#Caliph

[n1ght-fire]

did a piece with rendering and a background for the first time in million years, pretty proud of it

[postcard-from-the-past]

Villa Allatini, residence of the Ottam Caliph Abdul Hamid II during his custody in Salonica, modern-day Thessaloniki, Greece

French vintage postcard

[animatejournal]

Iznogoud Creators: René Goscinny & Jean Tabary Studio: Saban | USA/France, 1995

[deadpresidents]

You said you read a lot about Arabia and Islam and I have a random question that you might be able to help with. I know that for centuries there was a caliph who was like the leader of muslims and I always wondered why if the king of saudi arabia is in charge of the holy sites why isn't he considered the caliph or declared himself as the caliph?

It's a good question and there are a number of complex reasons why that didn't/doesn't happen which require a much deeper dive, but I'll try to give a simplified answer. First of all, the caliph was the spiritual leader of the entire Muslim world and while the caliphs also had a political role as successors to Muhammad, that role changed dramatically through the centuries as the Muslim world grew, Islamic empires rose and fell, and Islam itself branched into different sects. The last widely-recognized caliphs were the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, but even in the last decades of the Ottoman Empire, there were disagreements throughout the Muslim world about the legitimacy of anyone's claim on the caliphate. The two main branches of Islam -- Sunni and Shia -- have entirely different ideas on how a caliph should be chosen and who the caliph is chosen by.

When the Ottoman Empire collapsed after the end of World War I, the Sharif of Mecca -- Hussein, a direct descendant of Muhammad as the leader of Hashemite dynasty (and great-great grandfather of the current Jordanian King Abdullah II) -- attempted to declare himself the new caliph, but was not accepted. In many ways, it was like a modern European monarch suddenly declaring himself the Pope; that's just not how most Muslims believed the spiritual leader of the Islamic faith should be determined. Plus, Hussein only had a tenuous hold on Islam's holiest sites (Mecca, Medina, and, at the time, Jerusalem) following World War I, and Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud was in the process of taking control of what is now Saudi Arabia. Once Ibn Saud became King of Saudi Arabia, he took over as "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" (Mecca and Medina), but the idea of declaring himself caliph was out of the question. Ibn Saud and the vast majority of his supporters were members of the deeply conservative, puritanical Wahhabi sect of Sunni Islam and they believed that the caliph was chosen by all Muslims, not declared by one person. As the guardian of Islam's two holiest sites, the King of Saudi Arabia is responsible for ensuring that all Muslims capable of making the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca (and the lesser pilgrimage to Medina) can do so. Unilaterally declaring himself the caliph would undoubtedly have alienated many Muslims, particularly those from countries outside of Saudi Arabia and especially Shiites. In other words, it's not within the power of the King of Saudi Arabia to give himself (or any other individual) the title of caliph, and he'd probably get just as much resistance from his fellow Saudis if he tried to do so. There's no way that the Ikhwan -- the ascetic tribes and Bedouins who largely acted as Ibn Saud's military forces as he conquered most of the Arabian Peninsula in the first half of the 20th Century -- would have remained loyal to the first Saudi King if he had unilaterally proclaimed himself the caliph.

The Muslim people around the world -- the ummah -- haven't been united since the death of Muhammad, which is when the divide between Shia and Sunnis began over the true successor of the Prophet, so any caliph is going to be seen as illegitimate by a significant percentage of the population. And in the modern world, any political aspects of a potential caliph are going to be superseded by the temporal responsibilities of the heads of state or heads of government in every country, no matter how large or devout their Islamic population might be. So, a modern caliph would really have to be a spiritual leader, not a political one -- very similar to the Pope. But the Pope also has the unique position of being the head of state (and, really, an absolute monarch) of a sovereign nation. The Islamic world is too fragmented and divided by opposing theologies to allow a modern-day caliph to govern, command military forces, and provide religious guidance in the same manner as Muhammad's immediate successors or even during the 600+ years of Ottoman Sultans. A caliph would effectively have the same standing today as a modern-day Doge of Venice or Japanese Shogun; it's an anachronistic position of leadership and somewhat outdated concept in the world we currently live in -- you know, like the Iowa Caucus or Electoral College.

[asdaricus]

The Mighty Caliph of the Faithful in his court. By Midjourney.

[chashmenaaz]

'Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb asked his daughter (may Allah be pleased with them):

"... I want to ask you about a matter which concerns me, dispel it for me. How long does a woman long for her husband (for intimate purposes)?"

She lowered her head and was shy.

He said: "Truly, Allāh is not shy of the truth."

She gestured her hand indicating three months, and if that was not possible then four months."

‎● [تاريخ الخلفاء صفحة ١٤٢]

Based on such insights, it is narrated that ʿUmar (RA) established a guideline limiting the length of time a man serving in the army could remain away from his wife to four months. This ensured that a woman's needs—both emotional and physical—were not neglected due to prolonged absence.

[artofmilankovacevic]

Caliph of Baghdad, for the 18th century opera scene - an illustration for a long-term book project...

[arabicfornerds]

How a wrong vowel in the Quran may produce blasphemy

The correct vowel endings damma, kasra, fatha in Arabic can be a headache. If you are careless, you could turn verse 9:3 of the Qur'an into blasphemy (kufr).

[filintasy]

Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA), the fourth Caliph of Islam, was a beacon of justice, wisdom, and unwavering faith. His martyrdom on the 17th of Ramadan stands as a profound reminder of his sacrifice and dedication. May his life inspire us to uphold the values of integrity and courage.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

It took them just two weeks to breach Baghdad's walls in 1258. They left the last of the caliphs without food or water for three days, then threw him into a pile of gold and told him to eat it. When he did not, he and his heirs were rolled in rugs and trampled to death.*

*The Mongols considered this an honorable form of death because it shed no blood.

"Why the West Rules – For Now: The patterns of history and what they reveal about the future" - Ian Morris

[n1ght-fire]

A little art dump teehee

[dom-archetype]

H-Cow Protection Campaign

Since cows are pious in Hinduism, the Caliphate of India owing to its plural and tolerant legacy has decreed to not use cows for the supply of milk.

The supply will now be met by Hindu women volunteering for the noble cause. The Ministry said that every Hindu household will have to ensure that it's most breedable female(s) volunteers for the cause, failing which the entire family will be punished.

Volunteers will be repeatedly inseminated, bound & gagged, and milked throughout the year.

[asdaricus]

When I made the Solomonic Throne Rooms and Caliphs, Midjourney made this picture. It took the cue from the word 'Persian' and did it in the style of Persian Miniatures.

[secular-jew]