#Austro Control
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pressmost · 9 months ago
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Ardagger - FrĂŒhstĂŒcksnews - Donnerstag, 22.2.2024
(c) Kathrin Dattinger Sehr geehrte GemeindebĂŒrgerin! Sehr geehrter GemeindebĂŒrger! Kennst Du die “META-POSITION”? “Sie wird auch Beobachterposition genannt und ist neben der Ich-Position und der Du-Position eine der drei Wahrnehmungspositionen, die Menschen mit Hilfe ihres Geistes einnehmen können. 

.. Im Drei-Positionen-Modell des NLP liefert die Metaposition Überblick und eine ErgĂ€nzung der

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koushirouizumi · 1 year ago
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{My Fam}
{DO NOT COPY} {DO NOT RE-POST} {DO NOT RE-PRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION FOR ANY USAGE WHATSOEVER}
If you want to use for referring to, PLEASE ASK ME PRIVATELY FIRST OR I WILL REFUSE.
#koushirouizumi fam#koushirouizumi ny#koushirouizumi personal#(YOU WERE NOT OWED THIS)#(YOU WERE NOT OWED THIS YOU WERE *NOT* OWED THIS *YOU!!! WERE!!! NOT!!! EVER!!! *OWED* THIS {JUST Saying})#(I'm posting these for MYSELF and because most of these come *direct* from our home fam album and to my knowledge)#(we HADNT put these anywhere else online but Y E A HHHH anyway 1st one here is my Grandma younger!!)#(ANYWAY when I talk about my fam end that is J E W I S H *these all* are *also* whom I'm referring to)#(THIS IS *NOT ALL OF THEM* THIS IS MAINLY *Great Grandma R*s {Grandmas mother's} {*MATRILINEAL*} J e w i s h line and those above her)#(Im leaving out Great Grandpa A. for now for privacy reasons but Great Grandpa A was married to Great Grandma Y. seen HERE)#(For the record Great Grandpa A. was 'a tailor' AND 'a dress maker' according to my Grandmas notes...)#(Grandmas fam + etc alive never received any hand me downs of any of these outfits so I can only assume they were either a. lost to time)#(or b. donated because my fam is big on donating in the modern era especially Grandma + Ethel + Mil were)#(Great Aunts Ethel and Mil were the ones I GREW UP KNOWING as Young Me before both passed away I HAVE PIC'S OF TINY ME W THEM)#(Mil lived to 90+ and passed away in her sleep when I was like 6~ or so so ever since then I was very aware of what death was)#(But like at least she passed WITHOUT {SUFFERING} and also Ethel is the one who was able to donate organs in her old age {also at 80~90s+})#(The elderly man holding my Grandma {who is a TODDLER whos barely walking here} is her Great Grandpa H. who got the WHOLE FAM OUT)#(OF THE AUSTRO-H U N G A R I A N controlled + related regions '''IN TIMETM''' pre *1899* and if it wasnt for this {J E W I S H}) man)#(I WOULDNT *BE ALIVE* MY DAD *WOULDNT HAVE MET MY MOM* I WOULDNT BE ON THIS PAGE MAKING *LITERALLY ANYTHING*)#(So before you open your mouth again to tell us 'gO BACK TO 1948 {AREA}' maybe ACKNOWLEDGE THEY LIVED ELSEWHERE TOO **BEFORE 1948**)#('But it should be SOOOO EASY to show us ALL the pic's of your fam theres NO WAY they could be in conditions like tHI--')#(LIKE IDEK HOW TO EXPLAIN THESE PICS ARE *LITERALLY PEELING OFF THE PAGE* {AND ALSO SURVIVED THE *CAT 5 HURRICANE*})#(In reality I REALLY wanted to post these at some point because I'm honestly amazed at some of these outfits)#(Basically I suspect Great Grandpa A. must have contributed a little with the {tailor} + 'dress making' 'career' but . . .)#(I also censored {most} faces for now but when I actually feel comfortable again I might go back and lift these)#(FOR NOW I am making this no rb but later I want to archive these elsewhere Anyway reminder this is 1 LINE of Grandmas 4 LINES)#(Basically that region 'Galicia' I was rbng refs for in relation? YEAH we LITERALLY have 'Galicia' marked on some of oldest documents AS It#(At one point fam also lived in il. and I assume the bottom right is from N.Y or there but I'm having trouble identifying sign + that area)#(So if someone can identify it and actually let me know PLS do so {also YES thats my Grandma too as baby})#(I did make one mistake labelling this H. is basically Grandmas Great?-Grandpa but I'm too lazy to fix how many 'great's for me)
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jeannereames · 5 months ago
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Hello Professor Reames! How has the Macedonian Question influenced the historiography around Alexander?
The Macedonian Question & Ancient Macedonian Studies
(or, Come study ancient Macedonia! We cause riots!)
I’ll begin by explaining, for those unfamiliar, the “Macedonian Question” centers on who gets to lay claim to the name “Macedonia” and (originally) the geographical region, which is ethnically diverse but majority Slavic. It arose during the First and Second Balkan Wars of 1912-13, then returned after the breakup of Yugoslavia, from 1989 on.
I’ve been a bit chary about replying to this simply because it is (still) a hot topic, if not what it used to be even 10 years ago. Also
expect maps. Let me lead with three points:
1) The ancient Macedonians certainly weren’t Slavic. Slavs didn’t arrive in the area until the 6th century CE (AD), a millennia after Alexander lived. No ancient historian claimed they were Slavs, although some Slavic Nationalists used carefully edited quotes from ancient historians to support their own claims to the ancient Macedonians.
2) A lot of different peoples have passed through the Balkans and northern Greece (and even southern Greece) between now and 2300+ years ago. The Balkans have continued to be an ethnically contested area from antiquity to modernity, and who was “in charge” depended on what century it was.
3) Ancient concepts of Greek ethnicity didn’t ossify until around the Greco-Persian Wars. Prior to that, Greeks were more aware of/concerned with their citizenship/ethnicity in specific city-states (poleis) and/or language family groupings (Ionic-Attic, Doric, Aeolic).
Furthermore, these views were based on MYTH. To be Greek (Hellenic) meant to be descended from the mythical forerunner, Hellen, son of the equally mythical Dukalion (who survived the Flood
e.g., Greek Noah). There were other children of Dukalion, including a daughter Thyia. Thyia became the mother of Makedon, the mythical progenitor of the Macedonians.
So, by ancient criteria, Macedonians weren’t Hellenes (Greek). But they were kissing cousins. The ancients took these things seriously. That’s why I wanted to explain, so when the ancient Greeks said Macedonians weren’t Greeks, it didn’t mean what we’d consider it to mean today.
Back to the Macedonian Question 
 the issue of the Greekness of the ancient Macedonians got tied up in modern politics when Yugoslavia fell apart. During the First Balkan War and the division of Macedonia in 1913, “Macedonian Studies” didn’t exist yet. By the Third Balkan War (collapse of Yugoslavia), they did. And history was suddenly being pressed into the service of modern political agendas.
Now, let me back up and explain—as briefly as I can (so expect some judicious epitomizing)—the emergence of modern Greece and the First and Second Balkan Wars.
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse (not just decline) in the 1800s, and was essentially kicked out of Europe entirely by the First Balkan War and World War I. The last of it fell apart with the rise of Attaturk and the Young Turk Revolution, so Modern Turkey emerged in 1923.
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Greece was part of that. The Greek War of Independence started in 1821, and Greece secured statehood in 1829/30, then became the Kingdom of Greece in 1832/3, which lasted until the military junta abolished it in 1973, after which it became the [Third] Hellenic Republic. From independence until the end of WWII, Greek borders expanded (see map below). Fun detail, the late Prince Philip, Elizabeth II’s husband, was a Greek (and Danish) prince.
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The First Balkan War began in 1912, which was the Ottoman’s last gasp in Europe. The Austro-Hungarians wanted to make the Balkans a subject state, Russia wanted more control over the Black Sea, and Greece wanted to push north towards Thessaloniki and “Constantinople” (Istanbul). Ignoring Austro-Hungary, Serbia wanted to reconstitute “Greater Serbia” (14th Century Serbian empire)—which included a good chunk of Greece. And Bulgaria, with the strongest regional army, was eying the whole area south to the sea.
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Oh, and let’s add in a dose of religious difference (Muslim vs. Orthodox Christian) just for snorts and giggles.
But this was basically about SEA TRADE access. So, for the three allies against the Ottomans, e.g., Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia, Thessaloniki, Jewel of the Aegean, was the prize.
The war began October 8th, and by November 8th (1912), the three Balkan allies all hurried their armies to converge on Thessaloniki as the Ottomans withdrew. The Greeks got there mere hours ahead of the Bulgarians.
"Î˜Î”ÏƒÏƒÎ±Î»ÎżÎœÎŻÎșη ΌΔ ÎșΏΞΔ ÎșÏŒÏƒÏ„ÎżÏ‚!" (Thessaloniki, at all costs!) E. Venizelos
The war itself ended the next year (in part thanks to the Greek fleet in Thessaloniki), and Greece kept the city, and with it, still controls a lot of shipping in the Eastern Mediterranean. Shipping remains Greece’s second most profitable industry (after tourism).
Following the war’s conclusion, several issues arose, including how to partition the land—particularly the geographical region of Macedonia. The 1913 Treaty of London split it up between Bulgaria (smallest part), Greece, and Serbia (biggest part). Again, Greece and Serbia wanted to keep Bulgaria, with the most powerful army, from gaining substantially more land.
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World War I intervened, and then the rise of Attaturk in Turkey and the “Megali Idea” in Greece. The Megali Idea, proposed at the Paris Peace Conference after WWI (map below), got Greece in trouble. It would have involved retaking not just the islands off Turkey’s coast, but chunks of the Turkish mainland, to match ancient Greek land claims. All THAT led to showdowns, with ongoing human rights abuses on both sides (including the Armenian Genocide earlier, which wasn’t related to Greece).
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In 1923, Greece/Hellas and the new Republic of TĂŒrkiye agreed to an exchange of populations. So, Ottoman Turks/Muslims in Greece retreated to Turkey (were kicked out), and Greeks in Turkey retreated into Greece (were kicked out). About half those Greek refugees landed in Athens, whose population exploded overnight, creating an economic crisis. Many of the rest ended up in areas of northern Greece, where land from fleeing Muslims was to be had. Ergo, many new immigrants had very strong pro-Hellenic, anti-Muslim/anyone else feeling, and hadn’t been living for ages next to their (Macedonian) Slavic neighbors, who began to feel unwelcome. It also had negative effects on their Jewish neighbors, too. (The loss of Jewish life in WWII in northern Greece, especially Thessaloniki, is both shocking and heartbreaking.)
Keep in mind that the refugees on both sides had been living in their original countries not for a few decades, but for a couple centuries, or even longer in the case of the Greeks in Anatolia/Turkey. The first Greek colonies there date to the 700s/600s
 BCE. There’s a good reason the Greeks and Turks hate each other, and it’s not just Cyprus. The atrocities at the beginning of the 20th Century were awful. Neither side has clean hands.
Anyway, there was a second Balkan War in 1913, which I’m ignoring, except for the map below. It amounts to Bulgaria getting pissy about their short shrift in the earlier Macedonian land division.
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Then came fallout from World War II, when Greece got the Dodecanese from Italy, et al. But I want to fast forward to the collapse of The Berlin Wall in Eastern Europe, November 9, 1989, and Yugoslavia’s dissolution shortly after. That ushered in the Third Balkan War, or Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s.
Compared to the Bosnian Genocide and other shit going down with Milosevic, the return of the Macedonian Question seems minor. It involved the Yugoslavian province of Macedonia asking to be called “Macedonia” and Greece having a very public, international melt-down.
The entire dust-up confused much of the rest of the world. The number of times I’ve had to explain it to (non-Greek, non-Slavic) people, who just boggled
. I’ve also seen tourists stand in polite perplexity while Greeks went on a hand-waving tear about how Macedonia has been Greek for 4000 years!!! [I’ve got a t-shirt with that on it.] Btw, 4000 years dates before the first Helladic peoples even migrated into the peninsula. Anyway
.
Greeks consider the name Macedonia theirs, on historical grounds. They didn’t object to the new country, but wanted it called Skopje, after the capital, or something, anything not “Macedonia.” Meanwhile, the (Slavic) Macedonians were enormously insulted and pointed to the fact they lived in a region called Macedonia, and their ancestors had been living there for centuries, so why couldn’t they call their new country by the name of the region it occupied? Stated fears of actual territorial expansion by either side were largely scare tactics and fringe rhetoric. It really was all about the name. But increasingly, that began to include claims on the ancient Macedonians, or cultural appropriation. The new Macedonian state (FYROM, then) didn’t do itself any favors with their choice of the (ancient) Macedonian sunburst for their flag and naming their airport after Alexander, et al.
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That’s how ancient history got sucked into all of this in a way it didn’t the first time.
Now, let me repeat. The ancient Macedonians were not Slavs. The Thracians were not Slavs either, nor the Paionians, nor the Illyrians, nor the Celts north of them. You won’t find the Thracians called “Slavic” in Bulgarian Museums, even while they take very good care of their regional history.
By the 1990s, Macedonian history had emerged as something more than just “Alexander the Great and Philip,” and questions arose about who these people may have been. Were they Greeks like the Thessalians and Epirotes to their south and west? Or were they non-Greeks like the Thracians, Paionians, and Illyrians to their north? This was an academic (not modern political) question, and involved: 1) what did Makedoniste (“to speak in the Macedonian manner”) mean? Was that a dialect or a different language?; and 2) to what degree did ancient Greeks really consider them non-Greeks (e.g., barbarians)? The fact we had so little epigraphy from the area complicated the language question. And ancient Greek politics complicated the second question. Were the angry repudiations by Demosthenes & Friends a real, widely held sentiment
or just ancient Athenian nationalism and anti-Philip propaganda?
This was mostly nerdy stuff that should have remained safely ensconced at dull specialist panels at academic conferences.
Except 
. Manolis Andronikos had found the Royal Tombs at Vergina in 1978, and Greece was bursting with pride (as they should have been). Macedonia was back on the map! Tourists still largely stuck to the Greek south, but The Greek Ministry of Culture and Sport saw an opportunity, even back then, to capitalize on tourism, so you can begin to see why it was important for “Macedonia” to remain Greek. Can’t have a country calling itself Macedonia and maybe confusing people about who Alexander and Philip had been, and where they’d lived (and syphoning off possible tourism dollars).
That may sound unduly cynical, but I’m actually with the Greeks on this, even if I’ve always rolled my eyes over the name thing. And, as noted above “Macedonia” was laying active claim to Philip and Alexander as if there was direct continuity between the ancient Macedonians and the modern ones. See below, the giant Alexander statue erected in Skopje (2011), the biggest in the whole city. It’s formal name these days is “Great Warrior,” by agreement with Greece in order to get to call themselves “Northern Macedonia” in NATO. But it’s Alexander.
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Like I said, they weren’t doing themselves any favors, although those arguing in their defense liked to point out that Greece had started it, over the name.
Of course the increasingly heated rhetoric around the name, and ownership of Alexander and Philip, enveloped ancient history like the ash cloud from Vesuvius smothered Pompeii and Herculaneum. By the mid-1990s, “middle ground” wasn’t allowed. If one expressed any doubt about the Greekness of the ancient Macedonians, that was heard as, “You’re siding with the Skopjans!” This dispute was still going strong to the point there were riots and protests at the Balkan Studies’ 7th International Symposium on Ancient Macedon in Thessaloniki on October 16, 2002. These protests erupted over the presence of Kate Mortensen, Ernst Badian, and Daniel Ogden, albeit the protests involved different objections for each scholar. Badian, along with Peter Green and Gene Borza (not present), had long been in the crosshairs of the vehement “Macedonia was Greek!” crowd. But poor Kate got targeted because of her paper, “Homosexuality at the Macedonian Court,” and Daniel had the temerity to present about witchcraft at Philip’s court (UnChristian things!). There were some 40 police called in to protect the presenters. You cannot make up this shit.
Btw, by no means were all Greeks, especially not all Greek scholars, hostile to the (largely Anglophone) Macedoniasts who questioned the ethnicity of the ancient Macedonians. Olga Palagia and Gene Borza remained friends and even wrote articles together, but Olga was retired and had a certain freedom from pressure. Manolis Andronikos and Gene also remained friends until Manolis’s death in 1992. But there was an Official Party Line that had to be maintained, or risk losing an academic job or other position in the Ministry. This also got tied into the identity of the occupants of Royal Tombs I and II at Vergina. Greece’s official position is that these are Amyntas III and Philip II, respectively. This is far from a settled matter, however, especially outside Greece.
For more detail from somebody right in the middle of especially the early parts of the quarrel over who’s buried in “Philip’s Tomb” and the ethnicity of the Macedonians, check out Peter Green’s chapter 10, “The Macedonian Connection,” in Classical Bearings.
To return to the question about how it’s affected historiography, other than resulting in hostility towards non-compliant ancient historians (having their work essentially banned in Greece) and the occasional riot at an academic conference (!!), it also resulted in the production of TWO quasi-competing “Companions” to ancient Macedonia at the end of the first decade of the 2000s.
The original proposal (A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Roisman and Worthington, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) had meant to include a number of high-profile scholars of both Greek and non-Greek background. But one of those was Loring Danforth (The Macedonian Conflict). When it came out that he was writing the chapter on modern Macedonia, the Greek contributors revolted en masse. (Some were genuinely furious, others had to, to keep their jobs.) Another Companion was put together with Robin Lane Fox at the editorial helm (Brill’s Companion to Ancient Macedon, Brill, 2011), and the Greeks (and a few others) jumped ship. That was a nice break for some younger Macedonian scholars, incidentally, who were then tapped to write chapters for the Roisman/Worthington volume—and very good chapters, I might add. But the end result is one heavily archaeological Companion (Lane Fox) and one heavily historical one (Roisman/Worthington), and which still has Danforth.
Between the arguments of the 1990s and now, however, one important shift has occurred: enough epigraphical data has emerged, and not just later [Hellenistic], to argue the ancient Macedonians did speak a form of Doric Greek. Many/most of us are now a lot more comfortable agreeing that the ancient Macedonians can be called “Greek” without feeling as if we’re selling our academic souls--even if we may still argue that’s not Philip in Royal Tomb II...an identification that some of the younger Greeks also aren’t sold on. And Philip in Tomb II was never the highly charged political issue that the Greekness of the ancient Macedonians was. It just got tied up in it for coming up around the same time. One Greek friend put it succinctly (paraphrased), “It felt like the non-Greeks, especially the Americans and Aussies, were trying to take away Philip and Alexander from us. Tomb II wasn’t Philip, and the Macedonians weren’t even Greeks.”
That may be a bit hyperbolic, but feelings don’t necessarily respond to logic, and Greece would like to have their bona fides.
So, a chunk of the tension from the 1990s has subsided. The Greekness of the ancient Macedonians is largely a non-topic in Macedonian studies today. We’re more interested in new and exciting things like revelations from recent archaeology regarding the sophistication of the Macedonian kingdom well back into the Archaic Age, the real impact of Persia and how early, and what exactly was going on up there before (and after) the Greco-Persian Wars. Or at least, those are certainly my burning questions about the Argead Kingdom up to Philip and Alexander.
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sgiandubh · 11 months ago
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Fanfic galore
S is spotted on a boat in London by a French fan. Crazy comments ensue in Mordor:
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AHAHAHAHA, out of all nations on this planet, they just had to come up with a Brazilian suspect!
And the host (that petty racist I refuse to name) immediately and somewhat gleefully gets on the choo-choo train.
The woman who posted that London pic is not Brazilian. She is desperately (and even provincially) French, but then it does not seem to suit your agenda (for what reason? I wonder 🙄) and then you just couldn't help yourself, could you?
Let's unpack. Yesterday, the X user VĂ©esse, aka Drfolledamour, posted this innocent pic:
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In the process, she gives us plenty of info on her real identity, because she is a normal human being with an average number of social media followers and being middle-aged, she does not give a crap about silly, sick hiding games on the Internet.
First, her initials, V.S (Véesse), with a rather cool & clever pun on the French word déesse/goddess. I like her and would definitely have coffee with her: my type of happy go lucky character.
Then, a very important clue, the X handle - @Drfolledamour. Anon and the vast majority of the non French or Francophile users would be excused not to know that is the French translation of one of my favorite Stanley Kubrick movies, Dr. Strangelove:
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Then, the short bio, in her X profile. We are informed her grandfather was born in Lviv and her grandmother in Krakow. Lviv is in this country:
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This country, if you don't mind reading, is called the Ukraine.
Krakow is to be placed here:
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The country is called Poland. It is bordering Ukraine.
Until Brusilov's army got there, in 1914, Lviv was a part of the Austro-Hungarian empire and Krakow was under Russian control until 1794. Both cities featured sizeable Jewish communities, out of which a hefty chunk emigrated to the more tolerant France, especially in the Interwar period.
V.S. is a French woman proud of her Jewish roots, that's all. She also teaches economics in a French high school near Paris, in Chaville. But that's too complicated for you, I suppose.
However, her spelling sucks: 'j'ai dit que ma fille le kiffais' should be correctly written ' j'ai dit que ma fille le kiffait'. I told him my daughter liked him (a lot).
You see, 'kiffer' means 'to like/enjoy something a lot'. It comes from the Arabic Algerian colloquialism kif (كَيفْ), which means pleasure or amusement, and it went on into the French colonial slang, back in the day Algeria was a French colony. And onwards to the mild, mainstream jargon of today, keeping its meaning intact.
I am sorry, Brazilian friends. No woman of your country and few foreigners would spontaneously kif something or someone, nor make the sort of puns only a French native speaker would. Ask *urv, she just said she speaks French (proficient in buying a metro ticket using Duolinguo, I suppose).
Yes, these people are that stupid. And racist.
This is pathetic and the blogger should excuse herself, at a minimum. Which she won't. Of course.
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radykalny-feminizm · 11 months ago
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Hedy Lamarr (born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler; November 9, 1914 – January 19, 2000) was an Austro-Hungarian-born American actress and technology inventor. She was a film star during Hollywood's Golden Age.
Although Lamarr had no formal training and was primarily self-taught, she invested her spare time, including on set between takes, in designing and drafting inventions, which included an improved traffic stoplight and a tablet that would dissolve in water to create a flavored carbonated drink.
During the late 1930s, Lamarr attended arms deals with her then-husband arms dealer Fritz Mandl, "possibly to improve his chances of making a sale." From the meetings, she learned that navies needed "a way to guide a torpedo as it raced through the water." Radio control had been proposed. However, an enemy might be able to jam such a torpedo's guidance system and set it off course. When later discussing this with a new friend, composer and pianist George Antheil, her idea to prevent jamming by frequency hopping met Antheil's previous work. In that earlier work, Antheil attempted synchronizing note-hopping in an avart-garde piece involving multiple synchronized player pianos. Antheil's idea in the piece was to synchronize the start time of identical player pianos with identical player piano rolls, so the pianos would be playing in time with one another. Together, they realized that radio frequencies could be changed similarly, using the same kind of mechanism, but miniaturized.
Based on the strength of the initial submission of their ideas to the National Inventors Council (NIC) in late December 1940, in early 1941 the NIC introduced Antheil to Samuel Stuart Mackeown, Professor of Electrical Engineering at Caltech, to consult on the electrical systems.
Lamarr hired the Los Angeles legal firm of Lyon & Lyon to search for prior art, and to draft the application for the patent which was granted as U.S. Patent 2,292,387 on August 11, 1942, under her legal name Hedy Kiesler Markey.
In 1997, Lamarr and Antheil received the Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award and the Bulbie Gnass Spirit of Achievement Bronze Award, given to individuals whose creative lifetime achievements in the arts, sciences, business, or invention fields have significantly contributed to society.
In 2014, Lamarr and Antheil were posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
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pinturas-gran-guerra-aire · 11 months ago
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1918 06 15 Francesco Baracca Last Victory - Mark Postlethwaite
Ranking Italian ace Maggiore Francesco Baracca of 91ÂȘ Squadriglia obtained his 34th, and final, victory on 15 June 1918 whilst at the controls of SPAD VII 2445 during the fierce aerial dogfights on the first day of the last Austro-Hungarian offensive against Italian forces defending the River Piave.At 1300 hrs, Baracca had shot down a Hansa-Brandenburg Br C I two-seater of Fliegerkompagnie (Flik) 32/D near Saletto for his 33rd success. Flying with his veteran wingman Sergente Gaetano Aliperta, Baracca subsequently wrote in his combat report;' We spotted a great patrol of 25 fighters flying at a height of about 1200 m. They chased our aeroplanes for a short while, then headed back toward their lines. One of them had drifted away from the patrol, and we quickly surrounded it. I repeatedly hit the aeroplane with my machine gun fire until it struck the ground and nosed over onto its back.' Baracca had succeeded in downing Albatros D III 153.266, which crashed in a cultivated field near San Biagio di Collalta. The ace generously shared credit for this victory with Aliperta, Baracca recalling that 'he had helped me out by continually blocking off the enemy pilot as he attempted to retreat'. The latter, Ltn von Josipovich of Flik 51, emerged unscathed from the wreckage of hisAlbatros and was immediately captured. After the war, he resumed his career in aviation, but this time as a civilian pilot. Josipovich subsequently perished in a flying accident
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mapsontheweb · 2 years ago
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Actual territory of the free state of Fiume (red, 1920-1924) and what it could've been (dotted line).
The Free State of Fiume (officially known as the Regency of Carnaro) was a short-lived state that existed from 1919 to 1924 in the city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) and its surrounding territory, which had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire prior to World War I. After the war, there was a dispute over the control of Fiume, with Italy and Yugoslavia both claiming the territory. In response to this dispute, a group of Italian nationalists led by Gabriele d'Annunzio seized control of the city in September 1919 and declared the Free State of Fiume, with d'Annunzio as its leader.
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loneberry · 1 year ago
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Notes on Palestine
The geopolitical situation right now is extremely unstable. In such moments it always feels like incentive structures are such that all parties are pushed toward war and escalation. I saw how this all unfolded with 9/11; it left an indelible mark on my psyche–to observe the world careening, the hysteria, the march toward endless war. The Iran hawks in the US are out calling for war with Iran (US intelligence and even the IDF have said Iran did not help *plan* the Hamas attacks, though the idea that Iran was behind the attacks is being presented as fact). 
Days before the Hamas attacks, I was in an article + podcast rabbit hole focused on Iranian nuclear politics, Saudi-Israeli relations, and the current situation in the “Middle East” (I prefer the term “South West Asia and North Africa”/SWANA but will use “Middle East” for readability). I had also been reading that the US’s attempts to broker a US-Saudi-Israeli deal would piss off the Palestinians. It filled me with immense grief—nobody, not even Muslim Arabs, seem to care about Palestinians anymore. The international community has failed. Now it seems that the world has consented to a protracted genocide of Palestinians. It used to be the case that Arab countries would not considered normalizing relations with Israel without Israel making concessions to the Palestinians. The sad reality is that since the Arab Spring, the resolution of the Palestinian issue has become a low priority for many countries in the Middle East, many of whom have their own feud with Iran and see pivoting toward Israel as a path toward greater security. Of course I’m talking about the Abraham Accords, the so-called “peace deal” brokered by the Trump administration that enabled the normalization of relations between Israel, the UAE, and Bahrain, yet excluded any input from Palestinians. That event had brought me so much grief. It really felt like any hope for the Palestinian cause was dying. There seems to be little political will from any side to put pressure on Israel.
In moments of crisis like these I try to be sober and pedagogical, but such a task feels nearly impossible when it comes to the “Israeli-Palestinian conflict”. People say the conflict is “complicated” and rooted in hundreds of years of religious hatred. It is really not that complicated and only requires basic knowledge of 20th century history. Prior to WWI, the territory of Palestine (and much of the Arab world) was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire for over 400 years. The Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, and others) were at war with the Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungary, the Ottomans, etc). The Brits saw Palestine as a crown jewel and coveted Jerusalem in particular. They recruited Arab assistance in the war by whipping up hundreds of years of resentment against the Ottomans and promising the Arabs that they would break up the Ottoman Empire and help the Arabs create their own nations (see theMcMahon-Hussein correspondence). Yet the Brits were also keen on recruiting Jewish support on the side of the Allied Powers. In 1917 the British government made a declaration (the Balfour Declaration) that announced British support for the creation of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. At the end of WWI (which, as you likely know, ended in Allied success), the European empires on the winning side sought to expand their empires while Woodrow Wilson believed more in self-determination. The compromise was the “mandate” system, where the Europeans on the winning side took administrative control of territories lost by the Central Powers—France and Britain carved up the Middle East. Enter the British mandate for Palestine. The Arabs had been betrayed by the Allied Europeans (no surprise there). One form of colonial rule was swapped for another. 
Prior to the end of WWI, the Zionist movement was gaining momentum, partly as an answer to the perennial problem of European anti-Semitism and partly because of the 19th/early-20th century discourse around nationalism. The idea of creating a Jewish state in Palestine began in the 19th century, but it was really in the 1890s that modern political Zionism began with the figure of Theodor Herzl. European Jews began to immigrate to Palestine to form settlements. Yet when the mandate was established, the Jewish population was still relatively small—around 9%. While the territory was under British rule, the Brits facilitated a dramatic increase in European Jewish immigration to Palestine. Between 1922 and 1935, the portion of the population that was Jewish grew to 27%. It’s hardly surprising that violence broke out between Arabs and Jews, as well as Arabs and the Brits (see the Arab Revolt of 1936-39). 
The Brits promised a territory to an oppressed people (the Jews) that was never theirs to give away in the first place. The Arabs were quickly being displaced from their home. All of this would come to a head in WWII, when Europe’s vile anti-Semitism was on full display with the Holocaust. How would Europe atone for the atrocities committed against the Jews? There was much momentum around creating a physical state for the Jews in Palestine. This was also a convenient solution for deeply anti-Semitic Europe, as they preferred that the Jews leave rather than be integrated into their societies. In 1947 the UN voted to partition Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state, with Jerusalem coming under international administration. 13 voted against the partition (basically all the countries in the Middle East, plus India and several others). 55% of the land would be set aside for the Jews. War broke out soon after the UN resolution. The (WWII) battle-hardened Zionist paramilitaries (backed by European countries) undertook a campaign of ethnic cleansing and captured additional territory. Between 1947-49, 750,000 Palestinians became refugees—around 40% of the entire Palestinian population. 78% of historic Palestine was taken by Zionist forces. This is the event of settler violence and ethnic cleansing that Palestinians refer to as the Nakba (or catastrophe). 
There is so much obfuscation about the roots of the Israel-Palestine conflict. What ultimately happened: Europe decided it wanted to create a nation for Jews. It picked the territory of Palestine for this project (other territories were also considered) because the Brits controlled the territory and because of its religious significance. There were already people who lived on the land that was to be used to create a Jewish state. Now Palestinians are stateless and live under a brutal military occupation (the West Bank) and even more punishing blockade (Gaza)—or as refugees. Palestinians were ultimately made to suffer for the sins of European anti-Semitism. 
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There is a lot more I can say here, about the history of the Cold War and how it relates to the US’s alliance with Israel, about internecine conflicts in Palestinian politics (the split between Hamas and the PLO/Palestinian Authority), about the current geopolitical situation, about contemporary domestic politics in Israel (which currently has the most right-wing govt in Israel’s history) and the Hamas attacks themselves. I see friends gleefully posting about the murder of Israeli civilians. I just can’t get on board with that. Neither can I get on board with Israel bombing hospitals and shelters in Gaza, or calling Palestinians “animals.” All life is sacred, all life is grievable. (People are right to point out that most of the world does not grieve the loss of Palestinian life.)
Events do have a context. Gaza is one of the most unlivable places on the planet. Around 67% of Gaza's population are refugees displaced during the Nakba. It has been under a brutal blockade for 16 years. It’s the 3rd most densely populated place on the planet—over 2.1 million people are crammed into a space half the size of London. The residents have been deprived of electricity, clean drinking water, medical supplies, and food. Nearly half of residents are unemployed and civilians have died by thousands under Israeli bombings (6,407 Palestinians have been killed since 2008). It is referred to as an “open air prison” because the residents are literally hemmed in by a high-tech fence. Given these dire conditions, an eruption of violence did seem almost inevitable. 
What I fear: a ground invasion of Gaza. A broader conflagration involving Lebanon and Iran, and potentially the rest of the world. The US going to war with Iran. If the world genuinely wishes to see the end of the “cycle of violence,” Palestinians must be free. Any attempt to bring about “regional security” while ignoring the Palestinian situation is destined to fail.
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canmom · 2 years ago
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Animation Night 157: Hungary
JĂł estĂ©t mindenkinek! Eljött az AnimĂĄciĂłs Éjszaka ideje.
Good evening everyone! It’s time for Animation Night.
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Hungary!
Tonight I’m going to continue the grand tradition of ‘copying Aniobsessive-senpai’s homework’, and take us to visit the ‘Hungarian school of animation’, aka magyar rajzfilmiskola. They were a bunch of experimental weirdos from the period when Hungary was ruled Much like the Zagreb School from across the border in Croatia (AN 136), who were a biiiig influence, they launched away from the midcentury UPA style and experiments like Yellow Submarine to make something unique.
The best known Hungarian animated film is Son of the White Mare (1981) directed by Marcell Jankovics. Lemme quote Aniobsessive:
[White Mare] is hard to compare to other animated features. Marcell Jankovics and his team used Hungarian folk art and folk tales as the basis for a huge, mind-expanding, psychedelic adventure movie. It tells an accessible story in an art-house style — 90 minutes of searing colors and spellbinding patterns, with each character in a state of constant transformation.
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This film was wildly influential, reaching people like Genndy Tarkovsky to form a big part of the DNA of Samurai Jack. But White Mare didn’t spring out of nowhere.
The 20th century for Hungary was, to put it mildly, a rough time. Here’s a really really brief version. In World War I, Hungary was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which lost the war hard and basically collapsed. In the resulting power vacuum the country was separated from Austria and went through a brief communist revolution which fell to a monarchist counterrevolution; the monarchists surrendered to the Entente in 1920 and gave up most of the country’s land. In the new peace, the new monarchy set about their agenda of ‘doing antisemitism’, which predictably got a great deal worse in the 30s following the great depression and the rise of Hitler nearby.
So in WWII, Hungary sided with the Axis. They joined Hitler in invading the USSR, and got pretty much crushed. The Hungarians started negotiations to break from the Axis and surrender, but Hitler noticed and quickly ordered his soldiers to occupy, appointing a Nazi governor; at this point the Holocaust in Hungary kicked up a gear and the Nazi-backed Hungarian government deported hundreds of thousands of Jewish people to the death camps. To brush over a messy story, within a year the Soviets counter-invaded and destroyed the fascist government, establishing Hungary as in the Soviet sphere of influence in the aftermath of the war. The Hungarian communist party, which had existed despite its ban during the war, joined forces with communists from Moscow... uneasily.
After briefly playing with elections, the Soviets reorganised Hungary as a single-party Leninist state. The new government set about the whole show-trials-and-purges-and-statues-of-the-leader routine, attacking his rivals as spies in the pocket of the Americans, or maybe Big Trotsky. A lot of messy intra-party politics took place while the country struggled economically, attempting to copy Stalin in dismantling the peasants and building heavy industry. In the 50s, a certain prime minister Imre Nagy won popularity by relaxing some of the state control and closing labour camps and so forth, but this put him at odds with Moscow, and he was attacked as a right-deviationist and driven out of politics. But not for long...
(Did you think that was an end to the antisemitism btw? Lmao no of course not. In 1953 the government tried to frame three random Jews for the abduction of Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish industrialist who saved thousands of people during the Holocaust, who in reality died in a Soviet prison. That whole affair abruptly stopped when Stalin died.)
In 1956 it all came to a head with the ‘Hungarian Revolution’, started by students, which like all such uprisings was messy but broadly was pro-Nagy and anti-Soviet. Nagy, who had only recently been returned from political exile in the wake of the ‘Khruschev Thaw’, took control of the party with his allies. He went so far as to announce that Hungary might even withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. ‘Excuse me?’ said Khruschev, and sent in the Red Army tanks to remove Nagy and his supporters, killing about 20,000 people in the process. This is one of the two incidents that led to the coinage of the word ‘tankie’, originally meaning someone who defended Khruschev’s intervention.
The next guy, János Kádár, started out by attacking the participants in the 1956 uprising, but changed his tune and declared an amnesty in the 60s, establishing a relatively relaxed set of policies nicknamed ‘Goulash Communism’ which encouraged foreign trade and consumerism. As such, it’s this period where Hungary started making a bunch of animated films.
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Because yeah this is a post about cartoons actually!
In the 60s, Hungarian animators - funded by the state - were following in the footsteps of the Zagreb School, with its unique approach to timing and design philosophy. But eager ot put their own spin on it, they started introducing bright colours and textures to the UPA style, in films like Duel (1960) and Ball with White Dots (1961).
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In 1968, SĂĄndor ReisenbĂŒchler, a colleage of Jankovics at Pannonia Film Studio with a wildly improvisational method, released his first short film The Kidnapping of the Sun and Moon, created with the assistance of his wife. The film is an absolute riot of shapes and colours, all relating a story of a many-headed dragon which devours all the stars until a hero comes to slay it. For ReisenbĂŒchler it’s an anti-war metaphor. Despite being controversial back home, the government eagerly started spreading it abroad in Russia and US alike as a symbol of cool shit being made in Hungary.
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ReisenbĂŒchler would go on to make many more films, such as The Year of 1812 (Az 1812-es Ă©v) in 1972, but he’d still hold a special place in his heart for Kidnapping.
The British film Yellow Submarine dropped in 1968, and sent major waves into both Hungary and Yugoslavia. For Hungarian artists like Jankovics, it was the inspiration they needed to find a third pole of animation, distinct from both the Disney tradition and the UPA style. He appreciated the space it offered for inconsistency - character designs would no longer need to be identical in every shot, the messiness could be part of the style.
In 1973, Jankovics directed the first feature-length Hungarian animated film, titled Johnny Corncob (Jånos Vitéz). Based on an 1845 epic poem, it tells the story of the worldwide adventures of a young soldier separated from his over, completed over a period of 22 months at Pannonia. The film was a huge undertaking, and its style is unlike pretty much anything before or since, with something of a Western flavour, and uniquely Hungarian outfits...
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The next year, Jankovics released a much smaller project, the two-minute long Sisyphus. Jankovics was determined to constantly reinvent his style, lest his films get lost in the shadow of the ones before.
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In contrast to the bright colours and textures, Sisyphus, completed in just six weeks, keeps things about as simple as possible: pure black and white silhouettes with a brush texture. Most of the 1800 drawings were by Jankovics himself, and much of the rest by Edit Szalay, who would soon become a key part of White Mare. Into the myth of Sisyphus, Jankovics channeled his own struggles with the nigh impossible task of creating the country’s first animated film. And this film proved wildly popular, running around the world from Yugoslavia to Iran. It threatened to overshadow everything else Jankovics did, and so he changed his style up completely for White Mare.
As the 70s went on, the films just got more experimental. Honeymation (MĂ©zes-tĂĄncos) in 1975, directed Ferenc VarsĂĄyani, decided to do a stop motion film entirely with gingerbread people. It was photographed by GĂĄbor CsupĂł, who would later leave Hungary to America and co-create the Rugrats series. Eventually he would reunite with VarasĂĄyani who would come to work on Rugrats too...
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The 70s also saw the wildly popular TV series Rabbit with Checkered Ears, dir. Zsolt Richly and written by Veronika MarĂ©k. The two became friends while writing for a childrens’ magazine, and that magazine style would adapt perfectly to depict the clumsy, floppy rabbit. In a big cabin in the yard of Pannonia, Zsolt Richly oversaw the creation of the series for years. You can read more about the story here.
And of course this whole thing was a massive success in both Hungary and pretty much everywhere else, launching both into animation. The floppy plush main character reminds me a little of Marumi from Paranoia Agent, but this one isn’t so sinister. It’s just a very cute bunny in an appealing style. All the episodes are entirely wordless, relying on the expressive movement and music to convey the story. This person seems to have uploaded the full series on Youtube, albeit not really organised into a playlist, so check it out ^^
As then we enter the 80s, Jankovics got the studio working on their biggest project, Son of the White Mare, bringing all these threads together into one massive project, the magnum opus of the Hungarian school at large. So that’s what we’re going to watch tonight! A whirlwind tour of Hungarian animation’s important short films, and Son of the White Mare. (I would show Johnny Corncob as well, but it’s late and it’s proving slow to download, so another week.)
Eventually of course the Soviet Union fell, and Hungary’s Leninist state apparently transitioned to a regular capitalist one relatively gently. Pannonia continued to function, making films up to around 2011 with the final film of Jankovics, The Tragedy of Man, but ultimately closed its doors in 2015. Jankovics himself passed away in 2021. I would love to investigate some of this later Hungarian animation, but I’ll have to save that for another day...
And so! Animation Night 157 will go live in just a minute at twitch.tv/canmom, and I plan to begin showing films on the hour (22:00 UK time)! I’d love to see you there!! Let’s check out a corner of animation history that is far too unknown, and watch a film that’s said (by someone somewhere) to be one of the best animated films of all time...
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determinate-negation · 8 months ago
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austro hungarian patriots in control
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estbela · 8 months ago
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pleaseeee elaborate on your robul marriage post bc i've been thinking about this concept all day....!!! i need a full length post đŸ™đŸ»đŸ™đŸ»đŸ™đŸ»đŸ™đŸ»đŸ™đŸ»đŸ™đŸ»đŸ™đŸ»
I'll try my best but I am terrible at explaining myself sometimes but I will for you anon!!! (and also because RoBul has been consuming my thoughts lately)
(Also this post is a mess and I probably got some info wrong i'm sorry)
First of all, before actually talking about RoBul I do need to mention the history behind the proposals!! So during the Middle Ages, you probably know that Bulgaria was an empire, twice! And At times, Wallachia & romanians(who were called vlachs at the time alongside probably othee ppl who were also called vlachs, which yes, makes it confusing to research.) were part of it. The guys who founded the second bulgarian empire (Asen & Peter) were also probably vlachs, so there was cooperation between the bulgarians & vlachs in the empire.
This was one of the reasonings for the union essentially, that bcs they worked together well in the past, they would also work well tovether now, and together be pretty strong. Bulgaria especially would have had a lot to gain through the union(it wasn't independent and had only recently gained some autonomy from the Ottoman Empire), which was the reason proposals mostly came from the bulgarian side.
Anyway yada yada yada all the proposals for the union were fruitless, because of a lot of factors, which could be basically summarised like this: Neighbouring countries didn't want this to happen, and both Bulgaria and Romania had different goals and plans, sometimes that contradicted eachoter.
But if somehow they had succeeded to unite, well, that's certainly an interesting scenario. And now I will mention the union of Moldavia & Wallachia, which would form Romania. You see, those two principalities weren't allowed to truly unite by the powers of Europe, but they had not said that the danubian principalities could not elect the same leader to form a personal union, which led to Romania.
During the reign of king Carol I, he had considered doing this, aka being elected by Bulgaria too, to form a union of this king, but this was strongly opposed by Russia & Austro-Hungary, so yeah. But if he had somehow done this & Austro-Hungary & Russia didn't like...attack...uhmm...Romano-Bulgaria (I GUESS???) immediately, I guess Robul would officially be married!! Let's say they unite in like the 1880s.
Which comes with a lot of questions, obviously, that I will gloss over and just focus on RoBul. Thing is, I think Ro & Bul have somewhat different opinions on marriage. I mean, I see Bul as being way more keen on the concept of marriage than Ro is, so like Ro isn't very into marriage I guess? I see him aa someone who really values his freedom and independence, and isn't very willing to tie himself down, thought he'll do it for someone he loves. And that someone is Bul in this scenario.
Honestly...I think at first it is alright. I think Ro would have more control thought, similar to Austro-Hungary in a way, since from what I read, it would have been a similar kind of union to this one. I think Bul would be fine with this tho, especially at the start. He trusts Ioan(my human name for Ro) and his judgement, and Ro would also seek his opinion on things. Ro is happy about having control on some stuff.
But they do clash, quite a lot. Their personalities and view on things and their friends are different. Serbia is Ro's friend...while him and Bulgaria often don't see eye to eye. Russia and Bulgaria as well...yeah. Ro does not like Ivan very much, and Tsvetan also has conflicted thoughts on him, but veers towards liking him.
And also!!! Unless Bulgaria somehow achieved independence, Romania qould go back to being a vassal. Which well, I doubt Ioan would be fond of that. Honestly, I cannot say if being an union would help Bul achieve independence sooner, but it is not that important I suppose.
Also the capital of such a state would probably be Bucharest, like how the capital of Austro-Hungary was Vienna.
And to continue, as time goes on, I do think all these factors, including the political and cultural differences do put on a strain on their relationship. I cannot say if they would even enter the Balkan Wars, but this would also be a reason for fighting between them. Romania tends towards being neutral and really thinking things through while Bulgaria does tend to act based on instict and feelings, so I can see them participating in the first balkan war, and when Bul does not get what was promised for him, I can see him wanting to start the second balkan war, while Ro is trying to stop him from doing so, because it would be pointless in his opinion (as he was less focused on Bul's goal to unite with Macedonia and more focused on Transylvania and Moldova, which was definitely something they argued about!)
But I think they do have good times, really. I mean, being together like when they were children (in the middle ages) is wonderful for both of them. I think they can be very sweet together, and being marriage would def appeal to them because of being almost always together.
And now I am gonna stop talking about alternate reality and focus on their relationship more(because I suck at alternate history). The thing is, as I already said, where Ioan thinks, Tsvetan feels. And I think they do appreciate eachoter for these qualities, but in the end when you have different opinions about a lpt of things it's very hard to be in a marriage, especially if this marriage holds the fate of a country. I think they'd try to pretend those problems aren' there, thought, until they eventually have to face them with no way to run away from them. Alrhough I see Tsve as more willing to talk about things, while Ioan wants to pretend nothing is wrong and is non-comfrontational unless he believes talking will help him.
So at the end, things are...bad. towards the first world war, their relationship is already standing on it's last leg, but WW1 in this reality is what kills it truly. They each become their own country, like Austro-Hungary, and just, not talk to eachoter for a long time.
Althought...there is another scenario, in which they unite in the communist era. So like, everything happens the way it did in actual history until the communist period, where somehow those 2 manage to unite. I guess they'd fight for different reasons then, as again Bul kinda likes Russia & Ro Does Not. They probably separate in the 90s.
Also in these scenarios RoBul 100% has a way more complicated weird relationship going on and they do make it other people's problem.
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bear-man74 · 5 months ago
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Anything eh?
Aighty then..
Austria's real name is Österriech.
They once controlled Belgium as an exclave.
They did such a bad job of organizing their states that they shattered first into A-H, and now to nothing.
Them and Germany aren't allowed on the same team so they're neutral. No nato in there, like a second Switzerland
I still want the austro-bavarian Confederation to exist but knowing my luck, it never will.
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I am very pro-Palestine (as someone who grew up in the Middle East) and while I think there are valid criticisms of how large movie studios are treating actors like Jenna Ortega who speak out in solidarity with Palestine, what is not cool or valid are people saying this is proof that “Jews run Hollywood”
Now let me be clear, this is mostly white Leftists who have no direct connection to this conflict saying this
But let me explain why Jewish Americans have such a prevalence in Hollywood
1. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, prior to the rise of the Nazis, antisemitism was still prevalent, particularly in France, Germany, and the Austro Hungarian empire. Jewish people in many places were barred from traditional jobs, with one job they were allowed to do being banking (since in the Bible, it says Christians couldn’t loan money to other Christians but it didn’t say anything about Jews loaning money and hey people need to borrow money. A similar thing happened in majority muslim countries with Christians). Because when filmmaking when to Europe after being pioneered in USA it was an unregulated market, many Jewish Austro Hungarians or Jewish Germans worked in this industry because hey, being an accountant FUCKING SUCKS AND NOT EVERYONE WANTS TO DO IT
2. As restrictions both on cinema as well as antisemitic laws became more prevalent in Europe, many of these Jewish filmmakers immigrated to the nation of immigrants USA, and, due to how immigration flows from Europe transpired, they landed in the Northeast of the USA, where the American filmmaking market was headquartered and thus were able to quickly continue their craft, especially as filmmaking was still seen as a underclass job
3. Funny Gene
4. If you aren’t a WASP in the USA, that is to say, you aren’t privileged, you’re more likely to have a drive do better and actually create talent. This extends to all minorities including Jews. And because Hollywood was still racist, minorities who were white passing enough — like Jews, the Irish, and Italians (think about how many Italian directors and actors you know of) — inevitably rose to the top
I think this scene from South Park says it all:
Kyle: My message is, we can't control what people say, so we have to be smart about what we choose to believe. If one idiot says that a certain group "runs Hollywood", look into it. With very minimal effort, you will find that "Hollywood" is a multi-tiered industry run by tens of thousands of people from all over the world. In the past, Jews were shut out of most professions, so they came to dominate vaudeville, which back then was considered too low-brow for good Christians. Those Jews eventually moved West and started the first movie studios when movies were also considered work for the underclass, and their descendents are now a decent percentage of the thousands of people of all races that make Hollywood run.
Fuck Antisemitism. Free Palestine
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rhetoricandlogic · 3 months ago
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Whale Riders
By Austin Grossman
Nov. 5, 2009
Scott Westerfeld’s “Leviathan” is a tightly paced young adult novel set in an alternate version of the First World War and a welcome addition to the steampunk genre: a neo-retro period adventure. Just as cyberpunk reimagined science fiction with computers, steampunk reinvents it through a fantasy of the technological past. Its signature style is a whimsical Jules Verne-ian, 19th-century take on high technology — gadgets, gauges and goggles take the place of circuits and fusion reactors. Its genteel heroes and heroines display both the pluck of idealized Victorian adven­turers and their understanding of formal dress.
Westerfeld is best known for his sci-fi Uglies series (“Pretties,” “Specials,” “Extras,” etc.), about a future society in which people have a surgical procedure at age 16 that makes their faces beautiful but their minds frivolous and easily controlled. “Leviathan” is different. If it poses a big question, that question would be, Wouldn’t it be cool if the First World War had been fought with genetically engineered mutant animals, against steam-­powered walking machines like the ones from “The Empire Strikes Back”? And the answer is, Yes, it would.
The book begins the night the Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated and his son, Aleksandar, flees his home near Prague to escape being made a target or a tool as the potential heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. (Aleksandar is an invention, but like Ferdinand’s real children, he is not a fully legitimate heir to royal lands or titles, since his mother has “common blood.”) At the other end of Europe, a working-class Scottish girl named Deryn disguises herself as a boy to join the British Air Service. Intrigue and political instability sweep the teenagers out of their normal lives and into a world at war.
It’s not quite our world. In this version of history, Europe is divided between two rival technological cultures, a Mac-versus-PC contest on a geopolitical scale. The British, the “Darwinists,” have mastered the science of bioengineering. The Central European powers are the “Clankers,” and they use airplanes, zeppelins and walking machines that tramp through forests and fields. (We aren’t told what the French do, and I think that’s for the best.)
“Leviathan” shines when it lets us inhabit these cultures. British society is permeated by its signature technology, an inventive living infrastructure of a thousand elements, from lizards that can mimic and record voices to tigerlike beasts of burden to the leviathan of the title, a living dirigible grown on the genetic chassis of a whale. This marvelous creature makes a lovely entrance:
“The Leviathan’s body was made from the life threads of a whale, but a hundred other species were tangled into its design, countless creatures fitting to­gether like the gears of a stopwatch. . . . The motivator engines changed pitch, nudging the creature’s nose up. The airbeast obeyed, cilia along its flanks undulating like a sea of grass in the wind — a host of tiny oars rowing backward, slowing the Leviathan almost to a halt. The huge shape drifted slowly overhead, blotting out the sky.”
Westerfeld’s imagery is enhanced by Keith Thompson’s old-fashioned black-and-white illustrations, which lend an extra dimension of reality to this world. And the Darwinist and Clanker jargon crackles with an authentically techie feel. Who wouldn’t want to go up in a “Huxley ascender” or pilot a “Wotan-class land frigate”? If Westerfeld has a signature foible, however, it’s a weakness for vintage slang that ends up being more distracting than colorful. No amount of repetition made “Barking spiders!” feel like a natural exclamation.
I also wanted to like Deryn and Alek more. There’s something a little mechanical (or bioengineered?) about this pair; they resemble something called a “young adult protagonist” more than they do actual teenagers. It’s not that they’re not pleasant to be around, and each one passes a dramatic series of trials, overseen by a mysterious British lady scientist and a cranky Teutonic fencing master who both possess a charisma that makes you miss them when they’re offstage. Deryn and Alek lack the psychological sloppiness that makes for a living presence rather than an expert piece of craft. Where their feelings are concerned, the prose is a little vacant, as if scrubbed of the messiest and most personal aspects of growing up.
And then there’s the unpleasantness of fighting in World War I. The Great War in “Leviathan” is a little too picturesque, a little too much of a lark. As novels like “The Red Badge of Courage” show, it’s possible to reach young readers without editing out the catastrophe and confusion of wartime.
This isn’t to say that “Leviathan” is a superficial book. As Westerfeld writes in his afterword, the novel is “as much about possible futures as alternate pasts.” Its larger themes are less apparent and more deeply buried than in the Uglies books, and are the more powerful for it. The novel is a study in opposites, of boy versus girl, working class versus aristocracy, British versus German, and its overlying thematic division of Darwinists and Clankers gives all of these a distinctive torque, while avoiding mapping neatly to any specific agenda. The novel’s concluding set piece features a grand, elegant and very satisfying hybridization that suggests that opposites can meet, collapse and mingle, and that this story has natural sequels, which I will undoubtedly read.
LEVIATHAN
By Scott Westerfeld
Illustrated by Keith Thompson
A correction was made on
Nov. 22, 2009
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A review on Nov. 8 about Scott Westerfeld’s “Leviathan,” a young adult novel depicting an alternate version of World War I, misstated the nature of some of the language used in the book. It is vintage vernacular appropriate to the period, not “invented teenage slang.”
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eucanthos · 2 years ago
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Vivian Maier   (US, 1926 - 2009)
Self-Portrait, 1955
Short bio of wonder [edited]
American of French and Austro-Hungarian extraction, intensely guarded and private, decidedly unmaterialistic (money-wise), Vivian would amass found items, art books, newspaper clippings, home films and thankfully her negatives. She recorded the 2nd 1\2 of the 20th c. Urban America, creating masterpieces of Street Photography.
Maier would leave behind over 100,000 negatives and a series of homemade documentary films and audio recordings.
Having picked up photography in Europe 2 years earlier, came back to New York City in 1951, where she would comb the streets. In 1956 Vivian left for Chicago, where she’d spend most of the rest of her life working as a Nanny and “quietly” taking pictures.
Her first camera was a modest Kodak Brownie (one shutter speed, no aperture and focus control) soon to be replaced in 1952 by her first (of many) Rolleiflex. She later also used a Leica IIIc, an Ihagee Exakta, a Zeiss Contarex and various other SLR cameras.
Maier’s massive body of work would come to light when in 2007 at a local thrift auction house on Chicago’s Northwest Side. John Maloof discovered, championed and archived her work. Now, with roughly 90% of her work reconstructed and cataloged, it's available to the public.
https://www.vivianmaier.com/gallery/self-portraits/#slide-13
https://www.vivianmaier.com/about-vivian-maier/
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autolenaphilia · 2 years ago
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Aesthetic conservatism is inextricably linked with political and social conservatism. By aesthetic conservatism, I basically mean anti-modern art. It’s an aesthetic doctrine. Music should be tonal and melodious, instead of atonal. Paintings and sculptures should be figurative instead of abstact. Storytelling in film and novels should be simple and direct. It upholds the traditional forms of (western) art as superior to modernist ideas. This is not some innocent “aesthetic preference”.
This naturally takes the form of a kind of anti-urbanism, as the industrial city is the site of modernity. And an accompanying romanticization of rural life and farming, agrarianism. It’s also of course anti-intellectual. The anti-modernist art narrative goes that intellectuals and artists in the big city, because of their unnatural technological lifestyle have lost touch with the common people and indeed reality. The common people who do physical labor and work the earth are in touch in that reality.
Of course, the common people in this narrative are rural white gentile cishet people. And this is where anti-modernist ideas show their true face. The city in western countries are often more diverse than rural areas. It’s where jewish, black and queer people tend to live.
The urban intellectuals who have lost touch are often jewish.. Anti-modernism is often anti-semitism. In the US, this kind of anti-urban discourse is centered on New York because of its large Jewish population.
Thus anti-modernist thinking is intimately tied to anti-semitic thought. The negative reaction to Arnold Schönberg’s atonal and twelve-tone music is deeply tied to his jewish identity and anti-semitism. There was a scandal about how this jewish composed worked within the austro-german tradition, yet dared to make his own innovations to it. He was seen as “perverting” and “degenerating” that tradition.
It’s also homo- and transphobic. The unnatural “lifestyles” in such anti-urban discourses are often queerness. LGBT people tend to move to cities and form communities there. It’s no accident that the modern LGBT movement was essentially born in Berlin, or that the Stonewall riot happened in New York. And this is baked into anti-urban discourses. Since at least the 1920s, “the unnatural results of technology” condemned by anti-modern discourse is frequently medical transitions. The concept of degeneracy which I’ve written about here is closed tied to both this kind of homo- and transphobia and anti-Semitism.
Of course the kind of romantic anti-urbanism and anti-semitism existed in the 1800s, prior to modern art music and literature. Yet such discourses lead naturally to an anti-modernist ideology in the 1900s. All these ideological currents were often tied together with a romantic nationalism. The white gentile common people were of a specific nation, a specific ethnic and racial breed.
And in anti-semitic thinking, the point of the conspiracy of Jewish intellectuals is to weaken and control those white gentiles. In anti-semitic thinking, queerness is part of a Jewish plot to weaken the genes of various white peoples. Queerness is not viewed as something natural, but something induced by modern society, something you are recruited into. This is what the concept of “degeneracy” refers to.
And modern art was part of this conspiracy. Traditional forms of art are associated with traditional Christian values. So modern art becomes another Jewish conspiracy to weaken the mind of gentile white westerners and turn them away from these healthy Christian values.
This romantic nationalist and anti-semitic ideology originated in the 19th century and in the 20th century developed into fascism. As Umberto Eco put it “The first feature of Ur-Fascism is the cult of tradition.“ And “Traditionalism implies the rejection of modernism.“
The nazis drew upon the anti-semtic romantic German nationalism of the Völkisch movement, extolling the virtues of “blood and soil.” They praised the simple German farmer who worked that soil and had pure German blood in his veins, and put him against the degenerate Jewish socialists in Berlin.
The nazis put the ideology I described into action when they came to power in 1933. In Berlin they destroyed the first modern LGBT movement, which was centered in Berlin. The nazis destroyed Magnus Hirschfeld’s Institute for Sexology, where the first modern medical transitions were performed. They banned modernist art, and put on mocking exhibitions of “degenerate art” And of course, initiated a persecution of the Jews that culminated in what is probably the worst genocide in history.
All of these things are connected by the same romantic nationalist and anti-semitic ideology, of which nazism was just one particular variant.
So why I’m writing all this historical context? It’s because these ideas have not gone away, but in fact grown stronger with a fascist revival. Modern fascists trumpet this idea from their government offices.
And a kind of anti-intellectual and anti-modernist discourse has thrived outside of explicitly fascist environments. The idea that modern and non-figurative art, literature and films is too weird, too inaccessible and meaningless, created by (urban) intellectuals who have no connection to the concerns of ordinary people in the real world are ideas that you can find here on tumblr in spades. People will uncritically share whining about modern art from some “traditionalist” account on social media, it is worrying. Again, you don’t have to for example listen to atonal music, but this anti-intellectual dismissive attitude is not some innocent aesthetic preference.
And identifying as a leftist is no antidote. When the Soviet Union turned to romantic Russian nationalist ideas under Stalin, it lead to a cultural policy dictating a traditionalist and figurative and tonal aesthetic (called socialist realism). And it was tied to anti-semitic campaigns against “rootless cosmopolitans.” The campaign against atonality (so-called “formalism) under the Zhdanov doctrine and the anti-semitic campaign against foreign influences and “rootless cosmopolitans” were part of the same idea.
And since the 1960s/70s, the hippies have uncritically recuperated romantc anti-urban, anti-industrial and agrarianist ideas, and given it a leftist sheen. How shallow this leftism can be when you witness the many cases of seemingly leftist New-ager hippie turning to a q-anon conspiracy theorists.
And of course a lot of this nonsense comes under the heading of ecology or environmentalism. Not that I’m against ecology or environmentalism, I’m a eco-socialist. But romantic environmentalism ought to be distinguished from a political, scientific and rational approach to the present ecological crisis.
Derrick Jensen and his radical environmentalist group Deep Green Resistance becoming extremely transmisogynist was honestly no surprise to me, such ideology was implicit in Jensen’s romantic anti-industrial and anti-urban rants all along. Of course his romantic idealization of the natural excluded trans people as unnatural products of the industrial and urban society he hates. Nothing else makes sense in Jensen’s ideological framework, anti-queerness has been part of anti-urban ideology since the 1800s. It’s part of the ideological tap roots of such romantic environmentalism
Of course TERF ideology in general is a similar example of 70s hippie ideology giving this romantic and traditionalist idealization of the natural a false leftist and feminist sheen. Cis women’s womanhood is natural and biological and thus good. Whereas trans women are the products of a “frankensteinian” science gone wrong, as Mary Daly put it most clearly.
Radfem ideology has basically the same view of what is acceptable femininity as fascist traditionalists. Modern “sexualized” femininity, high heels and make-up is wrong and degenerate, whereas the feminine ideal of women as mothers is seen as good and natural.
This all might piss off all the groups I described in this from M-Ls to deep ecologists to radfems to people who just virulently dislike modern art. But this is just pointing out the ideological taproots of this form of thinking in 1800s romanticism. And that is not an innocent tradition. The idealization of the natural or agrarian in contrast to the degeneracy of modern urban living is not an innocent idea. It’s tied to racism, particularly anti-semitism, it’s tied to homophobia and transphobia, and ableism (the disabled lives which are reliant on modern medical technology are seen as another modern degenerate aberration).
And I say bollocks to all that. I’m happy to live in a city now. I used to live in a tiny rural town of about 300 people, it was miserable. Having my own apartment in the city, away from my father and the judgemental eyes of my neighbours enabled me to realize I’m a trans woman and transition. I’m happy that I have access to modern medical technology. It’s actually awesome that I take synthetic hormones that enable me to change my hormonal sex and I’m currently undergoing electrolysis to remove my facial hair. I hope to get surgery soon, so I could complete my frankensteinian transformation. Being an inhabitant of a degenerate modern industrial city far away from the judgements of narrow-minded racist and transmisogynist small towners is good, actually.
And I enjoy the art us urban intellectuals put out, even if it’s weird and noisy. Again, it’s all connected. Atonal and serialist music started with a Viennese Jewish composer, Schönberg. It’s no coincidence that perhaps the most important modernist novel, James Joyce’s Ulysses, celebrates a city, Dublin, and features a Jewish protagonist, Leopold Bloom. His “cylcops” in the book’s analogy to the Odyssey is an anti-semitic romantic Irish nationalist, who loses his debate with Bloom.
This continues in the modern day. Present-day Transfem musicians infamously tend to make industrial music and noisy hyperpop. Probably the best guide to this is the fantastic essay “A Sex close to Noise.” by Leah Tigers. It’s a great essay that maps the affinity trans women musicians have for “noisemaking.” She draws attention to Throbbing Gristle’s slogan “Industrial music for Industrial people.” And notes that trans women are “for better or worse, industrial people. Often, we make industrial music.“
And that gets to the central thrust of this text. Hatred of industrialism can’t be separated from a hatred of “industrial people”, like trans women. Hatred of the urban can’t be separated from the anti-semitic, racist, homophobic and transphobic horror that the city contains jewish, black, and queer people. And a hatred of modern art can’t be separated from that legacy. Condemning modern music as just “noise” can’t be separated from condemning the jewish people and trans women who cause all that noise.
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