#000 appointment letters

[indianexpalert]

Rozgar Mela 2024: PM Modi to distribute over 71,000 appointment letters to new recruits today

PM Modi to distribute over 71,000 appointment letters to new recruits under Rozgar Mela on December 23 (ANI Photo) NEW DELHI: Prime Minister Narendra Modi will distribute more than 71,000 appointment letters to newly appointed recruits on December 23 through video conferencing, the Prime Minister’s Office stated in a release on Sunday. According to the PMO, Prime Miinister Modi will also address…

[duxbelisarius]

Dune At Home: The First Dornish War, Part Three

Thank you to those that have followed along with this series; I hope you're enjoying it or have found it informative! if this is your first time seeing this series, check out the master post and my AO3 to read all the chapters.

Having established the basic issues with Dorne's strategy in the First Dornish War, any further assessment depends on our knowing Aegon's strategy for how he intended to conquer Dorne and the ways in which his efforts interacted with Dornish plans. This part will assess Aegon's strategy and the initial operations of both sides at the outset of the war, highlighting a stark contrast between how both sides are written in the process: Whereas Dornish strategy cannot be accommodated by the existing worldbuilding, the Seven Kingdoms appear to have no strategy at all. The outcome of the fighting in the first year of the war is the result of a distinct lack of planning or intelligent leadership by the Targaryens and their lords, which has significant implications for assessing Dorne's strategy as a whole.

We mentioned in part two that our knowledge of Dornish government and decision-making processes is not great, but this is fortunately not the case regarding the fledgling Targaryen monarchy. Aegon had his Small Council comprised of the Hand and his Masters of Ships, Laws and Coin, as well as his two sister-queens; when Argillac Durrandon rejected Aegon's offer of marriage between Orys Baratheon and Princess Argella, F&B states that Aegon called a meeting of his "friends, bannermen and principal allies," before he and his sisters settled on a course of action. We're also told that Aegon and his sisters each had a maester at their service during the Conquest, while as many a half a dozen assisted Aegon throughout his reign. The Aegonfort was clearly capable of seeking information and advice to a reasonable degree in order to pursue policies, as is made clear by Aegon's sending "a delegation of high lords, septons and maesters to Sunspear" in the year prior to the war to negotiate joining Dorne with the Seven Kingdoms. Aegon also possesses the famous 'Painted Table' at Dragonstone, a large wood-carved map of Westeros featuring fortresses, settlements, rivers and other important features, which we know was utilized by Aegon, Jaehaerys I, Rhaenyra and the Black Council, and most recently Stannis Baratheon to assist with planning.

There's no doubt that the Invasion of Dorne in 4 AC had been brewing for a significant amount of time; the letters sent by the Targaryens to the Seven Kingdoms and their lords made clear that there would only be one king in Westeros, and Rhaenys' promise to Meria Martell to return with fire and blood made it clear that Dornish unification with the realm was not optional. The Conquerors likely had at least some designs for attacking Dorne during the year of the conquest (1 BC), and there would certainly be continued discussions from 1 AC onward. The Three Sisters rebellion and the Iron Islands civil war had to be dealt with in between, but Visenya ensured the Three Sisters bent the knee soon after Aegon's official coronation, while the strife in the Iron Islands lasted only a year before Aegon arrived and ended the conflict in 2 AC. Negotiations with Dorne took the better part of a year before the invasion in 4 AC, so negotiations likely went on in 3 AC alongside a build up of troops and supplies in the Marches that may have begun in 2 AC if not earlier.

Aegon's strategy for conquering Dorne took the form of a three-pronged assault, with Rhaenys and Meraxes attacking eastern Dorne while Aegon and Balerion led a 30 000 man army through the Prince's Pass and Orys Baratheon led 1000 picked knights of the Stormlands down the Boneway. Strongholds were occupied in all three regions of Dorne: Skyreach and Yronwood in the Red Mountains, Hellholt in the western desert, and The Tor, Ghost Hill and Sunspear in eastern Dorne. Lord Jon Rosby was appointed Castellan of Sunspear and Warden of the Sands to rule Dorne on Aegon's behalf, while a host led by Harlan Tyrell, Lord Paramount of the Reach, was stationed at Hellholt to respond to any rebellions. Aegon and Rhaenys then depart with a host of unknown size, with the Dornish rebelling and massacring the occupation forces just before the Targaryens reach King's Landing.

Before discussing the numerous issues with this strategy, I want to first discuss the size of Aegon's army and the supplies required to sustain it in order to give a sense of the planning that would be required for this invasion and the problems this creates for the narrative. H. G. W. Davies provides a helpful model for understanding the logistics of horse-drawn armies which I will reference here; if you have an itch to scratch that involves military logistics and/or the history of the Eastern Front in WWII, I strongly recommend his blog. The pre-modern army is in essence a kind of micro-economy, possessing demand which must be balanced against available inputs of supply and transport in order to output mobility. The demand of Aegon's army is substantial: according to F&B, the invasion force was 31 000 strong, divided between Orys Baratheon's 1000 picked knights and Aegon's host of 30000, which contained nearly 2000 mounted knights and 300 lords and bannermen. Aegon's force compares favourably to the largest host Westeros had seen in it's history at the Field of Fire: Mern IX Gardener brought 30-35000 men of the Reach while Loren I Lannister brought 20-22000 Westermen.

The daily requirements for Aegon's army would have been 30 tonnes of rations and 240 tonnes of water per day; we have no indication of the number of horses and pack animals the army had with it, but if we assume that the nearly 2000 mounted knights and 300 lords and bannermen each had two horses, then these 4600 horses would have a daily requirement of 43.7 tonnes of fodder or 64.4 tonnes of pasturage, and 188 tonnes of water. Aegon's options for supply would have been to forage locally (ie in Dorne), to requisition supplies in return for pay locally or within his kingdom, and to stockpile ahead of time using depots and magazines. Forage presents the greatest difficulties due to the Dornish burning their crops and poisoning their wells, but F&B tells us that after emerging from the Prince's Pass, "runoff from the heights provided water and game was plentiful in the valleys" in the foothills of the Red Mountains. Such 'natural' forage would reduce consumption of supplies somewhat, as would grazing the horses and pack animals, and reducing rations for short periods would also help to somewhat reduce demand.

Regardless, most foraging, requisitioning and stockpiling would need to be done before the invasion within the borders of the Seven Kingdoms, gathering the supplies locally in the Reach and Stormlands or bringing them from further afield via road, river or sea. Aegon and his subordinates would need to already possess estimates of their supply needs based on their routes of advance alongside information about local subsistence in Dorne. Transport would also need to be obtained in the form of pack animals, wagons, and remounts to replace sick, injured or deceased animals, as well as ships to resupply the army and build-up stockpiles within Dorne. This last means would be especially vital given the great distances to be travelled within Dorne, the sparseness of the now-vanished population, and the risks of overland supply lines being attacked or cut-off entirely.

In Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Kenneth Chase gives some numbers for the transport requirements of a pre-modern army: An army of soldiers carrying 80 pounds of equipment and rations with no additional transport might march 12 miles a day for 10 days before running out; adding pack horses, carrying 250 pounds and consuming 10 pounds of fodder per day, might allow that army to make the round trip if supplies of grass, water and forage could be ensured. Supply wagons with a driver and two horses consuming 23 pounds per day and carrying 1400 pounds of supplies could each support 30 infantrymen enough for an army to march 200 miles, assuming 1 day of rest in 6 for the horses and favourable terrain. To double this range and allow the army to make a round trip of 400 miles, would require the number of wagons to increase from 1 per 30 men to 1 per 5 men, while removing abundant water and grass from the equation would cut the distance fivefold (400 miles to 80) (Firearms, pg. 17-18).

Applying Chase's ratio of 1 wagon per five soldiers to Aegon's army would land him with 6000 wagons pulled by 12000 horses, bringing the army's 'herd' to almost 17000 horses with a human to animal ratio of less than 2:1, compared to the 3.4:1 ratio for a Roman legion (Logistics of the Roman Army, pg. 83). The size of Aegon's troop and supply column would also present problems; using Bret Devereaux's estimates, a 2-horse, four-wheeled wagon might take up 25 ft of road space which would make for a double-file column 2 wagons wide and 3000 deep covering 14.2 miles. Assuming a marching rate of 12 miles, the rearmost wagons would never leave camp before the foremost stopped to make camp, and this is excluding the soldiers. Aegon would have to divide his army into multiple columns moving a day's march ahead of each other to make any kind of progress; assuming three columns, each c.10 miles long including soldiers and baggage, would cover almost 70 miles through the Prince's Pass at any given time. Unless Aegon had ravens available that could fly to and from settlements within the pass, communications would rely entirely upon dispatch riders or visual and audio signals when feasible. As noted in the Dance series, a large dragon's flight speed is somewhere around 50 miles/hour, so Aegon could fly from the head of the first column to the rear of the third in just over an hour to further ease communications, but this would provide ample opportunities for the Dornish to attack without fear of the dragons (more on this later).

Assuming that water sources could be found and there was grass for grazing, a 200 mile march might carry Aegon's army from Nightsong to Skyreach, but the other 200 theoretical miles of mobility would be used up entirely with the march to Yronwood and then into eastern Dorne. Under these circumstances, resupply by sea would be absolutely vital to the continued advance of Aegon's army, although Aegon's decision to send part of his host against Hellholt before marching east would reduce their demand somewhat. Regardless, the disappearance of the Dornish population would almost guarantee Aegon's defeat by itself, as without a population to requisition supplies from the occupiers would have to resort to farming themselves and/or rely entirely on imports, the latter being ruinously expensive and risky given Dorne's proximity to the pirate-infested Stepstones and the inclement weather the Narrow Sea experiences during autumn and winter.

As should be clear, availability of supplies would make or break Aegon's invasion, and prior planning for the invasion would have been absolutely vital; unfortunately, the execution of the invasion suggests that neither Aegon nor George considered these implications. To start, we have the astonishing fact that none of the Westerosi fleets make an appearance in the war let alone the invasion. How this is possible when Aegon just fought two conflicts involving naval forces, the Three Sisters rebellion and the Iron Islands civil war, and his conquest of the 7K began with delivering his forces to Blackwater Bay by ship and sending the Velaryon Fleet against the Vale, is beyond me. What's worse is that Aegon was and is Lord of Dragonstone, an island, and his family's oldest bannermen also have their house seats on islands, House Velaryon of Driftmark and House Celtigar of Claw Isle; it is impossible for Aegon to be ignorant of naval logistics given that the provisioning of his home and it's defense (aside from the dragons) relies upon it. In fact, the only member of the Small Council with an explicitly military role is the Master of Ships.

It is true that Daemon Velaryon was killed fighting the Arryns and 2/3rds of his fleet were sunk or captured, the latter likely going up with the Arryns ships when Visenya burned them, but construction of a new fleet should have been a priority in the 3 or so years prior to the invasion of Dorne. Even without the Velaryon Fleet, the Lannisters, Redwynes and Tyrells all provided their naval strength to the invasion of the Iron Islands (I'm assuming the Hightowers and Shield Isles were the Tyrell forces here), and Braavosi ships were hired to transport Manderly forces to the Three Sisters. Between his own ships, his bannermen, the ability to hire sellsails, and the potential to enlist pirates as the Dornish do in 8 AC, Aegon has plenty of options for assembling a fleet to support his armies (and they will need naval support). Dorne also has the facilities to support Aegon's army via the sea between Planky Town with it's access to the Greenblood and The Tor and Ghost Hill; the latter two's ports accommodated large pirate fleets on two separate occasions, in 8 AC when Dornish forces raided Cape Wrath and burned half the Rain Wood and in 83 AC during the so-called 'Fourth Dornish War.' We also shouldn't rule out the potential for Yronwood to service shallow-drafted ships given it's proximity to the Sea of Dorne's coast and the mouth of a river to it's north.

A further example of the absence of naval forces of any kind from Aegon's invasion comes with the opening act of the war, Rhaenys' destruction of Planky Town. Torching Dorne's largest settlement, its major port and closest thing to a city, drowning hundreds in the Greenblood and depriving thousands of their homes and livelihoods, all but guarantees Rhaenys a place in the Seven Hells. Even worse, with the mouth of the Greenblood choked by the wreckage of hundreds of ships and the houses and walkways built atop them, sea-faring ships cannot unload at Planky Town or venture up the Greenblood and it's tributaries, and vice-versa for Dornish rivercraft carrying goods from the interior. Rhaenys' actions rule out using the Greenblood to resupply Aegon's forces, and severely damages the Dornish economy for both occupiers and indigenous population. This ignorance of the importance of sea power to the survival of Aegon's army is simply inexcusable and unjustifiable on George's part.

The apparent absence of any strategy or planning on Aegon's part is reinforced by the decision to occupy Hellholt, the seat of House Uller; this comes after the army emerges from the Prince's Pass, with Aegon continuing east via Skyreach while Tyrell takes a host into the western desert. According to F&B, Hellholt was thought to be well placed for responding to any revolts, but the march there from Skyreach cost Tyrell a quarter of his men and almost all of his horses due to dehydration, exposure and presumably the local water sources being poisoned. This decision makes no sense on multiple levels, the most obvious being that Hellholt's location on the map of Dorne is well within the western desert, far south and west of the Red Mountains and eastern Dorne respectively, where the bulk of Dorne's population lives. TWOIAF also tells us that the Qorgyles established their seat of Sandstone by "fortifying the only well for fifty leagues around," which allows us to extrapolate distances quite well. We can reasonably assume that Sandstone is 50 leagues/150 miles or more away from Hellholt, Starfall and Skyreach; a rough estimate from looking at our maps of Dorne suggests that Hellholt is likewise 150 or more miles from Skyreach, Yronwood and Vaith.

As noted already, Aegon could carry supplies for a 400 mile round trip assuming sufficient water, forage and grass was available locally; if the march through the Prince's Pass was 200 miles or so, a march of more than 150 miles to Hellholt would see Tyrell arrive with little to no supplies for his men, guaranteeing their starvation. Such a march through the desert with no access to water or grass would cut Tyrell's range from 200 to 40 miles, meaning his forces would have died of thirst and starvation long before they made it to Hellholt. F&B also claims that Aegon's forces were "already running short of food and fodder" by the time the exited the Pass, making Tyrell's march more unbelievable still.

It is also very likely that the march was unnecessary since we have evidence that Rhaenys had already passed that way: F&B tells us that the she stopped at Lemonwood, Spottswood and Stinkwater to receive their submission after destroying Planky Town. Lemonwood is southwest of Planky Town, and while we don't know the location of Spottswood (the seat of House Santagar), we do know of only one place in Dorne where the 'water stinks,': the Brimstone River. This suggests that Rhaenys was flying westwards and this makes sense given that she's effectively retracing her steps from when she first visited Dorne in 1 BC, when she flew over the Prince's Pass, over the red and white sands, and along the Greenblood before arriving at Sunspear. In this case she would be flying from the mouth of the Greenblood to the Brimstone before turning back to Sunspear, but she had ample opportunity to scope out Hellholt and Sandstone and then turn north to report her findings to Aegon. Lest we forget, Rhaenys is Aegon's younger sister and his favoured wife, the mother of his first child and whose death in the First Dornish War deeply affects him. Despite this, she offers no support to the invasion whatsoever despite having ample opportunity to do so, revealing once again the shocking lack of planning or strategy by Targaryens.

The last act of Aegon's invasion and the most egregious demonstration of the lack of strategy comes after he arrives at Sunspear with his host. Aegon declares the conquest of Dorne complete and departs with Rhaenys and a host, appointing Jon Rosby the Warden of the Sands and Castellan of Sunspear to rule Dorne in his name. The problem with this decision should be obvious: the Dornish have burned their fields, poisoned their wells and then some, their major port and settlement has been destroyed and their major artery of trade is compromised, and the vast majority of their population has vanished. Being a feudal, Medieval setting, Dorne cannot support Aegon's garrisons or yield income and taxes for the new lords and the crown without the labour of the peasants that are currently missing.

Aegon cannot leave, or at the very least Visenya should replace Aegon and Rhaenys in Dorne before they depart to support further operations: the Dornish population must be found, wells need to be restored, and the wreckage of Planky Town needs to be cleared. Aegon's garrisons will require resupply by sea immediately, or else they'll have to provide their own food and fodder via farming in addition to defending their strongholds and enforcing Aegon's reign. With a presumably sizeable chunk of the original invasion host now stranded at Helholt under Harlan Tyrell, one dragon at least will be required to respond quickly to crises and to deliver important messages across Dorne and to King's Landing. One also wonders why Aegon has not moved his court to Storm's End, Oldtown, or even Nightsong to better oversee the war, given how far away Dragonstone and KL are and the underdeveloped nature of the latter.

Regardless, the culmination of Aegon's 'strategy' sees the garrisons in Dorne effectively abandoned: they have no dragons or ships to assist them; the host intended to support them against rebellions is stranded in the desert even though it should already have starved to death; while their own supplies should be limited without the non-functioning Dornish economy. It is no surprise at all that the Dornish overwhelmed these forces as it would have been embarrassing had they not done so, but this brings us back to the flaws inherent in Dorne's strategy (or what passes for it). As we discussed in Part Two, Dorne's strategy relies on hiding it's population from invasion using means that are somehow never mentioned in their history before, and abandoning their settlements to the invaders and destroying their own resources while presumably surviving entirely with stored food in a way that is unprecedented in our history of George's story. This is then capped off by sudden attacks that commence only after George has ensured the Targaryens have sabotaged their own efforts, either intentionally or unintentionally. Dorne's plan for driving out the invaders ends up being riddled with so many single points of failure that it beggars belief how Meria Martell and her lords could have supported this plan to begin with.

F&B says that the Dornish rebel shortly before Aegon reaches King's Landing with his host, which is an improvement over TWOIAF's account that Aegon and Rhaenys flew back to King's Landing and the rebellions began on their arrival. A dragon should be able to fly from Sunspear to King's Landing in c. 18 hours or two days of travel, based on our calculations from the Dance series, and this would be far too short a time for the Dornish to coordinate their attacks. F&B instead has Aegon and his host march back the way they came along the coast of the Sea of Dorne and the foothills of the Red Mountains and back up through the Prince's Pass; per the distance map of Westeros, Nightsong in the Dornish Marches is c.625 miles from King's Landing as the crow flies, or c.52 days at a rate of 12 miles per day. I think we can safely double this to account for the march from Sunspear to the Prince's Pass and the routes they would have taken within the Seven Kingdoms, giving a passage of time of a little over 3 months.

Aegon's returning host would be a great deal smaller than the original force, between casualties, garrison detachments and Tyrell's force; indeed it would have to be a mere fraction of the 30000-man army if it hoped to return via the same route, past fields it's horses had already grazed and areas already heavily foraged for what little could be found. They should be returning by ship if they want to return at all given how desperate their supply situation should be, but regardless of this, Skyreach, Yronwood, The Tor and Ghost Hill fall within a fortnight of Aegon's return, with Sunspear falling soon after. TWOIAF dates the death of Harlan Tyrell to 5 AC meaning the fall of Sunspear and the loss of the other garrisons likely came just before or after the beginning of 5 AC. The only hints we're given about how this campaign took place is that Dornish spearmen 'appeared from nowhere' and that the Dornish 'swarmed in' from the Shadow City to 'retake the castle' at Sunspear. That it took close to a fortnight indicates that even with some level of surprise and subterfuge involved, not all of the castles were retaken simultaneously and without any resistance from their garrisons, which held out for two weeks at the latest.

The obvious problem facing this scenario is that of communications: leaving aside how the Dornish were able to coordinate their efforts, the idea that two weeks of fighting took place without any intervention from the Targaryens or Harlan Tyrell is extremely suspect. Based on our calculations from the Dance series, the conquerors dragons should have been able to fly them from King's Landing to Skyreach in 8 hours, while a raven could make that flight in perhaps 8 days. In order to avoid the Tyrell host or the Targaryen dragons supporting the garrisons, the Dornish have to count on a complete communications failure across all five castles. But this cannot have been the case given that word of the fall of Sunspear eventually reaches Harlan Tyrell at Hellholt, suggesting at least some degree of information being exchanged between King's Landing and the forces in Dorne.

Even if subterfuge ensured the fall of some of the castles, Aegon's garrisons have had weeks if not months to familiarize themselves with their surroundings, while the elderly, women and children left behind in the Dornish settlements should absolutely have been held as hostages by Aegon's men, limiting their ability to contribute to the rebellion. Had the Dornish infiltrated the castles using tunnels, we would also expect their fall to have taken much less than two weeks and to merit some mention beyond the generic phrase 'appearing from nowhere;' in fact, the attackers at Sunspear had to swarm into the castle from the labyrinthine Shadow City. The Dornish would had to have stormed or besieged the castles to retake them, and both options involve considerable risk, as Geoffrey Parker made clear in his ground-breaking work The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-1659. Between 1578 and 1590, the Spanish Army of Flanders captured 95 Dutch towns, of which 60 required direct military action to take and only 4 of the remaining 35 fell to ruse or surprise. Only 9 of the 60 taken by military action fell by storming and only after they had been besieged for some time, and this was all done with the aid of gunpowder weaponry and executed by perhaps the finest armed force Early Modern Europe had ever seen (Spanish Road, 7-8).

The result is that the Dornish strategy has multiple single points of failure of which any combination would surely doom their plans. Any communication with KL will bring a dragon and/or reinforcements down upon the Dornish; a single dragon remaining in Dorne will render siege operations unthinkable; not sending the Tyrell host into the desert for no reason whatsoever likewise makes siege warfare risky; and the presence of naval support to resupply Aegon's garrisons would further harm any chances the Dornish had for success. All of this is after the Dornish have abandoned their castles, destroyed their own resources, and allowed Aegon's army to occupy important locations in their country. As we said in Part 2, the scale of these efforts is simply too great for the story to accommodate, while the levels of contrivance required to ensure Dornish success render any suspension of disbelief impossible.

As promised in Part 2, there WILL be a 'fix-it' section now; it might seem strange given how bonkers a lot of the issues are, but there is an entirely plausible scenario for the invasion to be constructed from what George has given us. The common thread having been George's struggles with scale, all that really needs to be done is to rein in the scenario somewhat and render it more manageable. I would start by having the war end in 7 AC when Orys and his knights are ransomed in our timeline (IOTL). In this timeline (ITTL) I would keep Aegon's plan more or less the same, with a few changes: Firstly, the invasion would take place in two phases with a ground assault through the Prince's Pass, followed by a naval assault on Planky Town and the Greenblood by an invasion fleet, with the forces involved being 25000 and 5000 men respectively. Once Aegon has taken Skyreach and is through the Red Mountains, the plan is to send the invasion fleet to take Planky Town and then ferry supplies and reinforcements to Aegon, with further supplies being shipped from Stonehelm, Weeping Town, Estermont and Tarth to The Tor and Ghost Hill once these have been taken.

Secondly, while the timeline would remain the same in terms of 3 or so years passing between Aegon's Conquest and the invasion of Dorne, I would make it clear that the Dornish have not completely hidden underground. Farming continues so as to allow more food to be stockpiled while instead of ceding most of the country to the invaders and then driving them out, the Dornish strategy is instead to utilize the terrain of the Marches to their advantage and prevent Aegon from pushing any further south. Just because this scenario has Aegon actually use the three years to prepare and plan intelligently does not automatically mean he can defeat the Dornish without George's strategy; I would make it clear that maesters, septons, septas and merchants north and south of the Marches are communicating about the King's preparations, knowingly and unknowingly providing intel to the Dornish, with trade between the 7K and the Free Cities also acting as a source. In addition to the tunnels and caves in the Red Mountains, I would have the Dornish prepare additional tunnels and concealed fortifications, with ambushes being pre-planned and supply depots being hidden in forward areas to assist the Dornish forces. Deria Martell could even be sent by her grandmother to oversee these preparations and ensure the necessary coordination, and to reassure the 'Stony Dornish' of Sunspear's commitment to their defense.

Since their lack of strategic depth precludes the Dornish from making extensive retreats, in this scenario the other houses of Dorne move their forces into the Red Mountains to reinforce the 'Stony' lords, with the goal being to leverage the terrain multipliers offered by the mountains to attrite and destroy the invading army. The dragons still present a problem for any invasion scenario, but there are numerous factors that Dorne could use to its advantage, starting by having the weather affect the campaign in a different way than IOTL. 4 AC was the second year of autumn and so the rainy season for Dorne should have been well under way by this point with winter on the horizon; the Boneway could be rendered impassable by unseasonably bad rain and snow, forcing Aegon to commit his entire force to the Prince's Pass and allowing the Dornish to focus all their strength along the route from the border to Skyreach. The rain and snow would also make things miserable for the dragons and hamper Aegon and Rhaenys' efforts to assist their army. This would make mudslides an issue in certain areas while the Dornish could trigger rockslides and even avalanches to block certain parts of the Pass; the only way to clear such obstacles swiftly would be for the dragons to clear it themselves (dragons dig, more on this in Part 4!), preventing them from covering the column from above and rendering their riders vulnerable to missiles fired from the ground.

The danger of dragon fire could also be mitigated by having the Dornish engage the invaders as closely as possible, forcing Aegon and Rhaenys to risk killing their own troops in order to attack the Dornish from above. The sheer size of Aegon's army would also provide opportunities to do damage without risking dragon attacks: as we've already discussed, Aegon's original army of 30000 would had to have divided itself up into multiple columns, with a day's march separating them. Even if both Rhaenys and Aegon are routinely flying the length of the column to provide reconnaissance and communicate with their subordinates, this would still leave sections without their aid or protection even with TTL's reduced force of 25000 men. The Dornish could inflict serious casualties on those parts of the column without dragon support, while demolishing bridges and cratering sections of road would further delay the advance, and night attacks could also be made to inflict further loss and to sap the strength and morale of Aegon, Rhaenys, and their soldiers. More importantly, the delays imposed by these obstacles and ambushes gives the Dornish time to relay information and create a picture of Aegon's dispositions and present location along the entire route.

TTL's defeat of Aegon's invasion force would be much closer to the Teutoburg Forest or Roncevaux Pass than George's likely inspiration for the First Dornish War, the Vietnam War (I'll discuss this in greater detail when we get to the aftermath of the war). I would have the campaign culminate near Skyreach, with Aegon be alerted to an attack on the main body by Alester Oakheart, sounding his horn a la The Song of Roland; we don't know in which war the events with Oakheart and his horn took place, but this would be a fitting setting for it. With Aegon and Rhaenys flying to assist the main body and rearguard under Tyrell and Rosby, the Dornish move in and slaughter the vanguard while taking Orys Baratheon and his retainers prisoner. What happens next would depend on the fate of Rhaenys ITTL: Aenys is born in 7 AC IOTL, so he would have to be aged up a few years if Rhaenys dies in or before 7 AC instead of in 10 AC. She could be killed by falling from Meraxes after being wounded by a Dornish archer, with Meraxes going mad and attacking the Dornish and Targaryen hosts, forcing Aegon and Balerion to kill Rhaenys' beloved mount. With his army strung out and tired, a demoralized and heartbroken Aegon could withdraw his men, running a gamut of Dornish ambushes back to Nightsong with what remains of his host.

Conversely, Aegon could jump the gun at Skyreach and send Rhaenys with orders for the invasion fleet to set sail, at which point the final attacks would take place and Rhaenys could join him in ushering the host back over the border. Aenys is conceived not long after and Rhaenys dies sometime in 6 or 7 AC. Either way, I would also have Aegon's invasion fleet run afoul of the autumn storms and be destroyed, whether en route to Planky Town by mistake in the second scenario or returning to King's Landing in the first one. The loss of his fleet and the inclement weather in the marches, alongside Rhaenys' death either on the march or later, could even be interpreted by some members of the Faith as the Seven punishing Aegon for his hubris and 'other transgressions' (*cough cough* incestuous polygamy *cough cough*). TTL's 'dragon's wroth' takes place from 5 to 7 AC, and the war concludes with Orys and Dorne's other hostages being returned along with Meraxes' skull and Rhaenys' remains. TTL's First Dornish War is a year or two longer than the Dance of the Dragons (4-7 AC vs 129-131 AC) and about as long as Daeron I's Conquest (157-161 AC).

As we talked about in Part 2, strategy involves the identification of means and ends for the pursuit of policy, whether military or not. Although the term gets thrown around quite a lot in business, leadership and other facets of contemporary life, it's conceptualization of means and ends is quite relevant to the process of writing a story. George has often spoken about 'architects' and 'gardeners,' and while his adherence to the latter style has produced the excellent series of books whose history we are currently exploring, I think the issue with F&B may lie in his not adjusting to a more 'architectural' style in making a faux history. Many of the events that F&B covers have outcomes that are already known to us from ASOIAF and TWOIAF, but this unfortunately results in very linear depictions of events (see the Dance series for examples).

Just because you've already determined a side will lose a war does not mean that you can just write them to lose, anymore than you can have their foes take any risks they choose simply because you the writer have already decided they shall win. These characters exist in a world and possess their own ideas, beliefs and sense of self; they must have their own ends and their own means, with the goal of the writer being to have them arrive at an intended point by pursuing those ends with those means, modulated by their interactions with the world around them and the characters within it. The writer may have their own ends as the creator of the story and it's world, but they must grasp the means that they have given themselves to reach those ends within the world of their story, developing new means for progressing the story which are consistent with the story's prior development. This is crucial because it allows the reader to reasonably suspend disbelief and immerse themselves in the story, through understanding what the characters can and cannot do, the choices they can and cannot make, and the obstacles they can and cannot overcome.

Make no mistake, George is an excellent writer who has achieved more than I and most people reading this could ever dream of in life, let alone in his career as a writer. Nonetheless, I really wish he'd been able to devote more care to his 'strategy' for writing the First Dornish War, as I believe a more feasible but no less compelling faux-history could have been told using the 'means' already available to him within his own worldbuilding. Regardless, this finally concludes Part 3 and our discussions of Dornish and Targaryen strategy at the start of the First Dornish War. My deepest thanks for sticking around this long, but we're not out of the Prince's Pass yet; in Part 4 we'll be covering the tactics utilized and the operations conducted by both sides from the beginning of the war to it's end, with a lot to say about the dragons. Catch you on the flip side!

[watchingthegregoryandjamesshow]

S1:E2 paternity

Okay, so there’s a Kid playing lacrosse,

woooaaaah everything is going blurry!

super cool brain chemical CGI,

The kid gets knocked over and he’s bleeding!! Oh no!! :000

Okay BANGER intro!

A close up of the bottom Mr Gregory’s shoes, M’kay. He’s eating a yummy red lollipop while reading a magazine, so real.

*James walks in*

Greg: “Close the door…Close the DOOR.”

James: “Yessir.”

Oh wait, they were talking? Sorry I wasn’t listing, I was getting lost in Robert Sean Leonard’s eyes.

A man walks up to Gregory and is all like, “I have an APPOINTMENT.” and Greg over here is like, “Ummm, no.”

The man pulls out a letter, “But you Gave us this letter that says you’ll see us!!” And Greg says, “Erm, No. This letter looks girly.” A girl doctor says “Actually it’s serious because this man’s kid is having nightmares, and he’s 16.”

And Greggy goes, “Oh!!! Okay I’ll see the kid!” Than he shines a blinding light in the kid’s pupils.

Gregory flicks the kid in the face

He asks the kid “Whose molesting you? The kid goes, “No, I just got hit in the head at a lacrosse game.”

and Greg is like “WHY DIDN’T YOU TELL ME THAT?!”

The kid has a dream where Greg says, “this is gon’ hurt Dan….” Than cuts his toes off. I wouldn’t be surprised if this wasn’t actually I nightmare, and happened in real life.

House Greg grabs a frog stuffed animal and goes “Ribbit Ribbit, Vaccinate the baby she has a cold.”

Gregory says he has a hooker in his office,

He doesn’t really, he just has a kid on the roof about to jump off.

There’s a guy, in Gregory’s office, he has an infected leg, so naturally… Gregory asks the man if his penis hurts.

James and Greg go on a lovely little date

Um…that’s really all I can remember,

OH and that lacrosse kids parents weren’t his real parents.

[empirearchives]

Letter from Napoleon to his stepson, Eugène, concerning finances and expenses:

Paris 3 février 1806

Mon Fils, vous avez très mal arrangé vos affaires à Paris ; on me présente un compte de 1 500 000 francs pour votre maison ; cette somme est énorme. Messieurs Calmelet, Bataille et ce petit intendant que vous avez nommé sont des fripons ; et je vois qu'ils ont tout embarrassé de manière qu'il sera impossible de ne pas payer beaucoup.

Je vois cela avec peine ; je vous croyais plus d'ordre. On ne doit rien faire faire sans un devis, avec engagement de ne pas le dépasser. Vous avez fait tout le contraire ; l'architecte s'en est donné tant qu'il a voulu, et voilà des sommes immenses jetées dans la rivière. J'ai chargé Bessières de veiller lui-même à ces affaires.

Portez plus d'attention et de savoir que cela aux affaires de ma liste civile d'Italie ; les architectes sont partout les mêmes.

(Rough) Translation:

Paris 3 February 1806

My son, you have arranged your affairs very badly in Paris; I am presented with an account of 1,500,000 francs for your house; this amount is huge. Messrs. Calmelet, Bataille and this little steward you appointed are rascals; and I see that they have embarrassed everything in such a way that it will be impossible not to pay much.

I see this with difficulty; I thought you were more in order. Nothing must be done without an estimate, with a commitment not to exceed it. You did quite the opposite; the architect gave himself as much as he wanted, and here are huge sums thrown into the river. I have instructed Bessières to take care of these matters himself.

Pay more attention and know than this to the affairs of my civil list of Italy; architects are the same everywhere.

(Source)

[aalawsng]

REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS FOR AN INSURANCE BROKERING COMPANY

Registration with the Corporate Affairs Commission as a Limited Liability Company with Five (5) million Share Capital. 

Registration of the individual broker with the Nigerian Council of Registered Insurance Brokers (NCRIB)

Requirements for NCRIB Registration     

Copies of forms CO2 & CO7 stating that the Chief Executive Officer is a director with at least 25% equity shares in the Company.

Certificate of Incorporation.

Professional Indemnity Cover (any one loss 10m)

Memorandum & Articles of Association

Operations Manual of the Company

5-year Business Plan

Affidavit that: a) The Company has a Clients' Account b) The Company does not have more than 10% interest in a loss adjusting firm or Reinsurance Company

Application Fee N50, 000 payable on submission of application forms

The statutory fees are as follows

REGISTRATION FEE - N500, 000BUILDING LEVY - N200, 000PRE-INDUCTION TRAINING - N50, 000COMPULSORY LEVY - N50, 000ASSOCIATESHIP ADMISSION - N50, 000INDUCTION FEE - N30, 000

TOTAL:  N880, 000

Requirements for Individual Registration

Duly completed and signed Application Form (TO BE PROPOSED BY TWO ACIB OR FCIB HOLDERS)

Copies of all Credentials

Detailed Curriculum Vitae

Letter of Resignation from previous employer

Letter of Acceptance of Resignation from previous employer

Letter of Appointment from current employer

CEO must be a director in the broking outfit

CEO must be an insurance professional (Associate of the Chartered Insurance Institute of Nigeria) with at least 5 years post-qualification experience, two of which must be in a broking firm at senior management level.

Application for license as an Insurance Agent 

Registration with the National Insurance Commission (NAICOM)

Kindly note that: the application for registration/ renewal as an Insurance Broker under the Insurance Acts 2003 is made by the Chief Executive on behalf of the applicant organization. The application is made by filling NAICOM’s Form 20.

In addition, NAICOM carries out registration only twice a year. The first cycle commences in March and ends in May with the issuance of the license/ operating certificate while the second cycle commences in August and ends in October.

Submission of anti-money laundering registration in addition to NAICOM registration. This new guideline, provided in November, 2022 aims to ensure due diligence before licensing insurance institutions that may finance terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The requirements for this additional registration includes:

Completed and personally signed BOs Declaration Form (Appendix A) 

Notarised statement of net worth for all Beneficial Owners. 

Completed and personally signed (Politically Exposed Persons) Declaration Form 

Anti-Money Laundering, Combating The Financing Of Terrorism And Countring Proliferation Financing Of Weapons Of Mass Destruction In Financial Institutions  (AML/ CFT/ CPF) Compliance policy, which shall at a minimum cover: 

i. Compliance Unit/ Department structure; 

ii. Designation and status of a compliance officer; 

iii. Employee screening and monitoring; 

iv. Customer identification and verification; 

v. Customer due diligence measures;

vi. ML /TF /PF Risk Assessment; 

vii. AML/ CFT/ CPF Training of the board, executive/ senior management, and other employees; 

viii. Independent assessment of the AML/ CFT/ CPF Programme; 

ix. Record Keeping, Suspicious transaction monitoring and reporting. 

x. Oversight functions over Compliance activities.

[crimechannels]

By • Olalekan Fagbade Don’t use our resources to sponsor Peter Obi’s Court cases - Youths tell only LP Governor Youths under the aegis of Abia Youths Interest Group AYIG have warned the state governor, Alex Otti against attempts to use state resources in sponsoring Labour Party operations and the court case of its presidential candidate, Mr Peter Obi. Mr. Otti is the only serving governor on the platform of the opposition Labour Party LP. Peter Obi, who came third in the 2023 presidential election is legally challenging the victory of President Bola Tinubu. At a news conference Sunday in Abuja, leaders of the Abia Youths Interest Group said if the state governor funds the LP presidential case, it will have negative effects on the economy, welfare and development of the state. They challenged the governor to make public, the cost of various contracts execution in the state. Henry Chigozie who read a prepared text on behalf of the youths, said the funding of Peter Obi’s case has led to the retrenchment of about 10, 000 civil servants in the state, thereby depriving Abians of the dividends of democracy. However, the state government had recently denied sacking 10,000 civil servants, saying only those who were employed between December 2022 and April 2023 were shown the exit because some of them were ghost workers while others who were illegally employed and their appointment letters criminally backdated, were thrown out. He said; “We, the Abia Youths Interest Group, the national umbrella body of all progressive youths of Abia irrespective of political affiliations, have observed with dismay the following dangerous developments, that if not immediately checked will plunge our dear state into avoidable socio-political crisis and financial quagmire: “That Mr. Alex Otti is (among those) funding the Presidential Court case of Mr Peter Obi leading to massive retrenchment and sack of citizens thereby depriving Abians of the dividends of democracy. So far, in less than 3 months, over 10,000 Abia workers have been retrenched. This is unacceptable. “In Otti’s Abia, transparency and accountability have been relegated to the background. No one knows the costs of projects nor contractors working on projects in Abia. “That Mr Alex Otti is creating crisis and instigating political unrest in Imo state thereby creating political instability in the South-east. By asking a sister governor to immediately write his handover notes, such unguarded and reckless statement which is capable of creating disunity amongst these states, can also lead to crisis amongst unsuspecting citizens. “In view of the foregoing we wish to draw the attention of the nation, well-meaning Abians and the relevant security agencies to these sinister activities and urge all concerned to take necessary steps to ensure that the interests of our great state and nation are not jeopardized.” Also speaking, spokesperson of the group, Dr. Stephen Ukpai Ukwa, said the Labour Party-led Abia government should bear in mind that the youths of the state are watching and will resist any act that will endanger the wellbeing of Abia people. “Mr. Governor should know that Abia youths will resist any act that will cause problems between us and the President of Nigeria. We will resist any act that will endanger the lives of Abia people. So, any act that will lead to the mismanagement of Abia state funds should stop forthwith.”

[bookofjin]

Rise of Sixteen States: 308

Wang Mi goes on a trip.

8 February 308 – 27 January 309

(Jin's 2nd Year of Yongjia)

(Han's 1st Year of Yongfeng)

(Cheng's 3rd Year of Yanping)

(Liu Yuan & Wang Mi)

1st Year of Yongfeng [308 AD] Spring, 1st Month [8 February – 8 March], the King of Han, Yuan, dispatched the General who Consoles the Army, Cong, and others, ten generals, to go south and occupy Taihang, and the General who Assists the Han, Shi Le, and others, ten generals, to go down east into Zhao and Wei.

Wang Mi withdrew to assemble the absconded and dispersed. The multitudes were again greatly excited. Gou Xi joned with them in battle, but was not able to overcome. Mi advanced the troops to rob Taishan, Lu state, Qiao, Liang, Chen, Runan, Yingchuan, Xiangcheng etc. commanderies

Summer, 4th Month, dinghai [19 May], he entered Xuchang, opened the offices and armouries, and took the instruments and canes.

At places that were lost and gone, he very much killed the wardens and prefects, and had a multitude of several ten thousand. The Imperial Court was not able to exercise authority. The various commandery wardens wanted all to run away and leave.The Grand Tutor, [the King of Donghai,] Yue, dispatched his Marshal, Wang Bin, to lead 5 000 armoured soldiers to enter and guard the Imperial City.

5th Month [5 June – 4 July], Mi entered from Huanyuan, and defeated the Public Army at Yibei [or “north of the Yi”].

The Imperial District greatly shook. The palace and city gates were shut in daylight. The Minister over the Masses, Wang Yan, and others led the hundred officials to resist and defend.

On renxu [23 June], Mi arrived at Luoyang, he stayed at the Jinyang Gate. A decree used Wang Yan [as] Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs of Conquering and Chastising.

On jiazi [25 June], Yan, together with Wang Bin and others, set out to fight.

On yichou [26 June], Mi burnt the Jianchun Gate and went east. Yan dispatched the General of Guards of the Left, Wang Bing to pursue him. They fought at the Seven Li Brook, and again defeated him. He therefore crossed the He to return to Liu Yuan. He went with Wang Sang from Zhi Pass to Pingyang. Yuan heard and was greatly pleased. He dispatched his Palace Attendant and concurrent Imperial Clerk Grandee, Jiao Ying, to deliver a letter to Mi, which said:

Since the General has merit not of this generation, and surpasses the virtue of the times. Because of that [we] have this greeting, that is all. While waiting to gaze on the General's arrival, Your Orphan now has newly journeyed to the General's official residence, to straight away dust off the mat and cleanse the beakers, and respectfully wait on the General.

When Mi saw Yuan, he recommended declaring the venerated title. Yuan spoke to Mi, saying:

Your Orphan originally spoke to the General like Dou Zhougong, that was all. Now [you] truly are my Kongming and Zhonghua. Liezu had a saying: “I having the General is like the fish having water”.

Hence he appointed Mi Colonel Minister of Retainers, concurrently Palace Attendant and Specially Advanced. Mi firmly declined.

Autumn, 7th Month [3 August – 1 September], phoenixes assembled at Puzi. The Imperial Chancellor, Liu Xuan, and others, 64 people, sent up [to assume] the venerated title.

On jiachen [4 August], Liu Yuan robbed Pingyang. The Grand Warden, Song Chou, fled to the capital city. The Grand Administrator of Hedong, Lu Shu, battled powerfully and died there.

Winter, 10th Month, jiaxu [2 November], Liu Yuan usurped the title of August Emperor in the southern suburbs. A great amnesty and changed the inaugural to Yongfeng [“Perpetual Phoenixes”].

11th Month [30 November – 28 December], used his son the General of Guards, He, as Great General, and the [General who] Consoles the Army, Cong, as Great General of Chariots and Cavalry. his junior kinsman the [General who] Establishes the Martial, Yao, as Dragon-Prancing Great General.

On bingwu [4 December], Han's Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs in the Centre and Outside, Great Marshal and acting Imperial Chancellor, the Worthy King of the Right, Xuan, passed on.

12th Month, yihai [2 January 309], Yuan used his Great General, Liu He, as Great Marshal, ennobled King of Liang, the Prefect of the Masters of Writings, Liu Huanle, as Great Minister over the Masses, ennobled King of Chenliu, the Empress' father, the Imperial Clerk Grandee, Huyan Yi, as Great Minister of Works, ennobled Duke of Yanzhou commandery. The imperial clan, considering the close and estranged as equals, were wholly ennobled kings of commanderies and counties. Those with a different family name, differentiated by their deeds and schemes, were all ennobled dukes and marquises of commanderies and counties.

(Shi Le & Wang Mi)

(JS104, Chronicle of Shi Le: Liu Yuan sent Liu Cong to attack Huguan. He instructed Le to be in command of 7 000 as Chief-Controller of the Vanguard. Liu Kun dispatched Army-Protector Huang Xiu to save Huguan. Le defeated Xiu at Baitian, and Xiu died there. Le thereupon captured Huguan. Yuan instructed Le, together with Liu Ling, Yan Pi, and others, seven generals, to lead a multitude of 30 000 to rob the various ramparts and fortifications of Wei commandery and Dunqiu. They captured many of them and made use of the rampart masters as Generals and Chief Commandants. They chose the strong and large as army soldiers, and the old and weak to secure the earthen walls like before. The army had no private plundering and the hundred families held them dear.

When Yuan usurped the title, he dispatched envoys to confer on Le Holding the Tally and Great General who Pacifies the East; Colonel, Chief-Controller and King like before. Le combined the armies to rob Ye. Ye was vanquished. He Yu ran to Weiguo. He seized the Grand Warden of Wei commandery, Wang Cui, at the Three Terraces. He advanced to attack Zhao commandery, and murdered Ji Province's Chief Commandant of the Western section, Feng Chong. He attacked the beg-for-life [leaders] She Ting and Tian Yin at Zhongqiu, and killed both of them.)

(JS100, Biography of Wang Mi: [Wang Mi] was sent to accompany Liu Yao to rob Henei, and again with Shi Le to attack Linzhang.

At the beginning of Yongjia [307 – 313], he robbed Shangdang and besieged Huguan. The King of Donghai, Yue, dispatched the Interior Clerk of Huainan, Wang Kuang, and the Grand Warden of Anfeng, Wei Qian, and others to chastise him. When Mi fought with them between Gaodu and Changping, he greatly defeated them. The dead were six or seven out of ten.

Yuan advanced Mi to Great General who Conquers the East, ennobled Duke of Donglai. He and Liu Yao, Shi Le, and others attacked Wei commandery, Ji commandery, and Dunqiu, and captured more than fifty fortifications, all were mustered as army soldiers. Again he and Le attacked Ye. The General who Calms the North, He Yu, abandoned the city and ran.)

(JS005, Annals of Emperor Huai: 2ndYear of Yongjia, Spring, 2nd Month, gengzi [3 April], Shi Le robbed Changshan. Jin's General who Calms the North, Wang Jun chastised and routed him.

3rd Month [8 April – 6 May], Liu Yuan invaded Ji commandery and roughly had the lands of Dunqiu and Henei.

9thMonth [2 October – 30 October], Shi Le robbed Zhao commandery. The General who Conquers the North, He Yu, fled from Ye to Weiguo.

Winter, 10th Month, jiaxu [2 November], Liu Yuan usurped the title of Emperor at Pingyang, still calling [his state] Han.

11th Month, jiyou [7 December 308], Shi Le robbed Ye. The Grand Warden of Wei, Wang Cui, was defeated in battle, and died there.)

3rd Year, 7thMonth [22 August – 20 September 309], Liu Yuan dispatched his son Cong and Wang Mi to rob Shangdang, they besieged Huguan. The Inspector of Bing province, Liu Kun, sent troops to aid them, they were defeated by Cong. The Interior Clerk of Huainan, Wang, Kuang, and Generals Shi Rong and Cao Chao and fought with Cong, and were also defeated. Chao and Rong died there. The Grand Warden of Shangdang, Pang Chun, used the commandery to surrender to the thieves.

(In 313 what was left of the Jin court renamed the city of Ye to Linzhang to avoid the personal name of the new emperor, Sima Ye, posthumously Emperor Min. But the new name does not seem to have caught on in the north, presumably because the Jin empire no longer controlled Ye by that point. And just below the city is again referred to as Ye. Quite likely JS100 uses both northern and southern sources, directly or indirectly, which has created this inconsistency.)

(It seems impossible to reconcile the sources at this point. If we ignore the reference in JS100 in to Shi Le Linzhang as a duplicate from a different source, the accounts in JS104 and JS100 are overall pretty similar, though note that JS104 does not mention of Wang Mi at this point. Both Shi Le and Wang Mi take part in military operations in Shangdang, including the siege of Huguan, possibly under the overall leadership of Liu Cong. It was after this according to JS104 that Liu Yuan took imperial titles, and at his ascension Shi Le was rewarded with higher titles. Wang Mi also receives new titles after the fall Huguan, though there is no direct reference in JS100 to Liu Yuan declaring himself emperor. Then the Han commanders descend onto the plain, plunder several commanderies, and take the surrender of the many locally organized fortifications that had sprung up in these chaotic times – these might have been helpful against roving bandits but stood no chance against more organized forces. JS104 and JS100 both specifically refer to the recruitment of these local defenders as “army soldiers” 軍士. Then Shi Le and Wang Mi proceed to attack Ye, and the Jin commander, He Yu, abandons the city and flees. JS104 continues to say that Shi Le then “advanced to attack Zhao commandery”.

JS004 records under the 2nd Year of Yongjia, 2ndMonth, that Shi Le plundered in Changshan but was defeated by Wang Jun this is not in JS104. In the 3rd Month, Liu Yuan attacked Ji commandery. Based on JS100 it seems plausible that this attack was led by Liu Yao, and “Liu Yuan invaded” is just short for “Liu Yuan sent Liu Yao to invade”. 9th Month, Shi Le invades Zhao commandery and He Yu abandons Ye, apparently before the city is under direct attack. 10th Month, Liu Yuan declares himself emperor. 11th Month, Shi Le captures Ye, Jin's Grand Warden, Wang Cui, dies during the fall of the city. 3rdYear of Yongjia, 7th Month, Han forces attack Shangdang and besiege Huguan. A relief army under Wang Kuang is defeated by Wang Mi and the commandery surrenders.

So the fall of Shangdang, which according to JS104 took place before Liu Yuan declared himself emperor, in JS005 only takes place the following year. ZZTJ disputes that it was the 7th Month but agrees with JS005 on the year, so I will save that argument for later. Then Shi Le, after being defeated in Changshan, enters Zhao commandery, He Yu flees, Liu Yuan declares himself, emperpor, Shi Le takes Ye, which was in Wei commandery. This appear to directly contradict JS1004 where the sequence goes Shi Le takes Huguan, Liu Yuan declares himself emperor, Shi Le and others captures various forts in Wei and Dunqiu, Shi Le attacks Ye which falls, He Yu flees, Shi Le advances into Zhao.

It's not entirely impossible to merge the accounts in JS005 and JS105 together. There could have been fighting in Shangdang in both 308 and 309 and maybe some of the battles in 308 got confused with battles in 309. It is quite possible that after sacking Ye, Shi Le moved back into Zhao. But I don't feel like making an attempt right now. Therefore the map below follows the account in JS005 where this contradicts JS104. My previous post in this series included a section from JS104 on how Shi Le suborned the men of a Wuhuan leader located in Leping. From a base in Leping, Shi Le would have been well-positioned to plunder Changshan and Zhao, and move south from there against Ye. If at the same time the armies of Wang Mi and Liu Yao were plundering in Ji, Wei and Dunqiu, the defenders of Ye would appear to have been in a pretty bad position.

As a final note, I should perhaps add that the maps are intended as illustrations to the text. They are not intended to mean that Han were in full control of the territory within its “borders”. The Jin state had collapsed and in the countryside what had replaced it was not a new Han state, but various local “rampart masters” and similar who submitted to every real army passing by.)

(Liu Xuan)

Liu Xuan, courtesy name Shize, was plain, blunt and with few words. He was fond of studying, and cultivated purity. His teacher was Sun Yan of Le'an. He was deeply focused on gathering thoughts, not resting day or night, and was fond of the Mao Poetry and Mr Zuo's Traditions. Yan always commended him, saying:

If Xuan had met Wu of Han, he would have exceeded Jin Midi.

When his studies were complete, he turned back. He did not set out from the village gates probably for several years. Always when reciting the Book of Han, when he reached the Biographies of Xiao He and Deng Yu, he not once did not turn around to chant them, saying:

A man of great talent, if he met the Two Founders, in the end he would not make the Two Excellencies alone hold first place in pleasing before [the ruler].

The Inspector of Bing province, Wang Guang, spoke about him to Emperor Wu. The Emperor summoned him to audience. He praised his divination replies, and because of that said:

When I had not yet seen Xuan, I said Guang's words were empty and that was all. Now I have seen him advancing and halting with manners and decorum, he can truly be said to be like a jade sceptre. Observing his natural quality, he is more than able to console and assemble his home section.

He therefore used Xuan as Chief Controller of the Right Section, and specially gave him a red cloth curved canopy. He managed the officials purely and respectfully, and for that the section cherished him.

Yuan became king [because of] Xuan's plans. For that reason he especially received respect and esteem, in merit and kinship he had no equal. In army and state, inside and outside, there was nothing he had not sole control of.

(Liu Cong)

When Yuan claimed the great title, he designated him Great Marshal, ennobled as King of Chu.

(Li Xiong)

3rd Year of Yanping, Winter, 12thMonth [29 December 308 – 27 January 309], Cheng's Prefect of the Masters of Writing, Yang Bao, passed on.

(The source text for the anecdotes below refers to Yang Bao as “Chancellor”, this may have been a posthumous conferral.)

Earlier, Li Xiong's thoughts were on his summons reaching distant regions, [but] what used by the state was insufficient. For that reason the various generals always advanced with gold, silver and precious treasure, and very much were thereby obtaining their offices. The Chancellor, Yang Bao, remonstrated, saying:

Your Majesty is the master of Under Heaven, and must net and catch the Four Seas. Why are [you] using offices to buy gold!

Xiong apologized with humble phrases.

Later Xiong was once drunk on alcohol and pushed the Prefect of the Palace Writers, and caned the Prefect of the Grand Officials Bao advanced to say:

The Son of Heaven is clement and benevolent, the various vassals splendid and sublime. How can [you] be the Son of Heaven and yet bet drunk!

Xiong promptly let them go.

Xiong had no affairs and set out for a short while. Bao from behind him grasped a lance and galloped his horse past Xiong. Xiong was curious and asked him. He replied, saying:

In all cases the weight of governing Under Heaven is like Your Subject riding a hateful horse and holding a lance. Hurry it on and worry about wounding yourself. Slow it down and fear its loss. Hence the horse galloped and was not controlled.

Xiong realized and promptly returned.

Before this, the southern lands in repeated years had famine and plague, the dead numbered a million. The Colonel of the Southern Yi, Li Yi, firmly defended and did not surrender. Xiong enticed the Yi of Jianning and sent them to chastise him. Yi passed on from illness and the city was lost. They killed more than 3 000 strong soldiers, and sent off the wives and daughters, a thousand mouths, to Chengdu.

(HYGZ04 dates Li Yi's death to 306 under somewhat different circumstances that what described here. As Li Xiong was not really involved and this is getting long enough, I have not included it here.)

(Yiwen Leiju quoting the Book of Li Xiong of Shu: During the reign of the Martial [wu] August Emperor, Xiong, in the 3rd Year of Grand Cheng, a white crow with a red foot came soaring. The Emperor asked Fan Xian [i.e. Fan Changsheng] about it. Xian said:

The crow has the right-princeliness of returning back with food. Surely there are distant people who hold dear your kindness and come. As a result drifting people from Guanzhong request to surrender.)

(HYGZ08: 2nd Year [of Yongjia], decreed to write a record of [Luo] Shang's merit in chastising [Li] Te], and added to him Cavalier in Regular Attendance, Commander-in-Chief of the two provinces, and advanced his fief to Marquis of Yiling. Since his oldest son Yu had taken on Chief Commandant of Attending Chariots, designated his second son Yan as Chief Commandant of Cavalry.

Since Liang# province had been smashed and ruined by Xiong, Jin then used Huangfu Shang as Liang# province. Shang was unable to go to his office. Then they used the Interior Clerk of Shunyang, Zhang Guang of Jiangxia, as Inspector. He was seated at Xincheng. The people of Hanzhong were pressured by Li Feng's robbing and plundering, and ran east to Jing and Mian.)

(Huangfu Shang had been appointed to Liang# province back in 303 by Sima Ai, and was killed fighting Sima Yong. So this part of the entry is either erroneous or misplaced.)

(JS057: [The Inspector of Jing province, Liu] Hong petitioned that [Zhang] Guang had unusual achievements. He moved to General of Talented Officials and Inspector of Liang# province. … Guang did not manage to go to the province, and halted in Weixing. He therefore joined with the various commandery wardens to together plan to advance and take it. [Zhang] Yan recited a speech, saying:

Hanzhong is desolate and defeated, quashed by the nearby great thieves. The affair of overcoming them again, must wait for a gallant hero.

[Du] Zhengchong [HYGZ's Du Mengzhi] said:

Zhang Yan accepted the thieves' gold and silver. He did not timely advance to chastise, he impeded the troops and delayed against the robbers. What caused the loss of Hanzhong was in fact Yan's crimes.

Guang hence let out his anger, he berated Yan, ordered him out, beheaded him and had [the body] make the rounds. He soothed and consoled the desolate and broken, the hundred families happily submitted. Guang hence came back to garrison Hanzhong.)

(Note that HYGZ08 dates Zhang Guang occupation of Hanzhong to 311, but it seemed more fitting to conclude Zhang Yan Du Mengzhi/Zhengchong's story here. And who can say when this particular meeting actually took place.)

(Zhang Gui)

Soon after Wang Mi robbed Luoyang. Zhang Gui dispatched Beigong Chun, Zhang Zuan, Ma Fang, Yin Jun, and others to lead the provincial army to strike and rout him. They also defeated Liu Cong in Hedong. At the Imperial City they sang about it, saying:

Liang province's great horses, travel across Under Heaven. Liang province's owls on high, bandits and thieves melt away. Owls on high flying freely, the terror kills people.

The Emperor was joyful about his loyalty, and advanced his fief to Duke of Xiping commandery. He did not accept.

(Murong Hui)

Beginning of Yongjia [c. 307 – 308], Hui declared himself Great Shanyu of the Xianbei.

[captaincvans]

Chapter Four: Skin to Bone

03/01/20

Pairing: Chris Evans x Reader

Word Count: 1667+

Warnings: Language; TW: Miscarriage

Series Masterpost

A/N: I apologize for the long wait for this chapter! I hope I do this story justice, and I hope you all enjoy the updates. If you have a kind word or two to spare, please drop by my Askbox- I really need it.

Y/N turned around at the door, seeing the hard face of her ex-boyfriend before he slammed the door at her face. She stumbled through the city, trying to numb her emotions and think about her next steps. She needed a place to stay, luckily it was still the holidays, and she had the next two days off. The first hotel she went to was booked up, and so was the second one, and the third one. She opted for a small motel in the quieter part of town, where it wouldn’t be bustling with tourists. She managed to get a single room with a king sized bed for a reasonable price. Chris didn’t leave her with much stuff, just her phone that was quickly losing battery, her purse, and a duffle bag that she threw her essentials in. Luckily, she always brought a battery pack in case of emergencies. She chewed on her lip for a while, wondering what to do next.

“Fuck it,” she muttered under her breath. She typed a quick text to Chris, hoping he hadn’t blocked her number yet.

I need the rest of my stuff. When can I pick it up?

She waited a few seconds before her phone pinged.

Tomorrow morning. John will be there.

Y/N didn’t bother to text back, her body exhausted from the day, her mind shutting down to protect herself from the incoming wave of emotions. She decided to retire for the night, just after showering in the dirty bathroom, she thought it would be best to stay in the clothes she came in, unsure of the last time the bedsheets were actually clean. Once in bed, the weight of the day came crashing down on her. Their three-year relationship was gone, just down the drain. Chris was someone she found herself imagining living the rest of her life with, but now their relationship has ended like this. Once a drop of tear escaped, there was no turning back. She was angry at him for not giving her a chance to speak, for not giving her the chance to tell him about the baby she might be carrying, but overall she was just sad. Chris had never behaved like this towards her, or anyone he knows for that matter! It would have taken a lot to get him this upset, but she just didn’t know what she did to make him upset like this- or if there was even a reason. Perhaps that was the most upsetting part of it all, he never gave her a chance to fix the relationship. He just gave up on them. He didn’t fight for them. Y/N spent hours grieving over the relationship she lost, mourning over the future she thought she would have.

Her heart was bubbling with anger and hurt, the feelings making her want to vomit, but she remained strong. She lived all her other years without Chris, and would be damned if she let him ruin her life like this. Overall, she felt defeated with the turn of events. Chris was as stubborn as a person would get, he wasn’t going to change his mind or listen to her while he was still this hurt. After a restless sleep, she woke up at around 9AM, unusually late for her, but she was grateful for the fact that it was now a reasonable time to head over to Chris’s apartment. She took her car, thankful that she always had a preference towards a CRV instead of smaller cars.

“Hi John,” Y/N greeted quietly, not knowing what his mood was going to be. She wasn’t even sure if he knew the whole story, and if he would be resentful towards her.

“Hi Y/N,” he replied. He gave her a small smile, sympathy in his eyes. “How are you holding up?”

She shrugged. “Not great.”

He nodded, unsure of what else to say. “Do you need help getting these in your car?”

“That would be great. Thanks.”

John grabbed the box closest to him, and placed it inside her car. Slowly, but surely the car was starting to get full with all her stuff, and it left her heart aching more. Once the last of her items were in the car, John stopped her. “Before I forget. Chris wanted me to give you this.” He handed her a stapled contract.

“Oh right… The agreement,” Y/N mumbled. She never thought her relationship with Chris would end this badly, she never thought it would end, period. She was sure he was the one she would spend the rest of her life with. She would never forget signing this form when they reached their second year anniversary, almost a year ago. Chris hadn’t even told her about this directly, John had given her all this information on his own.

“Sorry about all this, Y/N.”

“It’s not your fault, John. How should I make the payments?”

“You can deposit it into the account shown on the last page. It should have all the information you need, and if you have any questions feel free to call me.”

She read over the letter, heart sinking when she saw the amount of money she owed, but she wasn’t surprised. Chris had spent quite a great deal on her and the relationship. She dragged her feet to the motel, hoping to find some apartments around the area that she can afford. She was far from poor, but if she needed to make monthly instalments to Chris, she would need to be smart with her budget. Afterall, paying someone $50 000 was not in her mind when she was making the budget for the year.

The first thing she did was book an appointment with her family doctor to confirm her pregnancy. Y/N was hoping to make the first appointment with Chris after she had told him, but now she supposed everything had to be done by herself. She went back to work the next day, refusing to stay in bed and wallow in her sorrow.

Her doctor’s appointment was on a rainy Wednesday, the weather matching her foul mood. She was grateful that they didn’t ask too many questions about the baby daddy, and instead focused on the her and the baby’s health, giving her all the information she needed.

A month after they separated, the investigation started. Y/N wasn’t sure what to think. She knew for sure she would never steal from Chris, she was adamant in proving that she was never with him for his money. But no one seemed to believe her. She couldn’t blame them. If Chris didn’t even believe her, how could she expect strangers to believe her? She did her best with giving as much information to the police as possible. They were looking into her accounts, but she was confident they wouldn’t find anything. She was positive in her innocence.

The stress was getting to her, pressure from her friends and family on why she and Chris broke up on top of the investigation was piling up. She woke up in her one bedroom apartment, a sharp pain in her abdomen. A pressure in her chest was building as an ominous feeling dawned on  her. She made a beeline to the bathroom, seeing the blood seep through her cream shorts, and she felt nauseous. She phoned her OB/Gyn in a panic, quickly washing up to Uber to her doctor. She wasn’t going to risk driving in this condition.Two long hours later, and she got her result. She had a miscarriage. While her doctor was going on with how often it happened, she tuned out. There was an empty feeling in her heart, and she wasn’t sure if it would ever be filled again.

Y/N had no time to grieve the loss of her baby because a month later the press found out about the whole investigation. After that her life became a living hell. The journalist and press were following her around like a piranha smelling fresh blood. Once the news became public that she was remotely involved in this fraud case, she was fired from her workplace with the excuse that they didn’t want to have the negative press on her team. The next few months were unbearable to say the least. Every day was harder than the previous.

Y/N left her home to do a quick grocery run, her small home was packed with paparazzis around her. She asked her lawyer a few months ago to move to a smaller apartment and somewhere she could have a small sense of security, losing her job and the payments she made to John made a considerable dent to her savings. Unfortunately, her lawyer said no. There were strict rules on what she could and couldn’t do as a part of this investigation as outlined by the court, and moving was not an option. As she was coming back, one of the journalist had gotten close to her, enough to hit her with their giant cameras.

“What do you have to say about the investigation?”

“Were you just with Chris for his money?”

“Did you steal from him?”

“Did you plan all of this?”

Questions were thrown at her, each one hitting her harder. She knew that she never had any intention of hurting Chris, even after all this time, she was no longer mad at him. Instead, she felt sorry for him. It must have been hard for him to accept that the people closest to him betrayed him, and she knew how sensitive he was to the people around him. He was always so friendly to people, and there were some that took advantage of his kindness.

“Please leave me alone,” she said, trying to avoid more cameras hitting her.

“What was that?”

“Can you repeat that?”

“Did you say to leave you alone?”

It was the first time she acknowledged them by talking to them, and they were eating it up. Now she was even more anxious. She knew not to have given them anything, Chris had told her that all the time when they were dating. Once they think they have a chance to get something out of you, they would attack and be more aggressive with their advances. Finally, she made it inside her home, quickly locking the door behind her and throwing her groceries on the kitchen counter. Once her hands were empty, she fell to her knees, tears quickly falling down her face.

-

Scott drove them both home, Chris being unfit to even get behind the wheels with his mind so jumbled.

“You gonna be okay?” Scott asked once they arrived at Chris’s farmhouse.

Chris nodded numbly, offering a forced smile. “Yea, I’ll be fine. Go on your date.”

“I can cancel-”

“Scott, really, it’s fine.” Chris punched his brother’s arm, trying to give him a semblance of his old self. “I’ll be fine. I’m good.”

“Okay. If you need anything- and I mean anything, call me, okay?”

Chris rolled his eyes. “Yes, mom.”

Scott chuckled, shaking his head. He grabbed his duffle bag of stuff he brought when he stayed over.

Once Scott left, Chris fell to his couch. Dodger padding towards him, and throwing his toy next to him. “Not now, buddy.” He did, however, scratch the back of the canine’s ears. “I fucked up, and I gotta figure out a way to apologize to your mom.” He pulled out his phone, trying to find any sign on Y/N through her social media. She’s never been an avid user, especially once their relationship became public. He wasn’t surprised to find that she hasn’t been active since a bit before they broke up.

However, something on his Twitter caught his eye. It was a paparazzi photo of Y/N from the morning exiting a grocery store, and a few more from outside of what he assumed was her home. She was highly distressed, her sunglasses failing to hide the crease between her brows, and the way her body curled in itself. The tweet itself was hateful, telling Y/N she brought this upon herself. Chris flared with anger, seeing the replies and other tweets, all blaming her. Just like him, they didn’t hear her side of the story. He went through the journalist’s tweets, they wrote clickbait articles using her name, getting quotes from her friends and family that he knew weren’t all that truthful. One of the article broke his heart. There was a quote from her begging them to stop following her, to leave her alone, but they made a joke out of it in their writing. They weren’t interested in telling a story. They were there to just break her even more.

Chris went back to his page, and tweeted something for the first time in a few months.

<-- (Chapter 3)            (Chapter 5) -->

- Tag List - 

@lost-in-t-h-e-abyss @vogueworthy-barnes @hista-girl @tfandtws @aletteredaffair @traceyaudette @lupine-princess @songforhema @stella2445 @coffeebooksandfandom @qrndevans @straightforwardly @cesarofangirl78 @buckybarneslove76 @kaithezaftig​  @evanstush​ @ownerofthebastard​ @jadedhillon​ @ka-x-in​ @lili-ann-love​ @bulldozed88 @dolan-mendes​ @jeleners1430​ @yougurt-con-avena​ @fandomoneshots-imagines​ @patzammit​ @ramblingsnfandom​ @beanthedoggo​ @luckylightfiction​ @luckyfiction17​ @chrisevanssleeping @snave-sirhc​ @gemgemswift​ @firstangeldragonranch​ @hiddlesbitch1 @virtualmemmecollector​ @heladoom @crimeshowtrash​ @notyourtypicalrose​ @peach-acid​ @uneniffler​ @cloudyskylines​ @simmisblog​ @shikshinkwon​ @queenkronk @aubageddon91​ @thefandomzoneisdangerous​ @the-soulofdevil​ @lizblinder​ @what-is-your-wish​ @natdrunk​ @capsiclesdoll​ @genesgoingtohamslam @kapokipa666 @mom---nicole​ @cltex84​ @star-spangled-steve​ @sassyspacedust @dlb113​ @bojabee​ @iwik3it​ @samsebsblog​ @friyak1 @multireality​ @joannie95​ @mrsfox79​ @lady-x-red​ @princess-evans-addict​ @aria253264​ @fallenoutofrose​ @bitchwhytho​ @frencchfries​ @shmara100​ @honeymarvelz @jilybeanz​ @saiyanprincessswanie​ @chi00072​ @youaremyfiveever​ @madisonpillstrom​ @13-reasons-ideas​ @christocrave​ @impairedmuse​ @itsallyscorner​ @bellaireland1981​ @icanfeelastormbrewing​ @thereisatardison221bbakerstreet @sweet--rabbit​ @samsebsblog​ @stilltoomuchafangirl​ @kaetastic​ @sweetlittlegingy​ @bigbandbombshell​ @mishagreenleaf  @shannon124​ @the-wayward-robot​

[dear--charlie]

Dear Charlie,

It’s been a while. I know. I’m sorry. I hope you are okay, that you are healthy and that your loved ones are okay too.

I was feeling better, genuinely. Even with a global pandemic and despite the fact that I have not hugged my girlfriend in a year, I feel better. Happier, somehow. I think it’s because I told my parents about A. They took it pretty well considering the fact that I kept it from them for more than two years and that my dad is quite homophobic - turns out he is not when it’s about his own flesh and blood. I don’t know if I told you that I told them. But here you go.

Did I tell you that I started dance classes again? Well due to Covid they stopped again, like in march. I miss it. They usually keep me sane. Now, since yesterday, I feel like I am going crazy. I finished my last exam but I still have to work on my thesis. Mind you, I even applied for an Erasmus Mundus, Glasgow, Aarhus and Barcelona, maybe even Vancouver are the cities I would live in for six months each more or less. It sounds really interesting but it’s so expensive. In some weeks they tell me if I’m admitted to the scholarship. If I don’t get that scholarship, paying might get tricky. I am looking for apartments right now and I found one I really like. It’s around 50cm2, has a kitchen/living room, a bathroom, a room and a tiny room. It looks amazing but it’s expensive. Then again, it’s cheaper than anything else I saw. It’s 400 000€, when all the others started at 600 000€. Housing situation in Luxembourg is hell. It’s so expensive. The apartments I went to take a look at aren’t even in a central region. They are all on the countryside and so so so expensive. Did you know that for an apartment that size in the capital you nearly pay a million? In other countries you get an entire house for that prize, but hey… that’s life I guess. Well, when I saw this particular apartment, I fell in love. And if everything goes right, I will buy it and borrow money at the bank, hello depts for 15 years, but hey I’m only 22. I saw the apartment and I imagined A living there with me. We have talked about names for children and Samira or Alia are the ones we stuck with. What do you think of those? I know they aren’t typical names and if I’m not wrong they have arabic and/or hindu origines, but we fell in love with them. We’d like to adopt a girl, but there are many procedures until that can happen. She will probably move in with me as soon as we both finish our studies. We want to marry. Who would have thought that? It makes me genuinely happy and the distance has made us stick together even more.

I also finished my internship with the extra third graders. It was exhausting but I miss the kiddos. They turned out to be great as soon as I found out how to handle each of them and their extra behaviour. Some of them told me they wanted me to be their teacher till the end of the year. I nearly cried when I heard that, but hey, I held back the tears.

Not-Rose and I are sometimes talking, I am on friendly terms with Sally again, and I just completely dropped the 9. Lena is distant (yea, we share that name, I’m not talking about my secret alter ego) and never wants to do anything. I told Laura and Daniel about A too. They took it well. And Lisa is like always. They are my friends I guess. But I don’t think we will stay in touch after uni. We just don’t have many things in common and some of their thoughts and ideas are… quite challenging for me. I don’t want to say they are utterly stupid, but they kind of are dunderheads. I love them though, I just don’t feel like we have a lot in common. I hope the Glasgow will accept me… because that Masters degree would give me a chance to work in a higher field, maybe even research, so that I can bring about the change I strive for. Sometimes I do feel weird for telling you all of this. I’m sorry for oversharing (if it’s bothering anybody).

Oh, also, I cleaned my emails (went from 6000 to 120, huge, huh?) and I stumbled upon some form my Spanish teacher (2014-2017) The way I wrote made me cringe, but her messages were kind. I think she is one of the people who made me change for the better. A is too. And me changing my way of thinking and being more open. It think it has helped me improve a lot. I reached out to a therapist for my dermatillomania and have an appointment in march. It’s public therapy and they have long waiting periods, but at least I reached out. Right?

I wrote the TOEFL again and the DELE C1, I hope to get my results soon. The DELE is taking 3 months already, and TOEFL should arrive in about 5 days. I think I did good. I hope well enough to be admitted at a university in Madrid if they don’t take me for the Erasmus Mundus programme.

You know what? Writing to you always makes me feel serene. I’m calm right now. Freya Ridings’ Lost Without You is my company and I am okay. Yesterday I wasn’t. A’s mom might have cancer… and it might be spreading. She was destroyed and I wanted to help but I don’t even know when the next flight are going to Spain from here… I mean, there are flights, but what if no plane flies back and I am stuck there with uni starting again here… I cried. Because of her and her mother and because some days ago she asked me to read to her out of my “Essays” (aka the crap I have been writing on my phone since 2015, which mostly is utterly depressing and consists of the things I don’t really tell people. That, and some letters to you, that is. And she asked me to read the bad parts about her to her… so I did. And oh I hated myself for those words. She is okay with them, says they make her learn what to do and how to improve, but I felt like a huge a**hole because those things were not fair towards her. I was so deep into my own misery that I didn’t realize how bad I was treating my girlfriend, even though it was only on the screen and my head. That’s too much. After reading some to her, she had to leave, and I read through the entire 268 pages again and deleted every single bad thing I ever wrote about her. That didn’t make the bad feeling go away though.

I’m sorry for having written so much. It’s just been a while. I truly hope you and everybody reading through my thoughts is okay (and hey, thanks for having read until here, I know it was a lot this time).

Be safe,

Love always,

Lena.

P.S. Listen to Daughter (“Tomorrow”, “Youth”, or whatever really. The band is great and has been my company for a loooong while now)

(22.01.2021, 11:09h)

[indianexpalert]

PM Modi to distribute over 71,000 appointment letters to new recruits under Rozgar Mela on December 23

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will distribute more than 71,000 appointment letters to newly appointed recruits on December 23 through video conferencing, the Prime Minister’s Office stated in a release on Sunday. According to the PMO, Prime Miinister Modi will also address the gathering on the occasion. Rozgar Mela is a step towards fulfilment of the commitment of the Prime Minister to accord…

[lthmath]

A little late on sharing the historical facts we have shared during March, but better late than never. With this strange situation, we are happy about how we managed to stay on top of the History of Mathematics facts in March and April (as well). I cannot believe this is our 8th month we are doing this!!! So excited and thankfull for your support (check our previous: February). Hope you will like these posts!

Before we go to our normal posts, we have a couple of posts from our Women in Mathematics Calendar we have been working on:

Going on with our other lovely interesting facts:

I was impressed by how late he was appointed professor of mathematics. For me this was a case of working even harder for something and that sometimes is better later than never.

This is such an awesome quote and I love how De Beaune points out the importance of geometry.

This was an interesting find, I had no idea about the least square method until I read this and I had to look for more. If you are as curious as me, I totally recommend you check it out.

This is another case of new discovery: the Reverse Polish Notation. If you have no idea what that is, you have to check it out.

Complex numbers have been a fascination for me. It took me a lot of time to properly understand it fully and I still find myself fascinated by some aspects.

If you are not a fan of John von Neumann‘s work by this point… then you should defenetly become one…soon.

This is a quote from a 1960 letter from Hubert James: “While at the Radiation Laboratory Schwinger invented important methods in electromagnetic field theory, which were extensively employed in the development of the theory of wave guides. He developed variational techniques that produced major advances in several fields of mathematical physics. Still more important were his contributions to the development of the modern form of quantum electrodynamics, through introduction of the “renormalization” technique. For this work he received the Nature of Light Award of the National Academy of Sciences, and shared with Kurt Gödel the first award of the $15 000 Albert Einstein Prize for achievement in Natural Science.”

I have heard about this a while ago and it was a little shock for me. I have known the “L’ Hospital’s Rule” since high-school and I never thought it wasn’t by L’ Hospital… I would like to write more about this soon, just an interesting topic.

This is one of those things we should know a little bit about. Analytic geometry is really important at the moment. It is widely used in physics and engineering, and also in aviation, rocketry, space science, and spaceflight. It is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete and computational geometry.

Gauss had always fascinated me. I think that he saw mathematics so differently than anyone else and it is fascinating to read about his discoveries.

An interesting small fact about Karl Weierstrass. I had no idea he was a gymnasium teacher before.

Hope you are enjoying this new series. We are having a lot of time searching and writing about these aspects. Enjoy the day! You can find us on Facebook, Tumblr, Twitter and  Instagram. We will try to post there as often as possible.

Lots of love and don’t forget that maths is everywhere! Enjoy!

A History of Mathematics | March A little late on sharing the historical facts we have shared during March, but better late than never.

[lepeintre-louis-david]

At its first meeting, held on February 27, 1792 in the Grand Salon of the Louvre, the jury was constituted. Vincent was appointed president, and, upon David's refusal, Regnault, vice-president. Several sessions were spent in procuring another room, in responding to artists who requested that the deliberations be public, and in resolving several questions which had arisen concerning the distribution of funding to the different genres in painting. David, who had been excused because of the drawings to be made for the patriotic feast of the soldiers of Châteauvieux, had at first given up all manner of prize; then having reconsidered his decision he made it known that he would accept the result of the votes of his colleagues.

The prizes were distributed as follows:

Historical painting.— MM. David, 7,000 livres; Regnault, 6.000; Vincent, 5,000; Taillasson, 4, 000; Vernet, 4, 000; Lefevre, 3,000; Forty, 3,000; Bonvoisin, 3,000.

Sculpture.— MM. .Julien, 10,000 livres; Chaudet, 5, 000; Maison, 5,000; Lucas, 3,000; Boizot, 3,000; Roland, 3,000; Boichot, 3,000; Dardel, 3,000.

Genre painting— MM. Taunay, 3,000 livres; Bidault, 2,000; Robert-Lefèvre, 2,000; Machy, 1,000; Bouillard (Mlle), 1,000 ; Bertaux, 1,000.

Architecture — M. Muly, 3,000 livres.

Engraving — M. Servie, 3,000 livres.

Gem-working — M. de Jouy, 1,500 livres. Medals — M. Dupré, 1,500 livres.

Hardly was the judgment known than "the posters, announcements and various notices or Journal général de France" published the following letter:

15 April, 1792

To the Editor,

Sir,

Here is the copy of a letter which I have just addressed to the Gentleman Commissioners, judges of the artists. I think you can serve them and prevent mistakes by printing it in your journal. I am, etc.

Ritt

Artist exhibitor.

Gentlemen, the Commission, responsible for the distribution of support work, is composed of distinguished artists in different genres. Their judgments are watched. They will classify in public opinion what one should think of the virtues and enlightened thought of artists appointed judges of their competitors, which will result in either the esteem or contempt of this class of citizens presumed enlightened and virtuous.

I have the honor of being an artist; what you are occupied with occupies me, and I was terrified, Gentlemen, by your first judgment.

What! You gave the first prize to M. David; but were you judging therefore on commonplace reputation as well, and not on the only works that must compete, as the law obliges you to do!

I want M. David to be, in many ways, the most skillful; but you could only judge him on a portrait and a draft painting.

Are you ignorant, Gentlemen, of the conditions adopted in all the Academies and in all the competitions: it is that ‘an item which has already appeared is rejected and inadmissible.’ If it were otherwise, what is called a competition would no longer be a competition, since a work already renowned would be sure of victory, and then a creator could always compete with the same work and with the same success. Moreover, the more a piece of painting or sculpture has succeeded, the more its surroundings have received rewards: in accommodation at the Louvre, in academic honors, in advantageous commissions, and indeed, the more it is given a brilliant and useful reputation.

You must not. Gentlemen, give prizes only to the good works which, for the first time, were seen at the Salon of 1791, and not to others. Otherwise, you will be accused of being unjust and poorly educated: two equally withering imputations for the body of artists. I do not indicate to you the works which can secure your votes; but you have enough to give them recompense.

Some people who knew of your judgment yesterday have cried out that you are making determinations according to democratic or aristocratic systems (1). I have publicly reassured them, knowing that you have only to pronounce on the merit of new works, rather than on the fleeting favor of any faction.

P.-S. David is said to have appropriately renounced the contest. We could not therefore designate him for any reward, if he wanted to waste time, or flatter him excessively; a disastrous favor which your friendship should spare him.

This letter was a forgery, and the work of an enemy of David’s.

(1) In other words, that the decision is being made based on the politics of the artist rather than on the quality of the work

[spanishbuenosaires2-blog]

Learn Spanish Buenos Aires

Headaches Time and Money through Finding Out the best way to Understand Spanish

Spanish School Buenos Aires

What is typically the simplest way to learn The spanish language? To answer which problem, the first thing a person need to do is usually figure out how numerous different ways there are actually for you to learn Spanish. Once an individual know different learning approaches available to you, it is advisable to identify how you find out and are your studying advantages. By understanding exactly how you learn, you may present yourself a strong maneuvering in knowing what to help look for since you look for the market place to the easiest way to study Spanish.

Spanish School Buenos Aires

Solutions to Learn Romance language

There are several various routes you can acquire to learning to speak spanish and nevertheless end up at around the same end place. Formula that many associated with us are familiar using is definitely taking a college or university Spanish training course. This process will cost you at any place from some hundred money to a few 1, 000 dollars depending on which often company you decide in order to complete the Spanish language program in. There are several strengths that are linked with learning Spanish in the college course: you get usage of an individual (professor) who knows anything you would likely every want to understand in regards to the Spanish language, anyone also have guy class mates to help and really encourage you throughout the understanding course of action, and you could test your level regarding progress through the quizzes and assessments offered simply by the professor. In spite of these types of advantages, you should not necessarily be ready to become fluent throughout any dialect after a single course. It can take multiple lessons and almost certainly years involving public communication for the reason that specific language to become progressive in that language. Credited to the reasonably excessive cost, the inappropriate time of many Spanish instructional classes sold at the college levels, and the conclusion that will you are most very likely not to become smooth in a timely method, many people are cancelling on the "Do It On your own Mentality".

My definition connected with the "Do It By yourself Mentality" rapid buying some sort of Spanish educational reserve as well as teaching yourself the fabric with out the aid of a new tutor or other training origin.

There are a lot of benefits to becoming fluent in spanish via the Do It Your self Mentality: Initial, you will certainly save yourself the further dollars that would include been spent on Speaking spanish college courses. Secondly, it will be easy to set your individual learning tempo. And Additionally, you don't have to be able to restrict yourself to often the inappropriate the right time of quite a few Spanish courses supplied with college institutions. Regardless of these kinds of great advantages, you will be continue to limiting your power to understand Spanish. For instance, the most significant problems individuals face in mastering Spanish is learning just how to accurately pronounce every letter from the alphabet. All these letters do not possess a similar pronunciation as the actual letters inside English delineation. Some of these albhabets can actually be the little tricky for you to enunciate if you're not mindful. Basically, you run the particular rick of learning The spanish language within the wrong way. The idea would be any waste to put all associated with the time and energy in to learning Spanish only to help uncover that you mastered the vocabulary incorrectly. No longer let this remain via pursuing your want to discover Spanish. There is yet another method that combines typically the strengths of all often the advantages as listed above. So sure, you've suspected it! The actual easiest way to find out Romance language is through some sort of Spanish educating software.

Right now there are a lot regarding Spanish instructing software's about the market today. Hoping to decide on apart each and every one based on it can benefits and downfalls may appear like a daunting process. The good news is, there are a new lot of really fine reviews in which break along each software directly into is actually pro's and con's. Nevertheless before you start in order to do that you need to understand precisely what to look for within the learning Spanish software program. For instance: How can the software instruct? Is usually it beneficial to the actual way My spouse and i learn? Could I afford the application?

All of these are generally questions that you have to ask your self before you even check for a Spanish coaching computer software. If you avoid figure out this data before you start then you may probably get caught in all the marketing media hype. And so stay strong, realize what you are looking for. You can find what you need and need to assist you to study Spanish.

How You Discover and What Your Mastering Benefits Are

Each and also every person is unique. A number of people are visual individuals, while others are audio tracks scholars. You need to be able to ask yourself how accomplish I understand? This may well seem kind of well not required but it's crucial if you plan on finding a training program that will genuinely help you discover Spanish language. Think back to your own personal workday or to just about any certain thing you encountered now and ask oneself what was diverse regarding that moment that authorized me to remember this experience? Or even what does I remember almost all concerning that experience? Was this a visual presentation this sort of as electrical power point? Or perhaps was that a introduction give by way of a speaker? Probably you recall an appointment call up more clearly or perhaps the specifics in a printout? Any you remember from this particular prior week is the clue for you to how you actually learn. Also, may reduce yourself. You may find out through a combination involving methods, for instance audio, aesthetic, and public interaction. By simply taking the time to help appreciate how you learn along with what your mastering talents are you will always be replacing the same with chances of properly learning Spanish. Essentially, aiding yourself find the easiest method to learn Spanish.

The particular easiest way to study Spanish is through any Speaking spanish teaching software. Using a The spanish language teaching software program you can advance with your own rate. You could have the aid of Romance language tutors in addition to support staff members. These individuals will probably guideline you through any troubles you may encounter when you are finding out. Anyone can be tested on standard intervals or ascertain your performance to identify whether you must move ahead of time or repeat some sort of tutorial. There are grammar as well as vocabulary lessons to support you understand the composition of essay sentences and the particular words used in these people. Some Spanish software's offer you games and other advantages. Generally giving you typically the look and experience connected with being in a school room with no time restraints or maybe agendas. I hope this specific has been a valuable write-up to you and also that you now be aware that the easiest way in order to learn Spanish is actually by means of a Spanish teaching application. If you a sovrano enthusiastic about taking a better look at many of the top rated ranked Spanish educating software's among customers subsequently remember to take a look in one of the back links right below.

[bookofjin]

Rise of Sixteen States: 301

Li Te declares himself Great General who Garrisons the North.

Elsewhere around this time, Zhang Gui is appointed Inspector of Liangzhou while Liu Yuan gets a new job.

26 January 301 – 13 February 302

(Jin's 1st Year of Yongning)

1st Year of Yongning, Spring, 1st Month, yichou [3 February], the King of Zhao, Lun, usurped the throne.

3rd Month [26 March – 24 April], the General who Pacifies the East, the King of Qi, Jiong, rose with troops to thereby punish Lun, transmitting a call to arms to the provinces and commanderies, and garrisoning at Yandi.

The Great General who Conquers the North, the King of Chengdu, Ying; the Great General who Conquers the West, the King of Hejian, Yong; the King of Changshan, Ai; the Inspector of Yu province, Li Yi; the Inspector of Yan province, Wang Yan; the Commander of the Palace Gentlemen of the South, the Duke of Xinye, Xin; all rose with troops to obey him.

Summer, 4th Month, guihai [1 June], executed the King of Zhao, Lun and others of Lun's faction.

(Li Te)

1st Year of Yongning, Spring, 1st Month [26 January – 24 February], Zhao Xin feared the Imperial Court would chastise him. He dispatched the Senior Clerk Fei Yuan, the Grand Warden of Qianwei, Li Bi and the Controller-Protector Chang Jun to supervise more than ten thousand people to block the northern road, staying at Shiting in Mianzhu. Te covertly collected and gathered, and obtained more than 7 000 people (HYGZ08: more than 700 people). At night he assaulted Yuan's army. Yuan's army's greatly dispersed. Following that, he let lose fire and burnt them, the dead were eight or nine out of ten.

He advanced to attack Chengdu. Xin heard the troops had arrived, he was frightened and afraid and did not know what to do. The Palace Gentleman Chang Mei together Fei Yuan, Li, Bi, Zhang Zheng and others at night cut the gate bar, fled and set out. The civil and military officials altogether scattered. Xin on his own, together with his wife and children, sailed a small boat along the river until Guangdu, and was killed by his subordinate Zhu Zhu.

Xin, courtesy name Heshu, was originally a native of Anhan in Baxi. In his grandfather's generation they accompanied Zhang Lu to move inside, and had his family in Zhao. The King of Zhao, Lun, appreciated him. He was successively Prefect of Chang#'an, Grand Warden of Tianmen and Wuling, and came to preside over the province. His son Bing was in Luo, and also was executed.

Te and Liu arrived at Chengdu, they set the troops loose for a great plunder, murdered the Army-Protectors of the Western Yi, Jiang Fa and Gong Ni, and killed Xin's Senior Clerk (HYGZ: Prefect of Chengdu) Yuan Qia, and the wardens and chiefs set up by Xin. He dispatched his Serrated Gates Wang Lu and Li Ji to go to Luoyang and lay out the circumstances of Xin's crimes.

Earlier, the Inspector of Liang# province, Luo Shang, heard that Xin had rebelled, and petitioned:

Xin is not an outstanding talent, and also the people of Shu do not desire to make chaos, they certainly have nothing in common. The affair in the end will have no success. [We] can plan for the day of his defeat and destruction, and wait.

Emperor Hui following that designated Shang General who Pacifies the West, Acting with the Tally, Nominal Colonel who Protects the Western Yi, and Inspector of Yi province, looking after 1 000 tally guard troops, 2 000 Liang# province troops, and also matched with the Chief Commandant of Shangyong's right-principled section 1 500 people, for a combined 4 500 people. Moved the Grand Warden of Zitong,Xu Jian of Leling, to be Shu commandery, the General who Spreads Fervent, Xin Ran to be Grand Warden of Guanghan. Shang also petitioned to request the Commander of the Serrated Gates, Wang Dun, to enter Shu with 7 000 troops.

Te and others Shang was coming, and was very afraid. He sent his younger brother Xiang# to receive and welcome him on the road, and also offer as tribute precious things. Shang was very pleased, and used Xiang# as Cavalry Controller. Te and Liu then used cattle and wine and alcohol to entertain Shang at Mianzhu.

Wang Dun advised Shang, saying:

Te and others are robbing and plundering thieves from the frontier of Longshang. [We] ought when [we] meet to kill him, and the army will have no later worries.

(HYGZ08: Xin Ran had originally been employed by the King of Zhao, Lun, he was not depended on in turn and had been summoned to return back [?]. He wished to use chastising Xin to gain merit for himself, and also talked to him.) Shang did not accept. Ran previously had been familiar with Te, and following that spoke to him, saying:

When old acquaintances happen on each other, if it is not auspicious, it must be inauspicious.

Te was deeply wary and fearful for himself.

3rdMonth [26 March – 24 April], Shang arrived at the provincial seat. The Qiang of Minshan rebelled at Tianshi Mountain in Du'an. He dispatched Wang Dun to chastise them. [He? They?] killed several thousand people, and greatly took away women and youths as live captives. Dun galloped on a single horse, and was killed by the Qiang.

Soon after there was a tally sent down to Qin and Yong provinces, and all the drifting people who had entered Hanchuan had sent down to them where they were summoning them to return back. The Steering Clerks Feng Gai and Zhang Chang acted as Assistant Officials of Qin and Yong provinces, and supervising relocating back the drifting people. Those who were moved were more than ten thousand families.

But Te's older brother Fu, who was used to remaining behind at their home village, as pretext said he was welcoming his family, and then when he arrived in Shu spoke to Te, saying:

The Central States just now are in chaos, and are not fit to return back to.

Te considered it to be so, and therefore had thoughts of ruling and occupying Ba and Shu.

The Imperial Court for his merit in chastising Zhao Xin, designated Te General who Spreads Domination, ennobled Marquis of Changle district, and Liu as General who Arouses Domination and Marquis of Wuyang.

A letter with the imperial seal was sent down to Yi province, to list and classify those among the drifting people of the Six Commanderies who chastised Xin in cooperation and together with Te, wanting to add to them rewards for their merit. It happened that Xin Ran, since he had been summoned out of turn, did not look into responding to the summons, and also wished to use the wiping out of Xin to gain merit for himself. He therefore slept on the court's instructions, and did not actually send them up. The multitudes all resented it.

Luo Shang dispatched an Assistant Officer to urge on dispatching the drifting people, marking off the 7th Month for going up the roads. Te and others firmly requested, seeking to extend it until the autumn harvest. The drifting people were scattered around in Liang# and Yi, and had been hired by people to work. When they heard the provinces and commanderies were pressuring to dispatch them, everyone were anxious and resentful, and did not know what to do.

Again, when they knew Te and his brothers again and again had requested and sought a delay, everyone were moved and relied on them. Moreover the rains were about to come down, and the year's grain were not yet ripe. The drifting people had nothing to provide for them on the march, and thereupon went with each other to Te.

Te dispatched Yan Shi of Tianshui to frequently go to Shang to seek to loosen the guidance and argue it was opportune to delay until autumn. He also dispatched goods and gifts to Shang and Gai. They allowed it. Reaching autumn, he again sought to extend it until winter. Xin Ran and Li Bi considered it impossible, and certainly wished to relocate them.

Shi made the Separate Carriage Du Tao explain the gains and harms of forcing a relocation. Tao also wished to let go of and disperse the people for one year. Xin Ran and Li Bi considered it impossible, and Shang followed them. Tao delivered his Flowering Talent wood board and set out to return to his family, knowing the reasons for his plans and strategies not being acted on.

At the time there was a white nimbus, the head was in a well village, the tail was in the eastern mountains, and it trailed over the greater city. The Assistant Officer Within the Seat, Ma Xiu of Baxi asked Yan Shi about it, saying:

What omen is this?

Shi said:

The divination tells that below it there is a vapour of ten thousand corpses. Its very closeness to the city is not an auspicious response. Can a Heavenly affliction be disobeyed? If the [General] who Pacifies the West is able to let go of the dispersed people, the calamity will dissolve itself.

Xin Ran was by nature greedy and brutal, he wished to kill the drifting people's heads and leaders, acquire their wealth and goods. He therefore circulated incitements to send them out and dispatch them. He also ordered the Grand Warden of Zitong, Zhang Yan, to arrange for barriers at the various strategic places, and search out and exhort treasure and goods. Ran and Li Bi again declared to Shang:

The drifting people previously during of Xin's chaos very much were unjustly confiscating. [We] ought to take the opportunity with the relocating to build barriers to take away and seize it.

Autumn, 7th Month [21 August – 18 September], Shang sent a document to Zitong, for them there to hold close the barriers.

8th Month [19 September – 18 October], the barriers were all walled up. Li Te dispatched Yan Shi to go to Luo Shang, seeking to stretch out the date. When Shi had arrived, he saw Ran was keeping watch over and palisading the thoroughfares and strategic places, planning to ambush the drifting people. He sighed, and said:

When there are no bandits but there are walls, an enemy must be protecting them. Now he is yet speeding it up, chaos is about to be created.

He also knew that Ran and Li Bi's opinion could not be turn around, and therefore bid farewell to Shang to return back to Mianzhu. Shang spoke to Shi, saying:

You Sir are about to report to the various drifting people my thoughts, [I] am now accepting tolerance.

Shi said:

You, Enlightened Excellency, has been misled by perfidious advise, and [I] fear will have no tolerance and reason. Those who are weak but cannot be taken lightly are the hundred families, and now [you] press them unreasonably. The multitudes' anger is difficult to transgress, [I] fear there will be a disaster of no small depth.

Shang said:

However, I do no deceive you Sir. Sir should go.

Shi arrived at Mianzhu, and talked to Te, saying:

Even though Shuo stated this, he cannot necessarily be trusted, why so? Shang's authority to punish is not established, Ran and others each hold close strong troops, and in a single morning [can] make a mishap. They also are not someone Shang is able to control. [We] really ought to be prepared.

Te accepted it.

9th Month [19 October – 16 November], [Shang?] dispatched an army to Mianzhu, spreading word they were planting wheat, but in truth preparing for them to disperse and flee.

Te sent to Ran seeking extension for himself. Ran was greatly angered, he dispatched people to distribute placards and make public at the crossroads, putting a bounty of a hundred bolts for the heads of Te and Liu. Te saw it, and was greatly afraid. He thoroughly took them and brought them back. Together with Xiang# he changed their bounty to state:

[He who] is able to send off the Six Commanderies' great families, Yan, Zhao, Ren, Yang, Li, and Shangguan, and the marquises and kings of the Di Sou, Liang, Dou, Fu Wei, Dong, Fei, and others, for each heads a hundred bolts.

The drifting people were already unhappy about relocating, and all went to revert to Te. They galloped their horses and collected their quivers, and with a single voice assembled like clouds. Between a ten-day and a month the multitudes exceeded 20 000. Liu also gathered a multitude of several thousands.

Winter, 10th Month [17 November – 16 December], Te and Liu therefore guarded Chizu, and made two camps. Te resided in the eastern camp, and Liu in the eastern camp.

Ran and Bi planned with each other, saying:

Marquis Luo is greedy but makes no decisions, and from day to day the drifting people get to extend their perfidious schemes. Li Te and his brothers all have outstanding talent, we are about to be made captives by nobodies. We ought to make a decisive scheme, and not be satisfied again with asking about it.

They therefore dispatched the Chief Commandant of Guanghan, Zeng Yuan, the Serrated Gates Zhang Xian, and others to covertly lead 30 000 infantry and cavalry to assault Te's camp. Luo Shang heard about it, and likewise dispatched the Controller-Protector Tian Zuo and Serrated Gates Liu Bing to assist Yuan. Te habitually knew about it, he therefore repaired his armour and readied the troops, and warned them strictly to wait for it. Yuan and others arrived. Te calmly laid down and did not move. He waited for half of their multitudes to enter, and then issued out from the ambush to strike them, the killed and wounded were a considerable multitude. Zuo was also defeated.

He murdered Tian Zuo, Zeng Yuan, and Zhang Xian, and transmitted their heads to be shown to Shang and Ran. Shang spoke to his generals and aides, saying:

These miscreants had completely left, but Guanghan did not heed my words and so expanded the thieves' power. Now what should we do about it!

Hence the drifting people of the Six Commanderies pushed forward Te to be their ruler. Te instructed Controller of Private Troops of the Six Commanderies, Li Han, the Prefect of Shanggui, Ren Zang, the Prefect of Shichang, Yan Shi, the Remonstrant Grandee Li Pan, the Prefect of Chencang, Li Wu, the Prefect of Yinping, Li Yuan, the Chief Commandant Commanding Troops Yang Bao, and others to send up a letter, requesting to rely on the old affairs of Liang Tong serving Dou Rong, and push forward Te as Acting Great General who Garrisons the North, to carry on the authority to ennoble and designate, and his younger broth Liu to be Acting General who Garrisons the East, to assist in quelling and governing.

Te and others advanced the troops to attack Ran at Guanghan. Ran's multitudes set out to fight, Te routed them every time. Shang dispatched the Grand Warden of Qianwei, Li Bi, and Senior Clerk Fei Yuan to led a multitude and save Ran, but they dreaded Te and did not dare to advance. Ran put the blame on the Prefect of Mianzhu, Qi Bao of Nan commandery, and beheaded him. Then he broke through the encirclement and ran to Deyang (JS: Jiangyang).

Te entered to occupy Guanghan, and used Li Chao as Grand Warden. He advanced the troops to attack Shang at Chengdu. [Shang] wrote a note of denouncement and accusation to Yan Shi. Shi replied, saying:

Xin Ran pour out swindles. Du Jing [textual error for Zhang Xian?] set forth in madness. Zeng Yuan is a small upstart. Tian Zuo's blood and spirit is not in order. Li Shuping has not the spirit of someone commanding regiments. To chastise exhausted and poor Qiang can be said to be their strong point.

Shi previously was discussing with the Beneath the Tally and Du Jingwen [I.e Du Tao] the propriety of halting and migrating. People hold close their mulberry trees and catalpa trees, who do not wish for them? Moreover, formerly when they began to arrive, following the grain to work for hire, a single family would be divided in five. Then they were faced with torrential rain. They begged to wait for the winter harvest, and yet they were not heard. Certainly a destitute deer will defy a tiger.

Moreover [I] fear with the great excesses of the measures, the dispersed people will not willingly extend their necks and accept the blade, and perhaps the troubles will be later. Had [you] listened to Yan's words, and released them to make arrangements, it would not have gone past the 9th Month before they were fully assembled, on the 10th Month advanced on the road, and by now reached their home villages. Why would it have to be like this?

[You] courteously listened but did investigate, and empathized with others' excessive words. Now Xin Ran is an absconded slave, Shuping excels at hiding, [your] branches are divided and [your] might unravelled, affairs are gradually catching up with yourself. It is what is spoken of as not being aware of bending the smoke-hole and keeping distant the firewood, and having your guests be burnt by them.

(JS: Yan Shi conveyed a letter to Shang, calling him to account for his trust in and usage of slanderous plots, and wish for chastising the drifting people. He also put forth how Te and his brothers had established merit on behalf of the kingly house by soothing the lands of Yi.)

Shang looked at the letter, and understood Te and others were about to have great aspirations, he walled up the city and strengthen the defences, and sought help from Liang# and Ning provinces.

Te declared himself Envoy Holding the Tally, Great Commander-in-Chief, Great General who Garrisons the North (HYGZ: and [Inspector of] Yi province), to carry on the authority to ennoble and designate alone, relying on the former affairs of Dou Rong in Hexi. Liu became Great General who Garrisons the East. Their older brother Fu became General of Agile Cavalry, their younger brother Xiang# General of Valiant Cavalry, Te's oldest son Shi became General of Martial Domination, his second son Dang became General of the Garrison Army, his youngest son Xiong became General of the Van, Li Han became Colonel of the Western Yi, Han's sons Guo and Li, Ren Hui, Li Gong, Shangguan Jing, Li Pan, Fei Tuo (HYGZ: Fei Ta) and others became generals and leaders, Ren Zang of Tianshui, Shangguan Dun, Yang Bao, HYGZ: Yang Fa, Yang Gui, Wang Da, Qu Xin and others became claws and teeth, Li Yuan of Yinping, Li Bo of Wudu, Xi Bin of Lüeyang, Yan Cheng, Shangguan Qi, Li Tao, Wang Huai and others became staff members, Yan Shi became master of plans, He Ju and Zhao Su became belly and heart.

At the time Luo Shang was greedy and ruthless, and was a worry of the hundred families. Yet Te gave the people of Shu a moderate law in three chapters, gave alms and relieved debt, was courteous to the worthy and raised up the blocked, and his army and government were respectful. The hundred families made a song about it:

Li Te is still allowable, Luo Shang kills us.

Shang led his people to fully cross the Pi River and southward, blocking a long circumference and building camps hemming the river, from Du'an until Qianwei, 700 li. Te and others guarded Guanghan.

Yongning era (301 – 302)

(Liu Yuan)

The King of Chengdu, Ying, was headquartered at Ye. Beginning of Yongning [301 – 302], he petitioned for Liu Yuan to act as General who Soothes the Boreal and Overseer of the Army Affairs of the Five Sections.

(Murong Hui)

Middle of Yongning [301 – 302], Yan was on the brink of great floods. Murong Hui opened the granaries to relieve and provide, and You region obtained help. The Son of Heaven heard and praised him, and as commendation bestowed award clothes.

(Zhang Gui)

Zhang Gui considered the time was on the brink of many difficulties, and secretly plotted to guard and occupy Hexi, and pursue the former affairs of Dou Rong. He cast the diving slips and got Contentment and Surview. He therefore threw the slips and joyfully said:

The omens of a hegemon.

He then sought to become [Inspector] of Liang province. The excellencies and dignitaries also recommended Gui as talented and capable of steering far-away lands.

Beginning of Yongning [301 – 302], he set out to be Holding the Tally, Colonel who Protects the Qiang, and Inspector of Liang province.

At that time the Xianbei turn to rebellion, and robbed and stole everywhere. When Gui arrived in the province he promptly chastised and routed them, the cut off heads numbered more than ten thousand. Thereupon his domination was evident in the western provinces, and is reforms acted on in Heyou. He gave lessons in farming mulberry trees, and pulled up the worthy and talented.

He used Song Pei, Yin Chong, Fan Yuan and Yin Dan as thighs and forearms, and masters of planning. He summoned the head sons, 500 people, and established schools to teach them. He started to set up Libationers of Revering Culture, their ranks were treated as Separate Carriages. Spring and autumn they acted out the rites of district archery meetings.

The Overseer of the Private Writers, Mou Shizheng, and the Junior Treasurer Zhi Yu at night observed the star constellations. They talked to each other and said:

Under Heaven is just now in chaos, of states that are avoiding the difficulties there is just the lands of Liang, and that is all. Zhang of Liang province's virtue and capacity are not ordinary, he is likely that person.

[1baddmouthcrown]

1900 Booker T. Washington founds the National Negro Business League.

Washington publishes his first autobiography “The Story of my life and work” editor of the New York Age Timothy Thomas Fortune.

October Washington attends the White House for dinner with President Theodore Rosevelt.

Du Bois attends the First Pan-African Conference in London and drafts letter ”Address to the Nations of the World” to the European heads of states.

Seay becomes a qualified educator and begins teaching in the Mayan village of Xcalak in Mexico.

1901 January 22 Queen Victoria passes away and Edward VII becomes King.

Garvey becomes apprentice to printer Alfred ‘Cap’ Burrowes in his native parish of Saint Ann.

Du Bois with his wife Nina and daughter Yolande ca. 1901

Washington publishes his second autobiography “Up From Slavery”.

Washington recieves honorary decorate from Dartmouth College.

Du Bois writes a critical review of WashingtonsUp From Slavery biography.

Queen Victoria passes away and Edward VII assessees to the throne.

1902 Vladmir Lenin publishes his “What is to Be Done” book.

Ras Makonnen travels to France and England.

Earnest Alfred Wallace Budge makes his first excavations at the city of Meroe.

1903 Du Bois publishes his 14 essay book The Souls of Black Folk containing his “Mr. Booker T Washington and others” essay.

Garvey leaves school after completing the 6th standard employed as compositor in the printery of Alfred E Burrows and company.

August The Second Party Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party takes place.

1904 Garvey relocates from his native parish of Saint Ann 25 miles away to Alfred Borrows print branch in Port Maria, Saint Mary.

1905 Garvey moves to Smith Village in Kingston at 13 Pink Lane, begins working for P. A. Benjamin and exceeds to the position of foreman.

April The Third Party Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party is held in London.

November 1 Tafari at 13 years old is appointed Dejazmatch of Gara Mullata by his Father Ras Makonnen.

Washington receives President Roosevelt at Tuskegee Institute.

December Du Bois purchases printing press and publishes the first African American Illustrated Weekly “The Moon”.

Budge makes more excavations at Meroe.

1906 January 23 Washington gives speech at Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture Carnegie Hall in New York City.

March 21 Tafari’s Dad Ras Makonnen dies in the city of Qullebi and is buried in the church of St. Michael in Harar which he founded.

April The Fourth Unification Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party is held at Folkets Hus, Nada Bantorget, Stockholm.

May 9 Dejazmatch Tafari is given Ras Darge’s governorate of Sallale and his older brother Dejazmatch Yelma son of Wayzaro Assallafatch, Empress Taitu’s niece, their father’s governorate of Harar.

Du Bois and American Civil Rights activists meet in Canada and write declaration opposing Washington’s Atlanta Compromise and form the Niagara Movement.

August The Second Niagara conference commemorating the 100th anniversary of the abolitionist John Brown’s birth, is held in West Virginia at Harpers Ferry where Brown’s raid on the federal armory took place in 18.

gubernatorial election M. Hoke Smith Democratic primary nomination campaign to defranchize black voters in Georgia.

September 22 Saturday Afternoon rioting begins in Atlanta. Newspapers in Atlanta report four separate cases of alleged rapes on white women by black men, whites take to the streets and begin attacking blacks, by midnight 10, 000 whites in the Five Points section of downtown. 

10 p.m. The first three dead are reported some people are hospitalized with five deaths, three of those being that of black women.

Governor Joseph M. Terrell eight companies of the Fifth Infantry and one battery of light artillery.

African American Alonzo Horndon’s barber shop is attacked, black men are killed on the steps of the U. S. Post Office and inside the Marion Hotel, a mob attack the center of black business’s at Decatur Street, mobs attack at Peters Street and neighborhoods.

3 a.m. to 5 a.m. Heavy rain

6 a.m. Militia deployed in 

The Le Petit journal of Paris. Black men and black women were thrown from trolley cars, assaulted with clubs and pelted with stones.  

The New York Times reports 25 to 30 black men and women dead.

September 23 Sunday Hundreds of Blacks flee the city.

A group of armed black men meet in Brownsville near Clark University to talk about the rioting, three companies of militia are sent to Brownsville, an officer is killed in the ensuing shootout and 250 blacks are disarmed and arrested.

Du Bois publishes his “A Litany at Atlanta” essay criticizing Washington’s Atlanta Compromise.

1907 Hubert Harrison begins working at the United States Post Office.

January 14 Jamaica earthquake.

Garvey elected vice president of the compositors branch of the Kingston Typographical Union organised as affiliate #98 of International Typographical Union of American Federation of Labour.

Du Bois publishes his The Horizon: A Journal of the Color Line.

Philadelphia Quaker Anna T Jeanes donates 1 milion dollars to Washington for elementary schools for Negro children in the South.

October 10 Tafari’s brother Yelma dies, Dejazmatch Baltcha is given governorate of Harar.

Budge publishes the record of his excavations at Meroe in his book The Egyptian Sudan, Its History and Monuments.

1908 March 18 Garveys Mother Sarah Richards passes away at age 56.

April 4 Tafari is given part of the governorship of Sidamo.

November 28 Garvey participates in Jamaica print worker strike.

Du Bois attends the Fourth Niagara conference.

1909 Washington tours southern Virginia and West Virginia.

May Du Bois attends the First National Negro Conference in New York where the National Negro Committee is created chaired by Oswald Villard and also publishes his biography of abolitionist John Brown who raid Harpers Ferry Western Virginia.

August-September Garvey supports Jacob Warcham's election to the city council in Kingston and speaks at political meetings on behalf of H. A. I. Simpson in the general election.

German Orientalist Dr. Carl Bezold and the Bavarian Royal Academy publish their edition of the Ethiopic manuscript the Book of the Glory of Kings/the Kebra Negast with a German translation.

December Du Bois attends the American Historical Association where he reads his Reconstruction and its Benefits and has it published in the American Historical Review.

1910 Du Bois attends the Second National Negro Conference Committee where the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is created and he becomes Director of Publicity and Research of its monthly magazine the Crisis.

Harrison writes two letters to the New York Sun critical of Washington which cost him his job at the United States Post Office.

March 3 Dejazmatch Tafari is finally given governorate of Harar.

March S.A.G. "Sandy" Cox forms the National Club of Jamaica.

April 20 Garvey is elected first assistant secretary along with apprentice tailor Wilfred Domingo, second assistant secretary of the National Club assisting with its fortnightly journal “Our Own” and also co publish “The Struggling Mass” pamphlet.

May 6 Edward VII passes away and George V assessees to the throne.

May 18 The legislative council suspend Cox for making Ill founded charges against certain public officers.

July 16 The Artisans and Labourers Union informs United Fruit Company that it intends to take August 1 Emancipation day in the British West Indies as a holiday from work.

August 1 5, 000 Jamaican's stage an Emancipation Day demonstration in Limon, Costa Rica and Garvey is 1 of 15 contestants in an all island elocution competition held at Collegiate Hall in Kingston where he protests the judges decision.

Garvey enrolls for elocution lessons with Bahamian born Dr. Robert J Love.

October Garvey travels to Costa Rica where his maternal uncle Henry Richards finds him employment as a time keeper on a Banana plantation in Limon.

November Over 700 workers recruited by the United Fruit Company in St. Kitts and Nevis arrive in Limon aboard a dangerously overcrowded vessel and are sent to outlying farms, where they face extremely unhealthy conditions. The workers return to Limon and refuse to return to work, they also demand that the British vice consul at Limon seek redress from the company. For 3 weeks the firm stand of the St. Kitts workers continues to generate the strong support of the Jamaican community.

November 17 Cox wins St. Thomas seat in the legislative council by large.

November Du Bois edits and publishes the first issue of The Crisis.

December Joseph Nathan, the leader of St. Kitts workers, is deported from Limon, signaling the end of the banana workers strike. Shorty after his expulsion and return to St. Kitts he helps to launch the labor movement in the Leeward Islands and assumes leadership of the Garvey movement in St. Kitts.

The leadership of the Artisans and Labourers Union collapses and is replaced by more militant members of the rank and file, but the new leaders are eventually deported from Limon.

Garvey publishes three issues of his Watchman journal named after George William Gordon’s journal the Watchman inspired by Psalm 127.

1851 October 8 The first case of Cholera is in Port Royal.

October 11 The first fatal of Cholera in the parish of Kingston.

40, 000 people in Jamaican die from Cholera part of the second Pandemic according to the Statistical Report of the Epedemic Cholera in Jamaica published in 1852 by John Parkin.

1864 crops are destroyed by floods in Jamaica effected by cholera and smallpox followed by a two year drought.

1865 Dr. Edward Underhill secretary of the Baptist Missionary Society in Great Britain writes a letter to the colonial office in London, the Governor of Jamaica John Eyre Underhill parish of Saint Ann petition Queen Victoria for land.

August A Baptist deacon, the Right Excellent Paul Bogle ordained by Sir George William Gordon, leads a 45 mile walk from Stony Gut in the parish of St. Thomas to Spanish town in the parish of St. Catherine, the then capital of Jamaica, to petition the Governor.

October 7 A man by the name of James Geoghegon creates a disturbance in Morant Bay court house during the trail of a man having charges brought against him for trespassing on an inactive sugar plantation, the police try to arrest Geoghegon, the obstruct and begin to fight with the police and the court house issues a warrant for those including Bogle.

October 11 Bogle leads hundreds to the court house, the confrontation between the group and the militia begins with the group attacking the militia with sticks and stones, the militia shoot and kill members of the group and at the end of this confrontation 25 people had been killed.

The parish goes into unrest, Eyre declares martial law and sends government troops led by Brigadier General Alexander Nelson to bring Bogle and those involved to the court to be tried and convicted, the militia kill innocent men, women and children totalling 439 dead, 354 people are arrested, tried and executed, some several hundred who are flogged and sentenced, the soldiers also burn thousands of homes.

Eyre has Gordon who he believes to have made the matter worse arrested in Kingston and brought to Morant Bay where he is tried under martial law, convicted and executed.

October 21 Gordon is tried and charged with high treason by Lieutenant Herbert Brand.

October 23 Gordon and Paul’s brother William are hanged.

1866 Eyre is criticized for his handling of the situation.

John Stuard Mills forms the Jamaica Committee which British Liberals.

The Committee present its cases against Brand and British Army Officer Brigadier Abercromby Nelson to the Central Criminal Court but the grand jury decline to certify these cases.

August Eyre returns to Britain.

September Thomas Carclyle forms the Eyre Defense and Aid committee.

The indictment against Eyre fails on the count that he lives in Market Drayton outside the jurisdiction of court, the council of the committee, Barrister James Fitz James Stephen travels to Market Drayton but fails to convince the Justices to endorse his case against Eyre.

The Jamaica Committee asks the Attorney-General to certify the criminal information against Eyre but are rebuffed.

Eyre moves to London.

The magistrate at Bow Street Police Court decline to arrest Eyre due to the failure of the cases brought against Brand and Nelson.

The prosecutors are successful in their application to the Queen's Bench for a writ of mandamus justified by the Criminal Jurisdiction Act 1802.

The case is presented to The Queen's Bench but its grand jury decline to find a true bill of indictment, and Eyre is freed of criminal pursuit.

1911 Harrison becomes Americas leading black socialist at the Socialist Party of America.

March Garvey in Costa Rica becomes editor of the daily newspaper La Nacionale, he writes a letter critical of the editor of the West Indian newspaper, The Times/El Tiempo, setting off protracted controversy between the two papers and later travels to Colon, Panama.

April Garvey launches a subscription for a "Coronation Fund" to celebrate the coronation of King George V, to be held on June 22.

June 7 Cox is unseated from legislative council.

June 10 Garvey resigns as head of the coronation committee organized by him and agrees to merge with the "official" coronation committee chaired by the Anglican archdeacon of Limon.

June 13 Following the demise of the Artisans and Labourers Union, a wave of intense religious revivalism sweeps over Limon. The Times weekly newspaper complains of the "vile practices which gave stirred the town during the past month the like of which has never been known in the previous history of Port Limon"

June 14 Just prior to his departure from Limon aboard the S. S. Cartago, Garvey is apprehended and escorted ashore, allegedly for unpaid debts to various creditors, including unpaid wages to the staff of La Nacion.

July 26 Du Bois attends the First Universal Race Congress in London with Sir Sydney Olivier Governor of Jamaica and Harry Johnston of the Royal Geographical Society among its attendees, joins the Socialist Party of America and publishes his “Quest of the Silver Fleece” novel.

July 31 Tafari at age 20 marries Wayzaro Manan in church ceremony.

August-September Garvey visits British Honduras gives elocution concert.

Randolph moves to New York City and studies Social Science at City College.

Cox is reelected to the legislative council at the general Election petition is fieled against Cox by Henry Cork.

1912 February 7 Edward Wilmot Blydenauthor of Christianity, Isalm and the Negro Race passes away in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Harrison campaigns for Eugene V. Debs founder of the Industrial Workers of the World, as presidential candidate, writes the Negro and Socialism for the socialist newspaper the New York Call as well as the socialist monthly the International Socialist Review, founds the Colored Socialist Club and speaks at Broad and Wall Street in front of the New York stock exchange in Manhattan.

Du Bois is forced to resign from the Socialist Party of America for breaching its rules by supporting the Democrat Woodrow Wilson in presidential campaign.

Garvey sails to London where he attends evening classes at Birkbeck College.

August Garveys sister, Indiana, joins him in London.

Julius Rosenwald begins serving on the board of directors of Tuskegee Institute.

Mc Kay publishes his “Songs of Jamaica” as well as his “Constab Ballads” for which in the same year he is awarded the Jamaican Institute of Arts and Sciences, Musgrave Medal.

1913 January 1 Du Bois and New York State Commission attend the 50th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, his "The Peoples of the People and Their Gift to Man" (later renamed The Star of Ethiopia) Pageant is performed Emancipation Proclamation.

Meroe geographically was known to the Greeks as Ethiopia, according to the Greek historian Herodotus who lived during the 5th century BC Meroe had the reputation of being the mother city of the Ethiopians.

Candice the Queen of Ethiopia has also been identified with the Kandake’s of the Kingdom of Kush whilst it was centered at the city of Meroe because of the King Taharqa the Kingdom of Kush whilst it was previously centered at Napata in Nubia prior to Meroe Taharqa in the bible is mentioned as being the King of Ethiopia having assisted Hezekiah King of Judah in conflict with the Assyrians.

And when he heard say of Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, Behold, he is come out to fight against thee: he sent messengers again unto Hezekiah, saying, Thus shall ye speak to Hezekiah king of Judah, saying, Let not thy God in whom thou trustest deceive thee, saying, Jerusalem shall not be delivered into the hand of the king of Assyria. 2 Kings 19:9-10/Isaiah 37:9-10

And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship,Was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the prophet.Then the Spirit said unto Philip, Go near, and join thyself to this chariot.And Philip ran thither to him, and heard him read the prophet Esaias, and said, Understandest thou what thou readest?And he said, How can I, except some man should guide me? And he desired Philip that he would come up and sit with him.The place of the scripture which he read was this, He was led as a sheep to the slaughter; and like a lamb dumb before his shearer, so opened he not his mouth:In his humiliation his judgment was taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is taken from the earth.And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom speaketh the prophet this? of himself, or of some other man?Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and preached unto him Jesus. And as they went on their way, they came unto a certain water: and the eunuch said, See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized?And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him. And when they were come up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord caught away Philip, that the eunuch saw him no more: and he went on his way rejoicing. But Philip was found at Azotus: and passing through he preached in all the cities, till he came to Caesarea. Acts 8:27-40

674 BC Taharqa defeats the Assyrian Emperor Sennacherib at Eltekeh.

Sennacherib then defeats Taharqa.

671 BC The Assyrian Emperor Esarhaddon captures Memphis with Taharqa fleeing to in the south, takes members of the royal family as prisoners at his capital Nineveh in Assyria and places Libyan Necho I as the first of the Twenty Sixth Dynasty at Sais.

Esarhaddon on his return to Assyria erects a Stele his Stele of Nahor el Kalb and his Victory Stele at Zincirle Hayok which shows Taharqa's son Ushankhuru taken as a prisoner by the Assyrians.

Esaehaddon dies in Palestine on the way to Egypt, his son Emperor Ashurbanipal defeats Taharqa who flees to the city of Thebes, where he dies in 664 BC and is buried in Nuri, North Sudan.

The Kingdom of Kush was centered at Napata in Nubia since the time of Alara who attacked Egypt, then Kashta who extended Kushite rule to Elephantine and Thebes in upper Egypt. His successor Taharqa's Dad, Piye, invaded and conquered Egypt.

Tefnakht of Sais forms a coalition with Kings of the Delta region, persuades Piye’s ally Nimlot King of the city of Hermopolis and Herakleopolis King Peftjauawybast.

Piye army invade middle and lower Egypt Thebes Opet fesitival detailed on his victory stele at Gabel Barkal found in the Amun temple.

Piye in retaliation then relieves Herakleopolis, conquers Hermopolis after five month siege, Delta Kings of Leontopolis and Tanis.

Taharqa was succeeded by a son of his predecessor, Shabaka, Tantamani who defeated and killed Necho, and also took Thebes, which the Assyrians then retook from him.

Meroe was ruled by Kandakes from Shanakdakhete in 177 BCE to Lahideamani in 314 CE. The Mereotic city MusawwaratesSufra on the island of Meroe in the modern day Butana region was named by the Achaenid Persian King Cambyses after his sister.

Alexander the great romance by Pseudo Callisthenes.

A stele Geez of a King of the Aksumites and the Omerites/Himyar found in Meroe also provides evidence of the presence of Aksum in Meroe from the 4th century Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia.

February 25 July Hubert participates in the Industrial Workers of the World Paterson, New Jersey Silk Strike. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn is arrested on the first day of the strike for. William D. “Big Bill” Haywood helps to create create strike committee.

Patrick L. Quin.

Randolph marries Widow Mrs Lucille Campbell Green, Howard University graduate.

May Chief Alfred Charles Sam AkyemAbuakwa sells shares for his Akim Trading Company in Texas, Oklahoma.

June 7 The pageant of the Paterson Strike is performed at Madison Square Garden.

Garvey begins working for Dusé Mohamed Ali as messenger and handyman at his African Times and Orient Review office on 158 Fleet Street.

October Garveys “British West Indies in the Mirror of Civilization: History making by Colonial Negroes” essay is published in the African Times and Orient Review.

Garvey travels to Scotland.

Garvey granted month long readers pass to the British Museum library, where he reads Blyden’s “Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race” as well as Washington’s autobiography Up from Slavery.

6 new small schools in rural Alabama funded by Rosenwald as part of Washington's project are built and opened.

July 20 Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association at 12 Orange Street, Kingston and holds the first UNIA meeting.

August 4 Great Britain declare war on Germany.

August Garvey meets Amy Ashwood at the Queen Street Baptist Literary and Debating Society.

Ashwood secures the property at 20 Orange Street, Kingston with her Dad's money and with Garvey establishes it as the new location of the UNIA headquarters.

August Sam’s ship the S. S. Liberia, the German steamer, Curityba, sets sail for Gambia with sixty trained men and a cargo of lumber, cement, lime, flour, agricultural implements, and household goods.

September 4 Garvey writes to appeal to Washington for support and Washington invites him to visit.

October 31 Ashwood recites Paul Lawrence Dunbars “The Lover and the Moon” at Collegiate Hall UNIA meeting.

Tsar Nicholas II makes his October manifesto.

November 12 Garvey and UNIA delegates inspect Hope Farm.

The Russian army invade Germany.

Mckay moves to the U. S. and begins attending Washington’s Tuskegee Institute.

December Sam and immigrants arrive at their destination in Bathurst, Gambia (present day Banjul) and also travel to Freetown, Sierra Leone.

1914 After 10 years of construction, the first vessel passes through the 52 mile Panama Canal waterway, in the course of the American led construction, some 5, 000 workers, most of them West Indian, perished.

May 29 Garvey now visits the Colonial Office in London requesting financial assistance to return to Jamaica.

May 31 Prince Emmanuel Charles Edwards is born.

June 17 Garvey leaves England aboard the S. S. Trent to Jamaica.

June Garvey's article "The Evolution of Latter Day Slaves: Jamaica, A Country of Black and White," is published in the Tourist: A Literary and Anti Slavery Journal, published by the Anti Slavery Society in England.

July 20 The first meeting of the UNIA and ACL is held, along with the election of officers, in Kingston, Jamaica.

July 8 Garvey arrives in Jamaica.

August 4 Great Britain declares war on Germany.

August 15 The Panama Canal is officially opened to traffic. The majority of West Indian workers chose to remain in Panama despite deteriorating working conditions and oppressive discriminatory policies.

August 28 The Colonial Office communicates the West Indian desire to send a military contingent overseas; the War Office immediately rejects the offer on the grounds that black's are required for local defense purposes and to maintain order locally.

August In Antigua, Robert and James Brown return to the island from New York; the brothers become engaged in organising the Antiguan working class.

September 8 Garvey writes to letter Washington appealing for support.

December 14 British Arny Council informs the Colonial Office that it does not consider West Indian troops suitable for service in Egypt or West Africa and offers to accept a West Indian contingent to serve as a peacekeeping force in captured territories of West Africa, causing public anger in the West Indies.

1915 Sam and immigrants arrive at Saltpond on the Gold Coast present day Ghana.

Harrison publishes his own version of Rudyard Kipling’s poem “The White Man’s Burden.” entitled “The Black Man’s Burden.”

February Garvey wins first place in elocution contest at Collegiate Hall for his recital of “Catham on the American war of independence.”

April 12 Garvey writes to Bascungoth informing of his to America and requesting his assistance.

May 17 The UNIA Reading Room in Kingston is opened.

Du Bois publishes his “The Negro” book, his “The African Roots of the War” essay in the Atlantic Monthly and article numbering 2, 732 lynching’s from 1884 to 1914 in the Crisis as well as fights with the NAACP to band “The Birth of a Nation” film for its portrayal of black men.

Russia Tsar Nicholas assumes Commander in Chief.

September 8 Dr Leo Pink, Jamaican dentist writes letter to the Daily Chronicle requesting an accounting of UNIA funds.

October 11 Monday, 13 Wednesday and 15 Friday Du Bois’s “The Star of Ethiopia” pageant of the history of the Negro Race from 50,000 B.C to 20th century written, produced, and directed by Du Bois himself, presented by the Horizon Guild and the National Pageant and Dramatic Association is performed at the American League Ball Park in Washington D. C. to commemorate the 13th amendment.

October 15 Leonard Percival Howell witnesses the murder of his neighbor by her Husband, his parents refuse to let him testify as a witness, Howell travels to Panama.

November 15 Washington collapses in New York diagnosed with Brights disease dies of Hypertension.

November 22 Garvey delivers address on life and walk of the late Washington at special UNIA memorial meeting.

1916 February 29 Robert Russa Moton, newly appointed principle of Tuskegee Institute, on his visit to Jamaica, receives lengthy

March 7 Garvey departs from Jamaica to New York on the S. S. Tallac.

March 23 Garvey arrives in New York.

April issue of the Crisis magazine article covers the lynching of six in Lee County, Georgia.

April 25 Garvey heads to the NAACP offices at 25 695th Avenue in search of Du Bois.

Garvey visits the Tabernacle Church of Billy Sunday at Broadway and 168th Street.

May 9 Garvey holds his first public lecture in New York City at St Mark’s Church in-the-Bowery where he becomes overwhelmed whilst speaking and falls off the stage.

Garvey 38 state tour.

May 16, 18 and 20 8 P. M. Du Bois’s “The Star of Ethiopia” portrayed by 1010 Actors in Costume 53 Musical Numbers Full Brass Band is performed at the 100th General Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church held in the CONVENTION HALL BROAD AND ALLEGHANY AVENUE, Philadelphia. Lucien B. Watkins publishes his “The Star of Ethiopia” poem.

Meroe geographically was known to the Greeks as Ethiopia, according to the Greek historian Herodotus who lived during the 5th century BC Meroe had the reputation of being the mother city of the Ethiopians. Candice the Queen of Ethiopia has also been identified with the Kandake’s of the Kingdom of Kush whilst it was centered at the city of Meroe because of the King Taharqa the Kingdom of Kush whilst it was previously centered at Napata in Nubia prior to Meroe Taharqa in the bible is mentioned as being the King of Ethiopia having assisted Hezekiah King of Judah in conflict with the Assyrians. And when he heard say of Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, Behold, he is come out to fight against thee: he sent messengers again unto Hezekiah, saying, Thus shall ye speak to Hezekiah king of Judah, saying, Let not thy God in whom thou trustest deceive thee, saying, Jerusalem shall not be delivered into the hand of the king of Assyria. 2 Kings 19:9-10/Isaiah 37:9-10

Egyptian Pharaoh Taharqa's pyramid at Nuri.

And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship,Was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the prophet.Then the Spirit said unto Philip, Go near, and join thyself to this chariot.And Philip ran thither to him, and heard him read the prophet Esaias, and said, Understandest thou what thou readest?And he said, How can I, except some man should guide me? And he desired Philip that he would come up and sit with him.The place of the scripture which he read was this, He was led as a sheep to the slaughter; and like a lamb dumb before his shearer, so opened he not his mouth:In his humiliation his judgment was taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is taken from the earth.And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom speaketh the prophet this? of himself, or of some other man?Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and preached unto him Jesus. And as they went on their way, they came unto a certain water: and the eunuch said, See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized?And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him. And when they were come up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord caught away Philip, that the eunuch saw him no more: and he went on his way rejoicing.But Philip was found at Azotus: and passing through he preached in all the cities, till he came to Caesarea. Acts 8:27-40 674 BC Taharqa defeats the Assyrian Emperor Sennacherib at Eltekeh. Sennacherib then defeats Taharqa. 671 BC The Assyrian Emperor Esarhaddon captures Memphis with Taharqa fleeing to in the south, takes members of the royal family as prisoners at his capital Nineveh in Assyria and places Libyan Necho I as the first of the Twenty Sixth Dynasty at Sais. Esarhaddon on his return to Assyria erects a Stele his Stele of Nahor el Kalb and his Victory Stele at Zincirle Hayok which shows Taharqa's son Ushankhuru taken as a prisoner by the Assyrians. Esaehaddon dies in Palestine on the way to Egypt, his son Emperor Ashurbanipal defeats Taharqa who flees to the city of Thebes, where he dies in 664 BC and is buried in Nuri, North Sudan. The Kingdom of Kush was centered at Napata in Nubia since the time of Alara who attacked Egypt, then Kashta who extended Kushite rule to Elephantine and Thebes in upper Egypt. His successor Taharqa's Dad, Piye, invaded and conquered Egypt.

Pharaoh Piye's pyramid at El-Kurru.   

Tefnakht of Sais forms a coalition with Kings of the Delta region, persuades Piye’s ally Nimlot King of the city of Hermopolis and Herakleopolis King Peftjauawybast. Piye army invade middle and lower Egypt Thebes Opet fesitival detailed on his victory stele at Gabel Barkal found in the Amun temple. Piye in retaliation then relieves Herakleopolis, conquers Hermopolis after five month siege, Delta Kings of Leontopolis and Tanis. Taharqa was succeeded by a son of his predecessor, Shabaka, Tantamani who defeated and killed Necho, and also took Thebes, which the Assyrians then retook from him. Meroe was ruled by Kandakes from Shanakdakhete in 177 BCE to Lahideamani in 314 CE. The Mereotic city MusawwaratesSufra on the island of Meroe in the modern day Butana region was named by the Achaenid Persian King Cambyses after his sister. Alexander the great romance by Pseudo Callisthenes. A stele Geez of a King of the Aksumites and the Omerites/Himyar found in Meroe also provides evidence of the presence of Aksum in Meroe from the 4th century Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia.

June issue of the Crisis in “Waco Horror” article covers the lynching of mentally impaired 17 year old Jesse Washington in Waco, Texas.

September 27 the day of the feast of Masqal, nobles, army, the Archbishop Abuna Mettewos, Etchage Walda Giyorgis and priests assemble at Palace disposing of Emperor Lij Iyasu of Ethiopia and proclaim Zawditu his aunty, Menelik’s daughter as Empress with her cousin DejazmatchTafari assuming the rank of Ras, Crown Prince and hier to the throne as well as Regent Plenipotentiary.

Randolph and Chandler Owen drop out of college and jointing the Socialist Party.

December Russia Grigori Rasputin murdered by Prince Yusopor.

1917 January Randolph and Owen publish the Headwaiters and Sidewaiters Society of Greater New York’s monthly magazine the Hotel Messenger.

January 30 The UUU is registered as a friendly society in Barbados.

Garvey's "West Indies in the Mirror of Truth," article is published in Chicago in the Champion Magazine.

February 11 Sunday Zewditu is anointed with the oil of kingship by Abuna Mettewos with Tafari previously Dejazmatch assuming the rank of Ras, Crown Prince, hier to the throne and Regent Plenipotentiary.

Garvey along with 13 others form the Harlem, New York branch of the UNIA becoming its first members.

Randolph who had stepped down from his stepladder in Harlem to let Garvey speak earlier in the year founds the Messenger monthly magazine with Owen, Randolph also becomes President and Executive Secretary of the Independent Political Council.

March 25 Garvey speak on “The Negroes of the West Indies, after 78 years of Emancipation.” With a general talk on the world position of the race.at the Big Bethel African Methodist Espicopal Church Corner Auburn Avenue and Butler Street in Georgia, Atlanta.

the handbill reads BIG MASS MEETING A CALL TO THE COLORED CITIZENS OF ATLANTA GEOGRIA To Hear the Great West Indian Negro Leader HON. MARCUS GARVEY President of the Universal Negro Improvement Association of Jamaica, West Indies. Big Bethel A.M.E. Church Corner Auburn Avenue and Butler Street SUNDAY AFTERNOON, AT 2 O’CLOCK MARCH 25, 1917 He brings a message of inspiration to the 12,000,000 of our people in this country. SUBJECT: “The Negroes of the West Indies, after 78 years of Emancipation.” With a general talk on the world position of the race. An orator of exceptional force, Professor Garvey has spoken to packed audience’s in England, New York, Boston, Washington, Philadelphia, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinatti, Indianapolis, Louisville, Nashville and other cities. He has travelled to the principal countries of Europe, and was the first Negro to speak to the Veterans’ Club of London, England. This is the only chance to hear a great man who has taken his message before the world. COME OUT EARLY TO SECURE SEATS. It is worth travelling 1,000 miles to hear.

March Tsar Nicholas II resigns.

April 26 'Mayor Fred W. Moflman arrived in the city on a trip from St. Louis. In New Orleans he was met by Mayor Behrman and the New Orleans Board of Trade. For months the Farmers of Louisiana were frightened out of their wits over the everyday migration of Negroes from great farming centers of the State. They wrote to the papers, they appealed to the Governor, the Mayor and the Legislature and the Board of Trade to stop the Negroes going away, but up to the 26th of April nothing was done to stop the people excepting the Railway Companies promising to use certain restraint on the rush of people obtaining passages on the trains by Railway orders sent to them from the North. At this time Mayor Mollman arrived and the Farmers and Board of Trade met him and asked his help in discouraging the Negroes from going North and especially to East St. Louis. In an interview given out to the New Orleans press he said that the Negroes from the South were reaching St. Louis at the rate of 2,000 per week, and that they were creating a problem there. He said that some of the largest industries in the country were established in East St. Louis and there were strikes for the last few months. He believed the labor conditions in East St. Louis were responsible for the number of Negro laborers going to that city. When the strikes started, he said, United States District Judge Wright issued an injunction restraining the strikers from intimidating the laborers who took their places. This order prevented uprisings and riots. "Conditions are very bad in East St. Louis," he said, "because many plants are suffering for the want of labor. However, our city is growing and we have a population of 85,000 persons. During 1916 we gained 1,600 in population." His interview did not make pleasant reading for the Farmers and others interested in labor in New Orleans and Louisiana so that the very next day he appeared at the Board of Trade where he met the Farmers and others and in discussing the labor exodus with them, he promised that he would do all he could to discourage Negroes from Louisiana going into East St. Louis as the city did not want them. His interview on the first day was an encouragement to the Negroes to go to East St. Louis, as there was work for them, owing to the inability of the various plants to get labor. On the second day when he was approached he said East St. Louis did not want the Negroes, and he then promised to do all in his power to prevent them going there. His remarks to the people whom he met were published under big headlines in the News papers, so that the Negroes could read that they were not wanted in East St. Louis, but that did not deter the blackmen of Louisiana who were looking for better opportunities in the land of their birth going about the country looking for better conditions than the South offered with lynching and Jim Crowism. The Negroes still continued their migration North. The Mayor of East St. Louis returned to the city after making his promise to the Farmers, Board of Trade and others who were interested in Negro labor.'

April 27 Friday Mayor Mollman appeals before the Board of Trade where he makes his statement of promise

April Lenin returns to Russia from exile in Switzerland and later also flees to Finland.

The United States enter WWI.

May 4

May 5 The New Orleans Board of trade elects Mr. M. J. Sanders its president, and Mr. W. P. Ross as delegates to attend a transportation conference at St. Louis to be held on May 8-9.

May 8-9 The transportation conference is held at St. Louis at which several prominent men interested in the labor condition of the South were present as messrs.

May 28 East St. Louis. White employees of the Aluminium Ore Company vote for labor strike, the Company employ hundreds of blacks, 3, 000 white men begin rioting.

Crowds of white men after leaving the city council stopped street cars and dragged Negroes off and beat them.

May 29 Night 3 Negroes and 2 white men are shot. An investigation of the affair resulted in the finding that labor agents had induced Negroes to come from the South.

Governor Frank Orren Lowden summonds the National Guard subdue to riot.

'One thing I do no[w?] know; the first riot started on May 28 after a conference of labor leaders with Mayor Mollman. On that day, May 28, crowds of white men after leaving the City Council stopped street cars and dragged Negroes off and beat them. Then the night following three Negroes and two white men were shot. An investigation of the affair resulted in the finding that labor agents had induced Negroes to come from the South. I can hardly see the relevance of such a report with the dragging of men from cars and shooting them. The City authorities did nothing to demonstrate to the unreasonable labor leaders that they would be firmly dealt with should they maltreat and kill black men. No threat was offered to these men because Mayor Mollman himself had promised to do all he could to drive the Negroes out of East St. Louis, and to instill fear in the hearts of the people in the South so as to prevent them coming North. On the 29th of May, a day after the first disturbance, and when three Negro men had been killed, Mayor Mollman sent a dispatch to Governor Pleasant of Louisiana advising the Negroes of Louisiana to remain away from East St. Louis. This news item from the "Call" of May 31 which I will read will speak for itself.

May Garvey returns to New York from his speaking tour.

Harrison founds the Liberty League and Voice newspaper.

June 12 Harrison and Garvey speak at Harrisons Liberty League of Negro Americans meeting to petition the government again lynchings and disenfranchisement at the African Methodist Espicopa lBethal Church on 52-60 West 132ND.

The handbill which also details Chandler Owen as one of the speakers reads STOP LYNCHING AND DISFRANCHISEMENT IN THE LAND WHICH WE LOVE AND MAKE THE SOUTH “SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY” A Mass Meeting OF COLORED CITIZENS WILL BE HELD AT BETHEL CHURCH, 52-60 West 132ND Street On TUESDAY, JUNE 12th, at 8 P. M. UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE LIBERTY LEAGUE of Negro-Americans To take steps to uproot these two evils and “to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” IF YOU BELIEVE IN NEGRO MANHOOD IF YOU BELIEVE IN NEGRO WOMANHOOD IF YOU LOVE YOUR COUNTRY IF YOU LOVE YOUR RACE The meeting will be addressed by MR. HUBERT H. HARRISON MR. CHANDLER OWENS REV. DR. CLAYTON POWELL other prominent ministers and laymen.

June 15 The United States congress pass the Espionage Act of 1917.

July Race riot in East Saint Louis, Illinois, on the east bank of the Mississippi River across from St. Louis, Missouri.

The East St. Louis Riot, or rather massacre, of Monday [July] 2nd, will go down in history as one of the bloodiest outrages against mankind for which any class of people could be held guilty. (Hear! hear.) This is no time for fine words, but a time to lift one's voice against the savagery of a people who claim to be the dispensers of democracy. (cheers) I do not know what special meaning the people who slaughtered the Negroes of East. St. Louis have for democracy of which they are the custodians, but I do know that it has no literal meaning for me as used and applied by these same lawless people. (hear! hear!). America, that has been ringing the bells of the world, proclaiming to the nations and the peoples thereof that she has democracy to give to all and sundry, America that has denounced Germany for the deportations of the Belgians into Germany, America that has arraigned Turkey at the bar of public opinion and public justice against the massacres of the Armenians, has herself no satisfaction to give 12,000,000 of her own citizens except the satisfaction of a farcical inquiry that will end where it begun, over the brutal murder of men, women and children for no other reason than that they are black people seeking an industrial chance in a country that they have laboured for three hundred years to make great. (cheers)'. Garvey “The conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots” July 8.

White men in a Ford drive by and fire shots at blacks, an hour later a journalist and two police men also drive by in a Ford, blacks open fire on car killing one officer, thousand of whites begin rioting.

An example of what the guardsmen encountered, and themselves enjoyed, was the beating of colored women by white girls. This sort of thing was common. It resulted in the death of several Negro women. Six girls, according to the report pursued a colored girl around the main railway station. A mob formed behind the girls who were screaming frantic epithets at the terrified black girl. "Send them back to Africa." "Kill them all." "Lynch them," shouted the young amazons. Suddenly the crowd swept from the trail of the girl. A yell then arose. "There is one." It was a Negro walking on the railroad track. Before he realized his peril he was killed. Half a dozen pistols cracked and the man dropped without a chance to run. (groans) Two white girls, neither more than 17 years old, the report said, were cheered when they dragged a colored girl from a street car, removed her slippers and beat senseless with the sharp wooden heels. Some reports said black women were stripped by white women for the amusement of the crowd. (Cries of shame!). Garvey “The conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots” July 8.

The National Guard do nothing.

Congressional Investigating Committee reports 39 blacks and 9 whites dead, although more accurately hundreds more are believed to have died, 6 thousand blacks are left homeless after their neighborhood burned.

The NAACP reports 100-200 deaths. Ida B Wells reports in the Chicago Defender 40-150 dead.

The Southern Railway Company warehouse is burned with 100 car loads of merchandise leaving them at an estimated loss of $525, 000. White owned theatre $100, 000 as well as 44 freight cars and 312 houses, with a concluded estimate of $400, 000 property damage.

July 4 The Anti Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society demands that the postwar reconstruction of Africa recognize the interests and wishes of the native inhabitants; the resolution is forwarded to the representatives of the Allied and Neutral powers.

July 8 Garvey makes his “The conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots” speech at Lafayette Hall in Harlem, this speech is also printed and distributed in pamphlet form.

July 28 Du Bois and NAACP organise and lead the “Silent March” of 10,000 Negro New Yorkers down Fifth Avenue to protest the East St. Louis race riot, Du Bois travels to St. Louis to report on the riots and receives commission in army.

July Public debate intensifies in the West Indies regarding the denial if military commissions due to color prejudice, increasing apathy and resistance to military recruitment in the region.

August 3 The Committee on Rules and House of Representatives 65th Congress issue hearing for the riots at St. Clair Country court, 10 white defendants and 24 others, Dentist Dr.LeRoy Bundy is charged with inciting riot.

August 10 Lenin arrives at Helsinki where he hides away in safe houses belonging to Bolshevik sympathisers.

September Du Bois in the Crisis publishes his “The Massacre of East St. Louis" article.

September Army Order #1/1918 institutes a 50℅ pay increase throughout the British Army, but excludes members of the BWIR.

October 16 Lenin returns to Russia.

November 2 The British cabinet issues the Balfour Declaration, supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

November 6 (October 24th/25th) Bolshevik Marxist majority of the Russian Social Democratic Party founded by Lenin seize power in Petrograd.

December In British Guiana, Hubert Crichlow leads a campaign for a general wage increase.

[optomstudies]

new year’s resolutions ideas masterpost

Hey everyone! Here’s a masterpost of resolutions to give ou a bit of inspiration! Make this year one of change and improvement! Best of luck!!

Remember that it’s always best that you take these ideas and make the goals specific to you by making them SMARTER:

Specific - no ambiguity

Measureable - it’s quantifable and trackable

Action-Oriented - there are steps involved

Realistic - it’s something within your reach if you apply yourself

Timebound - there’s a time limit to motivate you to reach it

Economical - it shouldn’t be at the expense of your personal, financial and social wellbeing

Rewarding - it’s meaningful to you and gives you deep satisfaction

e.g. not just “become thinner” but “lose 5kg in 10 weeks by doing moderately-vigorous exercise for half an hour 5 times a week so that I can fit into my favourite dress again”

Health, Fitness and Beauty

“maintain fitness and healthiness”

lose [X] kg of weight in [X] months

reduce/cut out junk food from your diet

eat healthier main meals

join the gym / hit the gym at least [3] times a week for 52 weeks

hit a step count of [10000] every day

eat 2 serves of fruit and 5 serves of vegetables everyday

eat more fresh food / cook your own meals [6] days a week

eat out a maximum of only [once] a week

gain [X] kg of weight and maintain it for [X] months

quit smoking / heavy drinking

meditate every day

stick to your morning and night skincare routine

stop blowdrying and start air-drying your hair more often

try to drink only [1] coffee everyday

finally master the winged eyeliner

be a bit more experimental with your makeup

try rocking that [purple lipstick] look

dye your hair a beautiful colour

wake up before [9am] every day

get [x] hours of sleep every night

Life Fulfilment and Happiness

“live life to the fullest” - whatever that means to you personally

say yes more often to party invites

try joining a new hobby club e.g. photography, yoga, painting, etc. 

stick to your habits for more than 90% of the days in the year

try not to stress about [family, school, work, etc.]

practice mindfulness each day

schedule 1 mental health day each month for disconnecting and destressing

travel to [country] this year

travel to every continent this year

take more road trips

explore your home city

read a self-improvement book

learn to love yourself more

don’t beat yourself up when things don’t go to plan

actually be the girl/guy in those tumblr aesthetic posts

Family and Friends

keep in touch with your college/university friends

get back in contact with your high school friends

spend more quality time with your family

call your parents at least once a fortnight

make X number of new acquaintances online this year

join a club and make at least one new friend this year

Academic and Career Goals

get a 4.0 GPA / get straight As / get a D or HD WAM for the year

apply for X number of scholarships this year before [deadline]

learn conversational [language] by the end of the year

aim to get your research published in a journal

revise once a week for your finals

form/join a study group

read [100] books this year

revamp your study space and make it a place for learning

get into your dream university

graduate from high school/university

pass all your exams this year

raise your grade average by a whole letter

improve your handwriting

apply for X number of jobs by [March]

go to at least 5 networking events this year

rewrite your resume/CV

get a promotion or a raise

get accepted into an internship

Financial Goals

track your spending and create a budget to take control of your finances

spend less money on expendables and non-essential items

spend less money out with friends

save money for travelling overseas

save up enough money for a car

spend less on buying new makeup e.g. only buy new eyeshadow when you hit the pan

Organisation

“be more organised”

stop coming late/forgetting about dentist/doctor/optometrist appointments

get all your [scholarship/job] applications in before the deadlines

“stop procrastinating”

grow a full forest in the Forest app

hit [20] pomodoros a week

clean your room (finally)

Volunteering and Charitable Acts

save enough to donate at least $[X] to charity this year

do a giveaway

sponsor a child through a charity

join a volunteer group

Creative Goals + Hobbies + Miscellaneous

set a goal for your hobbies, whatever they may be!

make your own website

buy a domain name

practice a musical instrument every day

watch 10 tv series this year

expand your music taste and spectrum

get drivers’ licence before starting college

get your book published

get [1000] hits on your fanfiction

hit [1000] reblogs on a single tumblr post

get X followers in a month

hit ‘000 followers

post to [instagram] once a day/week/month

make a [studyblr] post once a day/week/month

enter a photography competition

draw every day

paint every week

write a song

press [100] flowers

etc

Enjoy! Feel free to add to the list and personalise the resolutions!