#tzetze

[sarafangirlart]

Out of all of Perseus’s 9 children only two weren’t directly stated to also be children of Andromeda, but no other mother is mentioned either. It could just be bc very few sources talk about them.

Autochthe’s existence is only mentioned by one author, Tzetzes (a Byzantine and therefore VERY late source) in a couple of his writings. She is mentioned as the daughter of Perseus, no mother mentioned. She’s also the wife of Aegeus (Theseus’s father) and had several unnamed daughters by him. Considering that none of the writings referencing her center Autochthe but rather the genealogy of the figures around her, it isn’t unlikely she was Andromeda’s daughter and that we just don’t have any surviving source directly stating her as such. But she could just be a “medieval OC” like Merros who I don’t really consider legitimate bc he’s likely just misspelled Mestor, I want Andromeda to have more than one daughter ok? Let me keep her.

Cynurus’s existence is mentioned exactly once, ONCE, in Pausanias Description of Greece (a more legit source than Tzetzes), where he led colonists from Argos to Cynuria. That’s it. It’s likely he’s also Andromeda’s son and it’s just that no source explicitly stated so survives.

Idk why I felt the need to talk about this, it’s just that I (as well as y’all) were always impressed by Perseus being one of the few ancient heroes to never cheat, but I wanted to be extra sure so I looked it up instead of just passing it around without thinking.

[aristoteliancomplacency]

Look I can accept “according to Homer (Il. 1.23)…” but I draw the fuckin’ line at “according to Orpheus (Chiliades 1.8)…”

[apollosgiftofprophecy]

Statistics of Apollo's Lovers

I was wondering just how unfortunate of a love-life our boy Apollo had, so - as one does - I did the research, math, and writing of said love-life.

such is the life of an adhd teen :)

In total, there are 59 people on this list. I have them separated into eight groups; Immortal, Immortal & Rejected, Lived, Died, Rejected & Died, Rejected & Cursed, Rejected & Lived, and who were Rejected by Apollo

Disclaimer: I am not a historian nor an expert in Greek Mythology, I am just a very invested nerd in Mythology, and in Apollo's mythology in general, and got curious about what his rap sheet actually looks like.

Sidenote: There will be some "lovers" not on this list. Reasons being;

No actual literary sources behind them

Said literary sources are dubious at best

Not enough information is given about the nature of their relationship to make an accurate take

So if somebody isn't on this list, it's because of one of those three reasons. Although there is still a chance I missed somebody! :)

Also, no RRverse lovers include in this list. Sorry my fellow ToA fans.

(Edited 08/15/24 - ALL SECTIONS SOURCED)

Let's begin! :D

Immortal Lovers

Calliope: muse of epic poetry. Mother of Hymenaios and Ialemus (Pindar's 3rd Threnos) by Apollo.

Clio: muse of history

Erato: muse of love poetry

Euterpe: muse of music

Polyhymnia: muse of hymns/sacred poetry

Melpomene: muse of tragedy

Thalia: muse of comedy. Mother of the Corybantes (The Bibliotheca by Pseudo-Apollodorus) by Apollo.

Terpsichore: muse of dance

Urania: muse of astronomy

Boreas: the North Wind. The Boreads called Apollo "beloved of our sire" in Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica.

10 lovers total here.

9 Female, 1 Male

Immortal & Rejected

Hestia: goddess of the Hearth (Hymn to Aphrodite)

1 Interest. Female.

Lovers Who Lived:

Branchus: mortal shepherd, gifted prophecy (Conon's Narrations 33 & Callimachus's Iambus)

Rhoeo: mortal princess, eventually married an apprentice of Apollo (Diodorus Siculus's Bibliotheca historica 5.62 and Tzetzes on Lycophron 570)

Ourea: demigod daughter of Poseidon, dated Apollo during his punishment with Laomedon; had a son named Ileus, after the city of Troy (Hesiod's Catalogues of Women Fragment 83)

Evadne: nymph daughter of Poseidon, Apollo sent Eileithyia & (in some texts) the Fates to aid in their son's birth (Pindar's Olympian Ode 6)

Thero: great-granddaughter of Heracles, described as "beautiful as moonbeams" (Pausanias's Description of Greece 9)

Cyrene: mortal princess-turned-nymph queen, kick-ass lion wrangler, and mother of two of Apollo's sons - Aristaeus (a god) and Idmon (powerful seer) (Pindar's Pythian Ode 9.6 ff. and Nonnus's Dionysiaca and Callimachus's Hymn to Apollo 85)

Admetus: mortal king, took great care of Apollo during his second punishment, Apollo wingmanned him for Alcestis's hand - basically Apollo doted on him <3 (Callimachus's Hymn II to Apollo and Apollodorus's Bibliotheca 1.9.15 and Hyginus's Fabulae 50–51, and also written about by Ovid and Servius)

Hecuba: queen of Troy, together they had Troilus.

It was foretold that if Troilus lived to adulthood, Troy wouldn't fall - unfortunately, Achilles murdered Troilus in Apollo's temple. When the Achaeans burned Troy down, Apollo rescued Hecuba and brought her to safety in Lycia. (Stesichorus's Fr.108)

Hyrie/Thyrie: mortal. mothered a son by Apollo. Their son, Cycnus, attempted to kill himself after some shenanigans and his mother attempted the same. Apollo turned them into swans to save their lives. (Antoninus Liberalis's Metamorphoses 12 and Ovid's Metamorphoses 7.350)

Dryope: mortal. had a son named Amphissus with Apollo, who was a snake at the time. Later turned into a lotus flower, but it had nothing to do with Apollo so she's still on this list. (noncon; written by Ovid in Metamorphoses 8 CE/AD and later by Antoninus Liberalis in his own Metamorphoses sometime between 100-300 CE/AD)

Creusa: mortal queen. had a son named Ion with Apollo (Euripides's Ion). Please check out @my-name-is-apollo's post for more details because they make some good points about what's considered "rape" in Ancient Greece. I expand on this further at the end of the post.

Melia: Oceanid nymph. Had a son w/h Apollo named Tenerus. (Pausanias's Descriptions of Greece 9.10.5–6)

Melia was said to be kidnapped, and her brother found her with Apollo. He set fire to Apollo's temple in an effort to get her back, but was killed. Melia and Apollo had two kids - but here's the interesting part. Melia was highly worshiped in Thebes, where her brother found her. She was an incredibly important figure in Thebes, especially when connected with Apollo. She and Apollo were essentially the parents of Thebes.

As I read over their story, it sounded like (to me, at least. it's okay if you think otherwise!) that Melia just absconded/eloped with Apollo.

Was kidnapping an equivalent to assault back then? Perhaps. But it's still debated on whenever or not that's true. However, one thing I've noticed reading up on these myths is that when Apollo does do something unsavory, the text says so.

It never says anything about Apollo doing anything to Melia. Her father and brother believe she was kidnapped, but, like mentioned previously, it seems far much more likely that she just ran off with her boyfriend or something.

But that's just my interpretation.

Moving on! :)

Iapis: a favorite lover. Apollo wanted to teach him prophecy, the lyre, ect. but Iapis just wanted to heal :) so Apollo taught him healing :) (Smith 1873, s.v. Iapis)

Aethusa: daughter of Poseidon & the Pleiad Alcyone. Mother of Linus and Eleuther. She is the great-great grandmother of Orpheus. (Apollodorus's Bibliotheca 3.10.1 and Pausanias's Descriptions of Greece 9.20.2 and Suida, s.v. Homer's Of the Origin of Homer and Hesiod and their Contest, Fragment 1.314)

Acacallis: daughter of King Minos. there's a lot of variation on whether or not she had kids with Hermes or Apollo. Some say she had a kid with each. (Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Kydōnia (Κυδωνία and Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, 4.1492)

Chrysothemis: nymph queen who won the oldest contest of the Pythian Games - the singing of a hymn to Apollo. She had three daughters, and one of them is said to be Apollo's. (Pausanias's Descriptions of Greece 10.7.2 and Hyginus's De Astronomica 2.25)

Corycia: naiad. had a son with Apollo. the Corycian Cave north of Delphi is named after her (Hyginus's Fabulae 161)

Leuconoe (also Choine or Philonis): daughter of Eosphorus, god of the planet Venus, and mother of the bard Philammon. (Hyginus's Fabulae 161)

Melaena (also Thyia or Kelaino): mother of Delphos, member of prophetic Thriae of Delphi. Priestess of Dionysus. (Herodotus's Histories 7.178.1)

Othreis: mothered Phager by Apollo, and later Meliteus by Zeus. (Antoninus Liberalis's Metamorphoses 13)

Stilbe: mother of Lapithus and Aineus by Apollo. (Diodorus Siculus's Library of History 4.69.1 and Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, 1.40 and Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, 1.948)

Syllis (possible same as Hyllis, granddaughter of Heracles): mothered Zeuxippus by Apollo. (Pausanias's Descriptions of Greece 2.6.7)

Amphissa: Apollo seduced her in the form of a shepherd. They had a son named Agreus. (Ovid's Metamorphoses 6.103 and Hyginus's Fabulae 161)

(hey, has anybody else noticed that 'Apollo disguising himself' seems to only be a thing in Roman literature?)

Areia (or Deione): had a son named Miletus. Hid him in some smilax. Her father found him and named him. (Apollodorus's Bibliotheca 3.1.2)

Arsinoe: she and Apollo had a daughter named Eriopis. (Hesiod's Ehoiai 63 and Scholia ad Pindar's Pythian Ode 3.14)

Queen of Orkhomenos (no name is given): Mother of Trophonius (Pausanias's Descriptions of Greece 9.37.5)

(my fellow ToA fans will recognize that name haha).

Hypermnestra: Either Apollo or her husband fathered her son Amphiaraus. (Hyginus's Fabulae 70)

(sidenote: @literallyjusttoa suggested that Apollo was dating both Hypermnestra and Oikles, and I, personally, like that headcannon)

Manto: Daughter of Tiresias. Apollo made her a priestess of Delphi. They had a son named Mopsus. When Apollo sent her to found an oracle elsewhere, he told her to marry the first man she saw outside of Delphi. That man turned out to be Rhacius, who brought her to Claros, where she founded the oracle of Apollo Clarios. (Apollodorus's Bibliotheca E6. 3)

Later, another man named Lampus attempted to assault her, but was killed by Apollo. She is also said to be a priestess who warned Niobe not to insult Leto, and to ask for forgiveness. Niobe did not. (Statius's Thebaid 7 and Ovid's Metamorphoses 6)

(Dante's Inferno places her in the eighth circle of hell, and let me just say- what the FUCK Dante! What did Manto ever do to you, huh??!! Don't do my girl dirty!!)

Parthenope: granddaughter of a river god. Mothered Lycomedes by Apollo (Pausanius's Descriptions of Greece 4.1)

Phthia: prophetess. called "beloved of Apollo". Mother three kings by him; Dorus, Laodocus, & Polypoetes (Apollodorus's Bibliotheca 1.7.6)

Procleia: Mother of Tenes, son of Apollo, who was killed by Achilles before the Trojan War. Daughter of King Laomedon, king of Troy. (Apollodorus's Epitome 3. 26)

Helenus: prince of Troy. Received from Apollo an ivory bow which he used to wound Achilles in the hand. (Photius's 'Bibliotheca excerpts')

Hippolytus of Sicyon: called "beloved of Apollo" in Plutarch's Life of Numa. I don't think this guy is the same as the Hippolytus, son of Zeuxippus (son of Apollo), king of Sicyon Pausanias talks about in his Description of Greece. That would be a little weird taking the whole family tree into account - though it's never stopped other gods before. *shrug*

Psamathe: nereid, said to be the personification of the sand of the sea-shore. (Conon's Narrationes 19)

She and Apollo were lovers, but never had any kids. When another man assaulted her, she had a son and abandoned him.

(He was found by some shepherds dw - wait, he was then torn apart by dogs. Nevermind,)

Back to her, her father ordered for her to be executed and Apollo avenged her death by sending a plague onto Argos and refused to stop it until Psamathe and Phocus/Linus (her son) were properly given honors.

(I really like how even though Linus isn't Apollo's kid, and that Psamathe wanted nothing to do with the kid, Apollo still considered him worth avenging too <3 )

Okay, in a previous incarnation of this post, I said there was a version where she is raped by Apollo...however, I can't find any sources to back it up😅 Even her wiki page doesn't mention rape, and Theoi's excerpt of Paunasias's Descriptions of Greece about her doesn't either.

So where did I hear about this supposed version? (Don't shoot)

Youtube. A youtube video about Apollo. Yeah...

Lesson, kids! Don't trust youtube videos on mythology! Yes, even if they dedicated lots of time to it! They can still get things wrong! In fact, don't even take my word for it! Do your own research <3

Alright. 34 lovers here.

5 Male. 29 Female.

33 are 100% consensual. Creusa is questionable, depending on who's translating/which tradition you go with.

Lovers Who Died:

Hyacinthus*: mortal prince. we all know this one, right? Right? one and only true love turned into flower (okay that's my bias speaking but AM I WRONG?) (Plutarch's Life of Numa, 4.5; Philostratus the younger's Imagines; Pseudo-Apollodorus's Bibliotheca 1.3.3; Ovid's Metamorphoses 10.162–219; Bion's Poems 11; and various pieces of art)

Cyparissus: mortal. his DEER DIED and he asked Apollo to let him MOURN FOREVER so he was turned into a cypress tree (Ovid's Metamorphoses X 106ff)

Coronis: mortal princess. cheated on Apollo w/h Ischys, who in Fabulae was killed by Zeus. mother of Asclepius. killed by Artemis. (Pindar's Pythian Odes 3.5; Pausanias's Descriptions of Greece 2.26.6; Hyginus's Fabulae 202; Ovid's Metamorphoses 2.536 and 2.596; Hyginus's De Astronomica 2.40; Isyllus's Hymn to Asclepius 128.37 ff.)

There is another version of Asclepius's birth given by Pausanias in Descriptions of Greece 2.26.1-7, where Coronis exposes him on a mountain and Apollo takes him in.

Adonis: yes, THAT Adonis. he's in this category because. well. he died. rip (Ptolemy Hephaestion's New History Book 5)

Phorbas: Okay so Apollo's lover Phorbas and another Phorbas sometimes get mashed together so this is what I was able to gather.

Plutarch's Life of Numa 4.5 and Hyginus's De Astronomia 2.14.5 cites Phorbas as Apollo's lover. The other Phorbas is said to be a rival to Apollo in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo. Personally, I separate the two because it makes more sense with Phorbas the lover's overall story.

Here it is: The island of Rhodes fell victim to a plague of dragons or serpents, and the oracle said to summon Phorbas for help. He defeated the infestation, and after he died, Apollo asked Zeus to place him in the stars, and so Phorbas became the constellation Serpentarius, also known more widely as Ophiuchus (a man holding a serpent).

FORGET ORION AND HIS ONE-OFF MENTION OF BEING DIANA'S LOVER HERE IS A CONSTELLATION TRAGIC LOVE STORY!!!!!

(*Hyacinthus was resurrected, as celebrated in the Hyacinthia festival in Sparta. Nonnus's Dionysiaca 19.102 and Pausanias's Descriptions of Greece 3.19.4 supports this belief as well.)

5 lovers.

4 Male. 1 Female. All consensual.

Sidenote: QUIT BURYING THE GAYS GREECE!!!!

Love-Interests Who Rejected & Died:

Daphne: do i nEED to say anything? Nymph. turned into tree to escape.

Daphne and Apollo actually go back a bit. Their story was used to explain why the laurel was so sacred to Apollo. It's in Delphi, Branchus planted laurel trees around the temple he built to Apollo, the laurel was even sacred to Apollo's historical forebearer Apulu, an Etruscan god! (I have sources to back this up :3 along with an Essay.)

Apollo & Daphne first originate from Phylarchus, but we do not have any of his work :( It's been lost to history...a moment of silence RIP. He was a contemporary in the 3rd century BC/BCE (first day of 300 BC/BCE and last day of 201 BC/BCE).

He was, however, cited as a source in Parthenius's Erotica Pathemata, written sometime in the 1 century AD/CE (sometime between 66 BC/BCE and the author's death in 14 AD/CE).

Then they show up again in Pausanias's Descriptions of Greece, written between 150 AD/CE and 170 AD/CE.

Hyginus wrote his Fabulae sometime before Ovid's because it's widely criticized to be his earliest work and Ovid wrote his Metamorphoses in 8 AD/CE.

The first two versions are roughly the same, and Ovid's shares similarities with the first in only the ending. Hyginus is basically like Ovid's but without Eros.

So in publication order, it's; Erotica Pathemata, Fabulae, Metamorphoses, then Descrip. of Greece.

In Erotica Pathemata, Daphne is the daughter of Amyclas and is being courted by Leucippus. She is not interested in any sort of romance. Leucippus disguises himself as a girl to get close to her, but his ruse is revealed when Apollo nudges Daphne and her attendants into taking a bath in the river. Leucippus is consequently killed.

Apollo then becomes interested and Daphne runs away, imploring Zeus that "she might be translated away from mortal sight", and is transformed into the laurel tree.

In Fabulae, Daphne's story is a bit more familiar. She's the daughter of Peneus, the river god, and Gaea is the one who transforms her into a laurel tree.

In Metamorphoses, Eros's is added to the story and is the reason why Apollo is so enamored and Daphne is so repulsed. (I would just like to say that in this version, it was 100% nonconsensual for them! And I don't mean with rape- Apollo never touches Daphne in any of these version. What I mean here is that Eros maliciously makes Apollo chase down a woman and makes sure Daphne would be repulsed by him. That is noncon behavior there on both sides.)

In Descriptions of Greece 10.7.8, Daphne is the daughter of Ladon and her and Apollo are only connected by why of why the laurel crown is the victory prize of the Pythian Games. However, in Descriptions of Greece 8.20.2-8.20.4, Daphne and Leucippus make an appearance here too, but Apollo is not the reason why they stop to take a swim and his ruse is revealed, resulting in his death.

Castalia: Nymph. turned into spring to escape.

First things first, Castalia was used to explain the existence of the Castalian Spring in Delphi. However, in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, the spring is already there when Apollo was born. So there's that to consider first.

Anyway, to escape Apollo's advances, Castalia transforms herself into a spring. (Lactantius Placidus's On Statius's Thebaid 1.698. This was written between Lactantius's lifespan of c. 350 – c. 400 AD/CE, placing it firmly in Roman times.)

2 Interests.

2 Female.

Love-Interests Who Rejected & Cursed

Cassandra: mortal princess. Received the gift of prophecy from Apollo. Due to a broken oath, she was then cursed. (Aeschylus's Agamemnon)

It is only in Roman-era tellings where Cassandra is cursed for not sleeping with Apollo, and there was no oath made (Hyginus & Pseudo-Apollodorus). In Agamemnon, it was done so because of the broken oath- not the refusing to sleep with Apollo thing.

The version where she gains prophetic abilities by way of a snake licking her ears is not part of Greco-Roman literature, but rather by an American poet.

Nevertheless, even after the curse Cassandra still loved Apollo, and called him "god most dear to me" in Eurpides's play The Trojan Women.

1 Interests.

1 Female.

Lover-Interests Who Rejected & Lived

Sinope: mortal. there are two different version of her myth.

In Diodorus Siculus's Library of History 4.72.2 and Corinna's Frag. 654, Apollo "seizes" her and they have a son named Syrus.

In Apollonius's Argonautica  2.946-951 and Valerius Flaccus's Argonautica 5.109, it is Zeus who abducts her, but she gets him to promise her anything and requests to remain a virgin. He obliges. Later, Apollo and the river Halys both try to charm her, but fall for the same trick.

Library of History was written between 60-30 BC/BCE, Apollonius's Argonautica between 300 BC/BCE and 201 BC/BCE, and Valerius Flaccus's Argonautica between 70-96 AD/CE, making Apollonius's version the oldest and Valerius Flaccus's the youngest.

Marpessa: mortal princess, granddaughter of Ares. Idas, son of Poseidon, kidnapped her and Apollo caught up to them. Zeus had Marpessa chose between them, and she chose Idas, reasoning that she would eventually grow old and Apollo would tire of her. (Homer's The Iliad, 9.557 and Apollodorus's Bibliotheca 1.7.8–9)

Bolina: mortal. Apollo approached her and she flung herself off a cliff. He turned her into a nymph to save her life. (Pausanias's Description of Greece 7.23.4)

Ocroe/Okyrrhoe: nymph and daughter of a river god. asked a boatman to take her home after Apollo approached her. Apollo ended up turning the boat to stone and the seafarer into a fish. (Athenaeus's The Deipnosophists 7.283 E [citing The Founding of Naucratis by Apollonius Rhodius]. The Deipnosophists was written in the early 3rd century AD, between 201 AD and 300 AD)

Sibyl of Cumae: mortal seer. promised to date Apollo if she was given longevity as long as the amount of sand in her hand. he did, but she refused him. (Ovid's Metamorphoses 14)

5 Interests. All female.

Okyrrhoe's story is the only one with any iffy stuff, although, when something iffy does occur, the text usually says so outright.

Rejected by Apollo:

Clytie*: Oceanid nymph. turned into a heliotrope to gaze at the sun forever after the rejection.

1 Advance. Female.

(*Clytie's story was originally about her affection for Helios. [Ovid's Metamorphoses 4.192–270; Ovid used Greek sources about the etymology of the names involved, meaning Clytie and Helios go back to Greek times] As Apollo got superimposed over Helios's myths, people have assumed it is he who is the sun god in her myth and not Helios.)

In Conclusion...

59 people total, and 33 of them have Roman-Era roots with (as far as I known!! Don't take my word as gospel truth!!) no relation to Greece except by way of shared mythology.

Here's the list:

Rhoeo

Thero

Hyrie/Thyrie

Dryope

Melia

Aethusa

Acacallis

Chrysothemis

Corycia

Choine

Thyia

Othreis

Stilbe

Syllis

Amphissa

Areia

Queen of Orkhomenos

Hypermnestra

Manto

Parthenope

Phthia

Procleia

Helenus

Hippolytus of Sicyon

Psamathe

Cyparissus

Adonis

Phorbas

Castalia

Sinope

Bolina

Ocroe/Okyrrhoe

Sibyl of Cumae

Meaning, 56%- and really, it's more like 57%, because Clytie is not Apollo's lover at all- of the lovers listed on this post are not entirely Greek in origin (AS FAR AS I KNOW-)! That does not mean ofc that you have to ignore them. I, for one, really like the story of Rhoeo, and Manto, and Psamethe- I find their myths sweet (Rhoeo & Manto) and bittersweet (Psamethe).

Let's get to the calculations now, yeah?

59 people total (Includes Clytie)

48 Women (81%). 11 Men (19%).

19% were Immortal (Including Lovers & Rejected)

68% Lived (Including Lovers & Cursed & Rejected)

14% Died (Including Lovers & Rejected)

1% were Cursed

2% were Rejected by him

58 people total (Not Including Clytie)

47 Women (81%). 11 Men (19%).

19% were Immortal

69% Lived (Lovers & & Cursed & Rejected)

12% Died (Lovers & Rejected)

in that 12%, one was apotheosized - Hyacinthus.

Meaning 10% died permanently, while 2% were resurrected.

2% were Cursed

0% were Rejected by him

Additionally, I left off three male lovers and two female lovers - Atymnius, Leucates, Cinyras, Hecate, & Acantha.

Atymnius has no references to being Apollo's lover, only to Zeus's son Sarpedon.

Leucates is another male "lover" left off the rack - apparently he jumped off a cliff to avoid Apollo, but I couldn't find any mythological text to account for it- and no, OSP's wiki page is not a reliable source. There is a cliff named similarly to him where Aphrodite went (by Apollo's advice) to rid herself of her longing for Adonis after his death. Also Zeus uses it to rid himself of his love for Hera before he...well, commits adultery again.

Cinyras was a priest of Aphrodite on the island of Cyprus. He was also the island's king. Pindar calls him "beloved of Apollo" in his Pythian Ode. However, looking further into Cinyras's life throws a bit of a wrench into it. He's also cited to be a challenger to Apollo's skill, and either Apollo or Mars (Ares) kills him for his hubris.

(honestly, I kinda like the idea that Mars went into Big Brother Mode)

I did consider leaving him on the list, since technically you could argue it was a romance-gone-bad, but among every other source Cinyras is mentioned in, Pindar's the only one who puts a romantic label on him and Apollo.

Hecate, the goddess of magic and crossroads, is said to be the mother of Scylla (like, the sea-monster) by Apollo, but Scylla's parentage is one of those "no specific parents" ones, so I left her off the list.

Acantha has absolutely no classical references. There's a plant like her name, but she's made-up, so she doesn't count.

(Of course, I could be wrong about any of these. Again, I'm not an expert.)

With all this in mind, this means Apollo's love life actually isn't as tragic as media portrays it, and he isn't as bad as Zeus or Poseidon in the nonconsensual area.

Does he still have those kinds of myths? Yes, with Dryope and Creusa; though, we can discount Creusa because;

1) Depends on who's translating it; and

2) Ion is given different parentage in the Bibliotheca, which yes, came much after Ion, however Xuthus was traditionally considered to be Ion's father rather than Apollo. This means there was probably a different oral tradition on Ion's parentage that just wasn't written down as early as Euripides's was- in fact, it may even just be an invention of Euripides's.

(and honestly Apollo's characterization in Ion just doesn't quite match up with the rest of his appearances in the wider myths (in my opinion, at least))

So that leaves us with just Dryope, who comes from Ovid, a Roman poet, and Antoninus Liberalis, a late Greek one.

Now I'm not saying we should throw her out because of Ovid's whole "wrote the gods even more terribly to criticize Augustus" thing, but it is something to keep in mind. Political mechanics have been used to change myths before, and this is certainly one example of it.

Additionally, I have seen many people discard Dionysus's rapes in the Dionysiaca because of how late it was written, so this one can be given similar treatment if one choses too because of just how late Ovid and Antoninus Liberalis's work was.

You can, in fact, pick and chose if you wish, especially if it'll increase your enjoyment of literature. That's certainly what I do :)

So overall, I'd say Apollo has a rather clean relationship past. He's doing pretty damn good.

Also, I think we should all take note that even if Apollo had noncon myths, that doesn't reflect on the actual god. The Ancient Greeks did not see the myths as "canon" to their gods- in fact, some were not happy with the myths showing the gods in such a light.

That's something else to keep in mind. The gods of the myths are not the gods of Greece, and are more like parables or fables for the Ancient Greeks I'd say. Lessons on morality and such, and of course, warnings against hubris and the like.

This was quite the journey, and I really hope you all enjoyed reading and learning with me! This really makes me wonder- if Apollo's love life is this good, I wonder how misinformed we are on everyone else's? I have no plans on doing Zeus or Poseidon or anyone else (not for a LONG time lol, this took a lot of effort and research!), but if anyone has any idea, or gets inspired to do something like this for any other god, please tag me!! I'd love to see it! :D

And since this was on a previous reblog, here be a meme from a while ago:

[ID: Me Explaining Me. On the left is a girl with her hands up, fingers pinched together, like she's intensely explaining something. The text over her says "Me giving a detailed diatribe about Apollo's love life and how modern media has done him and his lovers dirty". On the right is the girl's mother, wrapped up to her chin in a blanket, with a look on her face that screams "I hear this all the time". The Mother is labeled "My family". /End ID]

suffers in I'm the only mythology nerd in the family

[theoihalioistuff]

"He refers to the sea monster as Triton's dog. [...] When the gods wanted to bind Zeus, he (knowing this from Thetis) honored the other gods, but sent Poseidon and Apollo to serve Laomedon. Laomedon honored Apollo with sacrifices, supposedly as a reward for his service, but he did not honor Poseidon, who had served him and fortified Ilium.

When Poseidon did not receive his due after the appointed time of service, he, being angry with Laomedon, sent a most terrible sea monster which flooded the land by spitting out the sea. Compelled by an oracle, Laomedon dressed his daughter Hesione in royal attire and exposed her to the monster. Herakles, passing by and having been promised immortal horses from Laomedon (which were given to him as a ransom by Zeus for having abducted his brother Ganymede), built a high wall and stood armed by the mouth of the monster. When the monster opened its mouth, he jumped into it all at once. After cutting it up from the inside for three days, he came out, having lost all his hair." ~ Tzetzes ad Lycophron. 34

Interesting to find a version of Apollo and Poseidon's servitude that accounts for Apollo's support of Troy and Poseidon's (usual) opposition. Also the detail of the sea monster being Triton's dog is adorable (and sad) and Herakles coming out hairless is hilarious.

[star-of-zeus]

Zeus Aethiops

For the people that come to my blog for the information, the actual post is in non-italics below (pls scroll down quick otherwise I'll look like a dork haha) For the people who have been following my blog for a longer period of time (and those fond of the dramatic) I set this scene:

You open your eyes to a sturdy oak table in the midst of a dimly room that smells of moisture, frankincense, and oakmoss. A deep blue satin cloth, about three feet long, lies upon the table, held down on either side by lit candelabras. The surface is bare otherwise. Pulled out a few feet behind the table is matching sturdy oak armchair with eagle head detailing on each of the armrests, and a royal purple satin cushion. Star-of-Zeus enters, wearing square glasses and holding a old and dusty-looking leather-bound tome that's thicker than their hands can hold stretched to their max, so Star chooses to hold it to their chest wrapped in their arms. Walking to the table, you watch them lean forward to set the heavy tome on the table with a solid, resounding thump before wiping the dust off their shirt and blowing the rest of the dust off of the tome before opening it up. [You, standing on the other side of the table, are subsequently covered in this dust and have to stand there looking like a bizarre snowman while listening] Finally, Star looks up through their glasses after settling in their chair and grins.

"My, my. It seems that it's been three years and two months since my last Zeus Epithets post. Finally ready for the next one?"

Zeus Aethiops is one of my absolute favorite epithets that I commonly venerate, and though this epithet comes rooted in a notion of race that looks nothing like our modern concept, I will take a stand (likely in another post so I can make a full breakdown/rant) against other opinions that I've seen that advise against blending the two (ancient and modern) notions of race when venerating such an epithet, but it will be written entirely from my perspective and experience, so be aware. But I digress - let's get back to learning about this epithet. Some translations I've seen include "of the Burnt Face" or "Ethiopian". Our beloved resource, theoi.com, defines this epithet of Zeus as:

AE′THIOPS (Aithiops), the Glowing or the Black. A surname of Zeus, under which he was worshipped in the island of Chios. (Lycophron, Cass. 537, with the note of Tzetzes.)

If we go to the theoi.com translation of Lycophron's Alexandra, 537, we find the line:

But we have one, yea one beyond our hope, for gracious champion, even the god Drymnius Promatheus Aethiops Gyrapsius, who, when they who are destined to suffer things dread and undesirable shall receive in their halls their fatal guest, the swooping robber, the wandering Orthanes...

The god referred to only by epithets in this line "Drymnius Promatheus Aethiops Gyrapsius" is indeed Zeus - the epithets Aethiops + Gyrapsius are cult-names from Chios, while Drymnius is from Pamphylia and Gyrapsius from Thurii.

So, now that we've established this epithet is from Chios, and attributed to Zeus, let's take a closer look at what the term Aethiops might signify. Merriam-Webster defines Aethiops as an alternate spelling of Ethiops, and defines Ethiops and simply meaning "Ethiopian" but the old Greek etymology of the word is a compound, according to Wikitionary --

From Proto-Hellenic*aitʰiyokʷs, explained since antiquity as αἴθω (aíthō, “I burn”) +‎ ὤψ (ṓps, “face”), though this is likely a folk etymology.

Thus, it wouldn't be outrageous at all to assume that this was a word used to refer to peoples with higher amounts of melanin, or generally those from the ancient region of Aethiopia, which was a geological term used to designate the "upper nile region of Sudan, south of the Sahara, and certain areas of Asia."

But yes, overall the opinion of scholars and historians is that the term 'Aethiops' could reasonably be associated with features that are associated with the Black or African people of today. As an American, I could go on long-winded talks about my experience worshipping a Justice god that is depicted as what I see as Black (not even to mind that I started following this path in 2020, during another round of BLM protests) but that's a topic for a more personal post instead of a research-based one. In the meantime, please look at one of my favorite pictures of Zeus from a Laconian cup, and if you look at me in my beautiful hazel eyes and tell me those aren't locs coming from Zeus's head I'm having Sisyphus crush you under his boulder.

Was Homer's Zeus Black?

Chios is a Greek island off the Western coast of Turkey, and I watched one video that also talks about Zeus Aethiops but makes the claim that Homer is from the island of Chios (which the author provides evidence for from the Homeric hymn to Apollo) and therefore the Zeus that Homer writes about in the Iliad and the Odyssey could be Black. In my personal opinion, they're playing very fast and loose with the Homeric Question, something scholars have been arguing over for centuries, but at the same time I very firmly believe in the mystery of history and the fact that it is incredibly important for people to see themselves in the deities or things they venerate, and at the very least it's great food for thought. The Homeric Question is outside the scope of this post, but I just wanted to share some other resources in case someone wants a longer more video-essay style post about Zeus Aethiops and that perspective on Homer.

But yes. That's all I have to say on Zeus Aethiops for now, but rest assured I will be shouting from the rooftops about him again soon. I'm so happy I finally did a post on one of my (probably top 5?) Zeus epithets, even though there isn't a lot to be found about this surname of his since I suppose it could have been considered minor in the ancient world.

As always, feel free to send in requests for other epithets!

[whencyclopedia]

Laocoön: The Suffering of a Trojan Priest & Its Afterlife

The sculpture group of Laocoön and His Sons, on display in the Vatican since its rediscovery in 1506, depicts the suffering of the Trojan prince and priest Laocoön (brother of Anchises) and his young sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus and is one of the most famous and fascinating statues of antiquity. In his Natural History, Pliny the Elder states that the Laocoön, created by the eminent Rhodian sculptors Hagesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus, “is a work of art to be preferred to any other painting or statuary” (36.37). Among art historians, the sculptural group has received near-universal acclaim ever since its rediscovery under questionable circumstances in 1506.

Is the statue famously shown since its discovery in the newly designed Belvedere Garden at the Vatican Palace actually the ancient sculpture mentioned by Pliny, or rather a clever Renaissance forgery? If the latter, who may have contrived this masterful deception? If the former, is it an original, or a marble copy of a Hellenistic bronze made for a Roman patron?

Beware of Greeks Bearing Gifts

In the most famous version of the story, as told by Virgil (70-19 BCE) in his Aeneid, Laocoön had warned his fellow citizens against the Greeks “even if they bear gifts,” and had tried to expose the true nature of the wooden horse by striking it with a spear (the wooden horse in question, of course, being the notorious “Trojan Horse”, left by the Greek forces on the coast so as to provide access into the city to the troops hidden inside the construction). When later two serpents emerged from the sea to kill the priest and his sons, the Trojans interpreted their horrific deaths as an act of divine retribution and promptly decided to move the wooden horse into the city, believing the contraption to be an offering to Minerva (Athena).

According to Arctinus of Miletus, the earliest tradition of the tragedy (surviving only through later citations), Apollo had sent the two serpents to kill Laocoön and only one of his sons; while the later author Quintus of Smyrna maintains that the serpents killed both sons but spared the father.

Servius, another late authority (c. 400 CE), tells us how Laocoön managed to incur the wrath of Apollo by sleeping with his wife before the cult statue in the god's temple. An even later source, the Byzantine scholar Tzetzes, adds that the scene of Laocoön's death took place in the very temple of the Thymbraean Apollo – appropriately setting the punishment at the scene of the crime.

The 5th-century BCE Greek playwright Sophocles produced a tragedy on the subject, of which only a few fragments survive in later citations. Apart from the sources mentioned above, Hellenistic poets Apollodorus and Euphorion, the historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the Roman novelist Petronius, the Latin fables attributed to Hyginus, and a few other fragments, all provide various details of the tragic story.

Despite this appearance in ancient literature from the post-Homeric to Byzantine traditions, artistic representations of Laocoön's suffering are few and far between. Depictions appear in some Greek vase paintings (5th to 4th centuries BCE) and in two frescoes at Pompeii (c. 25-75 CE). The marble statue group of Laocoön and His Sons, therefore remains the most exceptional portrayal of only a handful of ancient works illustrating the suffering of Laocoön.

Continue reading...

[lyculuscaelus]

How easy it was to blame all these misadventures the Achaeans suffered upon their homecoming on a man in revenge for his son.

Yes, we know what Palamedes did, and we know that he deserved it. We know that the disaster near Cape Caphereus did happen, and Nauplius was the one behind this. But we have not learned of anything else about the other part of Nauplius’s revenge from any sources earlier than pseudo-Apollodorus’s Epitome (and we know that the entire chapter 6 of Epitome is very likely tampered by Tzetzes already). Since, to be fair, Homer wasn’t the only one who neglected all this resettlement of Achaean heroes.

There was no mention of the name “Nauplius” in Proclus’s summary of the epic Nostoi, and the only chance for him to show up is in “the description of the storm around the Capherian rocks”. We know that Nauplius would make an appearance in the Nostoi through, again, pseudo-Apollodorus. But nothing more. The corruption of Argive wives did not happen in the Epic Cycle, and both the Nostoi and the Odyssey did not elaborate on any exile of any Achaean leader especially Diomedes.

And Aegialeia was still a steadfast wife of Diomedes in Homer’s epics. And Clytemnestra could still find her justice in her lament for Iphigeneia in Aeschylus’s and Euripides’s plays. Any role Nauplius could play in this would be redundant—prudent Aegialeia simply wouldn’t comply, and Clytemnestra wouldn’t need him to convince her.

So, why the attribution then? A likely explanation would be the attempt to connect the hero with those foundation myths in places outside the Mainland Greece like Magna Graecia. And what better way to get the hero there than exile? And what better way to exile a hero than the betrayal of their wife if they had one? (Well there are better ways but you know what I mean) The thing is, why did it have to be Nauplius? I mean, the tragedy at Cape Caphereus was infamous indeed. I could totally see people blaming Nauplius the Wrecker for more things than simply lighting a false beacon and throwing rocks. So now we have our avenger Nauplius traveling around Greece contriving the corruption of Argive wives and causing shipwreck for the returned fleet and in some versions even bringing false news to Anticleia which led to her suicide (again, not the version in the Odyssey)…Nauplius just seemed to be such a convenient device to connect these events.

But does that have to be the only case for their nostoi? I mean, Homer certainly did not include anything about this exile in his epics, and we could totally have our Nauplius simply causing shipwreck, without messing up with other heroes’ families. Is it tragic? Certainly. But in the meantime, it is cathartic. Heroes like Diomedes, Idomeneus, Philoctetes still get to stay in their homeland, even if it’s just in a few versions—one of them being Homer’s version.

[littlesparklight]

These Trojan war characters have something in common:

Achilles, Patroklos, Agamemnon, Paris, Deiphobos, Sarpedon, Helenos, and Priam.

Sources which give them male lovers.

Achilles and Patroklos of course, though not in explicitly in the Iliad - later, however, they were certainly explicitly considered to be so. Achilles also was attracted to Troilos in some versions, accounted for in Lykophron's Alexandra (earlier texts fragmentary or lost), and references in surviving art (hares or cocks in conjunction with Achilles and Troilos). I'm not counting Troilos himself because he is always represented as rejecting Achilles, so whether he might otherwise have had mutual affection with a male lover, it's certainly not Achilles. (Tzetzes' commentary on Lykophron: "§ 307  "Alas, alas, I groan, alas, alas, I groan" and your fresh and well-nurtured age, my brother Troilus, "O cub" and most royal offspring, delightful entanglement of the brothers who, having wounded Achilles with the erotic arrow of your beauty, that is, having attracted him so as to fall in love with you, you not having fallen in love with him[...]") (I'll touch on Patroklos separate from Achilles below.)

Agamemnon; Argynnus! Either unrequited and thus (attempted) sexual assault, or apparently perfectly mutual, depending on our two sources. Probably a rather late addition, given our (surviving!) sources, but we can't know exactly, of course. Plutarch's Moralia:

And then in Athenaios' Deipnosophists:

Paris and Deiphobos will be accounted and counted for together, because they have the same love interest, whose name is Antheus (a son of Antenor). We only have it accounted for in Lycophron's Alexandra, and only for Paris, explicitly, there. Deiphobos is accounted for in Tzetzes' commentary:

Some form of the story would be Hellenistic, and probably earlier, but, again, of course we can't know.

Sarpedon "only" counts if we're going with Sarpedon as a long-lived son of Zeus and Europa, and not the Iliad's genealogy where he's the son of Zeus and Laodameia. Sarpedon's two potential male lovers ( it'd be either or of them, given how the story goes) are Atymnius or Miletos and would be part of the reason why he (and the boy) flees Crete and ends up in Lycia. Apollodoros' Bibliotheke: 3.1.2 "But when they were grown up, they quarrelled with each other; for they loved a boy called Miletus, son of Apollo by Aria, daughter of Cleochus. As the boy was more friendly to Sarpedon, Minos went to war and had the better of it, and the others fled." and, further in the same section, "But some say that they loved Atymnius, the son of Zeus and Cassiepea, and that it was about him that they quarrelled."

Helenos and Priam's come from the same (rather suspect; doesn't mean it can't be used, but we have no idea what might be genuine or not) source, Ptolemaeus Chennus/Hephaestion's New/Strange History, surviving only in Photius' summarizing Biblioteca.

This is where Helenos as Apollo's lover comes from! (And is, to my surprise, the only source for it.) And it's also where Priam is apparently beloved by Zeus (and is given the golden vine that otherwise is one of the potential gifts Zeus gave Ganymede's father).

"Priam was beloved by Zeus and received from him the golden vine plant of which he made a gift to Eurypyles, son of Telephos, as the price of his alliance." and "Helenus, son of Priam, was beloved of Apollo and received from him the silver bow with which he wounded Achilles in the hand."

This is also the source that accounts for Patroklos as the lover of Poseidon: "Homer calls Patroclus the first horseman because he learned from Poseidon, who loved him, the art of riding horses."

[periodiccompletionist]

0/118

If anybody has, like me, wondered: "Would it be possible to make a sentence with NO periodic symbols in it?" last night I found out the answer is: "Yes, but it's really, really, really, really, REALLY difficult."

The only letters you can use are A D E G J L M Q R T X and Z. There are still combinations of these that are periodic symbols that you have to avoid, though: Ag, Al, Am, Ar, At, Er, Ga, Gd, Ge, La, Lr, Md, Mg, Mt, Ra, Re, Rg, Ta, Te, Tl, Tm, Xe, and Zr.

So, depending on the source/dictionary you're going off of, you have a list of only about 50-80 words to pull from, not including people's names. Even then, you still have to be careful about how you order your words; while "let" and "me" don't contain any by themselves, "let me" contains Tm. That list of ~80 words that I was pulling from did not contain a single instance of the letters R or Q because of how restricted everything is. (Also, ironically enough, Lead is one of the valid words to pull from, despite being the name of an element itself.)

Without at least "and" or "the", constructing a coherent sentence is next to impossible with so few words, but if we allow ourselves to use an ampersand (&) in place of the word "and," it becomes a bit more plausible; after all, the character '&' doesn't appear anywhere on the periodic table. The end result is going to be an over-alliterative mess with a bunch of weird, obscure words that barely anybody knows the definition of and an over-reliance on the &, but it does make it possible.

In fact, last night I wrote a little 5-sentence short story containing zero periodic symbols. It is, however, an incredibly dark scene, with family death via mercy kill, disease, alcoholism, and drowning, so I will be leaving it under the cut. There are most likely many different stories that could feasibly be constructed with this rule set that aren't so morbid and traumatizing, but at this point I've spent too much time writing and rewriting this scene to not share it.

Ajax, dazed, deemed Lee a dead, addled egg. Me & Dell melt, jaded & mazed. Lee’d let glee & mead meddle & led Lee mad. Mead & maze & leg & tzetze & edema & eel & lead… made Lee dead. Dad jelled a jade adze & elm axle- made a deeded ax- & met dead, ex-Lee melee.

[A family- consisting of the narrator, their father, and two of their three brothers Ajax and Dell- has recovered the near-dead body of the narrator's third brother, Lee, who had wandered off drunk, getting lost in the woods and dying in a polluted river stream. Lee's body is bloated, his leg broken, and his flesh having been picked at by flies and eels. Ajax had found his body and brought him back, though rightfully said that there was no hope for saving him. Dell and the narrator are mortified. Their father solemnly crafts together an axe, with a dark green blade and wooden handle, and uses it to put Lee out of his misery.]

[my-name-is-apollo]

We all know the story of Marsyas is a precautionary tale about hubris but did you also know that it's a metaphorical tale about a guy who killed himself?

The art of flute-playing is a discovery of the intellect. But cheek-swelling shames the appearance. Hence flute-playing is unsuited for sensible men. Nevertheless, the philosopher Marsyas I mentioned was proud of discovering it, and then going crazy he drowned and carried up by the river he hung up on a pine. He was seen under the sun as if a suicide. Since Helios [Apollo] is very musical as well, they asserted that they contended and, defeated, he was hanged.

- Ioannes Tzetzes, Histories (trans. Ana Untila)

Yeah me neither. I mean, this is given only in one account, but I'm surprised I got an explanation that's not "hubris bad".

[deathlessathanasia]

And because I'm all for the strange, unusual, alternative, less common or local variants of myths, here are most of the accounts I know of that deviate more or less strongly from the traditional version of Hesiod where all the children of Kronos except Zeus are devoured at birth and then emerge from Kronos ready to assist their brother in the war:

Diodoros of Sicily, Library of History: The island which is called Rhodes was first inhabited by the people who were known as Telchines . . . and the myth relates that they, together with Kapheira, the daughter of Okeanos, nurtured Poseidon, whom Rhea had committed as a babe to their care.

Pausanias, Description of Greece: The following story is told by the Arkadians. When Rhea had given birth to Poseidon, she laid him in a flock for him to live there with the lambs, and the spring too received its name just because the lambs pastured around it. Rhea, it is said, declared to Kronos that she had given birth to a horse, and gave him a foal to swallow instead of the child, just as later she gave him in place of Zeus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes.

Tzetzes, Commentary on Lycophron's Alexandra 644: Arne was the nurse of the young Poseidon, who denied knowing where he was when Cronus came searching for him.

Pausanias, Description of Greece: Euboia is the name they give to the hill here, saying that Asterion the river had three daughters, Euboia, Prosymna, and Akraia, and that they were nurses of Hera.

Pausanias, Description of Greece: The story has it that in the old Stymphalos dwelt Temenos, the son of Pelasgos, and that Hera was reared by this Temenos. (also consider the traditions according to which she was raised on Samos or on Euboia, the Seasons being called her nurses in one source, or Tethys and Okeanos raising her))

Scholion on Iliad 1.609: To Kronos and Rhea were born three male children: Zeus, Poseidon and Hades, and three daughters: Hestia, Demeter and Hera. They say that in the reign of Kronos Zeus and Hera were in love for three hundred years, as Kallimachos mentions in his second Aetia, "Zeus loved [Hera] for three hundred years". In secret, they came together without their parents' knowledge and they brought forth a son, Hephaistos, both of his feet deformed, as the poet says, calling him lame. The fact that they met secretly from their parents is also attested by the Poet, saying: 'they went to bed without their dear parents’ knowledge.'.

Scholion on Iliad 14.295: Hera, while she was being nurtured by her parents, was raped by one of the Gigantes, Eurymedon, and she became pregnant and bore Prometheus.

Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae: When Opis gave birth to Jupiter by Saturn, Juno asked that he be given to her. Saturn had already cast Orcus beneath Tartarus and Neptune beneath the seas because he knew that if a son was born to him, he would be dethroned by him.

Lactantius, Divine Institutes: Here are Ennius' words: "Then Saturn took Ops to wife. Titan, the elder brother, demanded that kingship for himself. Vesta their mother, with their sisters Ceres and Ops, persuaded Saturn not to give way to his brother in the matter. Titan was less good-looking than Saturn; for that reason, and also because he could see his mother and sisters working to have it so, he conceded the kingship to Saturn and came to terms with him: if Saturn had a male child born to him, it would not be reared. This was done to secure reversion of the kingship to Titan's children. They then killed the first son that was born to Saturn. Next came twin children, Jupiter and Juno. Juno was given to Saturn to see while Jupiter was secretly removed and given to Vesta to be brought up without Saturn's knowledge. In the same way without Saturn knowing, Ops bore Neptune and hid him away. In her third labour Ops bore another set of twins, Pluto and Glauce. Saturn was shown his daughter Glauce but his son Pluto was hidden and removed. Glauce then died young. That is the pedigree, as written, of Jupiter and his brothers; that is how it  has been passed down to us in holy scripture.

pseudo-Clement, Recognitions: But of these six males, the one who is called Saturn received in marriage Rhea, and having been warned by a certain oracle that he who should be born of her should be more powerful than himself, and should drive him from his kingdom, he determined to devour all the sons that should be born to him. First, then, there is born to him a son called Aides, who amongst us is called Orcus; and him, for the reason we have just stated, he took and devoured. After him he begot a second son, called Neptune; and him he devoured in like manner. Last of all, he begot him whom they call Jupiter; but him his mother Rhea pitying, by stratagem withdrew from his father when he was about to devour him.

Sibylline Oracles Book 3: And they judged Cronos should reign king of all, For he was oldest and of noblest form. But Titan laid on Cronos mighty oaths To rear no male posterity, that he Himself might reign when age and fate should come To Cronos. And whenever Rhea bore Beside her sat the Titans, and all males In pieces tore, but let the females live To be reared by the mother. But When now At the third birth the august Rhea bore, She brought forth Hera first; and when they saw A female offspring, the fierce Titan men Betook them to their homes. And thereupon Rhea a male child bore, and having bound Three men of Crete by oath she quickly sent Him into Phrygia to be reared apart In secret; therefore did they name him Zeus, For he was sent away. And thus she sent Poseidon also secretly away. And Pluto, third, did Rhea yet again, Noblest of women, at Dodona bear, Whence flows Europus' river's liquid course, And with Peneus mixed pours in the sea Its water, and men call it Stygian.

Etymologicum Magnum: When he noticed that Rhea was pregnant, Kronos was getting ready to swallow the child, but, by accident the mother first bore Hera, while Zeus remained in the safety of the womb. Kronos then gave Rhea permission to raise this daughter, whom the Cretans named 'Hera', because they pronounced the word ('raise') as." ("Ἥρα·.

[andrea-non-sa-tornare]

ORIONE

Orione, secondo la mitologia greca, era un gigante cacciatore, nato da Poseidone ed Euriale figlia del re di Creta, Minosse. Quando fu sull’isola di Chio si innamorò perdutamente di Merope e volle corteggiarla, ma la cosa infastidì il padre di lei, re Enopio, che lo fece accecare ed allontanare dall’isola. Orione trovò rifugio nell’isola di Lemno e qui incontrò Efesto che ebbe pietà di lui e, affidandolo alla guida di Cedalione, lo fece accompagnare verso est, luogo in cui sorgeva il sole e dove incontrò Eos, l’Aurora, grazie alla quale riacquistò la vista. Secondo un’altra versione fu lo stesso Efesto che fabbricò degli occhi nuovi per il gigante. Lui ne fu talmente felice che ricominciò a cacciare senza mai fermarsi, fin quando arrivò alla dimora di Eos, della quale si innamorò e sposò.

Si narra che Orione avesse degli stupendi occhi chiari che gli permettevano di andar a caccia persino di notte, in compagnia del suo fedele cane Sirio e spesso si univa a loro la Dea Artemide che s’invaghì di lui e nonostante il suo voto di castità, non esitò a fargli esplicite offerte che lui declinò, perché non voleva tradire la moglie Eos, alla quale era grato di avergli restituito la vista.

All’inizio Artemide ammirò la fedeltà di Orione ma in seguito, quando seppe che si era invaghito delle sette Pleiadi, figlie di Atlante e Pleione, e che le molestava pure, andò su tutte le furie e allora escogitò un piano per punirlo. Gli inviò uno scorpione nella sua tenda e quando questi vi ritornò col suo fedele animale, il mostro nascosto nell’ombra, attese che i due, stanchissimi dalla pesante battuta di caccia, si addormentassero e punse per primo Sirio che, svegliatosi, tentò di difendere il proprio padrone e infine punse Orione e lo uccise.

Un’altra versione della storia dice che è invece Apollo, geloso delle attenzioni che la sorella dedica al bel cacciatore, a mandare lo scorpione che uccide Orione e che Zeus, adirato, scaglia una delle sue saette che fulmina lo scorpione, poi li pone entrambi in cielo come costellazioni. Orione risplende nell’emisfero Boreale mentre affronta la carica del toro, seguito dalla costellazione del cane maggiore, con la stella Sirio che brilla più delle altre e la costellazione dello Scorpione, invece, sorge quando quella di Orione tramonta, in maniera che i due non debbano più incrociare i propri destini.

La mitologia romana ci racconta, invece, un’altra versione sulle vicende di Orione. Secondo i racconti di Ovidio, Igino, Servio, Tzetzes e Lattanzio, Orione sarebbe nato dall’urina di tre Dei: Giove, Mercurio e Nettuno e che, per tale motivo, gli venne attribuito il nome di Tripater.

Narrano gli autori che un giorno i tre Dei si aggiravano nelle campagne della Beozia. Assetati ed affamati si fermarono nell’umile capanna del contadino Ireo, il quale offrì loro la sua gentile ospitalità, senza sapere chi fossero quei tre sconosciuti. Gli Dei decisero di mantenere l’anonimato, per vedere come si sarebbe comportato, con loro, quel contadino. Il pover uomo non esitò a donar loro tutto ciò che aveva e colpiti da tale gesto, essi decisero di rivelar le loro vere identità.

D’innanzi a simile rivelazione, Ireo sbiancò ma una volta ripresosi, uscì fuori dalla capanna e immolò a quei Dei, uno dei suoi tori più belli. Giove, ammirato da quel comportamento, disse a Ireo di chiedere qualsiasi desiderio che lui lo avrebbe esaudito, così l’uomo chiese che gli venisse concesso di aver un figlio, ma senza doversi risposare, perché aveva promesso alla moglie, morta da poco, che non si sarebbe mai più risposato. Giove gli disse di portare la pelle del toro immolato e vi orinò sopra e stessa cosa fecero anche Nettuno e Mercurio, poi suggerì di seppellirla nell’orto e attendere nove mesi prima di riprenderla. Ireo ubbidì e dopo nove mesi dissotterrò la pelle e vi trovò avvolto un bambino che allevò e che chiamò Urion, ( appunto da Urina), che in seguito cambiò in Orion.

Si narra che, in brevissimo tempo, Orione divenne un gigante di straordinaria bellezza. La stessa Dea Diana andava spesso a caccia assieme a lui, poi se ne innamorò perdutamente e sembra questa sia stata la causa di tutti i guai dell’uomo.

Infatti sulla morte di Orione ci giungono diverse versioni, quasi tutte legate alla Dea Diana. Ovidio ci racconta che sia stata la stessa Diana, folle di gelosia, ad uccidere Orione, a colpi di freccia, sull’isola di Ortigia, invece Igino ci narra che Orione perì per mano della dea Diana, dopo aver tentato di violentarla.

Secondo un’altra leggenda, Diana attendeva Orione, per una battuta di caccia, una mattina presto. Le si fece incontro il fratello Apollo che, geloso di quell’amore che distraeva la sorella dai suoi impegni, escogitò un sistema per sbarazzarsi del problema. Sfidò la sorella a colpire con arco e frecce, una figura in movimento, in lontananza, lei lo fece e felice ed esultante per aver centrato il bersaglio, attese che la sua preda raggiungesse la riva, ma quando ciò avvenne e si rese conto di aver colpito Orione alle tempie e di averlo ucciso, la sua gioia si tramutò in dolore e pianse tutte le sue lacrime. Giove, impietosito, tramutò Orione e il cane Sirio in costellazioni, in maniera che Diana, sollevando lo sguardo sulla volta celeste, potesse osservarlo per l’eternità.

[paganimagevault]

Etruscan stamnos of man (Arimaspian?) fighting griffin 360-350 BCE. Ceramic, top. cm 29.8; diam. opening cm 17; diam. foot cm 12.3. Inv. 39568. On the other side a figure of a winged woman, seated on a small column, crowned, wears a simple peplum and her belt. (Unfortunately I couldn't find an image of the other side).

"Aristeas was supposed to have authored a poem called the Arimaspea, giving an account of travels in the far North. There he encountered a tribe called the Issedones, who told him of still more fantastic and northerly peoples: the one-eyed Arimaspi who battle gold-guarding griffins, and the Hyperboreans among whom Apollo lives during the winter.

Longinus excerpts a portion of the poem (Longinus, On the Sublime, tr. W. Rhys Roberts. Chapter 10):

A marvel exceeding great is this withal to my soul— Men dwell on the water afar from the land, where deep seas roll. Wretches are they, for they reap but a harvest of travail and pain, Their eyes on the stars ever dwell, while their hearts abide in the main. Often, I ween, to the Gods are their hands upraised on high, And with hearts in misery heavenward-lifted in prayer do they cry.

Similarly, the Chiliades of Ioannes Tzetzes quotes the Arimaspea. These two accounts form our entire knowledge of the poem, which is otherwise lost."

-taken from wikipedia

[theoihalioistuff]

Favorite obscure myth?

Don't really have a favourite. But I was recently thinking about Rhea wrestling against Eurynome, and that almost entirely lost myth sounds dope as hell:

"Pherecydes, again, who is much older than Heraclitus, relates a myth of one army drawn up in hostile array against another, and names Kronos as the leader of the one, and Ophioneos of the other, and recounts their challenges and struggles, and mentions that agreements were entered into between them, to the end that whichever party should fall into the ocean should be held as vanquished, while those who had expelled and conquered them should have possession of heaven". (Origen. Contra Celsusm 6.42 = DK 7B4 = Pherecydes fr. 4 Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers)

"And he sang how first of all Ophion and Eurynome, daughter of Okeanos, held the sway of snowy Olympus, and how through strength of arm one yielded his prerogative to Kronos and the other to Rhea, and how they fell into the waves of Ocean; but the other two meanwhile ruled over the blessed Titan gods, while Zeus, still a child and with the thoughts of a child, dwelt in the Dictaean cave; and the earthborn Cyclopes had not yet armed him with the bolt, with thunder and lightning; for these things give renown to Zeus." (Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 503)

"As he [Helios] shines on the Ophionides [descendants of Ophion] . . . ((lacuna)) the older gods [Titanes?]." (Callimachus. Aetia fr. 177)

"And thou, O brother, most beloved of my heart, stay of our halls and of our whole fatherland, not in vain shalt thou redden the altar pedestal with blood of bulls, giving full many a sacrificial offering to him who is lord of Ophion’s throne [Zeus]. But he shall bring thee to the plain of his nativity [Crete], that land celebrated above others by the Greeks, where his mother [Rhea], skilled in wrestling, having cast into Tartarus the former queen [Eurynome], delivered her of him in travail of secret birth, escaping the child-devouring unholy feast of her spouse; and he fattened not his belly with food, but swallowed instead a stone, wrapped in limb-fitting swaddling-clothes: savage Centaur [Kronos; reference to his union with Philyra], tomb of his own offspring." (Lycophron Alexandra 1191) he's worse than Nonnos

"For before Kronos and Rhea, Ophion and Eurynome, daughter of Okeanos, ruled over the titans. But Kronos overcame Ophion and Rhea overcame Eurynome, casting them into Tartaros. They ruled of the gods until they themselves were cast into Tartaros by Zeus when he took power." (Tzetzes on Lycophron 1191)

The most convincing theory I've read, in my opinion, is that Ophion and Eurynome are parallels of Okeanos (Ogenos for Pherekydes) and Tethys. Okeanos and Tethys are sometimes fitted into genealogies preceeding Kronos and Rhea as parents of the titans (Plato Tim. 40e), similarly to how Ophion and Eurynome are fitted into the succession myth. They are always banished to the river Ocean (save in Lykophron), to which Eurynome is always connected, being classified as an Okeanid by both Hesiod and Homer, who also makes her dwell there (Hom. Il. 18.394-405). Her watery association is also present in her sanctuary in Arcadia, where her xoanon had the form of a mermaid (Paus. 8.41.4-6). Nonnos still pictures Ophion inhabiting the ocean (Dio. 8.150-160), and the world-encircling river being imagined as a world-encircling serpent isn't too far-fetched, considering the orphic propensity for world-encircling serpents, and Okeanos' appearance in vase art. Perhaps a myth existed where Kronos and Rhea battled Okeanos and Tethys for the throne, but who knows. In any case all of this is just conjecture (fun conjecture though).

[stephanyrocca15]

Hippocrates

Historians accept that Hippocrates was born around 460 BC. C. on the Greek island of Cos and who throughout his life became a famous doctor and professor of medicine. However, other existing biographical data about him are probably incorrect or legendary. Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd century Greek gynecologist, was the first biographer of Hippocrates and is the source of much of the data on his person. Information about him can also be found in the writings of Aristotle (4th century BC), in the Suda (10th century) and in the works of John Tzetzes (12th century).

The only surviving contemporary mention of Hippocrates comes from Plato's dialogue Protagoras, in which the philosopher describes him as "Hippocrates of Cos, he of the Asclepiads."

Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least to Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of ​​Marmara. He probably died in Larisa at the age of 83 or 90, although according to some sources he was well over 100 years old. Different stories survive about his death.

Hippocrates is considered the first doctor who rejected superstitions, legends and popular beliefs that pointed to supernatural or divine forces as the cause of diseases. Pythagoras' disciples considered him the man who united philosophy and medicine. He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that illness was not a punishment inflicted by the gods, but rather the consequence of environmental factors, diet, and lifestyle habits. In fact, there is not a single mention of an alleged mystical illness in the entire Hippocratic Corpus. Despite these advances, Hippocrates worked with many convictions based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomy and physiology, such as the belief in the four humors.

The medical schools of Classical Greece were divided into two fundamental tendencies regarding how diseases had to be treated. On the one hand, the Cnidus school focused on diagnosis, while the Cos school focused on patient care and prognosis.

[highpriestessofchildsacrifice]

S1 i honestly never thought about roman. during S2-3 i sort of liked him esp when Kenny was off the rails + he was being really gay. Plus he always came with beautiful Tabitha and beautiful Gerri the objects of my lust

S4 took a downhill plummet cuz hes the most annoying guy in the room always. Like a tzetze fly . can U buzz off for a sec. Sometimes he wouldn't even be saying anything and I'd be like man shut the fuck up 😭