#what do we say verb in hindi | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

loveletter2you · 4 years ago

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general language learning resources

dictionaries:

wordreference - has spanish, french, italian, portuguese, catalan, german, swedish, dutch, russian, polish, romanian, czech, greek, turkish, chinese, japanese, korean, & arabic

reverso translation - has arabic, chinese, dutch, french, german, hebrew, italian, japanese, polish, portuguese, romanian, russian, spanish & turkish

bab.la - has spanish, arabic, chinese, czech, danish, dutch, finnish, french, german, greek, hindi, hungarian, indonesian, italian, japanese, korean, norwegian, polish, portuguese, romanian, russian, swedish, swahili, thai, turkish, vietnamese, & esperanto

digital dictionaries of south asia - has dictionaries for assamese, baluchi, bengali, divehi, hindi, kashmiri, khowar, lushai, malayalam, marathi, nepali, oriya, pali, panjabi, pashto, persian, prakrit, rajasthani, sanskrit, sindhi, sinhala, tamil, telugu & urdu

resources for learning words in context:

reverso context - has arabic, chinese (in beta), dutch, french, german, hebrew, italian, japanese, polish, portuguese, romanian, russian, spanish & turkish (in beta)

linguee - has german, spanish, portuguese, french, italian, russian, japanese, chinese, polish, dutch, swedish, danish, finnish, greek, czech, romanian, hungarian, slovak, bulgarian, slovene, lithuanian, latvian, maltese, & estonian

for learning different writing systems

omniglot - an encyclopedia with literally any language you could think of including ancient languages

scripts - an app for learning other writing systems with a limited amount for free (you can do 5 minutes a day for free) - has the ASL alphabet, Russian cyrillic, devanagari, Japanese kana, Chinese hanzi, & Korean hangul

Wikipedia is also helpful for learning different writing systems honestly!

pronunciation

forvo - a pronunciation dictionary with MANY languages (literally an underrated resource i use it all the time)

a really helpful video by luca lampariello with tips on how to get better pronunciation in any language

ipachart.com - an interactive chart with almost every sound!! literally such an amazing resource for learning the IPA (however does not include tones)

another interactive IPA chart (this one does have tones)

language tutoring

italki - there’s many websites for language tutoring but i think italki has the most languages (i have a referral link & if you use it we can both get $10 toward tutoring lol) - they say they support 130 languages!

there’s also preply and verbling which are also good but there aren’t as many options for languages - preply has 27 and verbling has 43

(obviously these are not free but if you have the money i think tutoring is a great way to learn a language!)

getting corrections/input from native speakers

hellotalk - an app for language exchanges with native speakers & they also have functions where you can put up a piece of writing and ask for corrections - honestly this app is great

tandem - language exchange app but unlike hellotalk you can choose multiple languages (although i think hellotalk is a little bit better)

LangCorrect - supports 170 languages!

HiNative - supports 113 languages!

Lang-8 - supports 90 languages!

verb conjugation

verbix - supports a ton of languages

Reverso conjugation - only has english, french, spanish, german, italian, portuguese, hebrew russian, arabic, & japanese

apps

duolingo - obviously everybody knows about duolingo but i’m still going to put it here - i will say i think duolingo is a lot more useful for languages that use the latin alphabet than languages with another writing system however they do have a lot of languages and add more all the time - currently they have 19 languages but you can see what languages they’re going to add on the incubator

memrise - great for vocab! personally i prefer the app to the desktop website

drops - you can only do 5 minutes a day for free but i still recommend it because it’s fun and has 42 languages!

LingoDeer - specifically geared towards asian languages - includes korean, japanese, chinese & vietnamese (as well as spanish, french, german, portuguese and russian), however only a limited amount is available for free

busuu - has arabic, chinese, french, german, italian, japanese, polish, portuguese, spanish, russian, spanish, & turkish,

Mondly - has 33 languages including spanish, french, german, italian, russian, japanese, korean, chinese, turkish, arabic, persian, hebrew, portuguese (both brazilian & european), catalan, latin, dutch, swedish, norwegian, danish, finnish, latvian, lithuanian, greek, romanian, afrikaans, croatian, polish, bulgarian, czech, slovak, hungarian, ukrainian, vietnamese, hindi, bengali, urdu, indonesian, tagalog & thai

misc

a video by the polyglot Lýdia Machová about how different polyglots learn languages - this video is great especially if you don’t know where to start in terms of self study

LangFocus - a youtube channel of this guy who talks about different languages which is always a good place to start to understand how a specific language works also his videos are fun

Polyglot: How I Learn Languages by Kató Lomb - this book is great and available online completely for free!

Fluent Forever by Gabriel Wyner (on pdfdrive) - another great book about language learning

Anki - a flashcard app (free on desktop for any system & free on android mobile - not free on ios mobile) that specifically uses spaced repetition to help you learn vocabulary, it’s got a slightly ugly design but it’s beloved by many language learners & is honestly so helpful

YouTube - literally utilize youtube it is so good.

Easy Languages - a youtube channel with several languages (basically they go around asking people on the street stuff so the language in the videos is really natural) & they also have breakaway channels for german, french, spanish, polish, italian, greek, turkish, russian, catalan & english

there’s also the LanguagePod101 youtube channels (e.g. FrenchPod101, JapanesePod101, HebrewPod101) which are super great for listening practice & language lessons as well as learning writing systems!

#language resources #this took me literally hours omg.#also if people have things to add feel free!

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hindisoup · 3 years ago

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How do you feel about Hindi for it's difficulty in learning? many people say Hindi is very difficult to learn. so what is your opinion on this?

I may be a bit biased to answer this being a native Finnish speaker and having studied Russian for a number of years and dabbled in Arabic and Polish, none of which are known to be very easy languages to learn.

Compared to those and German which I also studied in the past, I find Hindi unexplainably beautiful and logical, and a very learner-friendly language too. Here are some of the reasons why:

Very few irregularities in declension and verb conjugation

In Finnish, there are 15 cases and 51 types of nouns that inflect differently (source, since I'm not making this up).

So although Hindi nouns and adjectives mostly inflect according to number and gender and there are three cases, it's honestly quite easy to internalise the basic rules for inflecting any given noun or adjective as per its position or role in the sentence. As compared to Finnish or English, the trickiest part is to learn to separate feminine and masculine nouns for which I guess there seem to be more exceptions than rules in almost any language that applies this structure.

There are six types of verbs in Finnish. In Hindi, every single infinitive is identifiable by its ending -ना. There are only a good handful of irregular verbs in Hindi and a couple of transitive verbs that conjugate as intransitive or vice versa. So the trickiest part here for me was to comprehend what does intransitive and transitive actually mean. In the beginning, I had to always add "by itself" (like नाचना, to dance by itself) or "something" (खाना, to eat something) after the verb to be able to distinguish the two. It took me maybe a good year of active studying, thinking and using the language once I realised that I'm not doing that (consciously) anymore and I have started to develop an intuition for it.

The problem for me still is, that when speaking I usually start the sentence with a subject, but I realise which verb or tense I'm using only after the fact so I very rarely manage to add the ने where I know it should have been when I reach the end of the sentence.

Regular word order and sentence structure

The basic structure in Hindi, subject-object-verb (SOV) gets you very far as a language learner. Even if you don't know all the words when reading a text, pretty soon you can identify the different parts of the sentence, and you can get a grasp of what is being said, that something did something for someone, or that something fell, ran or got broken, etc. just because the word order is often very predictable.

This applies to the use of postpositions as well, which to a Finnish speaker feels most natural. In Finnish, we also always add stuff (suffixes) at the end of the word to describe its relation to its environment or origin. And the amount and working logic of the most used Hindi postpositions (में/पर/को/से) are also quite learner-friendly and I feel like it probably will not take years to internalise them and still keep making so many mistakes (squinting at you, English).

Less is more

What I mean here, is that even if I find the basics of the grammar perhaps more simple than in some other languages, Hindi is an amazingly versatile and dynamic language, which doesn't need 15 cases to describe the same reality as let's say (again), Finnish. Most ��-ending adjectives aside, if something is ख़राब it's still ख़राब no matter what is the role, gender or number of the noun it describes - and I guess it's the same in English (but not in Finnish where it is crucial to inflect the adjective according to the declension of the noun or our world would collapse or at least we couldn't possibly understand the relation between the adjective and the noun without it).

And how I love the way a simple change in word order can add a totally another layer to what you say - like when you say कुछ कुछ instead of just कुछ, or change the position of क्या. Or the way just learning to use होना, करना and वाला opens up so many possibilities. Especially as a learner with not so immense vocabulary, by using these three words with almost any noun or adjective you happen to remember on the spot you can describe so many things and become understood, even if your grammar is still a bit shaky.

..and sometimes more is more

Somehow the fact that Hindi vocabulary is so vast and there are easily at least 3-4 synonyms for almost any noun, verb or adjective that come from various backgrounds (Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, you name it) and STILL the basic rules of declination and conjugation apply (with the exception of some loan words being completely indeclinable) and there hasn't been any need to formulate new and complex rules for them, tells me a lot about the basic ingenuity of Hindi. The language just works. The challenge for a language learner is accepting the fact that even if you've learned one word by heart, it's a certainty there are at least three others with the same meaning you just haven't heard yet.

The bottom line and why I'm still so excited about learning Hindi five years on is that I can see my own (slowish) progress and the more I realise how much there is still to learn, instead of feeling overwhelmed or discouraged by my own thick-headedness, I feel inspired and very much confident that eventually, I will be able to find the inherent logic behind whatever grammar rule this language throws at me. Unfortunately, that never happened with Russian or German for me, and I had to accept my defeat. Instead of inspiration, four years into the studies I felt rather like banging my head against a brick wall. I'm perfectly sure there's beauty and logic in those languages too, but my mind wasn't able to find it and I didn't feel a connection with those languages like I do with Hindi.

Thanks for the ask, not sure if I was able to answer your question though. Difficulty and ease might really lie in the eye of the beholder!

#ask #hindi #हिंदी #हिन्दी #language learning #languageblr #langblr

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meichenxi · 4 years ago

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Grimm’s Law and Verner’s Law: part 1 - Indo-European background

OR: how ‘cannabis’ and ‘hemp’ are actually cognates

tldr: sound change is cool and this great series of videos can explain it better than I can: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aal9VSPkf5s. this is going to be the first of a few posts on sound change in German and English. I originally wanted to explain the second sound shift, but quickly realised that it doesn’t make sense without any of the historical context, so please bear with me

What makes a language Germanic? Imagine for a moment that you’re an alien a la Matt Haig, newly arrived to Earth and presented with a sample of the world’s languages - or specifically, part of Eurasia’s. Some languages look very similar to each other; some very different. How would you go about building a hypothesis about which languages were related to each other, and which weren’t? How would you then test this hypothesis? And how, presented finally with data that shows your languages are related, would you explain how these changes came to happen in the first place?

Before we go on to Germanic, though, let’s talk about Indo-European today. You guys probably all know that IE is a large language family that stretches from Icelandic to Hindi; Germanic is one of the sub-groupings of this wider IE family. Within the sub-family itself, there are divisions: German is more closely related to Dutch, Norwegian to Swedish, Icelandic to Faroese and so on. This seems all fairly obvious to us now.

Way back when many centuries ago (not that many centuries, and certainly long after the Bible began), the idea of a language family spanning English to Russian to Farsi was a little less obvious. For much of the 17th century, people (esp a bishop dude called John Wilkins) sought to prove that English was related to Hebrew - this was an important endeavour at the time, because it would lend the language religious authority, especially in its translation of the Bible. Fast forwarding to the 18th century, a man named Sir Williams Jones who lived in Bengal realised - on account of his classical education and extensive contact with Indian languages - that there were much greater similarities between Latin, Greek and Sanskrit than anybody had previously realised. He wasn’t the first to think it, but he was one of the first to make such a definitive statement. The following quote is probably one of the most famous in historical linguistics, so I apologise for quoting it in full: ‘The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have spring from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists: there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothick and the Celtick, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit, and the old Persian might be added to this family.’

He was wrong in a lot of ways - he excluded some languages that do belong in this family and erroneously included others. He also wasn’t the first to come up with this idea. This quote, more than anything, marks the beginning of people’s interest in the ‘common source’: how could such a thing ever be proven, if we didn’t have access to the language itself? Part of the building ground for Indo-European historical linguistics was the desire to prove that linguistics was an empirical science much like any other, with laws that held universally and hypotheses that could be tested and demonstrably falsified. This rested on two principles both promoted by the Junggramatiker, or Neogrammarians, a Leipzig based group of scholars. Firstly, that sound change - the process by which sounds change, arise and disappear - was a highly regular process that held universally and obeyed certain rules. Secondly, that languages that exist today are structurally and in principle no different from languages that existed thousands of years ago - that is, we have no reason to assume that processes existed in the past that don’t exist today. This is called the uniformitarian principle.

If both of these things are true, that means that it would be possible to not only determine how exactly these languages were related, but also reconstruct an earlier version of the language once spoken by all Indo-Europeans!! (I hope you agree that this is immensely cool.)

Reconstructing these rules is important, because it allows us to better understand structural similarities between languages. There are some similarities which are surface deep: it’s easy to compare English cold and German kalt or warm and - well - warm, and say that they look alike. Pfad and path is a little harder, but when you compared Pfeffer and pepper it’s clear, ok, there’s a <pf> / <p> alteration going on there. Leaving the Germanic family behind, though, things get a little more tricky.

How exactly is venue cognate with come? What about English quick and Latin vīvus? And how can sister and Hindi bahan possibly be cognates??

Some of the most meaningful observations are structural; they are not surface deep, and they’re not immediately available for study. This is because, quite simply, the time depth since Indo-European was spoken is vast; there have been extensive sound changes in all of the languages concerned.

And that’s exactly what Grimm’s Law is. It’s a sound change that happened specifically in the Germanic branch of Indo-European, so it’s common to all Germanic languages, and nothing else. It’s one of those diagnostic criteria that an alien would use to determine that Norwegian and Dutch were related: it’s present, apart from where further sound change has obscured it, in every Germanic language - and it’s not present, apart from in borrowed words, in any non-Germanic language. That’s what we mean by diagnostic.

Let’s have a look at some examples! We’ll explain it in more detail next time, but this might whet your appetite. Don’t worry if you can’t read the phonetic description; it’s the consonants that are important at the moment (don’t, please, ask me about vowels. just please don’t).

(nb: where I use an asterisk *, this means that this form is reconstructed, not actually attested: we don't have any records of IE. > just means ‘goes to’ or ‘becomes’ in the various daughter languages. Also <these> brackets are talking about spelling, and /these/ brackets are talking about phonemes, or actual sounds. Also, the little ‘ means aspiration - we’ll talk more about what that means next time)

*p > f (no later shift in German, though /f/ is sometimes spelled v):

Engl. brother, Germ. Bruder (cf. Lat. frāter, Skt. bhrā́tā)

Engl. full, Germ. voll (cf. Lat. plēnus, Skt. pūrṇás)

*t > *þ (Engl. th) > Germ. d

Engl. three, Germ. drei (cf. Lat. trēs, Gk. /trê:s/, Skt. tráyas) Engl. thin, Germ. dünn (cf. Lat. tenuis, Skt. tanús)

*ḱ, *k > h (no later shift in German):

Engl. hundred, Germ. hundert (cf. Lat. centum, Gk. /he-katón/, Skt.

śatám)

Engl. horn, Germ. Horn (cf. Lat. cornū)

*kw > *hw (Engl. wh) > Germ. w:

Engl. what, Germ. was (cf. Lat. adjective & relative quod, Skt. kád)

*d > *t (Engl. t) > Germ. z:

Engl. two, Germ. zwei (cf. Lat. duo, Gk. /dúo/, Skt. dvā́)

BRUH. ISN’T THIS COOL!! AND THERE ARE MORE!

You can see here already by looking at the German and English that both have sometimes subsequently undergone sound changes, like English */hw/ to /wh/ and then finally to /w/, which becomes German <w> or /v/ - these sometimes obscure things. And if you really want to find out why German is different to English, well, we’ve got quite a few sound changes to get through before we get there!

Melissa, you might be saying, I know for a fact there’s something yucky and not-worky about Grimm’s Law. What about cases where it doesn’t seem to apply? What’s that? Also, I swear some Danish dude had the idea first but just didn’t publish...

Well. You’re not wrong. But this post is long enough already. Next time, we’ll go over what exactly it is, where exactly it manifests itself, and how it didn’t seem to work 100% of the time...and I suppose I still haven’t answered how ‘hemp’ and ‘cannabis’ are cognates...you’ll just have to stay tuned!

Bis zum nächsten Mal!

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jalebi-o-shir · 4 years ago

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The Idiocy of the Hindi-Urdu Controversy (Sources at the end)

People saying that Urdu and Hindi are two separate languages don’t know anything about how languages function. From a linguistic standpoint, purely linguistic without involving any politics, these are one and the same language. Don’t come parotting the same overused debunked myth that was wrongly perpetuated by an Irish officer by the name of John Gilchrist to drive a wedge between one people who simply had two different religions. Hindi and Urdu are two just registers of one language called Hindi-Urdu depending on your preference. The term “Hindustani” is a non-native term for the language . It was coined by the British Raj and never used by the natives who knew the language by several names such as Hindvi, Hindi, Rekhta, Dehlavi, and much later Urdu.

A few facts

Urdu was a term coined later which was in vogue around the late 17th CE. The language was known under several names Urdu/Rekhta/Hindi/Hindvi depending on the region and era.

Amir Khosrow, regarded as father of Urdu poetry composed a few poems in a language he himself called Hindvi.

Hindi-Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language and belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of languages which in turn belongs to the Indo-European language family.

Standard Modern Hindi is the language spoken in the Indian parliament and government function, and on the news . It was heavily Sanskritized as a way to purge the language from its natural Perso-Arabic vocabulary and it was devised by Hindu nationalists that opted for Devanagari script and injecting Tatsam words (unchanged Sanskrit words) . Standard Modern Hindi is not spoken natively as it is a political idealization and artificially constructed to pander to a select demographic.

In Standard Modern Urdu, notably after the partition, the government started a similar scheme started opting for an increase in Perso-Arabic as opposed to Tadbhava words which words from evolved Indo-Aryan vocabulary.

The common man speaks Hindi which is synonymous with Urdu which has kept natural Perso-Arabic vocabulary intact. Without Arabic or Persian, Hindi would not be able to exist as it is essential for communication and its foundation.

Urdu did not derive from Persian. Persian is an entire other language and belongs to the Iranic branch of the Indo-Iranian branch. Urdu belongs to the Indic branch. Urdu is not a mix between Hindi + Arabic + Persian + Turkish because Urdu and Hindi are the same language that developed from middle Indo-Aryan languages called Prakrits . In the process Hindi-Urdu acquired Persian and Arabic words along with its Tadbhava vocabulary. Languages do not change overnight, they progress and evolve gradually, and it is an ongoing process as we speak.

Pure Urdu and Pure Hindi are not Persian nor Sanskrit. People have the tendency to identify Sanskrit words as “Hindi words” and “Perso-Arabic as “Urdu” know that this is wrong. Hindi-Urdu both have Indo-Aryan and Perso-Arabic influence. In the case of coining words Hindi or Urdu, know that Perso-Arabic and Tadbhava words make up its native vocabulary.

Languages can have native equivalents, but that does not necessarily make it pure. If that was the case English would be “polluted “ with Latin, Greek, and French. Rather, the English that we know now would not have existed, it would not be English as we know today without the external influences. It would be a different language, possibly more Germanic.

For Hindi and Urdu every English word we substitute freely in Urdu and Hindi have native equivalents from its Indo-Aryan and Perso-Arabic word stock. It can be argued since language is an ongoing process, that English is also part of Hindi-Urdu.

Yes, we have pidgin languages, but they follow a very simple grammar structure and can be traced to its mother language. Hind- Urdu feature the same tenses, same verbs same conjugasions, feature the same syntax (word order), and same verbs which are impossible to develop in a few hundred years and they can be traced to Khadi/Khari Boli (as in Khadi meaning to stand)

Urdu-Hindi progressed naturally from spoken Sanskrit where it split into Middle-Indo-Aryan languages that went on to becoming and developing into modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Punjabi, Gujrati, Marathi, Sindhi, Bengali, Hindi-Urdu spoken today in the sub-continent.

Urdu did not develop in the camps. This was purely fictional and is not factual. This was written in the prefix of collection of stories titled Bagh-O-Bahar orginally written by Amir Khusrow in Persian and translated by Mir Aman into Hindi-Urdu.

Zuban-e-Urdu-e-Moallah refers to Persian as it was the administrative language of the mobile camps named Shajahanbad, now known as New Dehli. Thus we have to read it in Persian which simply translates to ‘exhalted camp/base language’ nothing more nothing less. This is because Persian enjoyed a privileged status in government. Outside of government, people spoke Hindi along with their regional language as this was the lingua-franca of North-India.

The name Urdu was always a noun, never the name for the language until the late 17th CE. Urdu literally means camp, base, encampment.

If Urdu really was a mix 1). It would have a Persian base complete with verb conjugasion. Urdu features an Indic system. 2) It would feature heavy Persian verb presence as Persian was the dominating language of the elite. Instead, Urdu features 99.9% Indic verbs which can be ultimately traced to back to Sanskrit.

The few loan-verbs are Guzarna, Kharidna, Badalna, Farmana. All of these have been Indianized to accomondate the Indic grammar system. This amount is miniscule compared to the Indo-Aryan verbs such likhna, hasna, dena, chalna, DoRna which in Sanskrit respecitively are Lekiti, Hasiti, Chaliti, daviti (compare to Persian Davidan to run). 3) As earlier mentioned, it would feature a simple grammar to facilitate easy communication, which is does not.

Misinformed claims about Urdu

70% Persian, 30% Hindi.

A mix of Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Hindi.

Derived from Persian.

Derived from Arabic.

Borrows more from Persian than Hindi.

Is a Persian language. (what does this even mean?)

A Muslim language.

A language that was created between soldiers.

That Qaumi Tarana is Persian

A different language because it is written in a different script. Urdu can be written in roman. it does not automatically make Roman-written Urdu a separate language from Perso-Arabic-written Urdu. This also occurs in Persian where the Persian variety spoken in Tajikistan,Tajik, is written in Cryllic where as Iranian variety, Farsi, spoken in Iran is written in Perso-Arabic, yet are still known as one language. What about Punjabi where the language is written in Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi?

Persian is part of Hindi and Urdu as much it is part of Persian itself. Try communicating without Persian words if you know what these words are. You cannot.

Hindi speakers that say that Hindi relies primarily on Sanskrit are not even aware of the Persian words that are part of their vocabulary. Everyday examples: hameisha, magar, agar,sirf, safed, roshan, rang, duur, khaab, baarish, sakht, narm, zindagi, garm, nakhun, khoon, farsh, zameen, javan, saal, baar, rumaal, kaghaz, kyun ke, khush, cherah, namak, shakar, tava and this is just a small fraction. Urdu relies on Sanskrit as much as Hindi-speakers do. Without Sanskrit, Urdu would not even exist since it is the meat and bones of the language.

People who are fixated on the idea that Persian is an “Islamic” Language have to understand that language is just a vehicle of communication. Yes, Persian was the primary language of many Islamic empires and territories in West, North, and South-Asia, but that does not mean it is exclusive to Islam. Persian themselves were invaded and conquered by the Arabs which gave rise to an huge influx of Arabic vocabulary present in Modern Persian. Remember that Persians were Zoroastrian orginally. The holy texts are written in Avestan (Old Persian) a sister language of Sanskrit. It’s strange that hindu-fundamentalists want to get rid of the Persian vocabulary, but do not realize that Old Persian is closely linked to Sanskrit. The word namaz for example shares the same origin as the ‘namas’ in namaste. The Sanskrit word for far ‘dura’ shares a common origin with duur in Persian. In the same way that ast in Persian and asti in Sanskrit have a common origin. These ‘cognates’ are still present in huge numbers.

Hindi in itself is the language that is known as Urdu. A language cannot be mixed with itself it does not make sense. Urdu-Hindi contains 70-80% Tadbhava vocabulary. These are words that underwent a development from Middle Indo-Aryan languages and ultimately derrive from Spoken Sanskrit. Examples Nasika = Naak, Lok= Log, Raatri = Raat, Pancha = Panj, Chandra = Chand, Krti = Karna, Asti = Hain (Persian retained this with ast since Sanskrit’s sister language, Avestan, is Modern Persian’s ancestor)

The remaining estimated 30%-20% is Perso-Arabic vocabulary which it naturally acquired. Languages are living beings. They get fed with vocabulary and grow. Without Perso-Arabic Hindi-Urdu would not exist as its vocabulary is vital to its existence. Standard Modern Hindi is a failed example as it not spoken natively as it was intended to.

It is interesting that most of the focus is on the Perso-Arabic vocabulary in this controversy , even though it makes up an insignificant amount compared to the 70% of Tadbhava vocabulary. Nobody uses the full capacity of a language. That would mean using every word in its existence ; archaic, in disuse, and present. In practice, percentage of a language’s vocabulary is used depending on context, need, and/or goal.

Another argument is that Hindi is deprived of Sanskrit is a strange one as languages progress instead of regress. In that sense we can argue that French is deprived of Latin, or English from its Germanic roots. Yet, we all agree that Latin (Vulgar Latin) evolved into French or that Modern English has French vocabulary as part of its language. How is Hindi deprived of Sanskrit if Sanskrit evolved into Hindi? In languages we go forward, not backwards. Sanskrit is a foreign language in the sense that it does not serve a function anymore in modern Indo-Aryan languages. To put it into perspective, putting random Old English Germanic words in Modern English speech would sound out of place , foreign, and feel weird on the tongue, even though English is an Germanic language.

Imagine somebody speaking as an Indian newscaster, speaking Modern Standard Hindi they would be riddiculed. It would sounds unatural and artificial. Same can be said if somebody would be speaking as a Pakistani newscaster. Nobody speaks like this in neither countries. Bollywood on the other hand is written in Hindi, true Hindi which, as earlier mentioned, is the same as Urdu. Dialogue is written intentionally with Perso-Arabic vocabulary to capture a wide audience because it is understood by everyone as it is meant to be as opposed to Standard Modern Hindi. This is why Hindi and Standard Modern Hindi are two separate things and are not identified as one.

Standard Modern Urdu and Standard Modern Hindi are based off political ideologies. This is not carried out by “the people”. Languages need people to communicate, the people choose to communicate in the everyday language understood by both people who speak Hindi-Urdu. Languages are not tied to borders or religion as they can be arbitrarily set and changed.

Hindi-Urdu are languages spoken in different regions and different countries. These varieties or registers belong to one language usually known by several names as a way to distinguish it from the other registers. Some examples in other countries are Dutch-Flemish; German spoken in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Belguim; Metropolitan French , Quebecois French, and French in the African continent; Tajik-Farsi-Dari spoken in Tajikistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, and surprise, English, as spoken in the Anglophone world. Examples of these can be also found in Portuguese, Spanish, and Arabic.

The geographical area that Hindi-Urdu spans is huge. There is no definitive line or set words people from either country uniquely use as it varies from region to region, town to town.

My native language is Dutch as I was born and raised in Amsterdam. Dutch is spoken in Belguim, Suriname, The Netherlands, and The Dutch Caribbean Islands. Speakers from Belguim calls their regional variety Flemish or Vlaams. Dutch people from The Netherlands call their language Dutch or Nederlands natively. Both people from both countries know that they speak one and the same language named Nederlands , but Belgians choose call it Flemish (Vlaams) because of the regional, cultural, and historical significance attached to it. How is it that Urdu and Hindi speakers claim to speak separate languages, while other speakers from other languages have similar differences, yet know and call their language as one?

Each variety of Spanish has regional dialects, and regional vocabulary how come they do not have this controversy. It’s simply politics. This phenomena can be found in Afghanistan as well where the term Dari is used to differentiate itself from Iranian ‘Farsi’ to instil national pride in the dialect spoken in Afghanistan.

Strange that Punjabi does not have this controversy in the sub-continent since it’s written in both Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi and has several regional varieties with a diverging vocabulary , yet is simply known by its speakers as ‘Punjabi’ and is understood to be one and the same language regardless of country or religion. Could it be because Punjabi was not weaponized as a political and religious tool against its own people?

People who have gone to school know that Wikipedia is not a reliable source and is never used as one. How come we don’t use the same mindset and actually read academic papers written by historians and accredited linguists that have studied the language in-depth together with its history instead of parroting debunked old myths and outdated information lead by emotion and misplaced pride?

The whole language controversy is so illogical that it hurts my heart to see one and the same people fighting about something that was perpetuated by the British Raj. Start decolonizing your mind and use rationality instead of being a tote-ye-hind. These claims about the Hindi-Urdu Controversy are not taken seriously by modern linguists. These claims orginate from observations made by people who marched in our lands and decided our history without even knowing anything about it and stating them as facts by then having them mindlessly spread by future generations. A number of these claims are also spread by our own people attaching their ideologies to them who absolutely have no knowledge on linguistics or the true history of Hindi-Urdu.

As a person of Pakistani descent that speaks several languages, this idiocy is only displayed in the Sub-Continent. Yes, I call my mother tongue Urdu. It’s simply a label that I choose to identify my language with that I’ve known my entire life. I’m proud of my regional variety, but I do know people on the other side call my Urdu their Hindi or my Nederlands their Vlaams.

Further Reading:

“Early Urdu literary culture and history “ by Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (2001)

“Yes, Hindi And Urdu Are The Same Language” SPARSH AHUJA (2017)

“The Name and Nature of a Language: Would Urdu by any other Name Smell as Sweet?”Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (2014) (Abridged Version)

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maraudererasmut · 5 years ago

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Black and White (Part XXIV)

((Author’s Note: Excusez mon français! J'ai demandé à mon mari de m'aider, mais il était trop paresseux pour vérifier mes verbes! De plus, il est franco-canadien, donc ce dont nous parlons pourrait être un peu différent de la France française!

To those of you who don’t speak French, it’s fine, James knows exactly how you feel!))

"Remus?"

Remus felt the colour drain from his face as he looked up from his spot behind the till to find Sirius Black entering the coffee shop.

Sirius' expression was a mingling of worry and anger, his handsome features distorted with emotion.

"What the fuck?"

Remus swallowed and glanced around him at the nearly empty cafe. He knew that this wasn't a good place for a confrontation, but at least it wouldn't be a huge scene.

"Sirius, I—" Remus began softly, trailing off. He didn't know where he was headed with that sentence. Sirius' brow furrowed as he approached the counter and stared at Remus incredulously.

"You left without saying anything, you ignore my calls all day… Hell, I even went to your flat, Remus! I was worried about you!" Sirius' voice was getting louder by the moment, each word peppered with slightly more anger than the last. By the time he reached Remus' till, his cheeks were flushed and his eyes were clouded with fury. "What the fuck?"

"Sirius," Remus mumbled, his gaze drifting down, away from the gallery owner. "I— can we not do this here?"

"Can we not—" Sirius repeated in disbelief. "What the hell is wrong with you?"

Remus looked up, an intense pang of guilt sweeping through his stomach, making his throat tight. Sirius was upset, and for good reason. Remus had caused this.

"I—" he began meekly. "I don't really want to talk about it."

"You don't—" Sirius took a step back and straightened his posture. His expression suddenly changed, from confusion to anger and finally settling on cold indifference. Sirius' eyes flashed with icy menace as his jaw hardened and his chin tilted up. Sirius squared his shoulders and set his mouth, glaring viciously at the artist.

"Well then," he muttered darkly, his eyes narrowing. "It's a good thing I had you sign a contract." Sirius' fists clenched into balls and Remus watched as he transformed completely into the jerk that the artist first dealt with at Black and White. "You're legally obligated to respond to me within a reasonable amount of time, Mr. Lupin. If you refuse to follow the terms of our agreement, I'll have no choice but to terminate your contract with the gallery. Let this be your final warning."

Before Remus had a chance to respond, Sirius turned on his heel and marched towards the door. He exited the cafe, leaving Remus alone at the till, desperately wishing he had handled things better.

Shit.

———-

"Merde!" Sirius swore loudly, nearly driving his fist through the table. The dishes clattered from the force, and Lily shot her friend an angry look from the kitchen before her face softened.

"It's okay, Sirius. Things will work out, you'll s—"

"No! They won't, Lily!" Sirius yelled, thumping both palms against the table, only slightly less forcefully than before. "Tu sait ce qu'il a fait?!"

"Sirius," James groaned in frustration.

"Yes, Sirius, I know. I'm sure this is all just a big misunderstanding…"

"Non! Je comprend. C'est facille! Remus pense qu'il peut entré dans ma vie et détruire tous, et il n'y a rien que je peux faire!"

"Sirius!" James complained again, his voice raising. "You know I don't speak French!"

"Tais toi!" Sirius snapped at his friend, before turning back to Lily. "Je ne sais pas quoi faire maintenant…"

"How would you feel if I just spoke Hindi all the time?"

"James, sweetie," Lily said, turning to her husband with a slightly condescending tone. "If you spoke Hindi to us, you'd just be speaking to yourself…"

"This isn't fair!" James whined before Sirius cut him off with a glare.

"Oi, we're dealing with my problems right now, Potter! Shut your trap!"

"Boys," Lily chided, approaching the table and setting down the tray of tea that she had been preparing. "Behave yourselves. James…" Lily turned to her husband. "Sirius will try to speak in English. Sirius," Lily continued, turning to her friend. "Don't do that thing you do when you're angry."

"What thing?" Sirius asked, affronted.

"You know exactly what thing. The one where you're mean to James because you're a petulant child who has a poor handle on his emotions? That thing."

"I'm not— !"

"Now," Lily announced, matter-of-factly, cutting Sirius off and seating herself across from her boys. "Talk to us, Sirius. What exactly happened?"

#wolfstar #wolfstar fanfiction #remus lupin #sirius black #Black and white #wolfstar fanfic #remus x sirius #sirius x remus #my writing #my fanfiction #black and white part 24 #part 24 #part XXIV #tw: swearing #tw: french

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eastendies · 5 years ago

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Hello! I’m sorry if this question is inappropriate but I’ve seen you’ve addressed similar things before and I wanted to check rather than cause offence. I am considering writing for Ballum but I was unsure how to write the two of them speaking in sign language or how to make it clear Ben is lip reading and not listening? I was wondering if you had a suggestion on how to do this appropriately in writing? As surely normal speech marks couldn’t work? Sorry again u don’t have to answer

This question isn't inappropriate at all, you don't need to apologize! I'm totally fine with giving a few tips based off what I know and I commend you for expanding your writing repertoire and trying something new rather than being too scared to touch a Deaf character and trying to pretend he's hearing. Also, warning, I do NOT know BSL (I'm more familiar with ASL) or British Deaf Culture, and I grew up in hearing culture, not American Deaf Culture, so take everything i say with a grain of salt as just the general basics. I STRONGLY suggest doing more research or asking more British Deaf/HOH people about the nuances of their culture cause I sure as hell don't know it.

1. First, lip reading. Most of what you need to know about it can be summed up like this--lip reading is mostly garbage. No Deaf person can catch 100% of what a person is saying just by lip reading (it's been tested and the rate of understanding is actually 40%). The only exception to this might be Deaf people who are specifically TAUGHT how to lip read all their lives by their schools or immediate families instead of learning or adjacent to learning sign language. So unless your character has been specifically instructed about how to lip read, having a Deaf character only lip read through the whole story and understand all of what's happening is completely unrealistic. Your Deaf character MUST be accommodated by their surroundings. Your characters can lip read, sure, but be aware of the constraints. Lip reading in the dark, lip reading with someone with a mustache, lip reading someone who speaks really fast or turns away from you, all these scenarios are different and require you to pay attention to how your character would react in this specific setting.

2. Lip reading is also pretty tiring. If your character knows sign language, even if they use lip reading with strangers to get groceries and all, if the other person they're talking to also knows sign language, they're probably going to sign instead of talk. It's just easier, especially with family close friends. So Ben and Callum should be signing as much as possible between eachother so Ben doesn't have to try and lip read, which, as we established, is garbage.

3. BSL is different from English. I did some light googling and BSL is similar to ASL in that the sentence structure is very different, similar to Hindi. The sentence structure for BSL is time-object-verb-comment, as opposed to English's comment-verb-object-time.

English: Why did I make pancakes yesterday?

BSL: Yesterday pancakes I made why?

So you can't have just direct translations from BSL into the written word without taking into account that it's a DIFFERENT language with different rules and different grammar. Your characters CAN be signing in incorrect BSL, and instead be using an abridged version that jams together English structure with British Sign Language words, which is kinda typical among beginners of sign language who speak English. But this is still hampered by the fact that BSL just doesn't have some words you need if you're thinking in English (for ASL these are words like of, the, or, and, is, etc.) because those are unnecessary or replaced by visual cues in terms of grammar (ASL: turning your shoulders and slightly facing another direction to join to phrases together instead of signing "or"). They could also be signing Signed Exact English, which is the English language in signing form with its own rules, but no one really learns that and it's kinda controversial so stick with BSL. This also explains why people don't really talk what their signing, since it's a hard balance between 2 different languages.

4. So basically you're being asked to translate another language into English, like French. How would you do that? I would propose just put the phrase in italics and say signed instead of said as the speaker's tag:

English: "Bobby likes tall buildings," she said.

BSL translated: Bobby likes tall buildings, she signed.

This way you don't have to worry about the sentence structure or confusing your reader with a bunch of phrases in incorrect English grammar but correct BSL grammar. I would also use this if someone was speaking Russian or Spanish or any other foreign language to make it clear they're not speaking English.

5. Deaf people need translations sometimes. It happens. If multiple people are talking in English, a person who knows BSL sometimes acts as an interpreter and signs the conversation while it's happening. Also, if there is a group of people and a person DOES know sign language, it is pretty rude to not use it when a Deaf person is also part of the conversation. Callum shouldn't just be talking when there's a conversation he and Ben are involved with, since it's super isolating to try and understand the conversation when a bunch of people are talking instead of signing. Considering Callum should know the most BSL out of anyone in Ben's circle bc Ben spends a lot of time communicating with him (more practice) and they're learning together, he would probably take the role as an interpreter if Ben needs it. Considering Ben knows English pretty well, Callum probably shouldn't have to say what Ben is signing, as Ben would just say it. Having interpreters are important and should be utilized in your writing.

TL;DR: Lip reading is HARD™ and sign should be used when possible, put sign language in italics with the speaker tag "signed", and have an interpreter when possible.

If you know BSL or are a Deaf/HOH person, feel completely free to add!

#anon #ask #deaf #bsl #deaf culture #writing tips #asl #this is a super long huh #but yeah if you know stuff abt british deaf culture PLS ADD #my knowledge is p limited so id love to learn more!

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kimjoongs · 4 years ago

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i'm. not doing okay BUT LIKE BACK TO THE THING in hindi. like. i haven't heard a single person say "main tumse pyaar karta/karti hoon" (our VERBS are gendered how do people with they/them pronouns people cope with this language, like im. AAAAAAA. but that's a crisis for another time) but like its so. weird to say in hindi like... seriously. like i could imagine dating someone for a while and saying it once for whatever reason but like. it doesn't... function the same way hold up i can explain

like UMMMMMMMMM. so we have i love u right that's the basic. standard. way to express it and the most common like. just yeah. but yk when i talk to my grandma or my dad sometimes they'll go like "you know that i love you a lot right?" and then that's where the hindi version comes in... i feel like rather than a "declaration" of love i hear it used more as an affirmation if that makes sense? (1/2)

like um if u wanna declare ur love in hindi you'd probably use like "i've fallen in love with you" in the beginning like... "mujhe tumse pyaar ho gaya hai" and after that it'd be like i love you in english and its like. yeah "i love you" is used as a declaration in conversation but like. most other forms are like in hindi and its a weird dynamic but the bottom line is this if a guy ever said i love you in hindi first i'd be like yo what the hell? so yeah that sums it up i think

OOO WAIT THAT’S SO INTERESTING :o jsjfejsjsn i think it’s cool how one phrase that’s so common can be expressed or interpreted differently based on the language

#and WDYM you’re not okay do i need to march over there n give you a hug bc i will >:(#siya 🍦#moots 💌#answered

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literaphobe · 5 years ago

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that's so AWESOME, being a polyglot sure as hell is hot! and such an advantage with korean fanart! If you don't mind, which one is your favourite (for writing, speaking, listening)? When talking, do you alternate between the three of them?? Which one do you think is the easiest? Any anecdote involving language?? How do you got interested in learning korean?? i don't know, id like to read more about it asdkdj

hehe sometimes i see the korean spop art n comics on twitter and they will have some like english translation and i will feel like an insider because i will look at the original korean one and know what it Really says

also! english is the language i’m technically the most proficient in? but when i speak to family n friends who speak english and chinese i tend to code-switch! it is fun and also my parents used to make me terrified of chinese because they would scold and belittle me constantly for not speaking it well when i was like in my preteens to teens (even tho it was their fault! for almost exclusively speaking english to me because english proficiency is an advantage and is prioritized in my country). but my mom now admits i speak chinese well <3 i don’t necessarily know all the words but whatever i say tends to come out nice <3 also with korean.... mmm its hard to get opportunities to speak it because i don’t know anyone who can speak korean with me <3 i feel very shy about using it <3 there was a period of time tho when i spoke korean to my dogs for fun it was funny

between english chinese and korean..... it’s interesting because english and chinese both for the most part follow the SVO (subject verb object) sentence structure, whereas korean follows a SOV (subject object verb) sentence structure. BUT english and korean both have an alphabet (its why i learnt how to read korean in like! idk an hour i’m guessing) whereas chinese does not </3 its a... [big sigh] pictorial language. so each character is some new fucking picture you gotta learn. SUCH a bitch in oral examinations because sometimes u will just come across a word that u don’t know! never seen that shit before! so u don’t know how to read it <3 so it’s like a guessing game where there is every chance you will be completely wrong <3 so sometimes u gotta fucking <3 pretend the word doesn’t exist <3 or make up your own pronunciation <3 i remember sitting in a hall once with two of my malay friends and they were moaning about how scared they were because what if they pronounce stuff wrong :( and i’m like aw :( well :( but at least u have an alphabet :( which is like the same letters as the one in english :( that’s like safer right because how wrong can u go? and they’re like ok but u see :( the word could be said slightly different as compared to how its spelt :( and i’m like oh <3 that must be so hard <3

and the thing is u see. they learnt exactly how much easier they had it. because our school had this program where they made the chinese students learn malay and the students who spoke malay, hindi, tamil, basically everyone who was not chinese. they had to learn chinese </3 and that was honestly like a racist hate crime, because after class my friends would come up to me on the verge of tears like. michelle :’( HOW are you doing this. chinese class is so scary we hate it why must we memorise every new character. and me, who got second in class for malay (the ONLY reason why i didn’t get first was because i forgot what ‘yellow’ was in malay. and now i will always remember it is ‘kuning’. anyway my malay teacher was BEAUTIFUL and she told me i got full marks for reading because i said everything perfectly. i did not understand a single word of the malay passage i was reading <3) was like i am so sorry :( you do not deserve this :(

anyway its a hate crime to make a person learn english and chinese because imo those are two of the most different languages in the world :) its why white people fucking suck at chinese. and honestly so do most chinese american like. actors. ever seen a movie where they speak chinese? most times they are speaking it horribly <3 anyway, learning korean was really interesting because of how it strengthened my chinese! like, because a lot of korean words came from chinese (there are korean words taken from japanese too. because. well. lmao) and the korean alphabet was literally invented because traditional han characters (written chinese) was too fucking hard. even the chinese people realized traditional chinese was too fucking hard and decided to make simplified chinese. like make those pictures less complicated!

the reason why i learnt korean was because. of this korean variety show called running man. it is the most internationally recognized korean variety show. so what this show is is like. there is a main cast made up of actors, singers, and comedians. and they are forced to compete against each other/team up to achieve a common goal, through playing various games and stuff with a final objective that involves someone winning/getting punished. it’s a little hard to explain, but they’re like an irl found family trope (while also being fictional? because they essentially play characters on that show that are like exaggerated versions of themselves) with EVERY AU ever. like seriously think of a concept they’ve probably done it. high school, super powers, super heroes, aliens, college students, olympic athletes, sherlock holmes, james bond, chess, etc etc etc. so an example of this would be like the staff will tell the members “this week you are the drama department in the high school and you are competing against the athletics department to determine who is the best club in the school” and they’ll have to do it. and sometimes the cast gets really into the theme of the ep and its really funny when they gotta Act to sell something. anyway they also have this game which the show invented called ‘nametag ripping’ so essentially on their backs everyone has a name tag stuck to their clothes with velcro and you have to rip off the nametags of other people. the cast in this show has incredible chemistry so the banter is amazing and very funny. i also have to admit i additionally liked the show because two of the members had this ‘best enemies, best collaborators’ chemistry that i found very compelling and fun to watch. so i started learning korean so i could get what they were saying without subs ie watch the show live. and i guess my parents found that impressive which is why my mom constantly nags me to learn more languages. which. is not gonna happen because i have adhd <3 and the thing about me is. i won’t say i’m a genius. but i can do anything so long as i want to do it. its the worst superpower to have <3 so anyway. that’s why i know korean i guess! sorry this is so long

#ask #hahaha #Anonymous

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jewish-privilege · 6 years ago

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I never thought about the etymology of the verb "gypped" until the end of college, when my friend, lamenting his stolen iPod, said the word and immediately retracted it. "Isn't that offensive?" he wondered. Until that moment, I had never thought about it either. What sparked our unease was the sudden realization that "gypped" was somehow tied to "gypsy."

"Gypsy" is commonly used to describe the Romani people. But the term carries many negative connotations, and its derivative carries even more: when somebody is "gypped," they are, according to Merriam-Webster, "defrauded, swindled, cheated."

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known recorded definition of the term "gypped" dates back to the 1899 Century Dictionary, which says that it is "probably an abbreviation of gypsy, gipsy, as applied to a sly unscrupulous fellow."

It also appears in 1914, in Louis Jackson & C. R. Hellyer's Vocabulary of Criminal Slang. The noun "gyp" was described at the time as "current in polite circles," and "derived from the popular experience with thieving Gypsies." As a verb, the term is defined as "to flim-flam" and to "cheat by means of guile and manual dexterity." Proper usage? "Gyp this boob with a deuce." I'm not exactly sure what gyp this boob with a deuce means, but it sounds like something stuck between ribald and ridiculous.

F. Scott Fitzgerald used the word in his iconic novel The Great Gatsby: "We had over twelve hundred dollars when we started, but we got gyped out of it all in two days." Simone de Beauvoir used the word in her 1965 book Force of Circumstance: "Turning an incredulous gaze toward that young and credulous girl, I realize with stupor how much I was gypped."

Many people have limited knowledge of the term's origins, and so the word "gypped" isn't quickly going out of fashion. On April 30, 2013, a publisher released a book in a New York Times bestselling series by Carol Higgins Clark titled Gypped: A Regan Reilly Mystery. The book — the 15th installment of the long-running thriller series — had nothing to do with the Roma people, but instead is a murder mystery full of financial scams and intrigue set in sunny California.

After multiple allegations of racist intent with her choice of title, Clark issued a statement that read: "I am truly sorry for any offense caused by using the word 'Gypped' as the title of my book. It was a familiar word since childhood which no one I knew associated with its origin. Since this issue arose, I've asked many people who also had no idea of any negative connotation."

Clark's experience rings true: many people just don't know what the word means, or where it comes from.

"I encounter a lot of people who tell me that they never knew the word 'gypped' had anything to do with gypsies, or that it's offensive — especially when the word is heard not read," says University of Texas at Austin professor Ian Hancock, who was born in Britain to Romani parents. "My response to them is, That's okay. You didn't know but now you do. So stop using it. It may mean nothing to you, but when we hear it, it still hurts."

Hancock tells me the word "gypsy" itself is an "exonym" — a term imposed upon an ethnic group by outsiders. When the Roma people moved westward from India towards the European continent, they were mistaken to be Egyptian because of their features and dark skin. We see the same phenomenon across several languages, not only English. Victor Hugo, in his epic Hunchback of Notre Dame, noted that the Medieval French term for the Roma was egyptiens. In Spanish, the word for gypsy is "gitano," which comes from the word egipcio, meaning Egyptian — in Romanian: tigan, in Bulgarian: tsiganin, in Turkish: cingene — all of which are variations of slang words for "Egyptian" in those languages.

The Roma people originated thousands of years ago not in Egypt, but in Northern India. They were displaced during a series of 11th-century Muslim invasions during the Ghaznavid Empire. Many were taken as prisoners of war back to what is now modern-day Turkey, during the Ottoman plunder of the Byzantine Empire. A majority of already-displaced Romani people later migrated to Eastern and Southern Europe. The Roma language is derived from ancient Sanskrit and still phonetically, grammatically and linguistically resembles tongues with Sanskrit roots like Hindi or Rajasthani. Romani music is still strikingly similar to Indian folk music, and their spiritual practices — despite conversion to local religions over time — still resemble aspects of Hindu cosmology.

The effort to substitute the word "Roma" for the far better-known term "Gypsy" may strike some as futile, but few other groups carry the burden of such heavy stereotypes with so little reprieve.

Earlier this year, Romani faced several high-profile accusations of child kidnapping. In October, Code Switch colleague Gene Demby wrote:

"In one case, the police received a tip that a blond, blue-eyed girl was living with a Roma family in a Dublin suburb. The tipster believed that the 7-year-old didn't look like the Roma family with whom she lived. The police came and removed the child from the home, despite protests from the Roma family that the child was part of their family."...

#anti rromani racism #g slur #slurs #uncensored slurs

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scheherazadexx · 5 years ago

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5 And He said to them, “Which of you shall have a friend, and go to him at midnight and say to him, ‘Friend, lend me three loaves; 6 for a friend of mine has come to me on his journey, and I have nothing to set before him’; 7 and he will answer from within and say, ‘Do not trouble me; the door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed; I cannot rise and give to you’? 8 I say to you, though he will not rise and give to him because he is his friend, yet because of his persistence he will rise and give him as many as he needs.”

What am I going to share to you is about the Parable of the Friend at Midnight (Luke 11:5-8)

Let us all read first Luke 11:1-4

2 So He said to them, “When you pray, say: Our[a] Father [b]in heaven, Hallowed be Your name. Your kingdom come. [c]Your will be done On earth as it is in heaven. 3 Give us day by day our daily bread. 4 And forgive us our sins, For we also forgive everyone who is indebted to us. And do not lead us into temptation, [d]But deliver us from the evil one.”

Dito sa Parable na ‘to, Jesus wants to encourage the disciple’s not to be afraid to keep asking every day for their daily bread. Gusto din ni Jesus dito na maging confident yung mga disciples Nya to seek God in their daily needs. Kung yung kaibigan nga natin na kaya tayong tulungan, o kayang ibigay yung mga hinihingi natin, si God pa kaya na kayang gawin ang lahat para sa atin, lalo na, nasa command Nya to ask Him daily.

Luke 11:8 “I say to you, though he will not rise and give to him because he is his friend, yet because of his persistence he will rise and give him as many as he needs.”

Tumulong yung kaibigan hindi dahil sa kaibigan siya, tumulong siya dahil dun sa hinihingi nung kaibigan dahil sa pagiging persistent nya. Kung ikaw naman siguro yung nandun sa posisyon na yun, yung natutulog ka na, gusto mo na magpahinga kasi pagod ka buong araw, tapos kukulitin ka ng kukulitin sa kakakatok ka ng kaibigan mo ng madaling araw para mang-hingi ng tinapay para dun sa kasama nya, syempre pagbibigyan mo na lang diba. Ibibigay mo na lang yung kailangan ng kaibigan mo kesa kulitin ka ng paulit-ulit.

The application of this parable is on Luke 11:9-13

1. We must be constant in our praying.

Luke 11:9 says

“So I say to you, ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you.”

Jesus wants us to be constant in our praying – praying with passion and persistent.

Jesus wants us to keep on asking, keep on seeking and keep on knocking. Keep on is an Imperative verb, which means an order or a command. Utos sa atin ni Lord na tayo ay humingi, mag seek, at kumatok sa Kanya.

We are keep on asking: ano ang ginagawa natin dito? Dapat kinikilala natin si Jesus, kasi may hinihingi tayo e. di naman siguro maganda yung manghihingi tayo un sa hindi natin kakilala diba?

We are keep on seeking: we are expecting here to have an action. kailangan nagpupursigi tayo dito para mapalapit kay Lord, kasi Siya yung sini-seek natin e. sa Kanya tayo may hinihingi.

We are keep on knocking: eto na yung dapat todo na yung ginagawa natin para kay Lord. Kailangan, persistent na tayo dito, yung tipong makukulitan na a atin si Lord kasi paulit-ulit natin pinag-ppray yung gusto natin. Yung tipong dapat after 5 years Nya pa dapat ibibigay prayers mo, e kaso nga sa sobrang kulit mo binigay Nya na lang.

Sabi nga sa Hebrews 11:6 “But without faith it is impossible to please Him, for he who comes to God must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder of those who diligently seek Him.”

Mas gusto ni Lord na maging persistent tayo at hintayin yung sagot sa mga prayers natin.

Naisip nyo ba minsan na baka pagod na si God kakarinig ng prayers natin, o kaya baka naiinis Siya kasi sa isang linggo, pare-pareho ang prayers natin. Kasi sa dami ba naman natin na naniniwala sa Kanya, baka ilan dun pauli-ulit yung prayers, isa na ko dun. Pero sabi ni Jesus, si God daw ay hindi napapagod o naiinis makinig sa mga prayers natin na paulit-ulit o iba iba, kasi tayo ay mga anak Nya.

2. We must be confident in our praying.

We must be confident that God will answer our prayers.

Sabi nga sa Luke 11:9-10 “So I say to you, ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receive, and he who seeks finds, and to him who knocks it will be opened.

Sinabi Nya diyan, inulit Nya ng dalawang beses. That if you ask, it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you.

Kahit ano man ang hingiin mo kay Lord na makakabuti sayo, ibibigay Nya. The more you seek, mahahanap mo yun. The more you knock, mas lalo kang pag bubuksan ng Panginoon.

Lagi natin tatandaan yung tinuro ni Jesus sa mga Disciples Nya na prayer, yung nasa Luke 11:2-4

“Our Father in heaven, Hallowed be Your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done On earth as it is in heaven”. [God’s will and glory should be foremost in all our praying.]

“Give us day by day our daily bread. And forgive us our sins, For we also forgive everyone who is indebted to us. And do not lead us into temptation, But deliver us from the evil one.” [Prayer for our own good is focused on our basic physical and spiritual needs.]

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spnfanficpond · 6 years ago

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April 2019 Pond LiveChat Recap

We had a great time chatting with @deanscarlett today! Thank you so much, Scar, for joining us!!

We had a bunch of non-native English-speakers in the room today, and we all discussed the challenges of writing in a language that is not your first. A rundown of the chat, as well as general Pond news, is below the cut!

People attending: @deanscarlett @katehuntington @emilyshurley @focusonspn @mrswhozeewhatsis

Q: What is everyone’s first language?

Scar: Spanish Kate: Dutch Emily: Hindi Sol: Spanish

Q: You all are so fluent, did you grow up speaking English?

Scar: My mom sent me to learn English when I was 6 or 7. I’m almost 41 lol Emily: I did, grand dad is a retired professor of English so like almost the second language kinda thing Kate: My mom grew up on Australia and she thought it was important for me to learn English from a very early age.

Q: What do you guys think is the hardest part of English?

Emily: Grammar. I can speak fluently, but for me, it’s grammar and punctuation. Speaking is easier because I grew up talking to my dad in English on occasions. Scar: The listening and pronunciation part. Grammar comes easy to me because of the way it was taught to me. Spanish has waaaay too many verb tenses that makes English a joke in that sense. Kate: I personally sometimes struggle when I wanna use a Dutch way of saying things. I translate too literally.

We then discussed how even English is very different depending on what country you’re from. US vs. UK vs. Australian, for example. The same words mean different hings, different countries have different words. Sometimes, the differences can seem like it’s a whole different language.

Q: Is there anything about English that constantly trips you up, even though you know better?

Kate: Times. I mean, tenses. Scar: I got it, tenses in Spanish are called “tiempos”, which in EN is “times” 😀 For me, phrasal verbs, certain rules when it comes to prepositions. Those are my bane. Emily: Tenses. I mess those up a lot. Michelle: Well, it’s not like there’s not 2983625 tenses or anything. Native speakers screw them up, too. Apparently, we’re all REALLY invested in knowing exactly when things happened!

Q: Which brings up a side thought. I know that language informs thought. Like, some languages have no words for things, or special words for things. How often do you run into that?

Kate: A lot. I’ve looked so long for a translation to the word ‘gezellig’. It doesn’t exist. Scar. Yup. We don’t have a word for toes, for example. Kate & Michelle: Toes? How can you not have a word for toes??? Scar: Yup, it’s “fingers of the foot/feet”. There isn’t a word for it. Emily: Same. Michelle: I was thinking about those cultures that don't have words for stealing because they believe everything belongs to everyone, and here Scar is telling me the South Americans don't have toes!

Emily then turned us onto a discussion about how English steals from other languages.

Emily: Speaking of word stealing "jungle" is a Hindi word. Michelle: Oh, English is a great thief. English steals from EVERYONE indiscriminately. Kate: Oh now I wanna know what they stole from the Dutch. Emily: *cough* colonialism *cough* Kate: We were just as bad. England owned half and the Dutch the other half. Scar: Spanish stole terms, too, but they evolved in time. Emily: Jungle is straight up Hindi word with same meaning. The only English words we use in Hindi are for the things British introduced to India. Even then we came up with word for them eventually. Michelle: Quick Google search for English words with Dutch origin: Coleslaw (from the Dutch word meaning cabbage salad), boss (from baas, which means master), stove (from the Dutch word for heated room), and booze (from a Dutch word "busen" meaning to drink in excess). Kate: Koolsla! Haha! Of course we inspired a word for alcohol. Busen is old old Dutch, though. Stoven is a Dutch word for cooking. But what the English speakers call a stove, we call a gasfornuis, now. Language is weird, man.

Q: One of the facets of English that I don't know if other languages do, is how it constantly changes. I took a history of the English language course in college, and if you read Old English, like Chaucer's Canterbury Tales was originally written in, it's a completely different language. For example, the verb to starve, came from a word steorfan (not the correct spelling), which simply meant to die. Over the centuries, the meaning changed to die specifically from hunger.

Emily: Most languages evolve with time. Scar: Latin American Spanish and Spaniard Spanish have different tenses for 2nd person plural. Even a different pronoun.

Q: Someone once told me that English is more malleable than other languages. What do you think of that?

Scar: It’s true. Spanish is hard to evolve.You cannot transform a word in a verb as easily as with EN. Emily: I’ll speak for Hindi. It’s a constantly evolving language that’s super malleable.

Q: When you look for a beta, do you look for someone who speaks your first language, or just for a native English speaker? If you don't look for someone who speaks your language, do you think finding a beta who did would make things easier or harder?

Scar: Always a native speaker. For one, not many Spanish speakers around, and 2nd, they are bound to make the same mistakes I do. Emily: It’s hard finding Indian betas, so mostly they are native English speakers. Kate: I look for a native English speaker in a beta, at least one of them (I usually get my stories checked by 2 or 3 betas). Scar: Though I notice that EN speakers tend to not notice stuff like they’re/there/their and the like. I don’t have issues with those when I write, but I notice it a lot in other writers (native EN) who were betaed by other native EN, and you see tons of those mistakes.

Q: Is there anything that has tripped up your betas in the past, or anything that you wish betas would focus on more often?

Kate: Repeating a certain word. I use a certain verb or emotion too much. Synonym would be better, not everyone picks up on that Scar: I tend to go a little too happy with passive voice. I usually do 10 reads before giving it to the beta. Usually they find wrong prepositions. Emily: For me, it's common English saying and day to day slang. A beta once said my dialogue sounds formal. Michelle: I can understand the formal thing. One ESL writer I beta for never uses contractions. Emily: That's because I learnt the "proper" way of speaking English in school. Scar: That’s another issue, too. I was taught the posh English, so when I went to England last year, it was hard af to understand the cockney English. Emily: Then there is the whole cultural divide situation. For example, I have a really difficult time writing anything remotely NSFW because sex and PDA are kinda taboo in India. Any advice? Michelle: Only write what you're comfortable writing. If you REALLY feel that your story needs something you don't feel comfortable writing, then collaborate with someone. Scar: Don’t force yourself to write something you are not comfortable with. Because in some cases, you don’t enjoy it and in the end that shows in the writing. Emily: It isn't that I'm not comfortable, I don't have an issue I just have no idea what I'm doing. Michelle: Whenever you're writing something that you don't know much about, find someone who writes that or knows about that, and work with them. For example, @manawhaat is my weapons expert. When I wrote a fic about Dean and the First Blade, comparing it to his other weapons, I practically had her on speed dial. I wrote what I was thinking, and asked her if any of it sounded plausible, and she corrected what I had wrong, and gave suggestions for things I didn't know about. Another suggestions is to read TONS of other fics that have what you want to write. Kate: But if you wanna learn, read and practice, though. You don’t even have to publish it. Emily: That makes sense but I'm to scared to reach out to people. I follow some people who are really amazing, but when they post stuff like, “No, I won't read your fics unless I offer myself,” I get scared thinking I'm bothering others as well. Michelle: That’s when the Pond’s Beta list comes in handy! Sol: I'm too scared to bother someone for beta my work. Michelle: That’s what the list is there for. These are people who want to beta read. If they’re busy, they’ll tell you. But they want to be on the list and welcome people asking them.

We ended with some advice on picking a beta, and complaints about Tumblr eating asks. REMINDER: IF YOU SEND AN ASK TO THE POND AND DON’T GET A RESPONSE IN TWO DAYS, SEND A MESSAGE TO ONE OF OUR ADMINS!!

Great talk, guys! Can’t wait for next month!!

General Pond Updates and Reminders

Angel Fish Award nominations are accepted all month long! No need to wait to tell us how much you liked a fellow Fish’s work! IF YOU HAVE SENT IN A NOMINATION, BUT HAVE NOT RECEIVED A PRIVATE MESSAGE CONFIRMING WE RECEIVED IT, WE DIDN’T GET IT. Be sure to use Submit instead of Ask!

Don’t forget to submit your stories to be posted to the blog! When your stories are on the blog, then they are easier to nominate for Angel Fish Awards!

SPNFanFicPond Season 14 Weekly Episode Challenge - Now that the season is over, we will be reposting each prompt list through the summer months! Remember, there’s no deadline for submissions!

Say hi to April’s New Members!

Check the Pond CALENDAR to see when Big Fish will be in the chat room and other Pond and SPN events are happening! Know of something that’s not on the calendar, send us an ask or submission with the deets info details! The calendar offers a lot of features, such as showing you when things are in your own timezone! Since we’re an international group, that’s a definite plus!!

We don’t have a topic or speaker set up for May’s event, yet, so if there’s something you want to talk about, or someone you want to talk to, LET US KNOW!

#spnfanficpond live chat #chat room #let's chat #THE CHAT ROOM #pond chat

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hindisoup · 3 years ago

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Literary language vs. spoken language: the curious case of Hindi verbs

Take a Hindi grammar book, any book, and you will find a table not too dissimilar to the one above.

As soon as I mustered up enough courage to start chatting with native Hindi speakers I felt like I could throw these tables and my grammar books out the window.

I still haven't, but here are two things I hope I had understood sooner:

1. The use of polite आप

Those of us who have studied German or Russian have probably little or no difficulty in understanding the concept of multiple levels of yous in a language. In Hindi there are three and no, they don't work like in German or Russian.

From the start I was looking forward to a phrase that would allow me to drop the polite आप and downgrade it to the familiar तुम, in a way a Russian could ask 'можно на ты?' or a German could say "bitte, Sie können gerne du zu mir sagen."

In Hindi it never came up. Instead I could notice (in films, on Twitter, in chat) people calling each other आप in most peculiar circumstances. A person could be disagreeing with someone very strongly, yet keep showing them respect by this pronoun. A wife could call their husband of 30 years आप. And a stranger on a language exchange app, as well as a friend who invited my family over for a lovely meal, would also keep calling me that. I have always returned the compliment and slowly I have started accepting it. There's no downgrade. आप is the default you in Hindi.

HOWEVER

Having said all that, as soon as I started communicating with native Hindi speakers outside classroom, I also noticed that the polite pronoun आप is almost always paired with familiar तुम-pronoun's verb endings.

आप कैसे हो? - How are you?

क्या कर रहे हो आप? - What are you doing?

2. Feminine masculine plural

Realising this next thing took me an embarrassingly long time and I hope that by sharing this I will ease someone else's Hindi journey.

Despite of all the nice and logical verb conjugation tables one can find in grammar books, masculine plurals are used almost exclusively across the board even when the speaker or the group spoken about consists of only females.

Examples:

1. आप किसके साथ दुकान गई थी? With whom did you (female, singular) you go to the shop?

- मैं अपनी मम्मी के साथ दुकान गई थी। I went to the shop with my mom.

2. कौन कौन दुकान गए थे? Who all went to the shop?

- हम दुकान गए थे। We went to the shop.

And even if the action described stays the same and the group consists of two females, masculine endings are used in the second example because it's a plural construction.

Lets do that again with me (a female) and my female friend (सहेली):

मैं अपनी सहेली के साथ रेस्तराँ में गई। I went to a restaurant with my friend.

हम आँगन में बैठ गए। We sat in the courtyard.

शायद हम अगले महीने फिर से मिलेंगे। Maybe we will meet again next month.

In the first sentence the subject (I) is singular, hence it uses the feminine construction. The next two sentences has हम (we), plural, as a subject and uses masculine verbs, although the group is made of only females.

And yes, I tried showing my dear grammar books to my Hindi language partners ("but.. but.. what about the tables?!") and got looked at with amusement and a hint of contempt (maybe I'm just projecting my sense of embarrassment).

The point being (and a note to self): Spoken language is NOT learned from books. Spoken language is learned by throwing yourself into conversations with real people, even if that makes you vulnerable to being corrected and called out on your bookish expressions.

#hindi #grammar #language exchange #language learning #langbrl #languageblr #हिंदी #हिन्दी

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meichenxi · 4 years ago

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4, 13, 15! :)

Hey!

(for my other asks, I’m so sorry, I’m getting to them, I’m just....slow...)

4) How long have you been learning the languages you’re currently learning?

The only languages I’m currently focusing on are Chinese and Esperanto. Chinese...is a little tricky to say. I first went to China way back in February 2017, and picked up the first bits of Chinese then. At the time though I didn’t have any lessons, and when I got back to the UK I more or less forgot about Chinese for a year. I then went back to China in the summer of 2018 and learnt a little in preparation for that, but not much. My current actually-continuing-learning-Chinese-with-something-like-discipline has been going on since almost exactly this time last year - I learnt my first characters on Skritter on March the 24th, just as lockdown started!

Esperanto - I’ve been learning this for about a month and a half now :D

13) What do you think about language learning/teaching at school in your country?

One moment here exemplifies how disastrous UK language teaching is: with my A-level German teacher (that’s LEAVING SCHOOL qualifications for all you non-UK peeps), when I showed her the sentence obwohl ich das nicht hätte machen können. Now German subordinate clauses usually send the conjugated verb to the end of the sentence, so I was expecting machen können hätte. I now know that hätte is just a weird exception to this rule, but when I asked my teacher about this at the time, do you know what she said?

She said it must have been a printing error.

I hated languages at school. I HATED them. I loved languages, and I took various exams outside of school and early because I spent all of my time learning them (I know now that’s called a hyper fixation...), but I couldn’t stand language education. In the UK we have a real problem of thinking language learning is talent, because the only people who learn languages well (aside from bilinguals etc) are those that learn despite the atrocious school system, not because of the atrocious school system. And so every time I talk about languages the reaction is - wow, you’re so talented, I was never any good at languages. And I want to SCREAM!!!! It’s not that you’re not ‘good at’ languages, it’s that - really - how much French can you be expected to learn when you only get one hour a week, and it’s taught totally in English, for a maximum of three years? That’s the extent of language education in the UK. None of these ‘amazing’ linguists in Belgium or Denmark or The Netherlands or Switzerland are so good because they decided, individually, that they wanted to become polyglots - they are surrounded by language, they have (more or less) highly functional school systems, language learning is encouraged not discouraged, and there are real economic and social motivations for acquiring English and other languages. God. I cannot express enough the pure visceral hatred with which I view the language teaching system in the UK.

15) Have you ever failed to learn a language? What one(s)? Do you know why?

I don’t think I’ve ever failed to learn a language that I’ve truly committed to learning. I’ve certainly stopped learning languages at certain points that I could have continued. But like most language learners, I think different languages serve different purposes at different points in your life - and some languages are just designed to cross your path with a fur coat and sultry gaze and then, with a smouldering look under their lashes, turn the corner and vanish from your life.

At various points in my life I’ve dabbled with Norwegian, Icelandic, Hindi and Basque to various degrees, as well as Italian, Irish, Japanese and so on. The reason I don’t feel guilty about ‘abandoning�� them in the same way I feel guilty about letting my French or my Spanish slip is that I never really learnt them for anything apart from fun. I couldn’t even say hello in Basque now - and that’s ok, it was a delicious two weeks that has since been wiped from my memory in a wine-filled haze.

I think the languages I most regret ‘failing’ to learn are actually dead languages that I spent some with and then haven’t continued learning, such as Latin, Old Norse and Old English. I did Latin, Old Norse, Old English, Old Irish and Medieval Welsh for a year in university, and whilst my two old Celtic languages are an absolute disaster, I was getting somewhere with the other three after the year was over - Old Norse in particular is stunningly beautiful, and by the end of it I was reading sagas with difficulty and a dictionary, but reading, not just deciphering. Quite honestly though Chinese takes up enough of my time now. I love those three - again, Old Norse in particular - enough to know that I’ll come back to them in the future when I have more time and space.

The language that I came the closest to ‘failing’ was actually Chinese, right when I started learning before going to China for the first time. It was the most fiendishly impossible thing I had ever tried. It broke me. I genuinely cried at various points. It didn’t listen to any rules of grammar I had learnt, and the pronunciation was awful. Bear in mind as well at the time I was in probably the worst mental state of my life and had built my entire self-worth around being a language learner, writer etc - and then Chinese comes along and is just impossible, right in front of my salad. If I hadn’t gone to China, there’s no way I would have continued. The grammar frustrated me so much that I ended up throwing out the only book I had. In the end that ended up being a blessing, because I just went outside and grumpily had to communicate with everyone, whilst accepting that it was going to be awful. I sort of sulked my way to success.

Hence why, come lockdown 1.0, I decided to go back and start learning again. I had put so much time - eight months in total in China - into learning decent pronunciation and a ‘feeling’ for the language that it seemed only right that I honour my past grumbles and actually knuckle down and learn. It’s no lie that Chinese has been entirely responsible for teaching me humility and the value of failure.

What about you?

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