#weather engineering

[reasonsforhope]

"With “green corridors” that mimic the natural forest, the Colombian city is driving down temperatures — and could become five degrees cooler over the next few decades.

In the face of a rapidly heating planet, the City of Eternal Spring — nicknamed so thanks to its year-round temperate climate — has found a way to keep its cool.

Previously, Medellín had undergone years of rapid urban expansion, which led to a severe urban heat island effect — raising temperatures in the city to significantly higher than in the surrounding suburban and rural areas. Roads and other concrete infrastructure absorb and maintain the sun’s heat for much longer than green infrastructure.

“Medellín grew at the expense of green spaces and vegetation,” says Pilar Vargas, a forest engineer working for City Hall. “We built and built and built. There wasn’t a lot of thought about the impact on the climate. It became obvious that had to change.”

Efforts began in 2016 under Medellín’s then mayor, Federico Gutiérrez (who, after completing one term in 2019, was re-elected at the end of 2023). The city launched a new approach to its urban development — one that focused on people and plants.

The $16.3 million initiative led to the creation of 30 Green Corridors along the city’s roads and waterways, improving or producing more than 70 hectares of green space, which includes 20 kilometers of shaded routes with cycle lanes and pedestrian paths.

These plant and tree-filled spaces — which connect all sorts of green areas such as the curb strips, squares, parks, vertical gardens, sidewalks, and even some of the seven hills that surround the city — produce fresh, cooling air in the face of urban heat. The corridors are also designed to mimic a natural forest with levels of low, medium and high plants, including native and tropical plants, bamboo grasses and palm trees.

Heat-trapping infrastructure like metro stations and bridges has also been greened as part of the project and government buildings have been adorned with green roofs and vertical gardens to beat the heat. The first of those was installed at Medellín’s City Hall, where nearly 100,000 plants and 12 species span the 1,810 square meter surface.

“It’s like urban acupuncture,” says Paula Zapata, advisor for Medellín at C40 Cities, a global network of about 100 of the world’s leading mayors. “The city is making these small interventions that together act to make a big impact.”

At the launch of the project, 120,000 individual plants and 12,500 trees were added to roads and parks across the city. By 2021, the figure had reached 2.5 million plants and 880,000 trees. Each has been carefully chosen to maximize their impact.

“The technical team thought a lot about the species used. They selected endemic ones that have a functional use,” explains Zapata.

The 72 species of plants and trees selected provide food for wildlife, help biodiversity to spread and fight air pollution. A study, for example, identified Mangifera indica as the best among six plant species found in Medellín at absorbing PM2.5 pollution — particulate matter that can cause asthma, bronchitis and heart disease — and surviving in polluted areas due to its “biochemical and biological mechanisms.”

And the urban planting continues to this day.

The groundwork is carried out by 150 citizen-gardeners like Pineda, who come from disadvantaged and minority backgrounds, with the support of 15 specialized forest engineers. Pineda is now the leader of a team of seven other gardeners who attend to corridors all across the city, shifting depending on the current priorities...

“I’m completely in favor of the corridors,” says [Victoria Perez, another citizen-gardener], who grew up in a poor suburb in the city of 2.5 million people. “It really improves the quality of life here.”

Wilmar Jesus, a 48-year-old Afro-Colombian farmer on his first day of the job, is pleased about the project’s possibilities for his own future. “I want to learn more and become better,” he says. “This gives me the opportunity to advance myself.”

The project’s wider impacts are like a breath of fresh air. Medellín’s temperatures fell by 2°C in the first three years of the program, and officials expect a further decrease of 4 to 5C over the next few decades, even taking into account climate change. In turn, City Hall says this will minimize the need for energy-intensive air conditioning...

In addition, the project has had a significant impact on air pollution. Between 2016 and 2019, the level of PM2.5 fell significantly, and in turn the city’s morbidity rate from acute respiratory infections decreased from 159.8 to 95.3 per 1,000 people [Note: That means the city's rate of people getting sick with lung/throat/respiratory infections.]

There’s also been a 34.6 percent rise in cycling in the city, likely due to the new bike paths built for the project, and biodiversity studies show that wildlife is coming back — one sample of five Green Corridors identified 30 different species of butterfly.

Other cities are already taking note. Bogotá and Barranquilla have adopted similar plans, among other Colombian cities, and last year São Paulo, Brazil, the largest city in South America, began expanding its corridors after launching them in 2022.

“For sure, Green Corridors could work in many other places,” says Zapata."

-via Reasons to Be Cheerful, March 4, 2024

[chudesnymalchik]

Vontade de comer nuvens hj 💔

[alienfocus]

FrankenSkies documentaire onthult de chemtrail-agenda en de effecten ervan op het leven op aarde - Frontnieuws

Klimaatverandering is op zichzelf al controversieel, maar als het over geo-engineering gaat kan het nog controversiëler worden. Sommige klimaatveranderingsalarmisten houden vol dat het nemen van extreme maatregelen zoals het sproeien van chemicaliën in de lucht om het klimaat van de aarde af te koelen de enige manier is om ons te redden, terwijl vele anderen […] Bron: FrankenSkies documentaire…

[cracklewink]

I know its not canon but I always liked the idea that Flurry Heart grew up to be a normal pony. Never went on any princess-title-earning quest, no grand magical destiny, no real royal responsibilities. Just a normal pony (who happens to be an alicorn) free to enjoy life with her friends and hobbies

[dosesofcommonsense]

Let’s dig into these groups and see who’s poisoning our air, our food, and us. Is it Big Pharma? Is it the CIA? Is it the Department of Homeland Security or Defense? Dig into the paperwork and out these traitors.

My money’s on a joint effort between Big Pharma and the CIA.

[redsamuraiii]

My Oni Girl (2024)

"I had time to think about what I actually wanted. I decided to start valuing my true feelings, that gives me strength."

It's like Weathering With You meets Studio Ghibli. At least, that's what it feels to me watching this adventurous and relaxing anime. It tells the tale of a boy who encounters a girl whom later he discovers to be an Oni, who is on a journey to search for her mother.

Their journey while fun and interesting takes them to a flea market, to a ryokan, a cafe, a shrine and eventually the mystical world itself. All while being hunted by a mysterious deity known as the Snow God as they raced against time to reach their destination before it does.

If you like anime by Makoto Shinkai and Hayao Miyazaki, this one is for you. It has similar vibes and atmosphere that you feel like you go on journey with the main characters against the beautiful backdrop of the Japanese countryside during the rain, shine and even snow.

It's made by Tomotaka Shibayama, who made A Whisker Away.

[jojococomo]

[Before Law can get a word in edgewise explaining how he would rather not. Luffy's gone in a whirlwind. Or a typhoon. Any natural disaster that left the land devastated in its wake. Law is left standing in the middle of the cafe, clutching his phone as the door slams shut behind Luffy, the bell ringing his exit. 

Law slumps into his stool, suddenly exhausted. 

“Sorry about him.” Nami says sliding into the seat that Luffy just vacated, “He’s like that. Once he takes a shine to you, that’s it. He’s all in. He has no care about whether you want to be his friend or not.”

“We’re not friends.” Law mutters. Nojiko snorts into the mug she’s drying, “I barely know him.”

“I’ve been friends with him for years and I barely know him.” Nami responds with a shrug, “That’s just Luffy. Count your blessings that he likes you. People he doesn’t like usually get punched in the face.”]

---

I should be working, but today brain bad. Here's a peek into my LawLu hospital AU that is never going to see the light of day because i'm a BAD person who can't finish things.

[holocene-sims]

List 5 facts about a favorite sim of yours, and send this to simblrs whose sims you adore ✨️

thank you so much for sending this to me!! ✨️💜 i really appreciate it!! and i'm so sorry for letting this sit in my inbox a long time 😭

i may talk about him a lot, but it's never enough, so here are five new facts about the king of my blog aka grant 👑

when grant wants to feel something, he'll watch videos of the curiosity rover on mars singing happy birthday to itself 🎂 it's so incredibly sad but cute to him, so it immediately turns on the waterworks lolol 🥲

objectively, grant is NOT a car guy; he's 110% an airplane guy. however, he owns a car that makes him look like a car guy and gets him approached ALL THE TIME by people who want to talk cars. it's a 1960 ford galaxie and it looks like this, except i think it would be a nice shade of light, almost minty green or maybe blue (no, i haven't decided, and probably won't because there's no cc version of this car for the sims 4, so we'll never see it lol) 💚💙

why is that his car? 🚗 well, it was his grandparents' car, which he bought off them when they wanted to replace it; they have never had a garage or a carport in their entire life, so the car was exposed to the elements for fifty years, and it was, thus, fucked up. they were also tired of fixing it. however, it's a sentimental car because aoife and joseph met working on the same production line at a ford auto factory, and this car was the first one they bought as a couple in their marriage (even though aoife ironically does not know how to drive lmao). they wanted it gone but also didn't, you know, so grant bought it because he also didn't want to see it gone; he'd spent his whole life sandwiching into that backseat with 8 billion of his cousins. oh, aaandddd he bought it even though the necessary repairs were extensive, which he did all by himself with help from his grandparents and uncle (aka people who know shit about cars)

a shorter fun fact: he smokes luckies 🫢

grant has been on TV before! it was very brief, for like five seconds, but he was interviewed by his hometown news station after his high school hockey team won the state championship game one year and he was granted the MVP title. he was very nervous, and his friends ended up nicknaming him "mr. team effort" because his entire interview was him just saying things like, "oh, um, well, it was a team effort, and we worked really hard...together...as a team..."

[crinkly-spinkly]

Who is your fav engine and why?

And glad you also think so too, anon 💙 With all the pouring rain here in Jersey, my colds and allergies have been a mess. I tend to project my own conditions onto Henry, only because they feel so equivalent to what Engine!Henry had to go through.

He deserves soup and lovins 🍲

[sidonius5]

ℐ 𝓉𝒽𝒾𝓃𝓀 𝓉𝒽𝒾𝓈 𝒾𝓈 𝓉𝒽𝑒 𝓁𝒶𝓈𝓉 𝓈𝓉𝑜𝓅...

[hyacinthsdiamonds]

In all honesty... when was the last time Charles arrived for quali day in his own merch and not ferrari's? 👀👀

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

I asked chatgbt to make an image of Florida running out of homeowners insurance and flooded by a hurricane.

* * * *

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

September 27, 2024

Heather Cox Richardson

Sep 28, 2024

Last night, at about 11:10 local time, Hurricane Helene made landfall in the Big Bend area of Florida, where the state’s panhandle curves down toward the peninsula. It was classified as a Category 4 storm when it hit, bringing winds of 140 miles per hour (225 km per hour). The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane wind scale, developed in 1971 by civil engineer Herbert Saffir and meteorologist Robert Simpson, divides storms according to sustained wind intensity in an attempt to explain storms on a scale similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes. 

The Saffir-Simpson scale defines a Category 4 hurricane as one that brings catastrophic damage. According to the National Weather Service, which was established in 1870 to give notice of “the approach and force of storms,” and is now part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a Category 4 hurricane has winds of 134–156 miles (209–251 km) per hour. “Well-built framed homes can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months.” 

Hurricane Helene hit with a 15-foot (4.6 meter) storm surge and left a path of destruction across Florida before moving up into Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Kentucky with torrential rain, flash floods, high winds, and tornadoes. A record level of more than eleven inches of rain fell in Atlanta, Georgia. At least 45 people have died in the path of the storm, and more than 4.5 million homes and businesses across ten states are without power. The roads in western North Carolina are closed. Moody’s Analytics said it expects the storm to leave $15 to $26 billion in property damage.

Officials from NOAA, the scientific and regulatory agency that forecasts weather and monitors conditions in the oceans and skies, predict that record-warm ocean temperatures this year will produce more storms than usual. NOAA hurricane scientist Jeff Masters noted that Helene’s landfall “gives the U.S. a record eight Cat 4 or Cat 5 Atlantic hurricane landfalls in the past eight years (2017–2024), seven of them being continental U.S. landfalls. That’s as many Cat 4 and 5 landfalls as occurred in the prior 57 years.”

President Joe Biden approved emergency declarations for Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina before Helene made landfall. Tennessee governor Bill Lee, a Republican, did not ask for such a declaration until this evening, instead proclaiming September 27 a “voluntary Day of Prayer and Fasting.” Observers pointed out that with people stuck on a hospital roof in the midst of catastrophic flooding in his state, maybe an emergency declaration would be more on point. 

After a state or a tribal government asks for federal help, an emergency declaration enables the federal government to provide funds to supplement local and state emergency efforts, as well as to deploy the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to help save lives, protect property, and protect health and safety. Before Helene made landfall, the federal government placed personnel and resources across the region, ready to help with search and rescue, restore power, and provide food and water and emergency generators. 

The federal government sent 1,500 federal personnel to the region, as well as about 8,000 members of the U.S. Coast Guard and teams from the Army Corps of Engineers to provide emergency power. It provided two health and medical task forces to help local hospitals and critical care facilities, and sent in more than 2.7 million meals, 1.6 million liters of water, 50,000 tarps, 10,000 cots, 20,000 blankets, 70,000 gallons of diesel fuel, and 40,000 gallons of gasoline to provide supplies for those hit by the catastrophe. 

FEMA was created in 1979 after the National Governors Association asked President Jimmy Carter to centralize federal emergency management functions. That centralization recognized the need for coordination as people across the country responded to a disaster in any one part of it. When a devastating fire ripped through Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the day after Christmas in 1802, Congress agreed to send aid to the town, but volunteers organized by local and state governments and funded by wealthy community members provided most of the response and recovery efforts for the many disasters of the 1800s. 

When a deadly hurricane wiped out Galveston, Texas, in 1900, killing at least 6,000 residents and destroying most of the city’s buildings, the inept machine government proved unable to manage the donations pouring in from across the country to help survivors. Six years later, when an earthquake badly damaged San Francisco and ensuing fires from broken gas lines engulfed the city in flames, the interim fire chief—who took over when the fire chief was gravely injured—called in federal troops to patrol the streets and guard buildings. More than 4,000 Army troops also fed, sheltered, and clothed displaced city residents. 

When the Mississippi River flooded in 1927, sending up to 30 feet (9 meters) of  water across ten states, including Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana, killing about 500 people and displacing hundreds of thousands more, President Calvin Coolidge appointed Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover to coordinate the federal disaster response and pull together the many private-sector interests eager to help out under federal organization. This marked the first time the federal government took charge after a disaster. 

In 1950, Congress authorized federal response to disasters when it passed the Federal Disaster Assistance Program. In response to the many disasters of the 1960s—the 1964 Alaska Earthquake, Hurricane Betsy in 1965, and Hurricane Camille in 1969—the Department of Housing and Urban Development established a way to provide housing for disaster survivors. Congress provided guaranteed flood insurance to homeowners, and in 1970 it also authorized federal loans and federal funding for those affected by disasters. 

When he signed the Disaster Relief Act of 1970, Republican president Richard Nixon said: “I am pleased with this bill which responds to a vital need of the American people. The bill demonstrates that the Federal Government in cooperation with State and local authorities is capable of providing compassionate assistance to the innocent victims of natural disasters.”

Four years later, Congress established the process for a presidential disaster declaration. By then, more than 100 different federal departments and agencies had a role in responding to disasters, and the attempts of state, tribal, and local governments to interface with them created confusion. So the National Governors Association asked President Carter to streamline the process. In Executive Order 12127 he brought order to the system with the creation of FEMA.

In 2003, after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the U.S., the George W. Bush administration brought FEMA into its newly-created Department of Homeland Security, along with 21 other agencies, wrapping natural disasters together with terrorist attacks as matters of national security. After 2005’s Hurricane Katrina required the largest disaster response in U.S. history, FEMA’s inadequate response prompted a 2006 reform act that distinguished responding to natural disasters from responding to terrorist attacks. In 2018, another reform focused on funding for disaster mitigation before the crisis hits.  

The federal government’s efficient organization of responses to natural disasters illustrates that as citizens of a republic, we are part of a larger community that responds to our needs in times of crisis.

But that system is currently under attack. Project 2025, a playbook for the next Republican administration, authored by allies of the right-wing Heritage Foundation and closely associated with Republican presidential candidate Trump and vice presidential candidate Ohio senator J.D. Vance, calls for slashing FEMA’s budget and returning disaster responses to states and localities. 

Project 2025 also calls for dismantling the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and either eliminating its functions, sending them to other agencies, privatizing them, or putting them under the control of states and territories. It complains that NOAA, whose duties include issuing hurricane warnings, is “one of the main drivers of the climate change alarm industry and, as such, is harmful to future U.S. prosperity.” 

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

HEATHER COX RICHARDSON

[etakeh]

Am I watching a 15+ hour lecture series on engineering disasters?

Yes. Yes I am.

Again.

Good stuff.

[httpsoftbunni]

Introduction to the Schumann Resonance

The Schumann Resonance is often described as the heartbeat of the Earth. It is named after physicist Winfried Otto Schumann, who predicted its existence in 1952. The Schumann Resonance is basically a set of electromagnetic waves that circle around the Earth outside the atmosphere, between the Earth's surface, and through the ionosphere. *the ionosphere is an atmospheric layer that contains charged particles* These waves resonate at specific frequencies, the main one being 7.83 Hz.

So why does this happen? Think of the space between the Earth's surface and the ionosphere as a drum. Lightning strikes, of which there are thousands happening all over the world at any moment, act like drumsticks, hitting the drum and creating sound. But instead of sound, these strikes create electromagnetic waves that bounce between the Earth and the ionosphere, creating the Schumann Resonance.

The Earth’s surface and the ionosphere form what’s called a resonant cavity. A resonant cavity is essentially a space where waves can bounce back and forth, reinforcing each other under the right conditions. In this case, the electromagnetic waves generated by lightning strikes travel through the cavity formed by the Earth's conductive surface and the ionosphere, reflecting off of each boundary.

This space between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere is about 34 miles (or roughly 55 kilometers) thick, acting like the drumhead in the analogy. Because this cavity is relatively constant in size, it supports specific frequencies of electromagnetic waves, with 7.83 Hz being the dominant one due to the size and shape of the cavity. It’s similar to how a guitar string resonates at a certain pitch depending on its length and tension.

The fundamental frequency of 7.83 Hz is just one of several resonant frequencies. These frequencies, known as harmonics, occur because the cavity can support different "modes" of wave vibration. Beyond the fundamental mode, there are higher frequencies that resonate within this cavity as well, typically around 14.3 Hz, 20.8 Hz, 27.3 Hz, and 33.8 Hz. These harmonics exist because the electromagnetic waves can reflect and reinforce each other at multiples of the fundamental frequency.

The Role Of Lightning

Lightning is a crucial part of this entire process. With an estimated 2,000 thunderstorms occurring across the globe at any given moment, and around 50 lightning strikes happening each second, the atmosphere is constantly being charged with electromagnetic energy. Each lightning strike releases energy that generates these low-frequency electromagnetic waves, which propagate through the resonant cavity formed by the Earth and ionosphere.

This is why the Schumann Resonance is considered a global phenomenon—it depends on continuous electrical activity occurring all over the world. The energy from thunderstorms and lightning strikes drives the resonance, maintaining the standing waves that vibrate in this cavity. It is this constant electrical activity that sustains the resonance and gives rise to the steady, predictable frequencies we can measure.

The Ionosphere

The ionosphere, which forms the upper boundary of the resonant cavity, is a highly dynamic part of the Earth’s atmosphere. It’s composed of charged particles, or ions, that are created by the interaction of solar radiation (primarily ultraviolet and X-rays from the Sun) with the Earth’s atmosphere. The ionosphere plays a crucial role in reflecting the electromagnetic waves generated by lightning back toward the Earth's surface, allowing the Schumann Resonance to occur.

However, the ionosphere isn't static—it fluctuates with solar activity, time of day, and atmospheric conditions. During periods of high solar activity, such as solar flares or geomagnetic storms, the ionosphere can become more ionized, which alters its properties and can affect the Schumann Resonance frequencies. Changes in solar radiation or geomagnetic conditions can temporarily increase or decrease the frequencies at which the Schumann waves resonate, creating small variations in the resonance.

Measuring Schumann Resonance

Schumann Resonance is often measured using ground-based electromagnetic detectors that can pick up these low-frequency signals. Scientists use these measurements to study not only the global electrical activity but also the state of the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. The resonance can act as a natural indicator of atmospheric conditions and is sometimes referred to as an atmospheric barometer. For example, changes in the resonance can signal shifts in global lightning activity or disturbances in the ionosphere caused by solar events.

Through careful monitoring of Schumann Resonance, scientists can gain insights into global weather patterns, thunderstorms, and even how space weather—such as solar winds and geomagnetic storms—affects the Earth's atmosphere.

Global Relevance

Although the Schumann Resonance is a natural electromagnetic phenomenon, it has broader implications for how we understand the Earth’s electromagnetic environment. It is a reflection of the interaction between the planet's atmospheric system and external forces like solar radiation and cosmic influences. Because of this, studying the Schumann Resonance offers insights into not just weather and atmospheric science, but also how Earth’s environment reacts to changes in space weather.

Moreover, the study of Schumann Resonance helps scientists better understand how electromagnetic waves travel around the Earth, providing valuable data for radio communication systems and atmospheric research. This understanding is essential for improving communication systems that rely on bouncing radio waves off the ionosphere, such as long-distance communication systems.

[margospiano]

Margo moment - today’s 8h course on all the possible materials for space use