#DTaP vaccination

[omg-erika]

Just a prick - dead two days later

by Dr.Harald Wiesendanger– Klartext What the mainstream media is hiding When Melody received a multiple vaccination at 15 months, she was perfectly healthy. Two days later, the baby suddenly can’t breathe, his heart stops, and his liver and kidneys fail. Strange coincidence, says the Vaccination doctor. October 19, 2023, a Thursday, begins like any other working day for Katherine Palombi. But…

[davidaugust]

“Former President Donald J. Trump said on Sunday that he expected Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to have a ‘big role’ in a second administration, and acknowledged the possibility that he could take action against two major public health successes — vaccines and the fluoridation of water — if he won the presidency.”

“Mr. Trump…said at his recent rally in New York that he would let Mr. Kennedy ‘go wild on health,’ and on Sunday Mr. Kennedy reiterated to Fox News that he was in talks with Mr. Trump about a high-level policy role. ‘I want to be in the White House, and he has assured me that I’m going to have that,” Mr. Kennedy said.’”

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/03/us/politics/trump-rfk-jr-vaccines-fluoride.html

“He says, ‘If you give me the data, all I want is the data, and I’ll take on the data and show that it’s not safe.’ And then if you pull the product liability (protections), the companies will yank these vaccines right off, off of the market,” Lutnick said.

https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/31/politics/howard-lutnick-robert-f-kennedy-jr-vaccines-cnntv/index.html

[blogjeepster]

[follow-up-news]

The U.S. is experiencing more than four times as many whooping cough cases compared with last year — a spike that some experts attribute to post-pandemic vaccine fatigue. “With the increase in vaccine hesitancy that has been going on since the Covid-19 pandemic, we’re seeing outbreaks occurring in kids who are not vaccinated,” said Dr. Tina Tan, president-elect of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Babies are given the DTaP vaccine, which helps protect against three diseases: pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus. The vaccine works well against diphtheria and tetanus, but is less effective over time for pertussis. Advisors to the Food and Drug Administration met Friday to discuss the need for more robust and longer-lasting versions of the whooping cough vaccine. Until next generation vaccines are developed, boosters are recommended about every 10 years, starting in the tween years, as kids start middle school. It’s the tweens and teens whose immunity against whooping cough has waned that are driving outbreaks in many states, experts say.

[justinspoliticalcorner]

Mike Stobbe at AP, via HuffPost:

NEW YORK (AP) — U.S. kindergarten vaccination rates dipped last year and the proportion of children with exemptions rose to an all-time high, according to federal data posted Tuesday. The share of kids exempted from vaccine requirements rose to 3.3%, up from 3% the year before. Meanwhile, 92.7% of kindergartners got their required shots, which is a little lower than the previous two years. Before the COVID-19 pandemic the vaccination rate was 95%, the coverage level that makes it unlikely that a single infection will spark a disease cluster or outbreak. The changes may seem slight but are significant, translating to about 80,000 kids not getting vaccinated, health officials say. The rates help explain a worrisome creep in cases of whooping cough, measles and other vaccine-preventable diseases, said Dr. Raynard Washington, chair of the Big Cities Health Coalition, which represents 35 large metropolitan public health departments. “We all have been challenged with emerging outbreaks ... across the country,” said Washington, the director of the health department serving Charlotte, North Carolina. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data show that coverage with MMR, DTaP, polio and chickenpox vaccines decreased in more than 30 states among kindergartners for the 2023-2024 school year, Washington noted.

Public health officials focus on vaccination rates for kindergartners because schools can be cauldrons for germs and launching pads for community outbreaks. For years, those rates were high, thanks largely to school attendance mandates that required key vaccinations. All U.S. states and territories require that children attending child care centers and schools be vaccinated against a number of diseases, including, measles, mumps, polio, tetanus, whooping cough and chickenpox. All states allow exemptions for children with medical conditions that prevent them from receiving certain vaccines. And most also permit exemptions for religious or other nonmedical reasons.

Kindergarten vaccine rates dipped to 92.7%, down from the pre-COVID era of 95%. This is due to the increase of exemptions from vaccinations for any non-medical reason, thanks to the anti-vaxxers gaining influence (primarily on the right).

[frances-baby-houseman]

I'm watching an episode of Call the Midwife where a beloved character gets tetanus so here's a reminder to stay updated on your Tdap vaccine!

DTaP is for children

Tdap is for adults

they protect you against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough)!

You need one every ten years

If you have a baby, you get a Tdap in your third trimester, no matter the last time you were vaccinated. If your youngest baby is 9.5, time for a booster!

Ok bye bye don't get lockjaw!

[darkmaga-returns]

by Megan Redshaw

The CDC just published its 2025 vaccine immunization schedule1 and now recommends more than 200 routine injections. This includes five vaccinations during pregnancy, over 70 vaccinations from birth to age 18, and more than 130 routine adult vaccinations up to age 79. If you include the barrage of non-routine vaccinations, it’s even more.

If following CDC recommendations, here is what a baby receives during its first 0-12 months of life:

2x Hepatitis A (HepA)

3x Hepatitis B (HepB)

3x Rotavirus

3x Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP)

3x Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

4x Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV15)

3x Polio (IPV)

3x COVID19

1x Influenza

1x Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

1x Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)

1x Varicella

That’s 28 doses during an infant’s first year of life made by pharmaceutical companies with zero liability for the injuries or death caused by their products—and who profit from not only the initial vaccine dose but the diseases they create.

[meret118]

The CDC recommends the DTaP vaccine for babies and children under 7 years old. Older children and adults are advised to get the vaccine as well as a booster every 10 years.

The most severe cases are in infants, whose small airways can become more easily blocked, Schaffner said. Since babies can't be vaccinated until they reach 2 months, the CDC recommends that pregnant people be vaccinated early in the last trimester of every pregnancy to protect newborns.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Pediatricians scale back on COVID shots amid declining interest from families - Published Sept 7, 2024

By: Jackie Fortiér

Unlike other vaccinations, COVID shots aren’t required for kids to attend school.

When pediatrician Eric Ball opened a refrigerator full of childhood vaccines, all the expected shots were there — DTaP, polio, pneumococcal vaccine — except one.

“This is where we usually store our COVID vaccines, but we don’t have any right now because they all expired at the end of last year and we had to dispose of them,” said Ball, who is part of a pediatric practice in Orange County, California.

“We thought demand would be way higher than it was.”

Pediatricians across the country are pre-ordering the updated and reformulated COVID-19 vaccine for the fall and winter respiratory virus season, but some doctors said they’re struggling to predict whether parents will be interested. Providers like Ball don’t want to waste money ordering doses that won’t be used, but they need enough on hand to vaccinate vulnerable children.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that anyone 6 months or older get the updated COVID vaccination, but in the 2023-24 vaccination season, only about 15% of eligible children in the U.S. got a shot.

Ball said it was difficult to let vaccines go to waste last year. It was the first time the federal government was no longer picking up the tab for the shots, and providers had to pay upfront for the vaccines. Parents would often skip the COVID shot, which can have a short shelf life compared with other vaccines.

“Watching it sitting on our shelves expiring every 30 days, that’s like throwing away $150 repeatedly every day, multiple times a month,” Ball said.

This year, Ball slashed his fall vaccine order to the bare minimum to avoid another costly mistake.

“We took the number of flu vaccines that we order, and then we ordered 5% of that in COVID vaccines,” Ball said. “It’s a guess.”

That small vaccine order cost more than $63,000, he said.

Pharmacists, pharmacy interns, and techs are allowed to give COVID vaccines only to children age 3 and up, meaning babies and toddlers would need to visit a doctor’s office for inoculation.

It’s difficult to predict how parents will feel about the shots this fall, said Chicago pediatrician Scott Goldstein. Unlike other vaccinations, COVID shots aren’t required for kids to attend school, and parental interest seems to wane with each new formulation, he said. For a physician-owned practice such as Goldstein’s, the upfront cost of the vaccine can be a gamble.

“The cost of vaccines, that’s far and away our biggest expense. But it’s also the most important thing we do, you could argue, is vaccinating kids,” Goldstein said.

Insurance doesn’t necessarily cover vaccine storage accidents, which can put the practice at risk of financial ruin.

“We’ve had things happen like a refrigerator gets unplugged. And then we’re all of a sudden out $80,000 overnight,” Goldstein said.

South Carolina pediatrician Deborah Greenhouse said she would order more COVID vaccines for older children if the pharmaceutical companies she buys from had a more forgiving return policy.

“Pfizer is creating that situation. If you’re only going to let us return 30%, we’re not going to buy much,” she said. “We can’t.”

Greenhouse owns her practice, so the remaining 70% of leftover shots would come out of her pocket.

Vaccine maker Pfizer will take back all unused COVID shots for young children, but only 30% of doses for people 12 and older.

Pfizer said in an Aug. 20 emailed statement, “The return policy was instituted as we recognize both the importance and the complexity of pediatric vaccination and wanted to ensure that pediatric offices did not have hurdles to providing vaccine to their young patients.”

Pfizer’s return policy is similar to policies from other drugmakers for pediatric flu vaccines, also recommended during the fall season. Physicians who are worried about unwanted COVID vaccines expiring on the shelves said flu shots cost them about $20 per dose, while COVID shots cost around $150 per dose.

“We run on a very thin margin. If we get stuck holding a ton of vaccine that we cannot return, we can’t absorb that kind of cost,” Greenhouse said.

Vaccine maker Moderna will accept COVID vaccine returns, but the amount depends on the individual contract with a provider. Novavax will accept the return of only unopened vaccines and doesn’t specify the amount they’ll accept.

Greenhouse wants to vaccinate as many children as possible but said she can’t afford to stock shots with a short shelf life. Once she runs out of the doses she’s ordered, Greenhouse said, she plans to tell families to go to a pharmacy to get older children vaccinated. If pediatricians around the country are making the same calculations, doses for small children could be harder to find at doctors’ offices.

“Frankly, it’s not an ideal situation, but it’s what we have to do to stay in business,” she said.

Ball, the California pediatrician, worries that parents’ limited interest has caused pediatricians to minimize their vaccine orders, in turn making the newest COVID shots difficult to find once they become available.

“I think there’s just a misperception that it’s less of a big deal to get COVID, but I’m still sending babies to the hospital with COVID,” Ball said. “We’re still seeing kids with long COVID. This is with us forever.”

[tomorrowusa]

Republicans are soft on disease control. We all remember the MAGA anti-vaccine hysteria when the COVID-19 vaccines became available.

They are now turning their attention to the polio vaccine which was approved for use in the US on 12 April 1955. The number of polio cases in the US dropped from 57,879 in 1952 to 910 in 1962 and became rare by the early 1970s.

Thanks to anti-vaxxing conspiracy crackpots, polio returned to the US for the first time in three decades in 2022.

New Hampshire Republicans want to weaken vaccination requirements to kowtow to anti-science elements in their state.

New Hampshire could soon beat Florida—known for its anti-vaccine Surgeon General—when it comes to loosening vaccine requirements. A first-in-the-nation bill that’s already passed New Hampshire’s state House, sponsored only by Republican legislators, would end the requirement for parents enrolling kids in childcare to provide documentation of polio and measles vaccination. New Hampshire would be the only state in the US to have such a law, although many states allow religious exemptions to vaccine requirements.  Currently, Republicans control New Hampshire’s state House, Senate and governor’s office—but that isn’t a guarantee that the bill will be signed into law, with GOP Gov. Chris Sununu seemingly flip-flopping when it comes to disease control. Sununu did sign a bill in 2021 allowing people to use public places and services even if they did not receive the Covid-19 vaccine. But the next year, the governor vetoed a bill that would bar schools from implementing mask mandates.  The polio vaccine, first offered in 1955, and the MMR shot, which treats the highly infectious measles, mumps, and rubella viruses, are two very crucial vaccines both in the US and internationally. Since the year 2000 alone, vaccines against measles are estimated to have saved over 55 million lives around the world.  [ ... ] Vaccine hesitancy is rising among parents of young children. A 2023 survey from the Pew Research Center found that around half of parents with kids four or younger thought that not all standard childhood vaccines—a list that also includes hepatitis B, rotavirus, DTaP and chickenpox—may be necessary. Anti-vaccine misinformation plays a role in this phenomenon, which began before the Covid-19 pandemic, but has certainly increased since. In a 2019 UK report, about 50 percent of parents of young kids encountered false information about vaccines on social media. 

Gov. Chris Sununu is a spineless putz. In some ways he's like Lindsey Graham who likes to send smoke signals of independent thinking but always comes crawling home to Daddy Donald.

Sununu campaigned for Nikki Haley and blamed Trump for January 6th. But that hasn't stopped him from endorsing Trump anyway. Instigating a coup d'état does not disqualify somebody from the presidency in Sununu's opinion.

GOP's Chris Sununu tries, fails to defend his Trump endorsement

Sununu may do for polio in New Hampshire what Trump did for COVID in the entire US in 2020.

[rust-bearer]

Thank Primus the clinic had a backup generator. First Aid counted himself lucky for finding it in the storage room, and quickly moved it into position for later. No fuel inside it, but that was alright. Plenty he could scavenge for when he’d need to turn it on. Not yet, at least.

How long until power ran out? He didn’t know. It was still online for a little bit, but that would change soon. Two days… maybe, max. Probably less. He shouldn’t- he really shouldn’t shelter in this clinic, of all places, but it was surrounded by big stone walls and only had two entrances. Entrances that he’d already blocked off earlier, sealing the gates and pushing abandoned cars in front of them, and then piling barricades behind. It would have been easier to defend the clinic with more people. Faster. But he’d…

First Aid’s eyes flickered to the outside again. Through the window. And he could see the throngs of zombies filtering through the streets. Could still see people, rarely, run out into the street screaming. Sometimes being chased by other humans too. Sometimes right before being shot. The tires tracks of the army convoy were still visible, and the same was said about the bodies they left behind. Some still human.

No. First Aid didn’t need anyone else. Couldn’t risk it. He already had four mouths to feed- if he even managed to find someone, how could he trust them? How could he trust to leave them around the kids? As of now, everything was- fine. Okay. The oldest, a teenager named Cliff Racer- who’d been at the hospital for her broken leg- she could take care of the younger ones when First Aid would go out. She knew how to shoot a gun, knew how to take care of the littler kids. Of course it wasn’t ideal. But it was what they had.

How much fuel did they have stored? If power went out tonight, First Aid could run it. Should he run it? Maybe not. The windows weren’t covered yet. The fridges all had perishables, though- he’d need to clear them out first. The blood bags. The milk. How much baby formula did they have? He needed to get more. Shit- the vaccines- were all the kids up to date? The babies, certainly not. How many months old?… DTaP, IPV, HepB-

Breathe. First Aid took a shaky inhale in, and out. He hadn’t slept last night and he wouldn’t sleep tonight, either. Just naps through the day. Like night shift work. But it made him exhausted still, and he was panicking. Of course he’d panic. How could he feed all of them by himself? Take care of all of them? If both of the babies needed twenty cans of formula per month- finding that alone would be difficult. Nevermind feeding a growing child and a growing teenager. Even if he could do the most basic of food, rice and beans, how long would that even last? Before-

…Before what?

He didn’t know. He glanced back outside, and this time, towards the edge of the mountains that flanked the city.

Maybe it would be a good idea to move out soon.

[ryuzatodraws-archive]

Idea: Daddies in the Woods with real baby Plushia...and they realize they have even more to worry about now.

He's real, so now he needs medicine for when he gets a cold or something. And they have to figure out if they'll homeschool him later or not. And they'll need to buy him clothes often, because he'll grow quickly! And he'll be eating solid food before they know it! So he will also need to see a dentist at some point. And they have to set up a college fund for him eventually...

But for now, he needs to get his vaccines. For DTaP, polio, MMR, chicken pox...

And they thought they had a lot of responsibility before, when he was a plushie!

See both Copia and Terzo on the kitchen table with papers all over as they tryna make appointments and call people up DJDJJD

While Omega sits at the back taking care of Plushia because well this is something…that he just doesn’t understand.

I THINK The Ministry would have a kindergarten? For the orphans or kids? So they might have to return to the Ministry .

Oh boy real poop

[intrainingdoc]

New on in-House, poetry by pediatric resident physician Holly Ingram, MD, MPH.

"Shots at two months

are Hep B part two,

But Rota, Hib, DTaP,

pneumo and polio are new."

https://in-housestaff.org/pediatric-vaccine-schedule-2023

[thesongthesoulsings]

‘Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism’ is Pseudoscience

November 5, 2018

Guest Post: Whyser

You know, I wish provaxxers looked critically at their own studies that they believe to prove their own point.

For example, the idea that vaccines are not associated to [insert your favorite adverse reaction here], is currently not strongly supported by any of available science that I’ve seen.

Let’s take the most popular one of all, that ‘vaccines are not associated to autism’.

If you were to try to support that with studies, you’ll likely be linking study after study that shows:

MMR is not associated to autism

Thimerosal is not associated to autism

Like this one: “Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies”, by Luke E. Taylor, published 2014]

Here’s the problem with those studies in terms of design: you’re comparing a vaccinated population vs. a vaccinated population, but using the MMR as a variable.

As an exaggeration, let’s assume the following vaccination histories of the case and control group:

Case Group Hep B x 3 DTaP x 4 Hib x 3 Pneumococcal x 3 Polio x 3 Influenza x 1 Varicella x 1 Hep A x 1 MMR x 1

Control Group Hep B x 3 DTaP x 4 Hib x 3 Pneumococcal x 3 Polio x 3 Influenza x 1 Varicella x 1 Hep A x 1

The only difference being that the case group has been vaccinated for MMR and the control group has not.

When you find that the autism rate between both groups is statistically insignificant, you then conclude that MMR is not associated to autism.

Fair enough, so as long as the PROPER CONTEXT of this conclusion is established, that is, if you’re going to be vaccinating anyways, then the MMR isn’t going to pose any more significant risk.

But for the life of me, I DO NOT UNDERSTAND how people use these studies designed in this manner to conclude that VACCINES are not associated to autism.

You want to attack Exley and Shaw, fine. But if you’re going to do that, you should be just as upset with the multitude of studies that don’t even come CLOSE to answering the question, are vaccines (as a whole) associated to [adverse reaction]?

The vast majority of vaccine safety science is designed similarly to this, so to say that you have science on your side when there are no real studies to support that conclusion shows to me who really believes in pseudoscience.

—

Here is the 2014 meta-analysis: “Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies”.

The header image is from that study. This study is supposed to reassure parents. It’s supposed to be the nail in the coffin–‘no stone unturned’, vaccines have been exhaustively and objectively investigated for a relationship to vaccines. And lo and behold, it proves over and over that we have simply failed to do the research.

Here are the tables of studies included in that study that they use to “prove” that “vaccines” do not cause autism. Yet, each and every study only ever looks at MMR or Thimerosal (Hg). How can that be used to explain that ALL VACCINES or ANY VACCINES do not contribute to autism? It doesn’t.

OK, so someone, please tell me how we can draw any conclusions about ALL VACCINES, or ANY vaccines, when we are only looking at ONE vaccine or one ingredient (thimerosal)?

Here’s another study: “Vaccines and Autism: Evidence Does Not Support a Causal Association”  by CDC epidemiologist Frank DeStefano.

The title of the paper uses the word “vaccines”, however the paper only investigates the MMR vaccine and thimerosal, the mercury containing preservative that was used in some vaccines. The conclusion specifically says:

The current scientific evidence does not support a causal association between MMR vaccine or TCVs and autism.

Notice how he doesn’t conclude…”all vaccines,” because it’s literally never been studied.

Vaccine studies routinely lack zero exposed control groups

1. Association Between Estimated Cumulative Vaccine Antigen Exposure Through the First 23 Months of Life and Non–Vaccine Targeted Infections From 24 Through 47 Months of Age, Glanz J, et al. JAMA. 2018; 319(9):906-913. 

Notes: Comparing health outcomes for different ranges of antigen exposure. The lowest antigen exposure reference group is 0-198 antigens.  So, no unvaccinated group. 

2. Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Taylor L, Swerdfeger A, Eslick G. Vaccine. 2014; 32: 3623-9 

Full study here—->Taylor, et al

Notes: 5 case-control and 5 cohort studies. Studies were included that looked at either MMR vaccination, cumulative mercury (Hg) or cumulative thimerosal dosage from vaccinations.  No individual study had an unvaccinated control reference group.  

3. Patterns of childhood immunization and all-cause mortality. Natalie L. McCarthy, et al. 2017

Full study here —–> McCarthy, et al

Notes: Study compares mortality rates between children following the ACIP recommended vaccine schedule against children considered “undervaccinated” which are children missing at least one dose. Curiously, 3.3% of the “undervaccinated” group received no vaccines but they are not examined distinctly from the “undervaccinated” group.  So, no unvaccinated reference group. 

4. Prenatal and Infant Exposure to Thimerosal From Vaccines and Immunoglobulins and Risk of Autism. Cristofer S. Price, William W. Thompson, et al. 2010

Notes: This study wanted to examine the relationships between prenatal and infant ethylmercury exposure from thimerosal-containing vaccines and or immunoglobulin preparations and ASD, but it forgot to include unvaccinated kids.  No unvaccinated reference group. 

5. Increasing Exposure to Antibody-Stimulating Proteins and Polysaccharides in Vaccines Is Not Associated with Risk of Autism. DeStefano, et al. 2013.

Notes: They tried to evaluate the association between autism and the level of immunologic stimulation received from vaccines administered during the first 2 years of life, but forgot to keep the ZERO exposure group all by itself in its own cute little section. The reference groups are: 0-25 antigens, 0-125 antigens, and 0-311 antigens. And then for an even more sensitive analysis, their reference group for a single day exposure was 0-25 antigens, 0-25 antigens, and 0-100 antigens (compared to kids with 3000-6258 antigens). Sadly, this was another missed opportunity.  No unvaccinated reference group. 

6. Number of antigens in early childhood vaccines and neuropsychological outcomes at age 7-10 years. Iqbal S, et al. 2013

Full Study —-> Iqbal, et al

Notes: They used a publicly available dataset to evaluate the association between antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides from early childhood vaccines and neuropsychological outcomes at age 7-10 years. Lowest exposure reference group is <100.  So, no unvaccinated group. 

7. On-time Vaccine Receipt in the First Year Does Not Adversely Affect Neuropsychological Outcomes. Michael J. Smith 2010

Full Study —–> Smith, et al

Notes: Comparing timely (within 30 days of recommended schedule) to untimely (children who did not meet that criteria).  There is no unvaccinated group. 

8. Analysis of health outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated children: Developmental delays, asthma, ear infections and gastrointestinal disorders. Brian S. Hooker, et al. 2020

Notes: This does have an unvaccinated group. This is their findings:

Vaccination before 1 year of age was associated with increased odds of developmental delays (OR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.47–3.24), asthma (OR = 4.49, 95% CI 2.04–9.88) and ear infections (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.63–2.78). In a quartile analysis, subjects were grouped by number of vaccine doses received in the first year of life. Higher odds ratios were observed in Quartiles 3 and 4 (where more vaccine doses were received) for all four health conditions considered, as compared to Quartile 1. In a temporal analysis, developmental delays showed a linear increase as the age cut-offs increased from 6 to 12 to 18 to 24 months of age (ORs = 1.95, 2.18, 2.92 and 3.51, respectively). Slightly higher ORs were also observed for all four health conditions when time permitted for a diagnosis was extended from ⩾ 3 years of age to ⩾ 5 years of age.

Conclusion: In this study, which only allowed for the calculation of unadjusted observational associations, higher ORs were observed within the vaccinated versus unvaccinated group for developmental delays, asthma and ear infections. Further study is necessary to understand the full spectrum of health effects associated with childhood vaccination.

[sighphi]

The One-Page Educational Documents Provide Answers to Important Questions About the Whooping Cough Vaccine NEWPORT BEACH, Calif., May 5, 2023 (Newswire.com) – Physicians for Informed Consent (PIC) has released two new educational documents packed with critical statistical data on pertussis (whooping cough) and the pertussis vaccine (DTaP and Tdap). With information compiled from sources such […]