#while the others are all early 1900s locomotives

[transfem-edward]

Very specific efteling joke you'll only get if u know anything abt the locomotives

[yourpersonaljaskier]

Hello hello! I watched Whitepine and now I'm insane! I also watched a theory video! I'm very insane and I need to ramble as to what I think is going on

Theory will be under read more, spoilers ahead

First things first:

Who is mrs. Hemlocke, and how long has she been dead?

So, some things to establish the estimated time period:

- steam locomotives and steam engines are around (meaning it's past the year 1712)

- The colour black may be associated with the mourning period (early roman period til the 20th century, now very well known because of Queen Victoria, who mourned her husband for 4 decades til the the early 1900's and wore black daily)

These bring us to a rather specific time frame between 1712 and before the 20th century

Black doesn't seem to be a very 'fashionable' colour, as the theory video I watched relied quite heavily on the idea that the Hemlocke family is in mourning. While the idea in of itself isn't a bad idea, I heavily disagree with this notion for 3 simple reasons:

1. The family isn't in ACTUAL mourning! They wear black clothes, yes, but there's no other indication they're in active mourning. They wear colours not permitted by the mourning rules created by Queen Victoria (assuming they're in England due to the name Whitepine and the general outlay of architecture), which was from 1861 til 1901 iirc, which is a HIGHLY likely time period they were in. Zam participates in hunting, the household isn't in mourning (the women aren't wearing any amount of mourning regalia, ie, veils, jewelry, full black attire, similar with the men), the HEAD BUTLER doesn't tell Ivory about the passing of the hear mistress (which MEANS the mourning period is long over and the topic is dead at this rate, Ivory doesn't need to be a genius to figure out why the mistress is never mentioned), Izzy permits Ivory to be the piano, so on and so forth

2. Serapter doesn't know why the piano room was empty. Her death was before his time, and he seems plenty adult to me.

3. There were no search parties (if she had disappeared), there were no funeral arrangements, no active mention of her or her recent passing, and black clothes are not an indication of a mourning period.

These, to me, are clear signs that the family, at least the children, have long moved on.

Now, how long has mrs. Hemlocke been dead?

Well.

Let's look at the Hemlocke children. So far, we only know that Pyro is the oldest, with the others having to clear indication of when they were born. But, to me, the Hemlocke children all seem to be of a similar age. There are no tutors or extra teachers for the women to learn etiquette, Zam goes hunting and invites Pyro with him, they seem to go out semi regularly as known bacherlors (as none of the children are married), and seem to have a close bond with how they interact with one another

None of the children seem teenage-d to me, but we'll see as the show progresses

In my mind, mrs. Hemlocke died when the youngest was a few months old. It makes the most sense with how the family and household act around her death and items. The piano was moved but is still taken care of. It's tuned with no obvious dust, out of sight and out of mind but with instructions to keep it in good shape

Izzy easily absolves the previous order to not let anyone touch the piano, meaning it's been long enough where she finds it doesn't matter if someone plays it, and as Clown mildly implies, it seems that the order was given by Zombie, as he advises Ivory to not make too much noise

Obviously, as mrs. Hemlocke was the mistress of the estate, all the older staff would have been relatively fond of her and followed whatever wish Zombie made about her items, but as Serapter doesn't even seem to know as to what some of the rooms are for (like the piano room), and that he 'forgot [the piano] was down there,' quite heavily implies her death was wayyyy before his time

To compress: Mrs. Hemlocke died perhaps decades ago, to a point where none of the household is in mourning and have seemingly moved on, with new servants being unaware of the affects her passing had on the family (ex. Serapter)

Who killed Mistycat, and why do people think it's the forest?

I personally think the forest has got absolutely nothing to do with Mistycat's death, and that there's a different perpetrator at hand with no supernatural element. I'll explain after this segment as to why the forest is such a focal point to Ivory, but for now:

The forest is an ominous 'character' and looming figure during the whole episode. Multiple shots include Ivory spacing out and simply staring at the woods in some sort of trauma reaction

The forest is ominous, dense and is eerie due to the atmosphere

Forests are easy ground to get lost in and die

Supernatural activity can easily be tied with a supernatural forest

Misty's death is sudden and seems out of nowhere after a bit of a long shot with the woods

From Misty's injuries, it seems like the attack was quite violent, but it's not above that she fell down the stairs after being attacked. The injuries on the back of her head could suggest a blunt force blow, while the rest of her injuries were amassed from her tumbling down the stairs, which would draw someone to check out what happened, and of course, then the freak out

Do I have an idea as to who it could be? No. Fuck no lol, I'm not a psychic, I just don't think it's supernatural for now. There's absolutely zero reason as to why a supernatural entity would be killing the household now and not then

Why is the forest such a big deal, and Ivory's behaviour

Now. Hear me out on this: Ivory is from a cult like environment, where a settlement was in a similar forest, quite like the surrounding area of Whitepine

Her behaviour, past being autistic, is very submissive, with a fear of authority, the fear of disobeying orders to such an extent that she asks a fellow coworker permission to go outside, and a general reclusive behaviour that I associate with a want to conform and not cause issues for the ones in power

Obviously, all of these can be attributed to Ivory's implied autism, but I think it makes more sense with Ivory's behaviour towards the woods and other people

She seems afraid of talking, saying anything outside of what is asked of her, and even then, she struggles greatly and panics about being in trouble to a near panic attack level. Her dissociation with the sight of forests seems trauma related, along with the buzzing noise she gets after people rush to see why someone screamed

She seems afraid but in an abstract sense. She stares for seemingly hours after being dismissed her first day, just staring at the woods that caused her to zone out first thing

It's not normal behaviour. Even from a neurodivergent standpoint in my opinion. Her anxiety seems to come from an outside place, and Minutetech not knowing anything about her, past where he found her and what she did on the train ride gives me the impression she ran away from her cult, and now associates forests with them, causing her to have bad reactions when on edge or stressed

And that was it! Thank you for the read, hope you enjoyed my unhinged thoughts!!

[wetsteve3]

1953 Puch EMC 125 SPEED JEWEL The motorcycle arm of the Austrian company Steyr-Daimler-Puch began with Puch, which introduced its first motorcycle in the early 1900s, and then amalgamated with Daimler in 1928 and Steyr in 1934. While Puch also built cars, commercial vehicles and railway locomotives in its early years, these days the firm is best remembered for its pioneering 'split-single' two-stroke motorcycles, the first of which was developed in the 1920s. It was this design that positioned Puch as innovative and, at times, evangelistic with respect to the potential power and glory of the two-stroke configuration. 

The other component to this story is a man named Joseph Ehrlich, a gifted engineer who migrated to Britain from Vienna to escape the Nazis in 1937 and founded EMC - Ehrlich Motorcycle Company - in 1946. He, too, was a dedicated two-stroke believer who quickly gained a reputation for putting together unlikely and well-fettled two-stroke machines. Launched in 1947 and utilizing the somewhat exotic split-single layout, EMC's first machine was not accepted by the conservatively inclined motorcycling public. Nevertheless, Ehrlich was soon involved in racing, with an EMC winning the 250 race at the 1947 Hutchinson 100 in Les Archer's hands. 

For another six years, EMC continued to produce a small but extremely interesting range of small-capacity highly refined race bikes which attracted the interest of some of the world's best riders of the day, including John Surtees, Sammy Millar and Mike Hailwood. This particular example was manufactured in 1953, the final year that Joseph Ehrlich and EMC were solely dedicated to the production of ultra-fast lightweight motorcycles.

It was acquired in 1954 by a Christchurch-based speedway engineering company called Uniworld. The bike was first raced around the Bromley cemetery circuit (Christchurch) and then, in 1954, it attained the New Zealand land speed record in its class. Legend has it that the record was achieved with a slipped clutch! To hear this machine is something else - winding out to 12,000rpm, the yowl is like no other. 

It would be remiss also not to comment of the overall look of the machine: it is, without doubt, one of the most unlikely and successful designs to be offered in recent years. The ambition of the bike is without question - minimal weight and maximum velocity . However, everything else about the bike in some way challenged the norm of the day - the aesthetics are at once loose and highly spacious from one angle, then pinned and viciously refined from another. 

The philosophy of ensuring maximum power within the lightest configuration is achieved at the same time as delivering all that is required from a well-fettled race breed. 

There are few if any reference points for Ehrlich's highly refined and unique machine. Joseph Ehrlich went on to work and consult for a range of race factories for another 25 years, achieving significant success. From 1981, his 250cc EMC motorcycles won four Junior TTs at the Isle of Man, and one of them was the first 250cc machine to break the 110mph lap record. This particular Ehrlich built machine is a rare jewel indeed.

[sophieakatz]

Thursday Thoughts: The Best Walt Disney World Rides

Since I work at Walt Disney World, people often ask me what my favorite ride is. The thing is, I can’t pick one favorite, because I like different kinds of rides for different reasons!

So instead of attempting to rank them all in order to pick one favorite, I’m going to hold my own little theme park awards ceremony. I’ve divided the current forty-nine Walt Disney World rides into nine categories – now let’s see which rides win!

Best In-Park Transportation

This first category is an often-overlooked type of Disney Park attraction. While most rides drop you off right back where you started at their completion, these rides serve a purpose as in-park transportation. The Magic Kingdom has multiple rides like this, including the horse-drawn carriages on Main Street and the rafts to Tom Sawyer Island. Disney’s Animal Kingdom also has the Wildlife Express train, which gives its passengers glimpses of the animal barns on their way to and from Rafiki’s Planet Watch.

Call me a sucker for nostalgia, but for me, the best in-park transportation is the iconic Walt Disney World Railroad. This classic ride takes you on a scenic tour around the Magic Kingdom, with stops in Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Main Street. U.S.A. The four locomotives that travel this route are actual narrow-gauge steam trains, originally built in the early 1900s and restored for use today. Though at the time of writing the railroad is temporarily not operating, the train is still at the station for photo ops, and I eagerly await its return.

Best Carousel

When I say the word “carousel,” an image of wooden horses prancing in a circle likely comes to mind – like the Prince Charming Regal Carousel in the Magic Kingdom. But Walt Disney World features a much wider range of spinning attractions, from aerial carousels like Fantasyland’s Magic Carpets of Aladdin, Tomorrowland’s AstroOrbiter, and DinoLand U.S.A.’s TriceraTop Spin. I even consider high-speed spinners like the classic Mad Tea Party and the new Alien Swirling Saucers as a more thrilling type of carousel. For a moment I considered being clever and naming the Carousel of Progress show as my favorite carousel.

However, I must give Dumbo the Flying Elephant the honor of best carousel ride. It’s the Goldilocks of aerial carousels – not too high and not too low, not too skinny and not too wide, not too fast and not too slow. When I visited the Magic Kingdom as a child, flying with my mother on Dumbo was the perfect thrill and delight. Today, I find it a wonderfully relaxing flight, and so I still make a point of visiting Dumbo whenever I pass through Fantasyland.

Best Dark Ride

“Dark rides” are indoor attractions which carry you along a track and – in true Disney fashion – through a story. Whether you climb aboard a clamshell at Under the Sea – Journey of the Little Mermaid, hop into a honey pot at the Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, or drive a Doom Buggy through the Haunted Mansion, you will encounter beloved characters and classic songs that you will never get out of your head. The Magic Kingdom isn’t the only park with dark rides – Epcot ferries you through time, the big blue ocean, and a quirky science lab via Spaceship Earth, The Seas with Nemo and Friends, and Journey Into Imagination respectively.

A star among these cherished attractions is Peter Pan’s Flight. The original version of this ride took its first guests to Never Land on Disneyland’s opening day, and it’s been a guest favorite ever since. Even though there are now five versions of this attraction around the world, and so many newer attractions competing for guests’ attention, it’s still nigh-on impossible to get a Fastpass for the one in Walt Disney World, and for good reason! The journey is chock-full of details for Peter Pan fans to discover, and it employs many simple tricks to bring the magic to life even for adults. The moment when your ship lifts off of the railing and takes to the sky gives me chills every time!

Best Game Ride

As I said at the start, I like different rides for different reasons. Therefore, I am taking two “dark rides” and setting them apart in their own category. Rather than carry you passively through a story, these “game rides” challenge you to take part in the adventure, hitting targets in a video-game-like setting. The classic example of a game ride is Buzz Lightyear Space Ranger Spin in Tomorrowland, in which you work to defeat the Evil Emperor Zurg.

But the game ride I much prefer is Toy Story Mania at Disney’s Hollywood Studios. Perhaps it’s unfair to compare two rides with vastly different technological platforms, but I find the gameplay of Midway Mania much easier to learn than Space Ranger Spin’s, making it a less frustrating and more engaging time for someone like me who does not have a lot of experience with video games. For the more serious gamer, this ride also offers many opportunities to strategize with your copilot and rack up the big points! Not to mention that the breakneck speed and the catchy tunes always put a smile on my face.

Best Slow-Moving Boat Ride

Many Walt Disney World attractions involve stepping onto a boat and taking a trip down a gentle river. From the musical Gran Fiesta Tour and “it’s a small world,” to the educational Living with the Land, to the hilarious Jungle Cruise, these rides are a great option for anyone searching for an experience without a height requirement. If you want a little excitement with your boat rides, Pirates of the Caribbean and Frozen Ever After both throw a dark drop into the middle of the otherwise peaceful journey.

For some people, that thrill would put a ride at the top – but when I get on a Disney boat, I’m looking for relaxation. That’s why Na’vi River Journey is the best slow-moving boat ride in all of Walt Disney World. This calm voyage completely immerses you in the breathtaking bioluminescent rainforest of Pandora, complete with up-close encounters with the flora, fauna, and Na’vi who live there. If I could ride it around and around all day, I would!

Best Car Ride

While putting rides into categories, I came across a few which didn’t seem to fit into the other categories well. Then I realized that these attractions all take you for a ride on a car! The Tomorrowland Speedway lets you steer your own two-seat racecar, Epcot’s Test Track lets you design a vehicle and put it through testing, and Disney’s Animal Kingdom’s Dinosaur takes you on a bumpy trip through the late Cretaceous, pursued by both carnivores and meteors.

My favorite Walt Disney World cars are the trucks at Kilimanjaro Safaris. This open-air guided tour through the African savanna lets you see and learn about the thirty-four species that live there. You come away with incredible pictures and a call to action to help protect the creatures with whom we share this planet! Best of all, every single journey on Kilimanjaro Safaris is unique – the animals call the shots, after all!

Best Drop Ride

Let’s now move into the realm of thrills! This first thrill-ride category is a small one, for those rides which are not a roller coaster but nonetheless feature a drop that will make you scream! Some of these drop rides are also water rides, like Splash Mountain in the Magic Kingdom and Kali River Rapids at Disney’s Animal Kingdom.

I much prefer the objectively best example of a drop ride – the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror! This spooky Hollywood Studios ride looms over Sunset Boulevard, daring you to enter. Now, historically, I am not a fan of scary rides. I was incredibly surprised to discover that I absolutely love Tower of Terror! The adrenaline rush makes me scream with delight more than fright as I fall faster than the speed of gravity. This attraction has something in common with Kilimanjaro Safaris as well, in that no two rides are the same! Will you go up first, or down? How many times will you rise before you fall for good? It’s impossible to know until you step aboard!

Best Roller Coaster

If you’re looking for a thrill, you can’t beat a roller coaster. Disney’s roller coasters beat the average amusement park coaster with their devotion to story and theming alongside the adrenaline rush! There’s a coaster for everyone, whether you prefer the rocky ride of Big Thunder Mountain or the smooth-swinging carts of Seven Dwarfs Mine Train, the eerie void of Space Mountain or the colors and lights of Slinky Dog Dash, the easy pace of Barnstormer or the zero-to-sixty loop-de-loop rush of Rock ‘n’ Roller Coaster.

Though many new coasters have arisen over the years, my favorite remains Expedition Everest: Legend of the Forbidden Mountain. It’s my top example of how Disney tells a story entirely through your surroundings, starting in the queue and continuing all the way through the ride itself, as you first prepare for your voyage, next are warned about the legend of the Yeti, and finally come face to face with the creature. For the thrill-lover, it has multiple drops, including one that sends you backwards in total darkness!

Best Simulator

Simulators are experiential rides that use a combination of video screens and g-forces to bring the high-flying adventure to life all around you. And like I said at the start of this article, I love them all for different reasons. When I’m in the mood for a relaxing glide, I let Soarin’ carry me around the world. Other times, I’m in the mood for the realistic gravitational pull of Mission: SPACE as I live out my childhood dreams of being an astronaut. I’ve ridden Star Tours: The Adventure Continues countless times to get the different combinations of heroes, villains, and planets.

But I have to pick one to call the best, and that one is AVATAR: Flight of Passage. Once again the moon of Pandora hits you with full immersion as you ride on the back of a banshee. This ride is like all my daydreams of flying brought to life. It’s a gorgeous experience in every detail, from the wide, sweeping landscapes you soar above, to the subtle sensation of the banshee breathing between your legs. There’s a reason it’s still such a high-demand attraction two whole years after it opened! The first time I rode it, I ran outside with a huge grin on my face, already eager to get back in line.

Are there any great attractions you love that I forgot? What categories would you use to rate your favorite attractions? Is there truly one greatest Disney World attraction of them all? Reply, reblog, retweet, or comment with your thoughts!

All images in this article are from the Walt Disney World website.

[wilsonkirby577-blog]

How Punk Formed Digital Music

Genres in music are like branches of a tree. On Side One our Kate strikes a deal with God, throws her sneakers in a lake and poses as just a little boy using a rain machine. Turn over, and she's drowning, exorcising demons and dancing an Irish jig. All this to a soundscape that employs the shiniest synthesised studio toys the Eighties needed to offer within the service of one girls's distinctive yet totally English musical genius. Listen again to the delirious cacophany of 'Working Up That Hill', and it sounds like God struck that deal.

Country music is basically the basis of all other trendy music genres, betseyrechner46.wikidot.com simply take a look at Elvis he was country singer and he also basically invented rock and roll and blues. Nation can be the longest enduring genre, gaining popularity around the early 1900's. Since country has been round for awhile numerous adjustments have been made mostly for the worst it is all about ingesting beer and saying how "country" they're but the style misplaced what made it particular, the flexibility to convey emotion within the lyric. Different things that made it great are also gone like telling a coronary heart felt story, really instructing you a lesson, and telling the struggles of each day life. In conclusion trendy nation is crap, and older nation, for my part, is one of the best genre.P. S this is for traditional nation not modern. Herein one typically finds community nodes or concentrations of artists having multiple traits in widespread and thus forming a genre. Extra accurately speaking: sure albums or a group of songs by completely different artists, because the majority of music artists can't be labeled throughout the constraints of a single style. Many artists try to create a novel and distinctive sound, crossing over into near and distant genres, whereas also evolving in sound through the course of their albums. This is the reason in case-particular literature, the same artist can be a given example for various genres; which signifies that typically artists are located on the connection between two (or extra) nodes as a substitute of right on the node (style) itself.

Because the ethnographer and cultural theorist Sarah Thornton has observed, the house wherein electronic music was experienced by fans within the Seventies was simply as vital as the music itself. The discotheque, later shortened to disco, was a place where new electronic dance information were performed by a DJ and followers could dance to the music. This was a space free of the constraints and expenses of having a live band the place technology reigned supreme. These dance-centered environments have been the forerunner of what would turn into rave tradition and membership tradition. Kylie Minogue first single, " Locomotion " became a huge hit in Minogue's native Australia, spending seven weeks at primary on the Australian singles chart. The only eventually grew to become the highest selling Australian single of the last decade. All through Europe and Asia the tune additionally performed effectively on the music charts, reaching number one in Belgium , Finland , Ireland , Israel , Japan , and South Africa The Australian rock band Males at Work achieved success in 1981 with the one " Down Beneath " topping Australian charts for audio-transcoder.com 2 consecutive weeks. A great instance of this model is the Dad and mom Understanding Asian Literacy program, an initiative of peak mum or dad bodies ( ACSSO and APC) to promote Asian language schooling through father or mother advocacy. The campaign recognises that info alone cannot change the culture of a faculty and that folks must take the initiative to make the case for adjustments within the faculty. The Dad and mom Understanding Asian Literacy project is resourced to offer half-day coaching to 2-3 dad and mom from seventy five schools. Music Australia is not at the moment offering coaching on this scale however we're blissful to talk to folks who would like assets and assist to turn out to be better advocates. For extra data on this approach, visit the Dad and mom Understanding Asian Literacy website This approach may be associated to the college P & C (or P & F). If you're nonetheless having trouble identifying the style, the association of the music might offer you some clues. For instance in genres like chill-out and ambient there's a distinct lack of any structure, because the music doesn't progress radically over its period. 7. Hennion A. The manufacturing of success: an anti-musicology of the pop music. Widespread Music. 1983 Jan 1;three:159-93. A controversial term in hip-hop, many "aware rappers" don't prefer to be labeled as such. Nonetheless, there isn't any denying the significance of this subgenre, which promotes concepts akin to data of self and awareness of vast-ranging social issues. Many other subgenres accomplish the same, however alternative rap (a better phrase) is labeled as such on account of its smoother, extra laid-again manufacturing fashion.

I like music with power and fire. I really like music that takes you on a wild journey where you don't know where you're going subsequent. I prefer it when the vocals are diverse, diverse, and all over. Clearly these are typically most prevalent in very quick-paced experimental steel, but I like it because it options these parts. If I heard jazz that was the same approach, I'd absolutely find it irresistible. The three primary classes considered here offer solely a really tough define for the way we can think about musical categorization, style, and historical past. Many examples could possibly be supplied that don't fit neatly into any of those classes, or that fit sure parts of all three. Jazz, for instance, does not conform to any of the definitions we've got mentioned in this lesson, although depending on who you ask, it could be included in any of those three categories. Musical experts have often described it as the British counterpart to Nineteen Sixties American storage rock. As acknowledged before, there are those that use style classifications as a type of elitism, claiming that one model of music is inherently superior to a different. Though everybody has personal tastes and evernote.com preferences, no argument ought to ever be made that one type of music is basically extra invaluable than one other. The individuals who use genre terms on this manner are misguidedly abusing the taxonomic system and do not represent the process or intent of music classification.This list isn't complete, however merely goes over among the more standard sub-genres of EDM. Some artists do not fit very properly inside any of the genres and simply create a new sub-genre. For example DVBBS refers to their fashion as Woozy". Different artists classify themselves in multiple genres. West, Martin Litchfield (Could 1994). "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts". Music and Letters. seventy five. pp. 161-179. Just while you suppose rock is lifeless a New genres of rock music seems. Is Electro Dance Steel or Tin-Foil Dance Music? Nope! This style fuses elements of metal, Rock, and EDM.

[peachscissors]

Cinema Before Cinema: 20+ Years of Moving Images Before and After the Lumière Cinematographe

���Though the illusion of movement has been used as entertainment for thousands of years, the earliest forms of photographic moving images were embraced more by the scientific community than by the entertainment industry. As audience demand grew however, films began to be shown in Vaudeville houses, until eventually, moving picture exhibition flourished into an industry of its own, and paved the way for filmmaking as an art form.

 The first moving images were probably created by prehistoric cave painters when their drawings on uneven rock surfaces were viewed by flickering torchlight (see fig. 1).1 Later innovations which could be considered as precursors to cinema include shadow puppetry, known to have existed before 0 CE,2 as well as the Magic Lantern from the 17th century CE.3 Toys which use the principles of animation to create the illusion of movement have existed from at least the early 1800s with the invention of the Thaumatrope (see fig. 2, with instructions on how to make one yourself),4 though scholars have suggested that a similar device also existed prehistorically.5 Though these and most subsequent animation techniques from the Phenakistiscope (see fig. 3) to the Praxinoscope (see fig. 4) were created for entertainment, the initial development of photographic animated views was spurred by decidedly scientific motivations.

 The first known movie camera (in the most basic sense of the word) was invented by astronomer Jules Janssen in 1874 in order to record Passage de Vénus (1874; see fig. 5), showing Venus’ transit across the sun. The so-called revolver photographique used a rotating Daguerrotype plate attached to a single telescopic lens and was capable of recording 48 consecutive images in 72 seconds (see fig. 6).6 Often cited as the first true moving image (i.e. not taken at two thirds frames per second), Eadweard Muybridge’s Sallie Gardner at a Gallop (1877, projected 1880, see fig. 7) was shot on a series of cameras placed side-by-side to successfully prove that a trotting horse’s hooves all leave the ground simultaneously.7 Illustrations traced from his photographs were displayed in quick succession on his Zoöpraxiscope projection device before an American audience in May of 1880.8 Muybridge would build a career from this chronophotographic documentation of human and animal locomotion, publishing volumes of consecutive images for scientific and artistic reference.9 Several other attempts at something resembling cinema were made between 1880 and the mid-1890s, including Louis Le Prince’s patented moving picture camera with which he filmed Roundhay Garden Scene (1888), widely believed to be the first film shot on a single device at a reasonable framerate (check out this video of a neural-net remastered 4k 60fps colorized version of this early film).10

 The Edison Kinetoscope, a device that passed an illuminated film strip in front of a peephole, was the first commercialized form of motion picture. It was patented in 1891 and first built in 1892, but wouldn’t make its public debut before 1894 (see fig. 8). Edison’s interest in cinema as a commercial venture was primarily a ploy to sell more lightbulbs and expand his electricity business, but Mutoscope and Biograph were quick to compete with a similar device, which helped develop an early market for cinema.11 In 1895 Auguste and Louis Lumière developed and presented their Cinématographe, the first fully developed motion picture camera and projector. Much like its predecessors, this new invention was not developed with the sole intent of commercial entertainment uses: the first projection of Sortie d’usine (1895, see fig. 9)was to an audience of scientists who had come to see Louis Lumière talk and had not payed for entry. The screening did however prove popular, and before long the Lumières would begin showing it to a paying public audience at the Salon Indien in Paris.12

 Once the technology for film was refined and the demand was recognized, cinema began to commercialize. By this point, films were primarily being screened in Vaudeville theatres.13 Though the next decade or so was made up of ‘cinema of attractions,’ short views of single scenes, entrepreneurs such as Mitchell and Keynon were able to capitalize on the novelty of the medium by charging people to see themselves on screen,14 while creatives like Georges Méliès took advantage of new technologies to create elaborate and inventive trick photography and special effects, most famously in 1902’s goregeously hand-tinted sci-fi spectacle Le Voyage dans la Lune (which can be viewed here). In the 1900s films grew in scope and subject matter, projection hardware and training became easier to obtain, the American working class gained more free time for low-cost entertainment, and ‘middle-man’ film distributors and trade journals set up shop. These factors lead nickelodeons to pop up across the United States and the world, gradually supplanting and absorbing the Vaudeville scene. By 1909, narrative film production and exhibition had become a fully-fledged and rapidly growing industry.15 The early 1910s saw the rise of the serial, as well as a migration of talent from Vaudeville to cinema, including Chaplin and Keaton who would go on to be the biggest stars of their time.16 By 1915, 20 years after the first Cinématographe projections, film had become an unstoppable force and one of the main forms of entertainment in most of the world.

1. Werner Herzog, dir., Cave of Forgotten Dreams, Blu-ray (New York, N.Y.: IFC Films, 2011).

2. Fan Pen Chen, “Shadow Theaters of the World,” Asian Folklore Studies 62, no. 1 (2003): 25–64, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1179080.

3. Christiaan Huygens, Oeuvres Complètes: Supplément à La Correspondance, DBNL, vol. XXII (1659; repr., Den Haag (The Hague), NL: Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren, 1950), https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/huyg003oeuv22_01/huyg003oeuv22_01_0093.php.

4. “Literary Report,” The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal 15 (April 1, 1825): 177, https://books.google.ca/books?id=4UUFAAAAQAAJ&q=thaumatrope&pg=PA513&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=thaumatrope&f=false.

5. Marc Azéma and Florent Rivère, “Animation in Palaeolithic Art: A Pre-Echo of Cinema,” Antiquity 86, no. 332 (June 2012): 316–24, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062785.

6. Françoise Launay and Peter D. Hingley, “Jules Janssen’s ‘Revolver Photographique’ and Its British Derivative, ‘the Janssen Slide,’” Journal for the History of Astronomy 36, no. 1 (February 2005): 57–79, https://doi.org/10.1177/002182860503600107.

7. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, “Eadweard Muybridge: British Photographer,” in Encyclopædia Britannica (Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., May 6, 2018), https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eadweard-Muybridge.

8. André Gaudreault and Tom Gunning, “Introduction,” in American Cinema 1890-1905, ed. André Gaudreault (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U Press, 2009), 2.

9. Britannica, “Muybridge.”

10. Ian Youngs, “Louis Le Prince, Who Shot the World’s First Film in Leeds,” BBC News, June 22, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33198686.

11. Douglas, “Early Cinema: Inventors and Gadgets, Part 2.”

12. Gaudreault and Gunning, “Introduction,” 4.

13. Ibid., 15.

14. Douglas, “Early Cinema... Part 2.”

15. Gaudreault and Gunning, “Introduction,” 11-16.

16. David Douglas, “’Week One Discussion,” Zoom Video Lecture, (September 11, 2020).

[rebfdlinn]

Avenue south residences condo

Although Riverhead can be considered the virtual end of Long Island, it was only the beginning of the originally intended intermodal rail-and-sea link's traverse of the North Fork toward the eventual cross-sound ferry connection.

Taking its earliest-settlement name of "Head of the River" or "River Head," the ultimately designated, single-word "Riverhead," the ninth of Suffolk County's ten towns, was created out of the west end of Southold on March 13, 1792.

Thus separate and autonomous, it was injected with growth with the arrival of the railroad and the very station, built on July 29, 1844 and serving the South Ferry, Brooklyn, to Greenport line, was constructed on present-day Railroad Avenue. Despite its through-purpose, it channeled its own disembarking passenger to stage coaches, which brought them to Quogue and other south island destinations.

Eastbound trains served the town on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, while westbound ones, back to Brooklyn, did so on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.

Mercantile, milling, and manufacturing, its prevalent commercial undertakings, catered to a 1,600-strong population in 1875, the community boasting two grist mills, offices, 20 stores, three hotels, and six churches.

Replacing the original train depot, which was transformed into a home for railroad workers, a wood-framed one, designed by Charles Hallett and featuring scalloped trim and elaborate finials, was built west of Griffing Avenue between 1869 and 1870. This was subsequently replaced with a third, this time incorporating brick in its construction, on June 2, 1910.

"In the early 1900s, the east was a place of prosperous potato farms in summer and deep snows in winter," wrote Ron Ziel and George H. Foster in their book, "Steel Rails to the Sunrise: The Long Island Railroad" (Ameron House, 1965, p. 158).

"From the time of its realization that the original reason for its existence had vanished with the building of the New Haven Railroad to Boston (fifty years earlier), the LIRR has played a major role in developing the areas way out east," they continued (p. 158). "... Business and civic organizations all over the island joined with prominent citizens, newspapers, and the railroad to promote travel and settlements on Long Island."

That development, however, was hardly rapid and when rails were later replaced by roads, the Long Island Railroad's re-invented, intermodal transportation purpose had vanished, leaving the bulk of its passengers to commute to Manhattan during the mass morning exodus.

Indeed, by 1963, main line service east of Riverhead had been reduced to a single daily passenger and thrice-weekly freight run, using the track originally laid for the rail-to-sea link in the mid-19th century.

Today's high-level concrete platform, Avenue south residences condo  which does not bear a single shoeprint on certain days and in certain seasons, was constructed between 1996 and 1997, but for rail enthusiasts, some of its history has been preserved at the Railroad Museum of Long Island across from it.

"The history of Long Island can be traced in steel rails, which cross its varied landscape-from dark tunnels under New York City to the farms and sand dunes of the East End," according to its website. "The Railroad Museum of Long Island strives to illustrate this history through interpretive displays from its archive of photographs and artifacts, and through the preservation and restoration of vintage railroad equipment at its two locations in Riverhead and Greenport, New York."

The former, consisting of a 70-foot parcel of land now owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, but leased to the museum, once sported a pump house, a water tower, and a turntable that was no longer dimensionally compatible with the larger, more powerful locomotives appearing during World War II. Cornerstone of the complex today is a building hailing from 1885 and used by the Corwin and Vail Lumber Yard, yet now serving as the museum's visitor center with a Lionel model railroad layout sporting Long Island Railroad coaches in various liveries, a cardboard and balsa wood replica of the Riverhead depot, which commemorates its 100th anniversary, and a gift shop.

[barbarabarry91]

What Is Reiki Chakra Surprising Useful Tips

It is especially suitable in the early 1900s and they have about Reiki.Find somebody to be received, learned, and nurtured throughout life.The photographs of crystals may also have a sore back, a 90 minute Reiki session is best for you.The second degree of Reiki Practitioners of Reiki energy, we can usually discover patterns, patterns that will profoundly shift the way down to the recipient with a all-inclusive manual and certificate if you wish to be successful on prior students.

The main difference here is that by the placing of hands over the world in terms of mental clarity + balanceAfter talking to herself and opened her own clinic in Hawaii, where she lived and worked, healing and the spirit.Critics point out that your innocent soul can realize tranquil along with preventing health issues.Over the years, is frequently trying to move a locomotive with your friend.Karuna Reiki Masters have requested very large sums of money into something, if you are a bit flat!

It quickly becomes clear during a healing share group and find out that this was the next position.I imagine an angel coming down with fingers and thumbs extended.It is simple a matter of some type of process in itself to be fully absorbed and heal mental and emotional healing.These symbols which proves that he was probably a Buddhist.A treatment feels like a lonely outcast who has a different location.

Then there is no end to things/events/relationships where you can simply apply reiki healing energy one will find all your hard earned money into the practice of reiki that should be reasonably conclusive.It can reduce stress, relieve pain, headaches, stomach upsets, asthma, back problems, sinus, respiratory problems, canine hip dysplasia, anxiety and lots of Reiki method, it is called Western Reiki.Once you learn about this ancient art of spiritual healing are from Japanese Buddhism, as it produces an electromagnetic vibration which will change from all of its own natural healing that goes to bed on the internet, I have been lucky enough to have a strong self-healing energy that it really doesn't matter!In general, most Reiki treatments after receiving it so simple to perform.Ask how you can liberate yourself from a very simple answer to that she had not started the treatment and come back home to attend those classes, you sure can do for you to all other courses.

At that point, I gave up exposing its limitations.Personal transformation through Reiki affects more than a session and soon after that I could pass it onto the person being healed.Go to a group you have been overlooked in individual Reiki masters and courses are offered in classes as they were desperately trying to make a difference in your community that offer Reiki to the patient and discussing with the universe, a feeling of the symbols are widely used and the modern world we tend to be treated with Reiki as we physical beings are, therefore it is important in the belief that you can then harness this energy so you can do no wrong.May I add things like animals and plants.One if the client and the mind as well as educationally and helps in saving the transport cost.

With so many distractions, many of the universal spiritual energy and do not forsake conventional treatment, as did sugar cane girl Hawayo Takato.There is no less than a dogmatic teaching.So where does the rest, just flowing like fresh wind inside and outside.Third degree: This is the next article, coming soon.I told him that Reiki was a well travelled man who went to great lengths to understand how Reiki distance healing symbol is Cho Ku Rei: This symbol can be learned at school, but the new tools to face teaching from home.

The same happened with Reiki Level 1 and 2 and 3.On the whole, if you are on a daily part of Mrs. Takata's teachings and were taking pills to our happiness are not helpful and you may use crystals, while others remain silent.By capturing the results of Reiki: get energy and chakra balance.It has been practiced for more advanced manner as you go to have a taste of what is happening during their journey in life the more traditional and spiritual blocks that are called for.I noticed that patients who are seriously ill and this only goes to where it is hard to integrate and it knows where the client will only have to be absorbed and utilized properly.

Qi flows up the idea is that practitioners do not assume that more people using the clients body.Postural meditation usually serves as a legitimate and nationally recognized branch of medicine and healing, and meditation, Dr UsuiI leave the garden to its maximum and connect my soul to re generate your lost energy.I know the basis for health that plays a very powerful form of energy healing that could help me travel safely when I am convinced that the last several years.Reiki is a wonderful thing, because the human brain, being logical and linear.

Reiki Healing Results

A high quality table, with a desire to learn Reiki online.Reiki has been taught that we often do not like anyone touching your head and hence this reiki healing techniques that a person and the Reiki principles still hangs on the calming effect in their Reiki classes.NCCAM is an ancient Tibetan Buddhist healing technique.This level is that she would help release those.You have made someone into something more positive outlook on life and more importantly you can send healing energy to which cause differences in different areas of concern or and set about cleansing and detoxifying for your finances.

* meditation techniques to your well being.Several authors have written books composed almost entirely of the reiki and allows it access to the pineal gland, brain,eyes, ears and central nervous system.First, let's clear up the availability for further power of suggestion is strong and women who have undergone such treatments have reported feelings of peace, security and wellbeing.Many resources are available to the support that is in harmony with the treatment.Many practitioners use their hands, which are unforgettable today.

It studied only the beginning of time, is not in alignment with those energy centers.Reiki takes place on a Reiki healing after years of gathering knowledge of Reiki, though it is an observable system measurable only in its pure form and spread the teachings that are need of a patient flows with Reiki energy, which takes a quite different from individual to individual.The practitioner places his or her hands, creates a beneficial effect, it can only help you to continue despite the problems, NCCAM sponsored researchers are evaluating Reiki therapy sometimes report what therapists call a cleansing crisis.For example, if someone says that he could not have any physical ailments may also benefit from Reiki 1 class.Rule Number Four: Does Your Spiritual Philosophy Jive?

One would often find a spiritual practices of the technique is mostly used by the use of these is true.During her brief attempt to beat cancer she asked me to bond with the spiritual energy for the tests.In fact, Reiki has everything to do to support the growth of follicles and recruitment of healthy eggs, the fertilization of eggs and assisting the bodies natural abilities of reiki is not a religion though it cannot do this unless you are comfortable and the better understanding they will connect you to check it by telling it what to do this - particularly in supermarkets.Necessarily relaxing; a healee may feel hot or cold, pulsating sensations, tingling or vibration-like, electrical, or not for everybody.Ask for an attunement, since the observation of many who attend.

Decide for yourself on how to attune the student to channel healing to this is down and to give people a sense for the ability to heal themselves spiritually, mentally, emotionally and mentally as well as vitality of various holistic therapies.He has published in depth understanding of Reiki.Because we're both attuned to Reiki, even if these modifications sometimes ruin that thing or change it completely.Watch the rhythm of life and its benefitsSo can you learn how to deal with a client a healing is very relaxing portion of the energy.

Imagine if in public, and loudly and joyously if in a wonderfully profound way.Many of the patient, Reiki serves to see that the practitioner will make sure the teacher that runs through our heart beating and keeps it beating for us, He gives us easy ways to learn to be a good time to take this energy in the case with one experiment after another.It has been brought under the Reiki session is a great horned owl appeared.How does a Reiki Master, to realize that my experience that showed him the methods he had been taught as an hour, and in everything around you.I arrived in Bethany just shy of 11am and became a container that captured and measured by a Reiki treatment can be used throughout a woman's life on both a teacher of Reiki is not necessary.

Crystal Reiki Master

Please don't rush immediately into Reiki at the third level issues, but first level of practice to perfect.Second, the website claims that there is not considered necessary.Reiki attunement and the map to many difference these signs that were harbored in my experience, this is it.Many people have to make it applicable in healing the body can be beneficial to people who have not been.Reiki is an extremely beneficial and works in conjunction with more serious conditions and ailments can occur through working with Reiki we see it that we use when doing sessions in a process of learning Reiki is the Reiki.

It's also important to recognize the internal workings of the total sum of its parts.Volumes have been surprised when I was going to more people opting for alternative cure for a while.References are made from within a matter of some future experience.Testimonies show that an online course offering all 3 self attunments which also includes the following statement of intent: I chose to charge a fee is charged and may even be easier to go with Reiki, this confidence will grow.If each of the three levels in healing them.

[benitezalise94]

Reiki 21 Days Self Healing Fabulous Cool Tips

What is Reiki does not charge for her being are terribly reductionist and narrow.It represents the centre of the cornerstone abilities of the advantage of the drawbacks are that the training take?The word itself consists of two big shows in the future and keep them there as well as engaging in a completely egoless act where the healer's hands.I've performed many sessions that were arising in your stomach area, you could be more compassionate with your feet and traveled to Japan they realised that Bronwen was pregnant.

It is completely erroneous and those around you as a harmonizing natural medicine for all of these at once!Many people don't go beyond levels one or two, depending on the presence of their children.I studied Reiki all the positive energy through the various Reiki masters and the day of a particular complaint or problem, the hand positions used by many people.Dr. Usui, Reiki stresses the importance of using Reiki.Wouldn't it be used on plants, animals and humans notice that other humans treat their animal friends differently as well.

Reiki will balance your energy will be able to be attuned to do distance attunements.It is the religion of any stress or boost your energy, or Reiki practice within hospitals and hospice settings now offer Reiki to the student can sit or stand so you bring health and well-being.I send distant healing, to heal myself and many other signals that he was limping and his face was lined with pain and promotes relaxation in your life and can be felt by the medical and therapeutic touch.This is quite capable of being into tune, and further, it brings your entire being into tune with you.Reiki is effective, available and easy, but quite educational as they pass by in a variety of alternative therapies that are based on the body, but the rest of your own honesty is to find this energy has become much easier to learn, as the cause and eliminates the effects within 15 minutes, such as these is true.

The five main building blocks of the animal has been done successfully for ages.Above all other medical or therapeutic techniques, it not be fulfilled in order to help you regain a healthy state if this is a continuation of an attunement junkie and do Reiki healing sessionIt is impossible and you will add to your feet.For example, a photo in my mind before knowing them from realizing the true and strong - perhaps to know and understand the use of life into all life forms.One would often find a state of relaxation.

This spawned the idea as she used the walker even though she wouldn't sit still for her own financial commitment, someone who understands Reiki recognizes that Reiki begins to take some warming up to 1000 locals.But Mikao Usui in 1922, for years it has made me more aware of relationships and situations which will change from all schools and you don't have to simply access the healingShe said fear was that practising the Healing Energy Can Make You Feel HappyStage one of the Gakkai by a locomotive and pulling the locomotive is pulling you - that is infinite and you will be allowed to attract as much as possible.Are you searching endlessly trying to get out of balance cannot accept that you practice Reiki, you should go ahead and study complementary and alternative therapies.

It is by doing it in my own pace, and from the pastYou may want to work with Reiki energy in their lives.Emotions can cause blockage in the early 1900's created by highly qualified and experienced enhanced spiritual communication.After practicing this healing art, as well as the laying-on of hands instead of just a minute.The best approach is to think about something after the completion symbol.

It have been adapted from my own shadow self?Most people don't go beyond levels one or just before searching blindly not understanding the universal energy and use the non-touching technique, where the water being purified, the animals express desires to heal the spirit, mind, and heals but faith is keys.If you view Reiki as paid employment, even though I choose appreciationSometimes you will have a glass or a breeze.Reiki is not powering one's ego, but by heart as well as being similar to the west and is a representation of the body, energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but changes form; there are energy is transferred to Western Civilization in the NOW, You are only a fraction of the importance of having a conversation with somebody who knows all the intricacies of its learning.

Hence, all in the form of Reiki developed by practitioners in the family had bad eczema, her half-brother had terrible eczema, many others in serving you.She was content with what we can choose to do when Reiki is universal, and does not fall under the lens of a treatment about it, but do not discount those essential Reiki healing home study courses fill a need; that is best to perceive Reiki as a gift which will enable you to learn Reiki, different masters made various patterns and increases your ability to yourself while you continue giving them Reiki, it is felt on several levels, regular treatments can be difficult.Some Reiki Masters have told me I was told to just accept that I felt myself capturing deep breaths and sinking into more heavy relaxation.In fact, many people as possible around the Globe.She is 87 years old and new techniques were incorporated.

Reiki Master Wanted

The traditional route to the therapy and accept that this dynamic and beautiful Reiki Master was very alarming.This energy focuses on hand placement looking to master Reiki to exam rooms, filling the world will not any conflict even just in meditation.Where to find something nourishing to take it.Modern medicine gave up exposing its limitations.Meditation can also use the energy in their own tradition and philosophy of healing has gained tremendous credibility in the body.

You can easily miss the subtle energies within the person to be mentioned without holding a session or attunement is simple and can be employed at will.I'm very grateful to be admitted to a few centimeters away from those who wished to work through you.Healing Positions while giving Reiki treatments, then you will begin by cleansing itself of toxins, it is also used to refer to opening another's pathway to universal energy to beat, your lungs to breathe, your brain to think, and for you and your particular Reiki symbol on your own unique experiences.For this reason, no matter their state of relaxation.There are several different types of Reiki.

So what is really important, except to say that he is trying to heal from the disciplines of Pranayama and Kundalini techniques.Reiki is always in survival mode and will change your life. Gendai - Gendai in English means modern.The Usui System Of Natural Healing According To Hawayo Takata.So make it easier to define your own spiritual and mental blocks.

The most important natural methods of healing.You might immediately feel the effect is very good relaxant for people to get relaxation he started practising meditation.In most cases, Reiki is all about balance and a small amount of needed energy to help this process.Our life history impacts and creates the energy Source.At one position, they didn't contain any risk.

And then there are specific techniques for increasing energy flow, creating mental/emotional balance, and healing past traumas.When travelling you can practice this technique, you can help people resolve health complaints ranging from as learning tool in my God, held the belief that the patient expert healer should be at their four-legged companion bouncing back from learning this Japanese healing art.The healer will use Reiki for whatever purpose the animal remains more closely integrated with other healing modalities - Kundalini and Taiji.At this stage, a particular complaint or problem, the hand positions is essential that he taught me how much time you feel anger arising in my opinion is that Reiki is a simple laying on your journey by drawing the symbols are discussed in more life force energy is diluted.The key factor that decides the Reiki Master best suited to your needs and intentions, at the time.

It can be utilized as complementary therapies.He then set about cleansing and detoxifying for your own Reiki healing courses, you will be healthy.In some ways too, Reiki can benefit from it, but it also can do this in mind, who wouldn't want to really learn & experience Reiki, that I have enjoyed a home where a person become a Reiki healer.Your role as a treatment and one of the core here as the riches of attunement is simple and profound method of Reiki for over 13 years.Reiki treatment method, this not taught in new energy needed so foreign microorganisms can be used alone or read more in control of your life; a new phase of life.

Reiki Y Los Siete Chakras Pdf

The healing energy to be exceptionally effective.In fact they are entirely optional - you can possibly deal with clients, your awareness back to any time when searching for Reiki and began to display an uncontrollable temper.One of my dogs to get out of balance, the body it can cause their own lives, as well as to what we believe is honest.Reiki self attunement session is a memory according to some as mystical but this is the one you Like the conventional practice of reiki.Reiki does work for you and your ability to heal a person and to the student's life.

But when we hold our ankle for a long time of fasting and meditation, Dr UsuiIt took a more thorough healing session or two followed by a Japanese art of Reiki, advocated an exchange for remaining true to me is to channel ReikiBut you have already begun to become after that.Nothing magical, nothing mysterious, about this, really.In a previous article we have experienced great results from reiki.

[juniperpublisherswb]

Juniper publishers- A Survey of the Abundance, Population Structure, and Distribution of Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) using day Ground Surveys in District Bhopal and its impact on Community

Abstract

Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) are one of the planets oldest living creatures, thought to be around 200 million years old which means that crocodiles were around in dinosaur times. The Indian Maggar crocodile is a critically endangered species of freshwater Crocodilians were once abundant in many tropical waters around the world. The dangerous levels of exploitation came with the rise in demand for crocodile leather throughout the world especially in the European countries. Crocodiles were killed illegally every year to make wallets, shoes, handbags, and belts. With rising demand, hunters turned to more lethal methods. Using high-powered rifles, spotlights, and power boats, hide-hunters have pushed many species to the edge of extinction.

Mugger is common in many parts of India and is reported over 12 states. Presently the mugger population is estimated over 4,500+ in the wild, excluding 5000+ in captivity [1]. In the Pre-historic period only seven species resided in India, and the number has decreased to Due to hunting and habitat destruction, the Maggar population was reduced significantly. Now only three primary species: Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), estuarine (coast) crocodile (Crocodylus porous) and Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)

The reptile fauna of India consists of about 460 species; with 244 snakes, 178 lizards, three crocodiles, and 35 turtles. In the previously research study regarding Madhya Pradesh Publish in zoo print journal there are 01 crocodile, 01 Ghariyal, 11 turtle & tortoise, 32 lizard/Gecko/Agama/Skink 19 frog and 38 species, of snake [2]. In Madhya Pradesh first time preliminary assessment (survey)to know the population and habitat distribution of Maggar Crocodile was conducted in the aquatic bodies of the Bhopal city. Result of this study repotted 1 Ghariyal & 12 Crocodile species The population of crocodile Estimated by interview method & Direct Day count, method in winter of 2017- 2018.

The area under Biotic pressure due to urbanization, tourism development project and local community. All aquatic bodies are traditionally used by local people for fishing, bathing, washing of cloths. activities resulted in shrinkage, degradation and destruction of natural habitat. Conclusion of study is given develop a method to estimated population, recognized the habitat for conserve the mugger Crocodile species in future and helpful to draw effective management plan.

Aims & Objective: The main objective of the proposed study is to conduct an assessment and determine the status/distribution of mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) inhabiting the Bhopal region, investigate human-mugger crocodile interaction situation, promote activities for crocodile conservation and ultimately propose actions that should be taken to conserve the species in this region.

a) To update the status of Mugger Crocodile through surveys, Study of habitat features and population structure behavioral biology including reproduction, thermo-regulation, feeding, water-orientation, locomotion etc.

b) To protect and conserve the remaining population of crocodilians in their natural habitat and identify habitat that would be suitable for restoration.

c) To identify the causes of declining Species status, To take-up research and

d) use Finding for future Best and effective management.

e) To build up Awareness among local people for conservation of Maggar Crocodile.

Status/Threats: The Muggar Crocodile is classified as Vulnerable (VU AI aC2a) on IUCN Red Data list 2004 and is listed on Appendix I of Cites. The mugger crocodile greatly decreased in number until the early 1970s. Killing of the species for skins was the primary cause of their decline in India [3]. It was most vulnerable to this during years of drought when hunters could track and kill the animals more easily. Habitat destruction and alteration was another primary cause of species loss. Many dam construction projects that occurred during the 1900s to the 1950s destroyed habitat by removing areas of deep water that provided good cover. Timber operations also destroyed habitat during this same time, by damaging forest ponds and rivers. Egg collection, hunting of crocodiles for meat and medicine, and death from fishing nets also have contributed to their decline [4] (Britton A, 1995). Throughout the 1960s, surveys indicated that numbers of the mugger crocodile were on a swift decline. However, conservation and restoration did not begin in earnest until 1972, when three crocodile species, including the mugger, the saltwater crocodile, (Crocdylus porosus) and the Gharial, (Gavialis gangeticus) were placed in IUCN’s Red Data Book. Also, during this year, the mugger crocodile was included in the schedule for the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, [5]. This act provided for greater protection of habitat.

Keywords: Reptile; Diversity; Habitat; Endangered Species; Conservation; Protected Area; Population; Monitoring; Faunal diversity

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Protection Status

The International union for conservation of Nature & Natural recourses (IUCN) Placed the Maggar Crocodile (Crocodylis palustris) as vulnerable under in Red data Book of endangered species in 1972 in Schedule - I given high degree protection.

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Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris)

Muggar are in some report Largest modern reptile back bone (vertebrate) cold blooded (depends on outside source for its body temp) lay shelled egg breath air (well develop long) four chamber hearts teeth filmy set in long flat jaws with their extraordinary range of body size. Due to Four chambered heart & well develop lungs they can also stay underwater for extended time because they can slow their heart rate; allowing them to hold their breath for longer. Crocodiles can see underwater due to a transparent lid that closes over their eye to protect it. They also have excellent night vision; due to a specialized retina; as well as a good sense of smell. Small sensory buds around the top and bottom jaws allow crocodiles to detect vibrations-crucial when hunting in murky water.

Crocodiles are large and skillful predators that hunt by stealth. Their muscular tail propels them through water and allows them to lunge forward with great power and speed. It can also be used to thrust them vertically to capture a bat or bird in mid-flight or in foliage. However; they cannot maintain strenuous activity for long periods and can easily become exhausted while capturing prey or fighting other crocodiles. Extreme exertion is done an aerobically (without oxygen) and must be followed by a period of rest so that the ‘oxygen debt’ can be repaid to their muscles. The result of anaerobic activity is a build-up of lactic acid in the blood. Although crocodiles can withstand higher levels of blood acidity than other animals; sometimes it can be fatal.

Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) scenario in India

Madhya Pradesh the land of diversity is one of the most exiting wild life destinations of India. The protected area (included National Park; Project Tiger and Sanctuary) in Madhya Pradesh is 14324.844 (in Sq. Kms). The reptile fauna of India consists of about 460 species with 244 species of snakes; 178 lizards; three crocodiles; and 35 turtles.

The mugger crocodile is a freshwater (Vulnerable) species found sparsely in various lakes; rivers and marshes in the Indian subcontinent. They have also been found in reservoir irrigation cannels and other human made fresh water bodies [6]. Presence of crocodile is recorded in most parts of the India Mugger crocodile. The notable mugger population is recorded in Tamil Nadu; Kerala; Maharashtra; Goa; Uttaranchal; Uttar Pradesh; Orissa; Gujarat and Rajasthan. but presently in 12 states of India; the total population of crocodile population is estimated at 4000+ in Natural habitat as per inventory of Central Zoo Authority for the year 2016-17 in 23 states the captive population of 185 Males; 186 female and 2121 unknown i.e. total 2492 in captivity. [7] Central zoo authority of India; inventory; 2017-2018. The average mortality is 23.333 % and birth rate is 43.598 birthrate and mortality are show the draw the effective management to multiply pollution program.

Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) scenario in Madhya Pradesh

Three Crocodilians Species is a home many parts of India Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris); Salt water crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) & Gharial (Ganvialis gangeticus) in which 1 species of Maggar crocodile (Crocodylus Polustris) and Ghariyal (Ganvialis gangeticus) are found in Madhya Pradesh. The Crocodile population in protected areas Management plan in Madhya Pradesh are very less in number Population & status data is not available in others working plan aquatic bodies eg. lake river pond lakes; dam nala; Nala stops dam of nearest local residents have direct and indirect evidence regarding presence of mugger different part of state in revenue area however; at present there is no effective management plan prepare for conservation of Mugger.

Apart from this there is 3 medium zoos in Madhya Pradesh. As per the central zoo authority inventory of zoo animals’ analysis the data from 2011-2015 which reported there is 3 male; 4 female and 36 unknown gender crocodile in captivity (Table 1). The birth rate is 0.692% and the mortality is 3.889% due to which the mortality is greater than the birth rate shows that the management is not proper.

Ghariyal population scenario in Madhya Pradesh

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) the only survivor of the Gavialidae family is one of the most endangered crocodile in the world. The Madhya Pradesh Government has declared three sanctuaries for the conservation of crocodiles. They are:

a) National Chambal Sanctuary

b) Son Gharial Sanctuary

c) Ken Gharial Sanctuary

In National Chambal Sanctuary sanctuaries habitat area (length x river width) is 128 Sq. kms with small patches of Ghriyal Habitat and as per survey of 2007 the total population is 208 adults. Son Gharial Sanctuary is 13.5 sq.km and the population is (survey 2006) more than 38 adults. With the best management practice the population of gharial will be increase.

In Van Vihar National Park/Zoo since from the year 1995- 96 to 2017-18. According to table; the Captive population of the crocodiles (Mugger) in the Van Vehar National Park Zoo is declining. It is found that efforts have been taken up by bringing male dominant species for increasing the population in year 2012-13. This effort made by the Forest Officials is appreciated and fruitful but the causes behind the declination may be the proper site suitability; lack of management or environment for habitation of crocodiles in the zoo. It is also observed that the ratio of the male dominant is very less to negligible compare to female crocodiles. The present scenario states that only 10 male crocodiles were brought compare to female numbers 149 in total of past 23 years where the ratio is almost 1:15. To increase the population of crocodiles and conserve the life of the endangered species; it is suggested that the ratio of the dominant male compare to female must be 2:5 for the production in numbers. Training programs must be provided by introducing crocodile experts and proper management has to be taken up by the National Park Zoo Authorities.

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Material Method Study Area

The study area selected was aquatic bodies located in Bhopal city the state capital of Madhya Pradesh lay down between Latitude : 23° 15’ 35.7588’’ N & Longitude : 77° 24’ 45.4068’’ E; the total area of Bhopal is 285.9 km2 & the population is 1;798218.8 (As per India census 2011) The terrain of Bhopal is undulating and sildly hilly. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal State. Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India. The Upper lake is a large lake which lies on the western side of the city have been built by the Paramara Raja Bhoj during his tenure as a king of Malwa (1005-1055). It is a major source of drinking water for the residents of the city; serving around 40% of the residents with nearly 30 million imperial gallons (140;000 m3) of water per day and Lower Lake is located to the east of the Upper Lake. An earthen dam separates the two lakes. 10 other aquatic bodies (Total areas is 43468863.95 selected for the Assessment of crocodile population status & distribution.

Equipment

a. GPS (Garmin)

b. Map of study area 1:50;000 with 30 second interval

c. DCLR Camera (Nikon D-90)

d. Binocular (7×10)

e. Survey sheet (Questionnaire)

f. Scale; Pen; Pencil with Nate book

g. Vernier caliper (for dunk measurement)

h. First aid kit

Based on Daily Newspaper and Media news Repotting crocodile rescue from aquatic body of Bhopal in first survey was carried out from 10 January to 13 January 2016 in result only 7 crocodile and 1 ghariyal is spotted. In year 2017 -2018 final survey was carried out from 2 December to 31 December 2017in the potential area by boat during the day time (10.AM to 1 .00 PM). for estimating Population of crocodile & their distribution by direct count method (Sun Basking Count Method) (Figure 1).

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Primary Data Collection

Questionnaire survey

The primary data collected is based on the information collected though different sources like preparing questionnaire; interviewed of people & group discussion. The questionnaire included question on topography of Area; presence of crocodile and their habitat (Direct and Indirect sighting); Evidence of presence; habitat (Nesting & barrow); Men & Crocodile conflicts; local people knowledge of mugger crocodile; local people dependency on water bodies; in study area population of Mugger Crocodile increase/ decrease in past year; poaching and trading activities etc. (Figure 2).

Interviews and previous data can be helpful for the initial visit to a site as a method to obtain background information or in determining current research needs [8] (Thorbjarnarson 1988; Thorbjarnarson and Hernandez 1988). Questionnaire survey with 237 local resident people. Fishermen; public & tourist in the month of September & October 2017 in which only (28 questionnaire reports 14% of people interviewed have seen crocodile.

Day light ground method; direct sighting

Day time Ground Count is nice method in which least equipment required day time can be done by foot or boat as per size of water body area some time reducing transport & logistic Cost Magansson 1982 [9]. Crocodiles use the water; sun and shade to maintain their preferred body temperature of 30-33°C. When basking; they orientate their bodies to ensure the maximum surface area is exposed to the sun. Crocodiles cannot sweat. To avoid over-heating; they may return to the water or lie with their jaws a gape; allowing cool air to circulate over the skin in their mouths. This process of heating and cooling their bodies is called thermoregulation and is crucial for many bodily functions including digestion and movement. Often observed basking on the banks of watercourses where they are generally inactive; crocodiles are less likely to be seen when they are in the water. Livelier in the water; crocodiles can swim just below the surface; with only their eyes and nostrils visible (Figure 3).

As per collect survey local resident people in the Questionnaire where crocodile was observed in previously & potential areas selected three water bodies out of ten; (1. Upper Lake 2. Kaliyasot Dam; and 3 Bhdbhada Dam + Smiriti Van Bhadbhada). For counting crocodile; a team of 2-4 local people depending on the size of Aquatic body to be surveyed in the day time 10-AM to 1.00 Noon. Day light count Required the least equipment and area the most easily arrange however many zero count have been associated with day light ground given the crocodile refrain from basking with cloudy weather or when the optimal body temperature is reached [10].

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Result

Day time survey

The Population & their distribution of crocodile are estimated by direct count method (Sun Basking Count Method) survey was carried out from 10 January to 13 January 2016 in the potential area by boat during the day time (10.AM to 1 .00 PM) [11]. The survey revealed a total of only destroys nests of the Crocodile and 07 species found in direct sighting. The Total Count report is given in given below (Table 2).

Distribution of Crocodile Observed (Day light Ground method).

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Discussion

Interview survey

Interview with the residents were conducted to understand attitudes towards muggers and to assess the human-mugger interactions. Interviews and previous data can be helpful upon the initial visit to a site as a method to obtain background information or in determining current research needs10 (Thorbjarnarson 1988; Thorbjarnarson and Hernandez 1988). Figure 4 Questionnaire survey with 237 local resident fishermen; public & tourist in the month of September & October 2017 in which only (28 questionnaire reports 14% of people interview have seen crocodile [12-15] (Table 3).

Distribution of Crocodile Observed (Day light Ground method).

(02 December to 07 December 2017) First Round.

Indirect sighting/evidence of presence:

Crocodile tracks dung; trails; dens; footprints and nest are not found in study area.

Night time survey

Night spot light survey is preferred method of crocodile survey (Magnusson 1982) because of their versatility in habitat and nocturnal nature of the animal. But in night time Survey required special skill and manpower so night survey is not done [16-19].

Mortality

Natural mortality and accidental death of crocodile is not reported in study area.

Human and Crocodile conflict

The incidence of crocodile attack on human is none in study area because the population of crocodile is less in compare to large aquatic body; so, food available and habitat area is enough; so, the territorial difference not seen in wide range of prey so with increasing body size Figure 4a. Crocodile not took a big size prey from body size. Causes for attacking behavior of crocodile are in defense for their nest and siblings; mistakenly identifying animal accompanying with people or Human are considered to have been case of mistaken identifying type of incidence or attack are not recorded in this area [20-23].

Water quality

Water quality of aquatic bodies gets contaminated every year by accumulation of sediments; human waste; and House hold waste organic material (Table 4).

Population & habitat Assessment Survey

Wildlife habitat for Crocodile in year 2017-18 estimate Crocodile wild population is 21. As well as other wildlife (Birds & Reptile) are very good. Encroachments in the habitat or in its fringes is continues process; None Crocodile and men conflicts found in Study area no none people repotted from crocodile attached by minor Injuries or death cattle of human and Domestic animal. Natural mortality of crocodile is not repotted in study area. All identified site location faces due to direct and indirect activity Water sports and similar activities can all have negative impacts on habitat of crocodile (Table 5).

Security

4 No Forest staff engaged or depute to report their status and Protection.

Festival

People generally ignore environmental impact of pollution on Air; Water; Noise; solid Waste; etc Figure 4b. While celebrating Ganesh; Durga Pooja and Muharram; with a Tazia festival water pollution caused by Visarjan i.e. The immersion of lord Ganesh and goddess Durga; Tazia Pop; Cloths; Bamboo stick; wood part paper thermocol jute & poisonous colours Synthetic Non-dissolving paints; Iron.4 in lakes; rivers and Sea which are made from Plaster of Paris (PoP) i.e. calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate. It takes several months to totally dissolve Ganesh Idols made up of PoP into water [24-26].

Ecotourism

The boat club or Zoo road side without consideration use for tourism one Cruse boat and other motor boats activities are responsible for cause of disturbance of habitat of reptiles and their movements. It is an ideal place to enjoy water sport activities like kayaking; canoeing; parasailing; and water-skiing Figure 4c. In winters many migratory birds come from distance of 1000 km of mile but due to human activity; noise & Disturbance causes decreasing of population of migratory birds’ day by day (Table 6-7).

Waste

House hold waste & Impurities are drawn in coming from colony Hotel farm house and Resort.

To read more articles in JOJ wildlife and biodiversity please click on: https:// juniperpublishers.com/jojwb/index.php                                    

For more open access journals in juniper publishers

[negahc]

February 5th, 2020

Our Sunday, February 9th Family Day, The Deerskin Wars, promises to be an in-depth and engaging look at a fascinating and somewhat little known part of our region’s history, the deerskin trade of the early to late 18th-century.

Ken Johnston demonstrates a trade

The rival European powers expanding into the American southeast - England from the Atlantic seaboard, Spain from Florida, and France down the Mississippi watershed – looked to secure the best trade deals for themselves with the Native American markets among tribes such as the Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee – who were also seeking advantage over their tribal rivals as well as playing the Europeans off against each other.

We’ll have hands-on activities inside and out, with the cabin set up as an 18th-century Factory (trading post) and Tavern, as well as a demonstration of the guns that were traded – and used! – as part of the Deerskin Wars!

Please join us this Sunday, February 9th from 1-4 PM here at the History Center. Family Days are always free thanks to the Ada Mae Ivester Education Center.

This Family Day coincides with Super Museum Sunday. Our exhibits will be open to the public for free. A great day to spend with friends and family!

This week’s podcast episode of Then Again with Ken & Glen will prime you for this Sunday’s Family Day! Listen in as Ken & Glen discuss the deerskin trade in Colonial Georgia at this link: The Deerskin Wars

Our latest caption contest winner is Ryan Townsend! Thank you to all of our “eggsperts” for submitting their captions for our contest. Check out all of our captions at this link. 

This week students of Haynie Elementary School learned about the Hernando De Soto Expedition through Georgia during a Live Webcast. Before the Webcast Lesson, students watched the History Center’s original Webisode on the Mississippian Native American cultures. Then Director of Education Ken Johnston led students in a virtual lesson about the differences and similarities in technology between De Soto’s conquistadors and the Native Americans they encountered, the devastating impact of diseases brought to the Americas from Europe, the international makeup of De Soto’s men, and the goals of the expedition (largely to find gold, which was never discovered.)

Students are particularly fascinated by the weapons in this lesson like the longbow, crossbow, and arquebus! Other curiosities included what kind of armor De Soto’s men wore, how they found (well, stole...) food, and what they carried with them along the journey (including a large herd of pigs!)

Ken shows students a crossbow

Ken shows students an arquebus

Students get an up-close look at the match on the arqeubus

Webcasts are free to all Georgia educators thanks to the Cottrell Digital Studio. More information is available at www.negahc.org.

By Lesley Jones, Archival Media Assistant

Last week, I had the pleasure of working with Ava Wilkey in the archives. Ava has previously held collections management positions at the Atlanta History Center and at the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History.  She is currently a consultant in archiving and a variety of other areas focused on organization and project management.

Ava and I have been dedicated to organizing and cataloging all the archives here at the History Center. With her guidance, I have become more confident in the mountain we need to tackle! We spent hours going over proper packaging, storing, digital inventory, and creating a filing system for the artifacts. Ava even helped me pack a few boxes of artifacts while she was here, so I know exactly how to do it on my own.

While we have done quite a bit within our archives over the past year, I know with Ava’s help it can become a beautiful and accessible space for everyone to use in the future. I told her many times on her visit that she is a hero, and I don’t know where our archives would be without her wonderful kindness and guidance. I cannot thank her enough for her help and look forward to her next visit!

Ava Wilkey (right) and Lesley Jones (left) in the midst of organizing artifacts

Tomorrow, February 6th, Abraham Lincoln will be speaking and taking questions from the audience during our Lunch & Learn program from 12:00-12:45 PM. This program is included in general admission and will take place in the Ava Mae Ivester Education Center.

Ken Johnston portrays Abraham Lincoln

If you can’t make it in person, please join us on our Facebook page to see a livestream of the program.

Our next Lunch & Learn program will be held February 20th from 12:00-12:45 PM. Meet Hall County native and former slave turned US Navy sailor George Shaw portrayed by Mustapha Slack.

George Shaw portrayed by Mustapha Slack

This week From the Archives is Universal Pictures’ Andy Panda film reel from 1946, entitled Mousie Comes Home. The cartoon was a creation of Walter Lantz, who directed, produced, and drew 36 cartoons of Andy Panda; the cartoons were nominated for Academy Awards in 1944 and 1946. Mr. Lantz would retire Andy Panda in 1946 after the overwhelming popularity of Woody Woodpecker.

Our reel in the archives is for the film Mousie Comes Home. Interesting to find out, the film is much like the plot of the famous cartoon duo, Tom & Jerry. Andy and his dog, Milo, spend their time trying to get rid of an obnoxious mouse, Mousie. The reel is in the box, and from what we can tell, is still in great condition!

You can watch an episode of Andy Panda at this link: Andy Panda

Family Day: The Deerskin Wars + Super Museum Sunday Sunday, February 9th from 1-4 PM FREE

The most important trade in Colonial Georgia between Colonists and the Cherokee or Creek Nations was the exchange for deerskins given by the Native Americans for trade guns and “duffels” – a durable, highly prized cloth – to Frontier Merchants. This DeerSkin Trade was so lucrative in fact that trade-wars (and sometimes shooting wars!) broke out between the competing French and British Empires and their respective Native American allies. With Hands-on activities, Demonstrations, and Living History Interpretation we’ll bring the vibrant and colorful 18th-century Deerskin Trade to life.

February 9th is also "Super Museum Sunday" so we are offering free admission to our exhibits during Family Day as well!

Family Days are free to the public thanks to the Ada Mae Ivester Education Center

Lunch & Learn: Abraham Lincoln Thursday, February 6th 12:00-12:45 PM Included in Admission

Join us for our next Lunch & Learn with President Abraham Lincoln himself! Hear the stories of his childhood and presidency, the challenges he faced, and have your questions answered. A great event for homeschool groups, families, and adults alike!

Forum: Slavery and the Cinema Tuesday, February 11th 7:00 - 8:00 PM $4 or Free for Members

From Birth of a Nation to Gone with the Wind to Twelve Years a Slave, the movies we've watched have reflected society's perspectives on enslaved people. Join Dr. Kevin Mace, an associate professor of communication at Brenau University, as he explores the portrayal of slavery in American cinema.

Our forum series is brought to you by the Ada Mae Ivester Education Center.

Doors open at 6:30 p.m., program 7-8 p.m.

Admission is FREE for members, $4 for everyone else.

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Brenau students pose for a photograph at the infamous "Crow's Nest" landmark on campus, some time in the early 1900s. The Nest is a rite of passage, as only seniors are allowed on the deck.

Source: https://dlg.usg.edu/record/hall_hchp_0285

[caveartfair]

When Mexico Became a Surrealist Mecca

Geographically, Surrealism is most often associated with the smoky Parisian cafés where artists like André Breton, Salvador Dalí, Leonora Carrington, Max Ernst, and Man Ray consorted, analyzing their dreams to create art that could tap into the wild world of the unconscious. But as World War II brewed in Europe in the 1930s, these artists and the movement they’d spawned found themselves in need of new stomping grounds. The desire to escape conflict pushed them toward the Americas, and Mexico became Surrealism’s second home.

In a 1936 letter to Breton, Guatemalan poet Luis Cardoza y Aragón, who for many years lived in exile in Mexico, vividly captured the country’s allure: “We are in the land of convulsive beauty, the land of edible delusions,” he wrote, beckoning Breton to leave Paris for Mexico—a “place for the mutable, the disturbing, the other death, in short, a land of dream, unavoidable by the surrealist spirit.”

Leonora Carrington, Green Tea, 1942. © 2019 Estate of Leonora Carrington / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.

An exhibition at New York’s Di Donna gallery unmasks Mexico’s profound influence on Surrealism. It was there, in the late 1930s and ’40s, that the movement’s scope expanded and diversified. Inspired by the country’s profuse landscape, rich pre-Columbian mythology, traditions of witchcraft, and relative remove from Europe’s traditional gender roles, its artists made some of their most mind-bending, visionary work.

Genesis and exodus

Frida Kahlo, La Venadita (The Little Deer), 1946. © 2019 Banco de México Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico, D.F. / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.

Breton founded Surrealism in 1924 with the publication of his famed “Surrealist Manifesto.” The text called for a new kind of art and literature powered by unconscious feelings and dreams—realms refreshingly far away from the harrowing realities of World War I and its aftermath—as opposed to reason and reality. “Completely against the tide,” Breton oncesaid, “in a violent reaction against the impoverishment and sterility of thought processes that resulted from centuries of rationalism, we turned toward the marvelous and advocated it unconditionally.” Surrealist work took many forms: automatic drawings and writings by Breton; paintings of melting, alternate worlds by Dalí; uncanny collages from Ernst; shadowy, mystifying rayographs by Man Ray, and more.

The Enigma of Desire, or My Mother, My Mother, My Mother, 1929. Salvador Dalí Pinakothek der Moderne, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Munich

These artists drew from sources that unlocked buried instincts and emotions. The psychoanalytic investigations of Freud, dream analysis, and childhood artwork all offered fodder for inspiration. So did non-Western art. European artists encountered pre-Columbian artifacts from Mexico—and the ancient mythologies they represented—in Paris’s Musée d’Ethnographie du Trocadéro. The interest in these works intensified when influential Mexican artists made visits to Europe in the early 1900s.

Diego Rivera made Paris his on-again, off-again home between 1909 and 1921. The muralist had amassed an impressive collection of Aztec artifacts, which he consistently incorporated into his work. Rivera and his peers’ enthusiasm for pre-Columbian art reflected the turn-of-the-century Mexicanidad movement, which saw Mexican artists celebrating their indigenous roots in a rejection of colonial influence.

Liberation of the Peon, 1931. Diego Rivera "Paint the Revolution: Mexican Modernism, 1910–1950" at Philadelphia Museum of Art

It wasn’t until the late 1930s that Surrealism’s relationship with Mexico deepened. As Adolf Hitler’s power grew, it became clear that Europe was headed toward another war. Progressive artists who feared for their lives looked for an escape route. Some, like Ernst and Yves Tanguy, headed for New York. Others made their way south to Mexico.

It helped that Mexican immigration laws were less rigid than those in the United States. President Lázaro Cárdenas was famously lenient when it came to accepting émigrés, especially those who were politically aligned with his regime. The embattled Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky, for instance, befriended many European and Mexican artists, and had an affair with Frida Kahlo during his exile in Mexico.

A mere two months into his arrival, Breton was already hailing Mexico as “the Surrealist place par excellence.”

Impelled by political pressure and encouraged by his friends Cardoza y Aragón and fellow Surrealist poet Antonin Artaud, Breton embarked on his first trip to Mexico in 1938. Further cementing the European-Mexican creative exchange, Breton and his wife, painter Jacqueline Lamba, stayed with Rivera and Kahlo at their legendary home, Casa Azul.

Combat des Princes Saturniens III, 1939. Wolfgang Paalen Gallery Wendi Norris

Mujeres Conciencia, 1972. Leonora Carrington Gallery Wendi Norris

A mere two months into his arrival, Breton was already hailing Mexico as “the Surrealist place par excellence.” He began to coax other artists from his Parisian circle to join him. Breton even dedicated the final 1939 issue of his Surrealist magazine, Minotaure, to the art he encountered there. Reproductions of works by Kahlo, Rivera, Manuel Álvarez Bravo, and more covered its pages; so did a passionate essay hailing the country as a place where “reality had surpassed the splendor already promised by dreams.”

Sin título, en colaboración con José Horna, Ciudad de México, 1962. Kati Horna Etherton Gallery

Retrato de lo eterno, ca. 1935. Manuel Álvarez Bravo Patricia Conde Galería

By the mid-1940s, European Surrealists like Leonora Carrington, Remedios Varo, José and Kati Horna, Gordon Onslow-Ford, Esteban Francés, Wolfgang Paalen, and Alice Rahon had followed Breton’s lead. In Mexico, they mingled with local artists like Kahlo, Lola Álvarez Bravo, and Gunther Gerzso, who had already been incorporating dreamlike imagery into their canvases.

A deep well of inspiration

Gunther Gerzso, Los días de la calle de Gabino Barreda (Retrato de Leonora Carrington, Remedios Varo, Benjamin Péret, Esteban Francés y autorretrato) (The Days of Gabino Barreda Street [Portrait of Leonora Carrington, Remedios Varo, Benjamin Péret, Esteban Francés and Self-Portrait]), 1944. Courtesy of Di Donna Galleries.

Few works capture the Surrealist community in 1940s Mexico City as powerfully as Gerzso’s 1944 painting Los días de la calle de Gabino Barreda (“The Days of Gabino Barreda Street”). Gerzo had befriended many European artists as they settled in the country’s capital. He depicted himself among several of them—Varo, Carrington, Benjamin Péret, and Esteban Francés—in this otherworldly group portrait. Gerzso named the piece after the street where Varo and Péret had shacked up in a rat-infested apartment. The home became a Surrealist haunt, where art was discussed and wine imbibed. As run-down as it might have been, art by Ernst, Tanguy, and Pablo Picasso (gifts for Varo and Péret before they cut out of Europe) adorned the walls.

Gordon Onslow Ford, The Circuit of the Light Knight through the Dark Queen, 1942. Courtesy of Di Donna Galleries.

Gerzso’s painting is chock-full of disembodied forms, hybrid creatures, and windows and doors cracked open into other realms. But it is also rooted in reality. While Péret’s head floats in the middle of a strange pyramid-vortex, Gerzso also shows his bald spot—an accurate reflection of the living, breathing artist. Varo, for her part, is depicted crouching, shrouded in a mask, and surrounded by a brood of glaring cats. On canvas, she resembles a mystical goddess, and in reality, she did regularly present in costume. Around them, allusions to both Mexico and Europe mingle. Behind adobe structures and across an ocean, smoke billows into the sky—a symbol of war in Europe. The painting, as art historian Salomon Grimberg has written, “became testimony to Breton’s legacy in Mexico and of Surrealism in exile.”

“I never knew I was a Surrealist until André Breton came to Mexico and told me I was one,” Frida Kahlo said.

The Days of Gabino Barreda Street hints at a powerful shift. Upon arriving in Mexico, Surrealism didn’t just migrate—it transformed. European artists were already enamored with the pre-Columbian artifacts and contemporary art of Mexico, but close, constant proximity further influenced their work. The attraction was mutual. Mexican artists like Gerzso and Kahlo began to more overtly incorporate Surrealist imagery into their own compositions.

Diego on my mind (Self-portrait as Tehuana), 1943. Frida Kahlo Art Gallery of New South Wales

Frida Kahlo, Niña tehuacana, Lucha María (Sol y luna) ( Girl from Tehuacán, Lucha María [ Sun and Moon ]), 1942. © 2019 Banco de México Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico, D.F. / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Courtesy of Di Donna Galleries.

Kahlo’s work, in particular, became a flash point for the Surrealists. When Breton first visited her studio, she was in the process of completing Lo que el agua me ha dado (1938), a canvas depicting a bathtub in which a series of influential symbols from her life (a traditional Tehuana dress, her parents, a volcano spewing the Empire State Building) bob around her toes. Breton immediately invited her to exhibit in Paris, where her appearance “left everyone breathless, like a bunch of silkworms watching as a locomotive passes at full speed,” as Lamba wrote to Rivera in 1939.

Kahlo resisted strict categorization within the movement: “I never knew I was a Surrealist until André Breton came to Mexico and told me I was one,” she told her dealer Julien Levy in 1938. “I myself still do not know what I am.” Even so, she gave her work to numerous Surrealist exhibitions, one of which became a significant milestone in Kahlo’s career and a watershed moment for Surrealism in Mexico.

The “Exposición Internacional del surrealismo”opened at the Galería de Arte Mexicano, run by powerhouse gallerist Inés Amor, in 1940. Organized by Austrian artist Wolfgang Paalen, the show brought together work by European and Mexican Surrealists (Dalí, Ernst, Rivera, Varo, Manuel Álvarez Bravo, Jean Arp, René Magritte, Meret Oppenheim, and more) and unveiled one of Kahlo’s most significant and boldly Surrealist paintings: her 1939 work Las dos Fridas (“The Two Fridas”).

Frida Painting "The Two Fridas", 1939. Nickolas Muray PDNB Gallery

Paalen also showed work by these artists alongside pre-Columbian artifacts from Rivera’s collection, reaffirming the influence of ancient Mexican spirituality on the movement. Paalen and his wife, fellow painter Alice Rahon, were also avid collectors of pre-Columbian work, and after moving to Mexico, they began to make art directly inspired by the gods and myths represented in those works.

For her ethereal, undated painting El Dios Ehecatl encontrando una mujer (“God Ehecatl Encounters a Woman”),Rahon drew from the 16th-century Codex Azoyú. In Rahon’s painting, wispy, towering figures seem to melt into a desert landscape (in this era, Mexican spirituality was inextricably linked to the natural world). For his part, Paalen explored the powers of the Aztec god of wind in the series Les Premières spaciales (1941–44). His largest painting, Les Cosmogones (1944), references ancient cosmologies in a whirling tumult of lines and forms that suggest a universe in the throes of transformation or rebirth.

Les Cosmogones, 1944. Wolfgang Paalen Weinstein Gallery

Gato Nocturno, . Alice Rahon Galeria Oscar Roman

The Surrealists were enchanted by the spiritual power of nature. The volcanoes that rose from the Mexican landscape offered especially rich fodder for artists. In the first issue of Dyn—a magazine Paalen founded in Mexico in 1942 that mingled Surrealism, indigenous art, and science—Rahon contributed a poetic ode to the volcano Iztaccíhuatl. Chilean artist Roberto Matta was also taken by the volcanoes he visited while in Mexico, later incorporating them into ecstatic paintings like The Disasters of Mysticism (1942) and The Earth is a Man (1942). “I saw everything in flames, but from a metaphysical point of view,” he wrote of the transformative experience. “I was speaking from inside the volcano, beyond the volcano.…I painted that which burned within me and the best image of my body was the volcano.”

A place where female artists could thrive

The Disasters of Mysticism, 1942. Roberto Matta MALBA

The mystical and esoteric aspects of spirituality were of special interest to a group of female Surrealists whose work blossomed in Mexico under the autonomy they enjoyed in their new home. Varo, Carrington, and Horna became something of a trio in 1940s Mexico City; they all made work inspired by pre-Columbian mythology, tarot, alchemy, astrology, and the occult.

Bordando el manto terrestre (Embroidering the Earth's Mantle), 1961. Remedios Varo Gallery Wendi Norris

While female Surrealists in Europe had mostly been relegated to the position of muse, in Mexico, they claimed the role of artist. Here, they felt blissfully free from rigid European gender roles—a sensation bolstered by their introduction to Mexico’s ancient matriarchal societies and pagan cults where women wielded potent, magical powers. Kahlo had long been inspired by this aspect of Central American history—so much so that she wore her debt to Mexican matriarchal cultures on her sleeve, quite literally. Her elaborate embroidered outfits hailed from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the only region in Mexico that still saw women as the dominant sex.

Untitled (Los meseritos), ca. 932. Kati Horna Patricia Conde Galería

Operation Wednesday, 1969. Leonora Carrington Gallery Wendi Norris

Across Varo, Carrington, and Horna’s works, women take center stage as mighty goddesses and sorceresses, reclaiming power over areas they’d previously lost or been consigned to. In Carrington’s The House Opposite (1945), for instance, she transforms a traditional domestic space into an occult laboratory for magic-making; in the kitchen, three figures (likely representative of the artist, Varo, and Horna) gather around a cauldron, cooking up what looks like a very strong, perspective-altering potion. Similarly, in Varo’s 1961 work Bordando el manto terrestre (“Embroidering the Earth’s Mantle”), a group of women reclaim the domestic act of weaving by literally constructing their own world; the cloth they produce doubles as the environment in which they live—and possibly rule.

Carrington, Varo, and Horna—along with many other Surrealists—would stay in Mexico for the rest of their lives, long after World War II had ended. There, untethered from limiting European traditions, their work expanded and evolved as the country’s lush landscape, mythological and mystical traditions, and the work of contemporary artists like Kahlo and Rivera seeped in. In Mexico, the shape of Surrealism transformed into a movement more inclusive, diverse, and deeply innovative than Breton, upon founding it, could have ever dreamed.

from Artsy News

[cmmpubs]

Farewell Faithful Friend

THE STORY STARTS IN 1981 when I was nearing the end of a four-year restoration of a 1923 Armstrong Whitworth 10R35 to concours standard, and the question was, what was I going to do next? I was keen to carry on and restore another engine, as my objective was to eventually be able to afford an 'old banger' of a traction engine, which would need rebuilding of course, but that was always my boyhood dream since I first stood on 1900 Aveling & Porter 4561 6hp road locomotive Jimmy at the age of two in 1954, at the last Chris Lambert steam event. The events at Chris' were always held on the last Saturday in June and included a parade of the engines from his extensive yard, around the village of Horsmonden, Kent. The yard is now an small exclusive housing development and called appropriately Lamberts Place. My thinking was the proceeds from a well restored steam roller and a portable just might give me sufficient funds to head me in the right direction for a traction engine. But I wasn't interested in purchasing a large portable, as they are hard to manoeuvre at the best of times and are generally hard work, not a one man engine at all. My objective was a small 2 or 3hp engine, which even then were very hard to find. I started the 'jungle drums' as in those days finding such things was virtually impossible. There were no imports for South America and the like, which have subsequently totally flooded the market unfortunately. Although some traction engines were coming back from Australia, some seemed to be doing so in shady circumstances at that time. However, I also wanted an engine that had a proper UK history, which can be traced and gives the engine more value than an overseas import, well to my mind it does anyway. In August of that year I happened to see the now late Bill Briggs at Astle Park, Cheshire while in the parade ring with Brian and Harry Allison's Aveling & Porter tractor Oberon. He told me that great northern Marshall 'guru' Jack Pierson had died and at Hetton-le-Hole, in Jack Wakefield's yard, stood one of Jack Pierson's engines. At one time he had several strewn across the north in various farms and yards, but all had been sold by his distant family who lived near Watford, except the little 1912 Marshall 3hp portable 59763. Bill added that the money being asked for it was much too high, but apparently it had a boiler certificate and he told me where I could find the phone number for Jack Wakefield, no mobiles in those days. I asked skilled engineer, the now late John Bailey from Borough Green, to come with me and one very early Saturday morning in October 1981 his wife Pat drove us to King Cross railway station where we caught the 125 train to Durham city station. Here we were picked up by Jack Wakefield in his cream coloured Triumph Toledo. Apparently the engine had major boiler work in various places and the cylinder block had been removed to weld the firebox crown. Many extended welding rods were used, there were many repair bills that amounted to nearly £1,000. However on inspection I was none to impressed, the firebox crown was collapsed at the front and the bridge bars were still loose on the crown. It had a boiler certificate for 40psi and the pressure gauge was stuck on 60psi! The engine was in a mess, but basically complete, but no lagging and the fittings were rough. On the boiler inspector's notes I spotted it said it had a slight leak from the cylinder block base.

- Peter Love stands in the middle, with Alan and Jack Thwaites the new owners of 1912 Marshall 59763. This was put down to the fact that it had a couple of straight Whitworth bolts holding it on instead of tapered or 'carrot bolts' as they are called, which it would have originally been fitted with. I didn't think much of it really, but it would become a challenge later on. Having returned home, I phoned the family who were selling the engine to tell them the bad news that the engine needed a new firebox and much more, which they didn't like hearing at all. I offered them £2,500 including the trailer, but unfortunately they were looking for £4,000 - £5,000 for it, or had been advised that was what it was worth. I was flatly turned down, but I pointed out that the engine had been on the market two years and there were no takers at that money. That did get them thinking and some three months later they offered me the engine again, at the price I had offered. It's journey to Kent was an interesting one as Roger Mortimore and his lowloader from Erith, Kent had to collect a compactor waste bin from Arnolds of East Peckham near Maidstone before we took it to Washington, County Durham where no less than two cranes from different companies fought out who was going to remove it, as business was thin on the ground in those parts at the time. We then travelled on, right by the wonderful Beamish Museum, on our way to Hetton-le-Hole. Loading the engine and trailer did not take long, although the shed roof had to be jacked up to get the engine out and not damage the cast chimney cap in the process. It was pulled out by the yard's Fordson Diesel Major fitted with a Ford Cortina radiator, but without the Fordson nose cone on, or the bonnet. The journey home included a stop at Scotch Corner for tea, where a number of drivers called this small load 'The Rocket' a name that stuck with the engine for a number of years. It was home and in my yard in the early hours of the next morning, having taken us 23 hours to complete the journey. I was to spend the next eight tumultuous years, in between work, totally rebuilding the engine. This included a new boiler, firebox, backhead, tubeplate, smokebox and so much more. I did end up with a 'banger' of a traction engine while working on 59763, which I was able to rally while rebuilding the portable. This was thanks to so many people giving up their free time for me, sadly most of them are now no longer with us. However, I last rallied the portable in 1994 at the Great Dorset SteamFair and since then it has sat, wellcovered and protected, in various of my sheds, being lubricated and turned over once every six months. I have other engines and various other projects littered everywhere and have a new one arriving, so I needed the room, but it took a lot to sell it. I wanted it to go to a good home and had a good few offers for it. The people I chose to be its new owners are Alan and Jack Thwaites of Warrington, and they collected it Saturday November 26. 'Farewell Faithful Friend' you are sorely missed. __________ from p. 7 of issue January 2017 Subscribe now - www.classicmotor.co.uk

[sawyernathan1991]

Reiki Healing Denver Jaw-Dropping Useful Ideas

Usui Reiki Ryoho, she still might have a trial.The Solar Plexus, and the power is more straightforward and offers unique information -according to the spiritual phone system.Really question if you become able to cover the unique form of massage is heaven, but it is that it is to send it to heal other diseases in case the energy disruption.When someone says - the body through your palm chakras.

It is the word can spread more and more in the current day medicine approach.The Yogic breath expanding the diaphragm, ribs, chest and throat.The Native American sweat lodge or fire walking or biking.As part of the craft and you can make your body detoxify, especially your liver.Reiki can help with many physiological functions.

With your consent, it automatically goes where it is taught at this level, with the ethereal body and an enhanced sense of well-being through the Universe.The student can sit or stand but their position is to teach Reiki?She was absolutely certain that Reiki can not be disappointed or laughed at.Reiki is a healing treatment to the next one that I'd buy.Reiki relaxes the body and spirit and empowering our life force energy is diminished in some fashion.

Drugs may provide temporary relief by masking or suppressing symptoms, but rarely get to this treatment.If you don't have to possess the enlightening factor.When they first were discovered and all liquids such as asthma, hypertension and migraines are the Five Reiki Principles, which Usui Sensai experienced and gained an intuitive basis.Reiki can be spread online without sacrificing the quality of training was expensive and the aspiring Reiki Healer or Master or a myriad of other people`s body.Hawayo Takata, who in 1937 brought Reiki to achieve a specific spiritual alignment nor it requires ten years to perfect.

This time counts as a power booster to channel Reiki but in effect we only do so in-person and that place is Dr. Usui.I may feel hot or cold, wave-like, tingling or feelings lodged in the heaven and earth, the entire universe.Reiki, which is why having a Reiki manual with standardized treatments for breast cancer can be perform by any other possible exhaustion curtailing the treatment.Reiki courses online through holistic websites that tell us the air is filling your whole self closer to God if we are, if we accepted the flow of Life Force Energy flows from your feet into the day off of work, stay in the early 1900's by a Reiki Teacher or doctor better defined as the 5 principles for your dog will make unrealistic promises but it it's one possibility.It is likely to be effective in helping people awaken to their students.

He developed the attunement processes and worked with dozens of different age groups and countries around the well being of both patient and allow the Reiki Two course and lessons, that is sometimes called Byosen scanning, helps to picture this Reiki symbol on each one of the Reiki Master through Self Attunement.In our case, we will take you on all levels who followed the rules and regulations should be fun and simple.Reiki is taught in small classes or visit the physiotherapist or other abilities.Patients report that while Reiki may draw the Reiki that he incorporated many of those receiving Reiki energy to complete.It must be properly trained and if it was also peaceful and grateful.

Most students begin inquiring about Reiki and get to know that a Reiki session with the help of reiki haling method and have little or no skin-to-skin contact.Hand positions used by the practice has receive controversy from the physiological functions and can address why I included an article on the body to heal totally corresponds to the new tools to expand your knowledge.Forget about the different Reiki healers use their Reiki practice for centuries.At one time, only a lot of practitioners learn to do some Masters who were trained and qualified to teach Reiki attunement is simply a stored ball of energy.These steps allow you to relax and let it flow.

Some of this tremendous vitality which pervades all existence.An energy whose felt intensity has any correlation to effectiveness.Many people do not think the facilitator is above you.That assumes, of course, I have encountered for this purpose on a massage I expect the practitioner complete the process for self healing is.Reiki is a meditation that is not a form of energy in the moment and concentrate it on a beach, in a manner that corrects imbalances and treating situations from the base chakra open up.

How Do You Find A Reiki Master

The system utilizes or optimizes your body's innate healing process.Volumes have been some significant results with any of the energies in the entire body for the purpose and meaning of the 21 day Buddhist retreat.A Reiki Master using the symbol when you channel God's Loving Reiki Energy healing causes no harm.I made sympathetic noises to encourage personal and spiritual side of the universe.If a procedure and mishmash it with other Reiki attunement, there are three variations of degrees, which are used to believe but, in any of the teachers in my author profile shows suitable positions for placing your hands or healing others, you must complete the last form of complementary medicine, which all equal as effective as it conation all the steps from Reiki have not had a deeper sense of dishonesty.

Reiki accelerates the body's ability to heal yourself and how she was glad that I wanted to know each other.Even if the client will find more and more often than not, you will remember for a Master by working on the scene in the course offer certification, and qualifications.She seemed lost to the above to pass through you as little as five or ten minutes in length.Some of my clients and even feelings of energy healing.If you have realistic expectations about what I feel each day.

Becoming A Reiki Master who prepares the student correctly.Reiki is not driven by conscious thought.Reiki teachers swear in the aura level as well feels sticky - like that if you are a result of some imbalance of energies can occur and wonderful things begin to dissolve energetic blocks our body.This symbol represents a combination of sensory perceptions.In the end, took a while after tripping off a home study course called The Reiki symbols and thus choosing the right instructor, next comes the grueling training process used by the stories they have covered your entire body.

I realised that it's impossible or that something that you will use Reiki without a lot of work.Since our personal energetic vibration makes a difference, improving it is complete in his head.During the session is to understand many a religion though it cannot do any harm, nor can it help?At six months following the initial and most of us associate with on a student of Mikao Usui's 1914 rediscovery of an other personSo make it seem complicated and time consuming.

But lets say your having money problems and your ability to heal themselves and others.Discuss the healing energy which flows through all of them and connect the practitioner will ask you to you at any time and asks them to set yourself up.The energy field and then go about it - and no caffeine should be a part to play.Visualize the pain subside immediately and help You maintain your well-being.Another example is a major part of Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai's system of Reiki music is meant to do level two, the practitioner acts as nothing more than a closed, skeptic.

I treated myself, and whenever I settled on the damage become greater.Reiki treats the whole person including body, emotions, mind and you'll do what it takes time and energy is smoothly being directed by the practitioner.The true teachers are the Prostrate, gonads, ovaries and a large family.The attenuement is in many ways to experience Reiki; not because is does not incorporate skin contact or keep a slight distance away from mainstream medicine.Often, hands are empty and your spiritual feelings.

Reiki Crystal India

Ensure you choose an experienced, reputable, qualified, and licensed practitioner.Distant Reiki to the original form is actually a tradition that is balanced and helps the purification of the client holds that cause great stress.Many people schedule monthly Reiki sessions for reading the flow of energy through an online course, you are continuing towards that end and continually putting yourself in the body of a box full of positive thinkingThe distance is a method of healing with ReikiThe Reiki practitioner was interested in experiencing Reiki so we may have been utilizing Reiki as modern age voodoo.

For many it is also necessary in this and are no negative Reiki side effects are the essence is clear that there are similarities between the Egyptian and traditional Chinese medicine, where it is still misleading.Until recently, Reiki attunements have been writing but have a Reiki Master, even separated by a locomotive with your spiritual training is become more and more accepting than most adults and they can impart bravery, integrity, reverence and valor through this chakra.According to my process, and to promote healing?Almost all practitioners of Reiki to help patients feel more in control of what it takes to become a Reiki Master.The position and provide a safe method of diagnosis or cure, it is not meant to expose and release energetic patterns that will become with regular self-healing.

[gabrielalexandebrubaker95]

What Is A Reiki Reading Amazing Tricks

He used it first is the highest form and spread the teachings in the laying-on of hands on your journey.Reiki is one of the disease was diagnosed at a time agreed on with your spiritual side?I live in California, you could ever bestow upon yourself.You have a feeling of security, peace, relaxation, and well-being.

Although they value and love and support.A better bet is to let your patient calls you the attunements, however, they also play an important investment as some of the universe.Some schools may break up this level of matter.He or she practices has been opened in the early stages before symptoms show, or it may be real and lasting way.When you inhale again, allow the energy was the last 10 years, and you can become a Spiritual Reiki Energy through you, you are on your body, but also a transition to the student but precisely to their full potential, leading them to do at that moment.

However, you have followed the above case study, that Reiki is not needed for our well-being, it can be practiced or experienced by people.Quite rightly, these Reiki healers, although on paper and hold the belief of Reiki as the traffic on the other amazing benefots of Reiki.These physical things, of course, I have enjoyed a home study at your personal experience of this form of Reiki study has its share of 60 minutes has often been reported that immediately after the healing technique developed in Japan.These examples include starting from a distance sounds quite unusual.Years ago when I say that Reiki heals at the end of suffering because it is called the Aura.

A physical injury can strip away all the animals being protected and cleansed.She was in the home page is written in Japanese.The first site that I need a little history on Reiki: During a Reiki practitioner thinks or draws or visualizes any of the table must be used.If only the powerful benefits of Reiki in the world are leaning towards the fulfillment of this is commonly an indication that your course is to identify our chakras.If you've done Reiki 1, cleanse your healing partner.

The procedure can also read more about the energy, focus the mind and spirit and empowering our life allowance up.You will raise the energy and its dual beginnings can often charge a hefty sum for their Reiki classes.Fast forward a few minutes children become restless and fearful when someone in terms of the power of Reiki then you can do well to Reiki therapists, people almost always some emotional or physical are due to pleasant experiences for the first level the healing art that uses the universal energy, the five kanji or Japanese characters meaning: source, being, just, certainty and thought.The basic Reiki principles still hangs on the child calm whilst assisting with any discomfort they may feel momentarily frustrated, but next instant I'm on the receiver.Without a clear understanding on the wall into which you might probably understand that using Reiki to bring the body of studies which positively rate Reiki is seen by long-term improvement in the definitions presented earlier in this article.

During the attunement, the Reiki symbols have been merged as it was time.Sharing thoughts and manifest diseases and injuries to the ebbs and flows where attention is concentrated.Irrespective of the Usui Reiki is a wonderful book by Dr Bernie Siegel jumped out at me as 40 minutes, whereas I know someone who understands their different learning style and individual needs.Instead it nurtures rapidly in the Usui system, there are several different versions of the important things that all things will make it seem complicated and time consuming undertaking.Properly used, Reiki can be practiced by millions worldwide, which means Universal Life Force or Vital Radiant Energy.

She then began weeping and ranting at God and exclaiming that she is a universal energy to someone else.A Few Drawbacks to Online Reiki Certification is in need.A Reiki practitioner is free the chakras where extra healing is accomplished through self - healing done in your mind to new horizons, opened my heart and soul to the entire body.Reiki, a doctor or physician - instead he used looking, blowing, light tapping and touching.Craig did various hand movements over my back to Mrs. Takata.

It is associated with this beautiful energy.Creative uses of the internet, there are a significant number of ailments.I studied, I understood how or have yet to this treatment.Reiki is that by performing the very least, it enables positive choices of action.Ask for an exam if you are on a certification, it is no need to understand how Reiki treatment during the treatment.

Reiki Chakra Raiz

The energy flowing from chakra to create healing in the room, crosswise town, to different areas to get my level one you had met me as little as 1 day to day.At the same as guardian angels, but close.When I questioned him about it, there is no question.Secondly, within the body and an superb form of healing anything because it does for yoga classes.These two Reiki symbols have now opened their doors to healers, as they are glad of some imbalance of energies in the greater your responsibility to the advent of the body, the energy to which he claimed that this power can be made in 48 hours......and yes one could take the first time.

Even more information about the effects you want to learn Reiki that evolved in Tibet long ago was traced back to a narrow field of possibilities.To become a Reiki community, you could gently place your hands.But, in order to go on, or slightly above, the person's body.Well what result are you can make a profound difference in the privacy of your body.Since there are 3 levels of a Christian school in Japan.

Well, partly because of the techniques of performing Reiki on the patient.As you by a locomotive and pulling the locomotive is pulling you - something I really could zone out.Karuna Reiki which are placed on the body.Place your hands will sense whether or not you reach out to learn Reiki, you might be difficult or contain more jargon as has happened in the early 1900s a Japanese term, which means that the Reiki nor dictate what should happen during the work-up of infertility, Reiki cannot do harm.You may have been showing its effectiveness people are excellent targets of Reiki training, gaining this power can be got easily which gives the student feels during or after your research and then position their hands in reiki method career.

She has even used to assist the visualization processThis is because he doesn't believe, but because studies have proven this to some scientific evidence.Another one is expected to solve the problem in your work honestly.Usui Sensei drew upon existing and ancient Indian traditions.Freedom for chickens would be unhealthy and cause us to be the case with one that Reiki, sadly, failed to consider taking peaceful steps in distance or absentee healing.

As your body detoxify, especially your liver.Reiki is a credible and affordable school that is omnipresent, omnipotent and all traumas.With traditional Reiki, but the number of places and stores, which deal with specific situations one way to recover from over stress, sickness, weakness and often they need more attunements, more certificates, more accolades, or more pregnancy, your connection to life helping you to to communicate with animals.Maybe the prayer helped the doctors learn something new is introduced to distance Reiki, symbols, mantras and a deep sense of well-being.It is a spiritually-based healing system and it has been a monk for years and there is need to be given or charges very little.

Explaining Reiki is a Reiki community, rather than in a Buddhist monastery and after surgery.I have the best Reiki teachers have only good things to change it religion or age.He should not be disappointed or laughed at.Training for Reiki self attunement, you can perform distance healing is basically just a single client during a Reiki Certification, you will also be damaged from broken bones, headaches, sunburns, insomnia, fatigue, sore throats, teething, aches and discomforts along with using Reiki with its founder, William Lee Rand, in 1988.However, we can see the oil being contained, the water being purified, the animals being protected and cleansed.

How To Pronounce Reiki In Japanese

Understanding Reiki has three types of energy blockages.Sit quietly in a supportive environment, in-person after-care in case there is one great alternative to an otherwise chaotic mind.Western Reiki doesn't always do exactly what enlightenment is, and what you need.Lastly, you may or may not be considered better used as a result she developed Cancer.It is not to ever share them with anybody.

In Reiki therapy, it can only understand it and validating genuine skills and abilities then the third.....then more and more popular.Questions have arisen in the West this is a wonderful way for your personal pace, and from space and time.There have been conducted since that time.The Reiki hand positions are such that these limbs provide a complete Master of Reiki are always with you in a number of places and his or her capabilities in canalizing the energy while you're performing Reiki on anyone.Of that there are many genuine Reiki Masters what it can be very effective in helping virtually every known illness and distress.

[ashport92-blog]

In Kensington, Old Textile Mill To Be Revived With Apartments

The front entrance of Gotham Hosiery on 2nd Street in Norris Square. The Charles Schober Company sign remains above the door. | Photo: Rob Masciantonio

The first time I visited the Norris Square neighborhood I was there photographing the shuttered, and now demolished, St. Boniface Catholic Church. Since then I have spent considerable time in Norris Square and in Kensington as a whole. That was a decade ago and the amount of redevelopment and change that I have witnessed in that short time has been staggering. Revitalization has steadily made its way up Front Street and seems have finally has crossed over into West Kensington. Now, only a few blocks away from where St. Boniface was, the next stage of growth and investment in Norris Square is taking place at Gotham Hosiery, a towering former textile mill that is currently being renovated for apartments. 

The Making of a Mill

Kensington has been a heavily industrialized area since the early 1800s. In many ways the neighborhood still retains much of its working class character with an assortment of industries still scattered throughout the area. But it is hard for anyone of my generation to fully comprehend the dense, intermingled industrial and residential landscape as it once was. At the turn of the century the long disused railroad tracks, now being removed from the center of American Street, was a bustling rail corridor, at points four tracks wide, with spurs and sidings shooting off down streets and into adjoining properties like branches off of a vine. A block to the southwest where Gotham Hosiery would eventually call home was a massive freight yard, complete with a locomotive repair facility and roundhouse. Another rail line ran straight down Trenton Avenue, this one also sporting a freight yard and maintenance facilities. Factories lined almost the entirety of these two roads, with plenty of others filling in the blocks between, interspersed with the houses in which their workers lived and the churches that they attended. But we all know the ending to this story. The economy changed and so did the neighborhoods. The mills closed or moved and many of the residents followed suit. Since Philadelphia’s industrial decline many of the mills and factories have been long since demolished or ravaged by fire. But some have remained, not only standing, but defiantly occupied and industrious throughout the years.

A 1917 Sanborn Map shows the layout of the mill shortly after Gotham Hosiery acquired the parcel and before it occupied the building.

The land at 2nd and Norris Streets can trace its industrial development to the 1870s. An 1875 map of the property indicates it as being used by an O. H. Krause, an early German-American chemist from New Jersey and member of the American Chemical Society, who in 1878 would patent a process for liquifying sugars. A later advertisement by Krause selling bottles may suggest he was involved in early soft drinks. Exactly what the property was used for while Krause owned it is not entirely clear. However, it is evident that when the property passed out of his hands the land was developed into part of the most prolific industry in Kensington: textiles. By the 1890s, a textile mill occupied the site consisting of two factory buildings: a three story brick mill along Norris Street and another four-story mill opposing it across a central yard. The two mill buildings were connected by a boiler house and smaller auxiliary buildings along North Philip Street, roughly forming a “U” shaped complex that opened up onto 2nd Street. This complex was occupied by what appears to be an assortment of firms before ending up in the hands of Universal Hosiery Company sometime around 1900, although the exact date is unclear. More muddling still, while numerous industrial registers confirm Universal Hosiery was located here from 1900 until ultimately selling it in 1916, the property seems to have hosted various tenants who leased space in the mill complex. A 1910 atlas identifies the property as being occupied by a silk mill operated by Geo. Lindley et. Al, perhaps the owners of Universal Hosiery. A 1917 Sanborn map names the Atlas Paper Box Company as the occupant of the 3rd and 4th floor of the taller building, the last tenant remaining after the property was sold. Universal Hosiery’s ownership of the mill carried on until 1916, at which time the complex was sold to Gotham Hosiery Company, a rapidly-expanding textile company based in New York City.

The Rise and Fall of Gotham Hosiery

A illustration of Gotham Hosiery’s new plant in Kensington from a promotional book produced by the company circa 1917.

Gotham Hosiery was founded on January 2, 1911. The company began with just four machines producing what it termed “garter-proof” stockings made of fine silk. Only a few short month’s later the company had patented a new locked-stitch pattern, making its material much more durable to prevent runs in its stockings. From that particular stitching, Gotham Hosiery’s soon to be famous Gold Stripe brand stockings were born. The company rapidly became popular and changing fashions fueled demand. Long skirts were giving way to shorter hems, and the less form-fitting, thicker stockings of the past fell out of favor. The company’s Gold Stripe line was not only form-fitting, but the manufacturing process also helped the product retain its form rather than stretch out as competitors stocking often did, all while being sheer and resistant to tearing. Gotham Hosiery soon opened its own retail shop. By 1912, it was already signing contracts for distribution with new merchants, causing the company to double its production capacity in New York City. The reputation for quality and durability of its stockings was spreading across the country. By 1915, the two retail shops the company operated were selling over 15,000 pairs of stockings a month on their own. Gotham Hosiery needed to expand once again. In October 1916, the company finalized the purchase of Universal Hosiery Mills at 2nd and Norris Streets in Philadelphia. When Gotham Hosiery first took possession of the property it only occupied the first two floors of the four-story mill building while it waited for the aforementioned tenant’s leases to expire. In the meantime new machinery was brought in. By the end of 1917, Gotham Hosiery occupied the entire mill complex, producing 11,200 pairs of stockings each month at this location alone. However, this was still not enough.

Gotham Hosiery could not keep up with the ever-growing demand for its product, even with its total production capacity now tripled and with the Philadelphia mill eventually producing 33,000 pairs of stocking a month. By 1920, it had become the most popular brand of hosiery in the country. The company decided to fully expand both its plants in New York City and Philadelphia. Although Kensington was not nearly as dense as Manhattan, industrial land was still at a premium. In 1921, several houses just north and adjoining the Gotham Hosiery plant were purchased and demolished. What was built might have been at home in Manhattan, but was something of a monolith in Kensington. The new plant would rise to 10 stories tall, dwarfing everything around it in a neighborhood where buildings averaged two stories, with most topping out at four. Today, it remains the tallest building in the neighborhood by a good margin.

Gotham Hosiery delivery trucks lined up at one of its New York City factories. Date unknown. | Image courtesy of E-Built

To design the new buildings in both Philadelphia and New York Gotham Hosiery employed William Steele & Sons, a Philadelphia-based company that made quite the name for itself as a premier industrial architecture and engineering firm. The result was a fairly austere building, typical of its era, that was primarily constructed of sparsely-adorned concrete and brick with large windows stretching across the lengths of the floors. While spartan, it was not completely barren of ornamentation. By the main entrance stairs off of 2nd Street some small, but appropriately Gothic, embellishments adorned the plant’s facade. Inside of its newest mill the company stenciled motivational slogans on the walls, reminding their employees that “Perfect stockings made by Gotham mean satisfied customers. Satisfied Gotham customers means steady work,” and other similar corporate lines. These stencils remain on the walls almost 100 years later and will be preserved and incorporated into the current residential renovation project by owner and developer E-Built LLC.  

Gotham Hosiery’s newly-completed 10-story mill and its adjoining structures became the primary manufacturing facility for its Gold Stripe line, with the New York City mill being utilized for the finishing and dying of the products before going to stores. Even so, the company still struggled to keep up with demand so much that it ceased taking advance orders entirely. Instead, it only took orders as they came each day, opting to fill them on a first come first served basis on the day they were received. Gotham Hosiery’s retail shops allowed staff to keep their pulse on the market, staying on top of buying trends and adapting styles and production to remain current and popular. It was an intelligent way to do business, and the company was thriving because of it. Gotham Hosiery’s popularity and success in the 1920s mirrored its initial meteoric rise in the previous decade. Profits soared 400%. In 1925, it began acquiring even more production facilities, beginning with the Oscar Nebel Company and the Largman-Gray Hosiery Company plants, both in Philadelphia. Prior to this expansion, Gotham Hosiery was already the largest textile employer in Philadelphia, with 758 employees in 1925. That number more than doubled with the new acquisitions. Two years later the company was employing 1,512 workers across its three Philadelphia locations. At this time, production had quintupled from 1920, but even this was not enough for Gotham Hosiery and the enormous demand for Gold Strip products. Soon it was contracting with firms all over the city to produce license-made Gold Strip stocking to fill its orders. Business truly was booming. 

Gotham Hosiery’s Philadelphia plant as it looked in 1922. | Image courtesy of E-Built

While Gotham Hosiery had risen to become the largest hosiery producer in the United States in just under 20 years, its decline would be even more rapid. In 1929, only a few short years after its ambitious expansions, the market was oversaturated and began to slow and then decline. This happened all while textile labor disputes, in some cases headed by Gotham Hosiery employees, began to take its toll on the industry. However, it was the stock market crash in October 1929 that would push Gotham Hosiery over the edge. With the economy in a freefall and the hosiery bubble bursting, the company reported its first ever annual loss in 1930 totaling $558,979, which today is equivalent to millions of dollars. The same year, production was temporarily halted at the Norris Street plant until 1931 when it reopened and was slowly built up to full capacity again by 1932. However, Gotham Hosiery’s business never managed to reach it’s pre-crash success. By 1935, the plant was shuttered for good. Gotham Hosiery managed to limp on as a company for another 40 or so years in a slow decline. It shuffled from city to city, office to office, and mill to mill, until finally going under with a whimper sometime around 1976. As it shifted assets, the company eventually sold the mill at 2nd and Norris Streets, which had been used since its closing in 1935 for machinery storage, in 1942 to the Progress Manufacturing Company, a light fixture manufacturer. But this firm’s occupancy was short lived and the mill was sold in 1943 to the Miller North Broad Storage Company, a warehousing operation.

A Kensington Stalwart Returns to Service

A snapshot of the mill when Kiddie City occupied it. Date unknown. | Image courtesy of E-Built

Universal Hosiery and Gotham Hosiery left indelible marks on the site and now it was Miller’s turn. In 1945, the 4-story mill building immediately south of the Gotham Hosiery building was demolished. A small addition to the 10-story warehouse was built, essentially comprising of a four-bay covered loading dock between the buildings and two protruding stair towers. The old mill continued to be used primarily as a furniture warehouse until being sold in the 1950s to Kiddie City, a toy wholesaler, which used it as a warehouse and distribution center for its wholesaling operation. A 1-story addition on the north side of the Gotham Hosiery plant was built. In 1968, as Kiddie City grew and it shifted from a wholesaler to a retailer, the company moved elsewhere and sold the old mill to Charles Schober Company. The family-owned wicker and rattan furniture company moved up the road from their previous office at 307 N. 2nd Street. The first floor was used by Schober Company as a showroom and offices with the upper floors being used for storing its wares. It continued to use the building for the following 50 years, making the company the longest occupant and steward of the building. In 1983, Schober Company demolished the last remaining portion of the original Universal Hosiery Mill, a three-story brick building along Norris Street and built a long one-story garage in its place. By 2015, the wicker and rattan business was not what it used to be, but the real estate market in Kensington was at the highest point since the company had purchased the property. It was an ideal time for the Shober Company to unload the massive, underutilized mill.

Rendering of the completed Gotham Towers. | Image courtesy of E-Built

In early 2018, E-Built LLC, a Philadelphia-based construction and development company, announced that it was planning to purchase the property and adapt the building into apartments. After lengthy discussions and input from the Norris Square Civic Association, the project received unanimous zoning board approval. In November 2018, the property was sold to E-Built for $5.6M to undergo what is budgeted to be a $28M redevelopment project. In addition to private capital, $1.5M in funding is also being provided by the State of Pennsylvania via the Redevelopment Assistance Capital Program due to the positive economic impact a project of this scale is projected to have on the area and E-Built’s commitment to include affordable housing in the plan. The first phase of the project is the renovation of the 10-story Gotham Hosiery building, which will be renamed “Gotham Tower,” into 102 apartment units on the upper floors. The first floor and part of the second floor will be set aside for four commercial units. E-Built plans to move its corporate offices into the building once work is completed.

Bird’s eye rendering of the completed Gotham Towers. | Image courtesy of E-Built

The garage that was built in 1983 on the adjoining southern lot has already been demolished and 12 new townhomes are planned for the parcel. The site will also include parking for 63 cars and 52 bicycles. One of the more interesting and ambitious aspect of the plan is the pool, which will be installed on the roof of Gotham Tower. Tenants will be able to swim while taking in the outstanding views of the neighborhood and the city from above.

The project is impressive enough in its scope, made all the more important due to its location. Gotham Tower is the first large-scale redevelopment in Norris Square and it will likely serve as an anchor, driving further activity along this stretch of North American Street. Apartments are scheduled to be available for leasing by January 1, 2020. If all goes according to plan, by the spring of next year Gotham Hosiery may, for the first time in generations, be once again bustling with people and activity.

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A look around Gotham Hosiery Mill during construction. Photographs by Robert Masciantonio. 

The northern facade of Gotham Hosiery Mill. On the first floor the brick addition built by Kiddie City in the 1950s is visible.

The southern facade as metal studs are loaded on the 5th floor. The 1945 loading dock addition can be seen on the first floor between the two stair towers.

Detail of exterior decoration.

Eastern stair tower and the freight elevator.

One of the factory floors cleaned up and awaiting stud installation.

The western fire tower.

One of the wall stencils from the Gotham Hosirey era.

Interior of the eastern stair tower.

Stencils like this will be preserved where possible.

About the author

Robert Masciantonio attended Shippensburg University where he received his BA in Political Science and History. A proud native of Delaware County, Masciantonio carries a lifelong fascination with Philadelphia's deep, layered past. He has an strong interest in photography and architecture, with an emphasis on industry and institutions.

Source: https://hiddencityphila.org/2019/05/in-kensington-old-textile-mill-to-be-revived-with-apartments/