hira

Yes the same picture of my profile picture without the cat ears is a JJK OC

Masamichi Yaga's best friend, Kiyoshi isn't a sorcerer or part of the Jujutsu world because he doesn't get along with the people in charge

Kiyoshi hates Gakuganji, Gojo is afraid of him, Kiyoshi had a wife but died because of Gauganji. Yamato is the name of Kiyoshi's only son

His cursed technique makes him able to control cursed energy just by talking, murmuring and screaming. He can extract cursed energy, absorb it, make it part of other living things, and can communicate with cursed spirits and all of it– Uh he almost destroyed the world one time but can't see in one eye and half of his body is paralyzed because of an accident

[goalhofer]

2024 olympics Chile roster

Archery

Andrés Gallardo (Santiago)

Athletics

Martín Sáenz (Santiago)

Hugo Catrileo (Saavedra)

Carlos Díaz (Santiago)

Claudio Romero (Santiago)

Gabriel Kehr (Temuco)

Humberto Mansilla (Temuco)

Martina Weil (Santiago)

Natalia Duco (San Felipe)

Ivana Gallardo (Osorno)

Canoeing

Paula Gómez (Santiago)

María Mailliard (Viña Del Mar)

Karen Roco (Constitución)

Cycling

Mauricio Molina (Santiago)

Martín Vidaurre (Santiago)

Catalina Soto (Santiago)

Macarena Pérez (Santiago)

Equestrian

Agustín Covarrubias (Santiago)

Fencing

Arantza Inostroza (Santiago)

Golf

Joaquín Niemann (Jupiter, Florida)

Guillermo Pereira (Jupiter, Florida)

Judo

Thomas Briceño (Santiago)

Mary Vargas (Santiago)

Pentathlon

Esteban Bustos (Santiago)

Rowing

César Abaroa (Concepción)

Eber Sanhueza (Puerto Montt)

Antonia Abraham (San Pedro De La Paz)

Melita Abraham (San Pedro De La Paz)

Sailing

Clemente Seguel (Temuco)

María Poncell (Santiago)

Shooting

Diego Parra (Santiago)

Francisca Crovetto (Santiago)

Swimming

Eduardo Cisternas (Santiago)

Kristel Köbrich (Córdoba, Argentina)

Table tennis

Nicolás Burgos (Santiago)

María Vega (Concepción)

Zeng Zhiying (Iquique)

Taekwondo

Joaquín Churchill (Santiago)

Fernanda Aguirre (Santiago)

Tennis

Marcelo Barrios (Santiago)

Nicolás Jarry (La Barnachea)

Alejandro Tabilo (Santiago)

Triathlon

Gaspar Riveros (Providencia)

Diego Moya (Santiago)

Volleyball

Marco Grimalt (Linares)

Esteban Grimalt (Santiago)

Wrestling

Néstor Almanza (Santiago)

Yasmani Acosta (Santiago)

[bocadosdefilosofia]

«Pero aquí se impone una advertencia capital. Por el hecho mismo de que el otro no es tratado por mí más que como una caja de resonancia o un amplificador, tiende a convertirse para mí en una especie de aparato que puedo o creo poder manipular, o del que puedo disponer; me formo una idea de él y, cosa extraña, esta idea puede convertirse en un simulacro, en un sustituto del otro, al cual me veré llevado a referir mis actos, mis palabras. Posar, en el fondo, es siempre posar ante uno mismo. «Posar para la galería», se dice familiarmente, pero la galería sigo siendo yo.»

Gabriel Marcel: «Yo y el otro», en Homo viator. Editorial Sígueme, págs. 29-30. Salamanca, 2005.

TGO

@bocadosdefilosofia

@dias-de-la-ira-1

[warningsine]

SANTIAGO, Chile (AP) — The world remembers Gen. Augusto Pinochet as the dictator whose regime tortured, killed and disappeared 3,065 people in the name of fighting communism.

But as Chile marks the 50th anniversary next Monday of the coup that brought Pinochet to power for almost 17 years, many in the country don’t see it as a dark day. Amid a weak economy and a surge in violent crime, recent polls show that many Chileans don’t think human rights are as much of a priority.

They are grappling with what they see as Pinochet’s complicated legacy at a time when a large number have told pollsters they are losing faith in democracy.

“Before, there wasn’t as much wickedness as there is now,” said Ana María Román Vera, 62, who sells lottery tickets. “You didn’t see as many robberies.”

A July poll by the Center for Public Studies, a Chile-based foundation, found that 66% of respondents agreed with the statement that rather than worry about the rights of individuals, the country needs a firm government. That is more than double the 32% who agreed with the statement fewer than four years ago.

In Chile, 9/11 was a landmark before the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the U.S. because it was the date of the 1973 coup in the South American country. That significance, though, has been changing. Polling shows more than one-third of Chileans today justify the military takeover of a democratically elected government that went on to violate human rights, murder opponents, cancel elections, restrict the media, suppress labor unions and disband political parties.

“There should be an overwhelming majority of Chileans who denounce the dictatorship and the military coup and acknowledge that the military destroyed democracy,” said Marta Lagos, director of the regional polling firm Latinobarómetro and founder of pollster Mori Chile. “That would be the normal situation in a normal country. But that’s not the case.”

Late last month, leftist President Gabriel Boric unveiled what will effectively be the first state-sponsored plan to try to locate the approximately 1,162 victims of the dictatorship who remain missing.

Yet even as Boric’s government and human rights organizations plan events to mark the coup anniversary, many in Chile don’t appear to see the ousting of a democratically elected leader as wrong.

A poll earlier this year by Lagos’ firm found that 36% of Chileans believe the military “freed” Chile “from Marxism” when it deposed leftist democratically elected president Salvador Allende, who came into power in 1970 and killed himself the day of the coup. The poll found that 42% said the coup destroyed democracy, the lowest number since 1995.

Pinochet led the coup at a time when the country was mired in an economic crisis that included scarcity of food and galloping inflation that reached an annual rate of 600%. When the military took over it implemented a free-market economy that suddenly meant those with means could go on a consumerism binge even as the poverty rate soared.

Retired accountant Sergio Gómez Martínez, 72, said that “fortunately, Augusto Pinochet led the coup” against Allende’s socialist government. He argued that his economic wellbeing improved under the right-wing military government “because there was order, employment, and the countryside and industries began to produce.”

Repression was unleashed on opponents on the day of the coup. On the days that followed, Congress was shut down and political parties were dissolved as the military junta snatched control of all aspects of society. Those opposed to the regime were regularly imprisoned and tortured and hundreds of thousands were forced into exile.

Gómez said the human rights violations of the Pinochet years “could have been avoided” but they do not seem to be at the centerpiece of his memory of the years of Pinochet’s rule, when by some estimates around 200,000 citizens went into exile for political reasons and some 28,000 opponents of the regime were imprisoned and tortured.

He’s hardly alone. Almost four in 10 Chileans think Pinochet’s 1973-1990 rule modernized the country and 20% see the dictator as one of the best rulers of 20th-century Chile, according to the Mori survey.

A regional survey by Latinobarómetro this year found that only 48% of Latin Americans think that democracy is preferable to any other form of government, which marks a 15-point drop from 2010.

Across Latin America, strongmen like El Salvador’s President Nayib Bukele are gaining popularity. Bukele has gained an ardent following due to his severe crackdown on gangs despite a record of human rights abuses.

Boric, meanwhile, has seen a sharp plunge in his approval ratings ever since he swept into power in March 2022 as Chile’s youngest-ever president at 36 following widespread student-led street protests that put on display how the economic inequalities borne from the dictatorship lived on. Citizens broadly rejected an effort last year to replace the country’s dictatorship-era constitution with what would have been one of the world’s most progressive magna cartas, and later went on to elect conservatives to write the next draft of the document.

Efrén Cortés Tapia, a 60-year-old painter, said his most vivid memories about the dictatorship years was not just the “repression” but also “not being able to listen to the music of forbidden folklore groups.” For him, the dictatorship led to “limits in the cultural development” as well as “fear and dread.”

Even as Chilean society grapples with its mixed feelings over the dictatorship, more is being learned about the repression of the years through the courts.

There are around 1,300 active criminal cases for human rights violations during the dictatorship and some 150 are serving sentences in Punta Peuco Prison, a facility exclusively set aside for those guilty of dictatorship-era crimes.

Boric’s administration is also looking abroad for answers, pushing the United States to declassify documents that can help shed light on the role Washington played in the coup it supported.

In late August, the CIA declassified portions of the President’s Daily Briefs related to Chile from Sept. 8, 1973 and Sept. 11, 1973 that confirm then-President Richard Nixon was briefed on the possibility of a coup.

During a recent visit to Chile, Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a Democrat from New York, said it was “very important … to acknowledge and reflect on the role of the United States” in the coup.

Pinochet remained in power until 1990, stepping down after a majority of Chileans voted against military rule in 1988. But he did not disappear and immediately became commander-in-chief of the Army until 1998 and later became a lifelong senator, a position he created for himself. He resigned in 2002 and died in 2006 without ever being convicted in Chilean courts, although he was detained for 17 months in London on the order of a Spanish judge.

“Chileans got used to living with Pinochet,” Lagos said. “Pinochet, I believe, is the only dictator in Western contemporary history, during this century and the last century, who, 50 years after his coup, is still appreciated by 30 or 40% of a country’s population.”

[thecubanartobserver]

Exposición "Crucigrama", Colectiva

Exposición “Crucigrama”, Colectiva

Exposición Crucigrama Colectiva 01.04.2022 Galería Galiano Uno de mis libros de cabecera durante el período que estuve vinculado a las galerías de arte del Fondo Cubano de Bienes Culturales fue “La Gestión de las galerías de arte” de Carolina Díaz. En el cuerpo de ese texto señalé frases o ideas tales como: “El artista necesita de alguien que le guíe y le proporcione visibilidad en el…

[cultofthewyrm]

by Gabriel Gómez Almenzar

[bigmacdaddio]

Generation of 27

The Generation of '27 (Spanish: Generación del 27) was an influential group of poets that arose in Spanish literary circles between 1923 and 1927, essentially out of a shared desire to experience and work with avant-garde forms of art and poetry. Their first formal meeting took place in Seville in 1927 to mark the 300th anniversary of the death of the baroque poet Luis de Góngora. Writers and intellectuals paid homage at the Ateneo de Sevilla, which retrospectively became the foundational act of the movement.

Terminology:

The Generation of '27 has also been called, with lesser success, "Generation of the Dictatorship", "Generation of the Republic", "Generation Guillén-Lorca" (Guillén being its oldest author and Lorca its youngest), "Generation of 1925" (average publishing date of the first book of each author), "Generation of Avant-Gardes", "Generation of Friendship", etc. According to Petersen, "generation group" or a "constellation" are better terms which are not so much historically restricted as "generation".

Aesthetic style:

The Generation of '27 cannot be neatly categorized stylistically because of the wide variety of genres and styles cultivated by its members. Some members, such as Jorge Guillén, wrote in a style that has been loosely called jubilant and joyous and celebrated the instant, others, such as Rafael Alberti, underwent a poetic evolution that led him from youthful poetry of a more romantic vein to later politically-engaged verses.

The group tried to bridge the gap between Spanish popular culture and folklore, classical literary tradition and European avant-gardes. It evolved from pure poetry, which emphasized music in poetry, in the vein of Baudelaire, to Futurism, Cubism, Ultraistand Creationism, to become influenced by Surrealism and finally to disperse in interior and exterior exile following the Civil Warand World War II, which are sometimes gathered by historians under the term of the "European Civil War". The Generation of '27 made a frequent use of visionary images, free verses and the so-called impure poetry, supported by Pablo Neruda.

Members:

In a restrictive sense, the Generation of '27 refers to ten authors, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Rafael Alberti, Federico García Lorca, Dámaso Alonso, Gerardo Diego, Luis Cernuda, Vicente Aleixandre, Manuel Altolaguirre and Emilio Prados. However, many others were in their orbit, some older authors such as Fernando Villalón, José Moreno Villa or León Felipe, and other younger authors such as Miguel Hernández. Others have been forgotten by the critics, such as Juan Larrea, Pepe Alameda, Mauricio Bacarisse, Juan José Domenchina, José María Hinojosa, José Bergamín or Juan Gil-Albert. There is also the "Other generation of '27", a term coined by José López Rubio, formed by himself and humorist disciples of Ramón Gómez de la Serna, including: Enrique Jardiel Poncela, Edgar Neville, Miguel Mihura and Antonio de Lara, "Tono", writers who would integrate after the Civil War (1936–39) the editing board of La Codorniz.

Furthermore, the Generation of '27, as clearly reflected in the literary press of the period, was not exclusively restricted to poets, including artists such as Luis Buñuel, the caricaturist K-Hito, the surrealist painters Salvador Dalí and Óscar Domínguez, the painter and sculptor Maruja Mallo, as well as Benjamín Palencia, Gregorio Prieto, Manuel Ángeles Ortiz and Gabriel García Maroto, the toreros Ignacio Sánchez Mejías and Jesús Bal y Gay, musicologists and composers belonging to the  Group of Eight, including Bal y Gay, Ernesto Halffter and his brother Rodolfo Halffter, Juan José Mantecón, Julián Bautista, Fernando Remacha, Rosa García Ascot, Salvador Bacarisse and Gustavo Pittaluga. There was also the Catalan Group who presented themselves in 1931 under the name of Grupo de Artistas Catalanes Independientes, including Roberto Gerhard, Baltasar Samper, Manuel Blancafort, Ricard Lamote de Grignon, Eduardo Toldrá and Federico Mompou.

Finally, not all literary works were written in Spanish: Salvador Dalí and Óscar Domínguez also wrote in French. Foreigners such as the Chilean poets Pablo Neruda and Vicente Huidobro, the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, and the Franco-Spanish painter Francis Picabia also shared much with the aesthetics of the Generation of '27.

The Generation of '27 was not exclusively located in Madrid, but rather deployed itself in a geographical constellation which maintained links together. The most important nuclei were in Sevilla, around the Mediodía review, Tenerife around the Gaceta de Arte, and Málaga around the Litoral review. Others members resided in Galicia, Catalonia and Valladolid.

The Tendencies of '27:

The name "Generation of 1927" identifies poets that emerged around 1927, the 300th anniversary of the death of the Baroque poet Luis de Góngora y Argote to whom the poets paid homage. It sparked a brief flash of neo-Gongorism by outstanding poets like Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre, Dámaso Alonso, Luis Cernuda, Gerardo Diego and Federico García Lorca.

Spanish Civil War aftermath:

The Spanish Civil War ended the movement: García Lorca was murdered, Miguel Hernandez died in jail and other writers (Rafael Alberti, Jose Bergamin, León Felipe, Luis Cernuda, Pedro Salinas, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Bacarisse) were forced into exile, although virtually all kept writing and publishing late throughout the 20th century.

Dámaso Alonso and Gerardo Diego were among those who reluctantly remained in Spain after the Francoists won and more or less reached agreements with the new authoritarian and traditionalist regime or even openly supported it, in the case of Diego. They evolved a lot, combining tradition and avant-garde, and mixing many different themes, from toreo to music to religious and existentialist disquiets, landscapes, etc. Others, such as Vicente Aleixandre and Juan Gil-Albert, simply ignored the new regime, taking the path of interior exile and guiding a new generation of poets.

However, for many Spaniards the harsh reality of Francoist Spain and its reactionary nature meant that the cerebral and aesthetic verses of the Generation of '27 did not connect with what was truly happening, a task that was handled more capably by the poets of the Generation of '50 and the social poets.

Statue:

A statue dedicated to the Generation 27 Poets is now in Seville in Spain. The inscription on the monument translates as 'Seville The poets of the Generation of 27'

List of members[edit]

Rafael Alberti (1902–1999)

Vicente Aleixandre (1898–1984)

Amado Alonso (1897–1952)

Dámaso Alonso (1898–1990)

Manuel Altolaguirre (1905–1959)

Francisco Ayala (1906–2009)

Mauricio Bacarisse (1895–1931)

José Bello (1904–2008)

Rogelio Buendía (1891–1969)

Alejandro Casona (1903–1965)

Juan Cazador (1899–1956)

Luis Cernuda (1902–1963)

Juan Chabás (1900–1954)

Ernestina de Champourcín (1905–1999)

Gerardo Diego (1896–1987)

Juan José Domenchina (1898–1959)

Antonio Espina (1894–1972)

Agustín Espinosa (1897–1939)

León Felipe (1884–1968)

Agustín de Foxá (1903–1959)

Pedro García Cabrera (1905–1981)

Federico García Lorca (1898–1936)

Pedro Garfias (1901–1967)

Juan Gil-Albert (1904–1994)

Ernesto Giménez Caballero (1899–1988)

Jorge Guillén (1893–1984)

Emeterio Gutiérrez Albelo (1905–1937)

Miguel Hernández (1910–1942)

José María Hinojosa (1904–1936)

Enrique Jardiel Poncela (1901–1952)

Rafael Laffón (1895–1978)

Antonio de Lara (1896–1978)

Juan Larrea (1895–1980)

José López Rubio (1903–1996)

José María Luelmo (1904–1991)

Francisco Madrid (1900–1952)

Paulino Masip (1899–1963)

Concha Méndez (1898–1986)

Miguel Mihura (1905–1977)

Edgar Neville (1899–1967)

Antonio Oliver (1903–1968)

Pedro Pérez-Clotet (1902–1966)

Rafael Porlán (1899–1945)

Emilio Prados (1899–1962)

Joaquín Romero Murube (1904–1969)

Pedro Salinas (1891–1951)

Guillermo de Torre (1900–1971)

José María Souvirón (1904–1973)

Miguel Valdivieso (1897–1966)

Fernando Villalón (1881–1930)