#20thCentury

[chic-a-gigot]

La Mode nationale, no. 24, 12 juin 1909, Paris. Fig. 1. — Corsage en linon de soie. Fig 2. — Corsage en voile de soie. Fig. 3. — Robe de cachemire. Bibliothèque nationale de France

Fig. 1. — Corsage en linon de soie. Sur le devant une bande en forme brodée du haut se découpe sur un gilet finement plissé. Le dessus de la manche se prolonge sur l'épaule, se boutonne sur toute la longueur et se découpe sur une bande de plis en travers rappelant le gilet.

Chapeau de paille souple, cravaté de mousseline drapée sur une aigrette.

Fig. 1. — Silk linen bodice. On the front, a shaped embroidered band from the top is cut out on a finely pleated vest. The top of the sleeve extends over the shoulder, buttons along the entire length and is cut into a band of pleats across it reminiscent of a vest.

Soft straw hat, muslin tie draped over an egret.

Métrage: 2m,25 linon en 0m,80.

—

Fig 2. — Corsage en voile de soie plissé en plis couchés, découpé sur une guimpe de tulle. Un col de dentelle couvre les épaules.

Col et bas de manches en dentelle.

Chapeau très retroussé de côté, cravaté d'un ruban de velours noué en larges coques.

Fig 2. — Bodice in silk voile pleated in flat folds, cut out on a tulle wimple. A lace collar covers the shoulders.

Lace collar and cuffs.

Hat turned up tightly to the side, tied with a velvet ribbon tied in large shells.

Métrage: 1m,50 voile en 120.

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Fig 3. — Robe de cachemire, la jupe moulante et unie monte très peu au-dessus de la taille. Blouse de gros filet orné d'un empiècement très brodé contourné de grelots de passementerie. Guimpe et manche de mousseline de soie plissée.

Chapeau à large bords. Grand nœud sur le devant.

Fig 3. — Cashmere dress, the tight, plain skirt rises very little above the waist. Large mesh blouse decorated with a highly embroidered yoke surrounded by trimmings bells. Pleated silk chiffon wimple and sleeve.

Wide brimmed hat. Large bow on the front.

Métrage: 4m,50 tissu en 120; 2m,25 mousseline de soie en 1m,10; 2 mètres filet en 0m,50.

[666candies]

I am the Void 🌑✨

"Exile: Redux" by Clayshaper (2023) based on "Modesty" by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1902).

[whencyclopedia]

Revolutionaries : The Other Story of How India Won Its Freedom

In this book, the economist Sanjeev Sanyal explores the often-overlooked armed insurgencies led by Indian freedom fighters against British rule. Through the stories of these freedom fighters' struggles and sacrifices, Sanyal argues that their resistance was crucial in shaping India’s path to independence.

Revolutionaries: The Other Story of How India Won Its Freedom is a popular history book about the sacrifice of the Indian people during the Indian Revolution. The author, Sanjeev Sanyal, is currently a member of the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Economic Advisory Council while previously having worked at Deutsche Bank. The book aims to discuss the often ignored and mostly forgotten armed insurrections against the British Raj that took place alongside the much more celebrated non-violence movement. It recounts the triumphs and tribulations of revered martyrs like Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad and the equally deserving, though lesser-known, freedom fighters like Rash Behari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal. However, it is important to keep in mind that the author is not a trained historian but a politician.

This book attempts to change the perception of how the uprising against British rule was a scattered series of events fueled by misguided heroism, doomed to fail in their ultimate goals from the start. It was the doings of a well-planned network of revolutionary cells that stretched not just across the country, but across the world. Delving into the writings of figures like Aurobindo Ghosh and Sachindra Nath Sanyal, this book reveals a different perspective on their actions and goals. Rather than the "extremists" and "terrorists" portrayed by the British and their Indian loyalists, these works showcase mature and rational individuals driven by a deep love for their nation.

In the end, this book turns into a tragedy when readers are shown how only a handful of these revolutionaries lived to see an independent India (as opposed to the majority of the Gandhian faction). It was heartbreaking to see the plight of these revolutionaries and their families in newly independent India - neglected by the very nation they helped liberate. The soldiers of the Indian National Army (INA) or the naval ratings who took part in the naval mutiny of 1946 were not reinstated into independent India’s armed forces. In Pakistan, Jinnah allowed Muslim generals of the INA to join the army that fought wars with India, over Kashmir in 1947-1948. In a bitter twist of irony, the only battles the veterans of the Azad Hind Fauj (INA's Hindi name - literally "Free India Army") fought in after independence, were against an Azad Hind (Free India).

Like all of Sanjeev Sanyal’s books, Revolutionaries uses engaging language and prose, allowing readers to become acquainted with the general picture of Indian history if they are not familiar with this topic. Sanyal has also traveled to many of the places discussed in this book. From the site of the little curry restaurant Rash Behari Bose opened in Japan to the winding Calcutta gullies that witnessed Subhas Chandra Bose's daring escape to Germany, readers get a rich sense of place alongside the historical narrative.

In many of Sanyal's writings about Indian history, he has been attempting to write a revisionist history of India that has received mixed reviews because of its skewed narrative and obvious preference toward one side. His other books include The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History (2016) and Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography (2012)

Continue reading...

[brady-av]

A dockworker and their steed loading cargo onto the USS North Dakota docked at the New York Navy Yard on November 30, 1912.

Image via the US National Archives, NAID: 6281407

[internatural]

Ray Bradbury, Paris, 1984.

#Photo (c) Sophie Bassouls. Syma Corbis

[michaelmathewsart]

“20th Century Working Girl"

[Relics series]

by michael mathews

mixed media & collage on board

11x14 inches

2024

www.michaelmathewsart.com

[pastlivesfinery]

Le Cachet de Paris, 1916 💗

[uraziart]

Sullivan got in a lot of trouble when he was younger. I am slowly trying to build my story and showcase more character / story from it! My commissions are open if you want some art by me, just send me a message!

[aflashbak]

The Sunflower Door in Prague, Czech Republic, built in 1900. It was built in the year 1900 by Austrian born - Czech architect Osvald Polivka(1859-1931), associated with the Secession/Art Nouveau period in Prague. #Prague #architecture #buildings #20thcentury #door #doors #artnouveau #art #design https://www.instagram.com/p/Cnz5Jbxsa4X/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[casualclassical]

Piano Through The Ages: A Playlist, now with explorations

“Prelude in C Major” by Johann Sebastian Bach

I started with a Baroque piece because that was around the time where the direct forerunners to pianos - harpsichords and clavichords - were invented.

2. “Piano Sonata No. 16 in C Major” by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

For the second track, I chose a Classical piece by Mozart, who wrote over eighteen piano sonatas. "Piano Sonata No. 16", a piano learner's favorite, is often labeled facile or semplice.

3. “Impromptu No. 3 in G Flat Major” by Franz Schubert

Moving generally forward in chronological order, here we have a piece by Schubert, who composed with a style that was both Classical and Romantic.

4. “Für Elise” by Ludwig Van Beethoven

The great Beethoven revolutionized Western art music, moving it from Classicism to Romanticism. He wrote music for many instruments, including the still-developing piano.

5. “Nocturne No. 2 in E Flat Major” by Fryderyk Chopin

Chopin, an early Romantic, wrote music almost exclusively for the piano and popularized it as a musical instrument. His work is known for its beautiful melodies and inventive harmonies.

6. “Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 in C Sharp Minor” by Franz Liszt

Liszt, a contemporary of Chopin's, was renowned for his electrifying showmanship and dazzling piano concerts. This is arguably his most famous piece, almost all of which are difficult on a technical level.

7. “Arabesque No. 1” by Claude Debussy

This is a piece characteristic of Impressionism, a movement that began in France at the twilight of the Romantic era. While Romanticism was overwrought, Impressionism favored simplicity.

8. “Prélude in C Sharp Minor” by Sergei Rachmaninoff

As the Romantic era ended and the 20th century began, composers of Western art music turned to multiculturalism and innovation while largely rejecting the traditions of their Romantic forebears.

9. “The Entertainer” by Scott Joplin

The end of the Romantic era in Europe coincided with a period of musical exploration across the Atlantic, in the United States. "The Entertainer" is an example of ragtime, a favorite genre of the time.

10. “I Got Rhythm” by George Gershwin

With the 20th century in full swing, the United States produced a new musical genre: jazz. It originated from African-American musical traditions and is characterized by colorful chords and rhythms.

11. “The Name of Life” by Joe Hisaishi

As new musical genres arrived rapidly onto the scene throughout the 20th century, the piano found use in almost all of them. "The Name of Life" uses the solo piano in soundtrack and theme music.

12. “River Flows in You” by Yiruma

The piano continues to be a popular instrument today, with Yiruma's "River Flows in You" being an example of a New Age genre solo piano track of the 21st century.

[theunabashedepicurean]

Spanish Women on Balcony, Georges Jules Victor Clairin, c. 1919. #georgesjulesvictorclairin #spanishwomenonthebalcony #art #artwork #artist #20thcentury #20thcenturyart #frenchart #frenchartist #painting #painter #frenchpainter #illustrator #frenchorientalists #orientalist #orientalistart #movement #artmovement #arthistory #artcollection #artdetail #details #flowers #balcony #ironwork #drapes #costume #dress #beauxarts #sarahbernhardt (at Somewhere) https://www.instagram.com/p/CpVm5Yzomr3/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[bidotorg]

Remembering one of the foremost playwrights of 20th-century America on his birthday, Tennessee Williams.

[honeyreaper]

Yoshitomo Nara (1959)

Harmless Kitty

1994

[coffeenuts]

LaChapelle, David (1963- ) - 1989 Gold Eye by Milton Sonn https://flic.kr/p/2nVRLad

[michaelmathewsart]

“Folks in Love 01"

[Relics series]

by michael mathews

mixed media & collage on polyester film

9x12 inches

2024

www.michaelmathewsart.com

[operationalinsights]

The Global Evolution of Human Resource Management: A Comparative Perspective

Human Resource Management (HRM) evolved unevenly across different regions during the 20th century, shaped by local industrial development, social conditions, and academic advancements. While the United States led the development of HRM during the early 20th century, many European nations lagged behind. The emergence of labor management practices, the professionalization of the HRM field, and the academic contributions to industrial psychology and ergonomics varied greatly between the U.S., Europe, and other industrialized nations. This essay will delve deeper into the global evolution of HRM, with specific reference to the United States, Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands. It will explore the role of welfare workers, the slow rise of labor management departments, and the influence of American HRM practices on other nations.

The United States and the Early Lead in HRM

The U.S. was the leader in developing structured labor management practices in the early 20th century. The expansion of industries and labor unrest after World War I forced American corporations to consider the strategic management of human resources. HRM became a key tool for maintaining labor peace, improving productivity, and aligning workforce management with corporate goals.

During the 1920s, as U.S. companies like General Electric and Western Electric started pioneering participative management practices, the country was also developing a significant body of literature and research on HRM. By the mid-1920s, HRM journals, associations, and academic programs began to flourish in the U.S., which significantly outpaced developments elsewhere. Harold Butler, an Englishman, noted that American literature on industrial relations exceeded that of the rest of the world combined, underscoring the U.S.'s leadership in the field.

In the United States, a combination of corporate needs and academic research helped professionalize HRM. Institutions like Harvard University and the University of Chicago developed labor management curricula, which would train the future generations of HR professionals. This knowledge production created a robust infrastructure for HRM, influencing global management practices.

Europe’s Slow Adoption and American Influence

In Europe, HRM practices evolved more slowly, despite the presence of large-scale industries. Britain, for example, lagged behind the U.S. by an estimated five years in developing labor management practices during the early 1920s. According to Fryer (1924), labor management in Britain had not yet reached the level of sophistication found in the U.S. This lag was partly due to slower industrial growth and the lack of strategic focus on labor relations in Britain’s corporate sector at the time.

Similarly, in the Netherlands, welfare work in the early 20th century was considered to be in a "transition state." Dutch welfare manager Mary Fledderus remarked in 1922 that the Dutch welfare system looked to America for future direction, highlighting the pervasive influence of U.S. HRM practices across Europe. The United States’ advanced HRM programs became the benchmark for other countries, as many European HR managers and academics looked to the U.S. for guidance on labor management.

Despite the slower development of HRM practices in Europe, there were significant advancements in the field, particularly in Germany. German academics and industrial researchers pioneered a new discipline called Arbeitswissenschaft (the science of work), which focused on issues like ergonomics, fatigue, and job satisfaction. Germany was also at the forefront of developing industrial psychology, known as psychotechniks, and industrial sociology. These fields contributed to the scientific management of labor, focusing on optimizing worker well-being and productivity through data-driven insights. German researchers were heavily involved in studying the human factors in labor and designing work environments that minimized worker fatigue, which would later influence ergonomic design globally.

HRM and Industrial Psychology: Germany’s Contributions

Germany was the most active European country in advancing industrial psychology and ergonomic research during the early 20th century. The rise of psychotechniks, a form of industrial psychology, marked a new phase in the scientific study of labor management. German researchers explored how psychological principles could be applied to improve worker productivity, job satisfaction, and overall well-being. This research influenced global practices in HRM by underscoring the importance of considering the psychological and physical needs of workers.

German academics also contributed to the field of industrial sociology, which examined the social dynamics within industrial organizations. The interaction between workers, management, and the broader industrial environment was scrutinized to understand how these factors influenced productivity and workplace harmony. Germany’s advancements in industrial sociology and psychology set the stage for a more holistic understanding of labor management, moving beyond simple wage negotiation or welfare provision to a deeper examination of worker satisfaction and efficiency.

The Role of Welfare Workers and the Transition to Labor Management Departments

Welfare workers played a significant role in early HRM practices, particularly in the U.S. and Europe. These individuals were responsible for addressing employee welfare issues such as housing, health, and recreation, which were seen as critical to maintaining a stable and productive workforce. However, welfare work was limited in its strategic impact, and it was only during the production boom of World War II that labor management departments began to appear in significant numbers.

In the U.S., the 1940s marked the transition from welfare work to a more structured approach to labor management, as companies faced the challenge of managing a growing workforce in wartime industries. The rise of labor management departments coincided with the need for better workforce governance, particularly in industries like steel and automobiles, where labor strikes had previously been a major concern.

In Europe, welfare workers also played a critical role in laying the groundwork for modern HRM, but the transition to formal labor management departments occurred more slowly. By the mid-20th century, however, the influence of U.S. practices, combined with Europe’s own academic contributions to the science of work, began to shape a more strategic and professional approach to HRM across the continent.

Conclusion

The development of HRM during the 20th century was marked by a significant geographical disparity in the speed and scope of its evolution. The United States led the way, both in corporate practice and academic research, establishing HRM as a strategic function essential to industrial success. European countries, particularly Britain and the Netherlands, initially lagged behind but gradually adopted more advanced labor management practices, often influenced by American models.

Germany’s contributions to industrial psychology, ergonomics, and sociology provided a scientific foundation for HRM, emphasizing the importance of understanding the human factors in labor management. Welfare workers in the early 20th century played a key role in addressing employee well-being, but it was only with the rise of labor management departments during World War II that HRM began to emerge as a strategic function in most industrialized nations.

The global evolution of HRM reflects the interplay between corporate needs, academic research, and cross-border influence, with the United States serving as a model for much of the world. Today’s HRM practices continue to draw on the scientific and strategic insights developed during the early 20th century, demonstrating the lasting impact of this period on modern labor management.