#turhan hatice valide sultan
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𝑂𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ:
𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑘 1: 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝐷𝑎𝑦 7: 𝑇𝑢𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛, 𝑇𝑢𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛
#turhan hatice sultan#turhan hatice valide sultan#muhtesem yuzil kosem#magnificent century: kosem#ottoman dynasty history appreciation month:week 1
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Artwork of Hürrem Sultan and Turhan Sultan
#history#magnificent century#muhteşem yüzyıl#ottoman#sultanas#ottoman sultanas#ottoman history#ottoman valide#valide sultan#haseki hurrem sultan#hurrem#Hurrem sultan#my artwok#artwork#turhan sultan#baş haseki turhan sultan#turhan#turhan hatice sultan
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How much influence was Turhan Hatice Sultan able to retain after her regency had ended? Are there any recorded moments of her using said influence post-regency?
I'd say this:
When the Marquis de Nointel, ambassador of Louis XIV, arrived by ship in Istanbul in 1670, he did not make the customary artillery salute when passing by the imperial palace, both because he wished to assert the superiority of the French monarchy to the Ottoman sultanate and because the sultan, Mehmed IV, was absent in Edirne. The city was scandalized and the ambassadorial community furious at the French for jeopardizing its collective standing. The diplomatic crisis was resolved when Turhan Sultan appeared one day with her retinue on the shore of the palace grounds in order to inspect a ship under construction and demanded that the French perform the royal salute in her name. The French ships were immediately decked out with multicolored banners, and their artillery began to fire, vying with the palace cannon, which were also fired in the valide sultan's honor. Soon, however, the volume and duration of the French detonations began to annoy the population of the city, and the Ottoman admiral sent word that pregnant women were miscarrying because of the disturbance.
She still represented the sultan even though she was not the regent anymore.
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10 most Influential women in the Ottoman Empire (plus five non- sultans)
I must say in advance, this is purely my opinion and it doesn't include legal power,but general influence. For example if one woman had more legal power but still was limited to some actions, that another woman could get away with, I will rank her higher. Let's start with non sultans.
Part I: Non-Sultans
Number 5: Çevri kalfa
Çevri kalfa was a woman of Georgian origin and previously loyal servant to Nakşidili Sultan (also Georgian). She became mistress head treasurer( Baş hazindar usta) after accession of Mahmud II, who she saved from executioners by throwing them hot coals and sneaking the prince out. After becoming Head treasurer, she attained so much wealth that she could afford expensive clothes not even sultans wore. A girls school, built in her name, is one of the first schools for girls and the biggest primary school in Istanbul. She remained in her office until her death and was Sultan's trusted and favoured advisor.
Number 4: Meleki Kalfa
Meleki kalfa was a servant of Kösem and Ibrahim, however following the deposition of the sultan, she secretly switched sides as an agent of Turhan. Meleki played an important role in Turhan's rebellion by giving her information about Kösem's plan to dethrone Mehmed. After Kösem's death and Turhan's accession, she became an important person in Valide Sultan's court, was freed and married to Şaban Khalife. The couple built a residence in Istanbul, where Meleki not only conditioned her line of information to Turhan, but also acted as a negotiator in the palace on behalf of people. The political influence of her and her husband grew so much and they were murdered in 1656 for abuse of power.
Number 3: Gulfem Hatun
I have spoken about her in my previous posts
Number 2: Mahidevran Hatun
I have thought a lot about where to put her. People would expect her to be Number 1,mostly because they are used to her being sultan. That is what I first thought,for other reasons,but here we are. She has several significant influences that not many other women had:
1. She was popular with janissaries and people
2. Had a spy network, allowing her to hear major events happening in the capital.
3. She had strong allies. Ibrahim Paşa supported her and Mustafa later in his life, Hatice and her husband were supporting her openly or indirectly.
4. She was a considerable rival to the first and one of the most powerful women in the ottoman empire.
5. She had powerful characteristics: Was an intelligent, educated woman. Could mask her resentment towards Hürrem and act calmly around him.
6. She was a trusted advisor to her son. Actually, she supported the idea of Mustafa revolting against Suleiman,but only after she received information about his imminent execution, through her spy network.
Number 1: Çanfeda Kalfa
Çanfeda was the woman of Circassian origin, who served as second in command of Nurbanu for 18 years and the ruler of harem for another 11, so we can say she was de-facto Valide sultan.
In her almost three decades of service, she acquired wealth, so great that it attracted negative attention of Janissaries and even the grand Vizier. Although she collected such affluence through her salary(that was extraordinarily high consisting of 200 akches a day, it was the average salary of an imperial princess) and bribery, she used it for selfless purposes. She built three mosques, fountains, hamams, two schools, irrigation systems and fixed the roads, costing her several million akches, still she remained as one of the wealthiest people in the empire. In 1595, when Safiye exiled her, she needed dozens of carriages to carry her holdings, which apparently did not consist of much of the furniture, because she bought it from Venice the next year. It's also considerable that as an exiled person, she had to give up some of her wealth to imperial treasury.
Apart from her vital involvements in harem management in which she dominated Safiye, she had considerable influence over state matters as well. Çanfeda used her connections to install her not so bright brothers as paşas and after the series of mistakes,they were imprisoned, Çanfeda not only defied Grand viziers orders and had them set free,but restored them to their offices as well. Her power, wealth and influence came to the attention of Janissaries, who demanded her dead, but she got away with this as well. Another indication of her power, was her attempt to free the second son of sultan Murad. Even though she was caught red handed, the power it would take to infiltrate the prison is still considerable.
P.S. I did not list Halime and Handan,because after becoming Valide Sultans and regents they reached a whole different level, leagues above almost every single woman in ottoman history, however their power and influence was immense even when they were Hatuns.
As there is only 10 images/Gif limit. I will speak about 10 most powerful women in second posts.
#history#historical drama#16th century#magnificent century#magnificent century kosem#mc: kosem#medieval women#ottoman empire#ottomanladies#historical events#canfeda hatun#gulfem hatun#mahidevran hatun#mahidevran sultan#ottoman sultanas#ottoman history#ottoman#women in politics#sultanate of women#women in history#historical figures#historical#historyedit
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You rock. Yume no shizuku, kin no torikago.
Rewrote it to try and remember to read it in my spare time (also prepping for an exam IRL tho im screwed LOL).
Apparently, some japanese mangaka made my dream come true and a kind soul on tumblr came unbidden to provide me with happiness. 💖
I wanted to write a story with a character like that tbh. The real life embodiment of this is Hatice Turhan (she's some sort if Happy Ending!Mahidevran if you will, she played a role in dethroning Ibrahim if my memory serves me well and she later killed her mother-in-law Valide Kosem Sultan who wanted to murder Hatice's son), as she was Ibrahim's least favorite Haseki (tbh I stan her a lot because she did many amazing things as a valide).
Btw, since you also love women who dgaf on their slaveowners, there is a historical rumor that Nurbanu actually killed Selim II because she heard/knew he was going to give Murat III (her son) the Mustafa treatment. -I don't know the semantics of it so plz ppl with solid knowledge of history don't come at me-, but considering the trick she pulled by keeping his body in an icebox 12 days...I don't think it's too far fetched. The official version is that he tripped in his bathroom and died of a brain haemorrage.
i've watched three different adaptations of hurrem's story, two turkish ones and one ukrainian. one thing i've noticed is that mahidevran is ALWAYS portrayed as the jealous ex, the previous love of suleyman's life that got her relationship homewreckred by hurrem.
quite frankly i find it very weird and a prime example of modern writers not grasping the norms of the time, and prioritizing drama over an exploration of how characters would realistically behave in those circumstances.
#mahidevran#mahidevran sultan#muhteşem yüzyıl#yume no shizuku ougon no torikago#yume no shizuku kin no torikago#drops of dreams the golden birdcage#and that is what i call a teachable moment#fun times ahead#this is too good i can't even omg finally a good portrayal of Mahidevran#i too don't like the way the drama portrayed these ladies#when i grew up and understood the things at play i finally got interested in the real history and even the drama#when i was 13 14 i thought it was again one of those catty misogynistic soap operas where women fought for men so i was miffed lol#i watched like 3 episodes#nowadays i enjoy the acting and the costumes and the decor BUT the portrayals are nooot the best and the fratricide law wasn't mentioned#at first so we chalked the hatred/plotting to pesky royal love rivals instead of the much more tragic reality it actually was...#god bless you tumblr person i really appreciate it
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The myths around Kösem Sultan's execution / A Köszem szultána halála körüli legendák
One of the most frequently discussed topics about the Sultanate of Women is the brutal execution of Kösem Sultan. Usually, the casual people think that she was assassinated by her son-in-law Turhan Hatice Sultan during a long power struggle. We have plenty of accounts of the events, but there are quite a few of them that are contemporary. In this post, I would like to summarize what we know, who were the characters of the events, and what might have happened that night. In the comments section or in Tellonyme, I look forward to everyone's opinion and comment about the topic so that we can discuss it! :) If you don't know Kösem Sultan, you can read her biography HERE.
What do we know for sure?
- After Ibrahim's dethronement and execution, Kösem Sultan became a regent to her grandson Mehmed IV. - Turhan, Mehmed’s mother, and Kösem Sultan were on different sides during the political games. - Kösem Sultan was killed by her enemies on September 2, 1651. - Turhan Hatice became the new regent, Kösem Sultan's executioners were not punished, but her supporters were soon killed.
Backstory
Kösem Sultan came to power for the second time in February 1640. Along with her crazy son, Ibrahim I, she began to rule the Ottoman Empire as regent. Everyone loved her, she had a huge experience in rule, she did a lot of charity. Everything seemed perfect, but her son, Ibrahim, soon came under the influence of bad advisers. Cinci Hoca was a religious leader in occult sciences who took advantage of the Sultan’s mental problems and seriously influenced him. As a result, the Sultan executed his Grand Vizier in 1644 and exiled his mother. He originally intended to send his mother to the island of Rhodes, but eventually, his concubines persuaded him to send her only to another palace. Kösem Sultan spent the next few years there in exile, but during that time she corresponded regularly with the statesmen and tried to keep everything under control. She probably wrote her well-known letter to Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha here, saying, "In the end, he will not leave you or me alive and we will lose control of the state again, thereby destroying our society." The situation deteriorated to the point that in 1647 Kösem Sultan and the new Grand Vizier, Salih Pasha and Seyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi tried to dethrone Ibrahim but they failed. The next year, both the Janissaries and the Ulema joined the rebellion, and on August 8, 1648, the mad sultan was easily dethroned and imprisoned and his followers were removed from positions.
Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Mehmed, who was barely 6 years old, andso he needed a regent. The statesmen asked Kösem Sultan for the honorary task. The position of regent was usually held by teachers, pashas, or mothers (in the case of Mehmed II, the Grand Vizier was regent; in Ahmed I, his mother and teacher; in Murad IV, and Ibrahim's case their mother), so Kösem Sultan was the first grandmother to become regent. According to the most accepted opinions, this happened because Mehmed’s mother, Turhan Hatice, was not even 25 years old at the time, too young and inexperienced to run the empire. Anyhow Kösem Sultan started her third regency and she constantly disregarded Mehmed’s mother, Turhan. Because of Turhan’s youth, she might truly would not have been the best regent, yet she had every right to control the harem. Kösem Sultan, however, did not allow this to the young woman either. So Turhan, in vain was the mother of the reigning sultan, all her duties were ruled by Kösem Sultan. Kösem Sultan gained more and more enemies both in the divan and the harem, so both places split into two sides: Kösem Sultan and her supporters and Turhan Sultan and her supporters.
Two opposite sides and characters
Kösem Sultan and her supporters
Kösem Sultan ruled the empire as a regent for decades, and when she was not a regent, she followed events as valide sultan. Earlier in her life, she worked together with most of the pashas. During her first regency, she said that she, as the representative of the ruler, intended to be there at the divan meetings in person. This was not allowed by the pashas and so she was forced to accept. During her third regency, however, she was not bowing before anyone’s will. She had lost all her sons, buried at least one daughter, sacrificed her whole life for the empire, so then she refused to compromise on anything anymore. She wished to rule the empire as an absolute monarch. And in the divan she dismissed everyone who disagreed with her. More and more people began to debate her right for ruling. One of her well-known divan speeches happed around this time. Kösem Sultan accused the Grand Vizier Sofu Ahmed Pasha of wanting to kill her, then she continued: “Thank God I survived four rulers and I ruled for a long time myself. The world will neither collapse nor reform with my death.”
Kösem Sultan went too far. She didn't just change the pashas she did not like but replaced them with Janissary officers. The Janissaries have served her with allegiance since the first regency of Kösem Sultan. Back then, in 1623, she went against everyone and gave the Janissaries a huge amount of money after Murad IV's accession to the throne. Although there were rebellions and disagreements, basically the Janissaries - but at least some of their corps - were loyal to Kösem Sultan. Representation of the Janissaries has been a thing for centuries, but to make Janissaries — or simply soldiers — vizieres was too much. Pashas learnt a lot and bore a lot to reach the highest possible positions and they were aware of how to be good veziers. This was their only aim and Kösem put Janissary officers there instead of educated statesmen. Everyone in the divan felt that Kösem Sultan wanted to build a military rule so that she could lead the empire in a way she liked. Thus, by 1651, only a few corps of Janissaries were actually on the side of Kösem in political terms. Although the people still loved her for her generous charity, in political terms their support did not mean much.
In addition to the growing tension with the pashas, Kösem Sultan had a rival in the harem also. Although most sources treat it as a fact that the relationship of Kösem Sultan and Turhan was terrible, there is no evidence to that effect. The relationship between the two of them only began to deteriorate over time, but in general, it can be said that Kösem Sultan just did not care about Turhan at all. She certainly looked down on her and didn't think much about Turhan. Kösem Sultan, although she had her own harem staff, did not have the most influential eunuch. Moreover, some said most of her servants also found her unworthy after realizing the way she treated Turhan. Perhaps it is no coincidence that so many sources mention a servant named Meleki Hatun, who famously switched sides and betrayed Kösem Sultan and began to strengthen Turhan’s side.
Turhan Hatice Sultan and her supporters
Turhan Hatice had more allies and so was in a better position in the harem than Kösem Sultan. She received help from an influential eunuch, Suleiman Agha. Suleiman aga was the leader of the harem agas, an ambitious eunuch with great power and contact system, with significant political influence. The harem was actually torn in two, thanks to the supporters of Kösem Sultan and Turhan Hatice. Both sides had their own chief eunuchs, which caused immense chaos within the harem, people did not know whose instructions to follow. And although the title of Valide Sultan belonged to Turhan Hatice as the mother of the sultan, the vernacular referred to her only as “small valide,” while Kösem Sultan was called “big valide”. Suleiman Agha's support, however, was worth its weight in gold. The eunuch looked primarily at his own interests throughout his life, and he had a great understanding of how to exploit and influence people. This is precisely why the possibility arises that it was Suleiman who set Turhan up and turned her against Kösem Sultan. Perhaps it was Suleiman who - hoping for his own rise from the young valide - persuaded her to take what was her right. In addition, Suleiman Agha was very liked by the young sultan, becoming a kind of father figure for the boy. Of course, it is not my intention to underestimate the role of Turhan in the events, but at the same time, I feel that the role of Suleiman Agha is actually underrated and I would like to make that clear. I’m not saying Turhan was a naive girl led by the evil Suleiman Agha, I just think that without Suleiman’s support and incitement, Turhan probably wouldn’t have, or much later, confronted Kösem Sultan.
In addition to Suleiman, three other major eunuchs also sided with Turhan: Hoca Reyhan Agha, Lala Hajji Ibrahim Agha, and Ali Agha. Hoca Reyhan Agha was closest to Turhan as his associate and religious leader, but Lala Hajji Aga was also a long-term partner in Turhan’s life. In addition to the eunuchs, we must also mention Meleki Hatun, whose legend is well known. According to this, she was the one who betrayed the plan of Kösem Sultan to Turhan, thus saving the little Sultan Mehmed from death and dethronement. However, the reality is probably less romantic. It is unlikely that a previously insignificant, never-ever mentioned servant like Meleki would have known about Kösem Sultan's plans and so could betray her. Certainly, Meleki was given a bigger role in the legend than she actually had. Maybe Meleki has agreed to be a scapegoat, testifying against Kösem Sultan if she gets goods in return. Given what a huge fortune Meleki gained after Kösem Sultan’s death, we can’t rule out this option either. Even if Meleki brought supporters for Turhan within the harem, she could have had quite a bit of an impact on the whole event. In addition to Turhan, the key figure was Suleiman Agha, who also had a close relationship with the divan, so he could easily connect members of the divan who were dissatisfied with Kösem Sultan. The most influential supporter was none other than the Grand Vizier, Siyavuş Pasha, but practically the entire divan turned against Kösem Sultan so far. It should also be mentioned that although most formations of the Janissaries were impartial or were on Kösem Sultan's side, the Sipahies tended to the group of Turhan and her supporters.
What led to the tragic night?
Before turning to the immediate causes, we need to jump back a bit in time to better understand Kösem Sultan's behavior. As is well known, Ibrahim I was succeeded by his son, Mehmed, barely 6 years old, who needed a regent. The statesmen asked Kösem Sultan for the honorary task. However, the request was rather strange. Why is that? The regent position was usually held by teachers, pashas, or mothers, and Kösem Sultan was none. Moreover, Kösem Sultan rejected the request for the first time on the grounds that she no longer has the strength to rule further.
Why did Kösem Sultan take on the task? Did she really want to retire?
To understand Kösem Sultan's thoughts, we need to jump a little further back in time. Kösem Sultan was in exile for years during Ibrahim's reign. From her exile, she repeatedly attempted a coup against her own son. From one of her surviving letters in exile, it is clear that she was part of the coup that eventually dethroned her son. Outwardly, however, she showed a very different picture. After Ibrahim was shut down, they wanted to put his son, Mehmed, on the throne. Kösem Sultan then met with the statesmen at Topkapi Palace to discuss with them what Ibrahim's fate should be. They negotiated for hours, but Kösem Sultan all along refused to give Ibrahim's eldest son to the statemen. The statesmen had to publicly convince Kösem Sultan for hours. Kösem Sultan who had previously done everything to dethrone her son is now standing by his son. Why? Of course, we will never know exactly what happened in her mind. However, it seems probable, that Kösem Sultan wanted to keep the image of a loving mother in front of the soldiers and the people. If she would just agree to Ibrahim's dethronement and Mehmed's enthronement that would be strange from a loving mother. Therefore, she held a sham debate with the pashas not to lose the sympathy of the people, but at the same time to keep the empire safe. Kösem Sultan was an experienced politician who was able to rule for years, and her loving and caring mother image was essential to that. Thus, with Kösem Sultan's consent, Sultan Ibrahim was eventually closed up and Mehmed has proclaimed their new sultan. Perhaps the first rejection of regency in 1648 was also part of a play like this. Kösem Sultan maybe felt the people expect this of her, so she offered to retire, while maybe in the background she had already agreed with the pashas.
And why did the members of the divan let Kösem Sultan to be the regent? After all, any of the members of the divan or even Mehmed's teacher could have applied for the task. And that would give huge power to them. So why did they give this opportunity to Kösem Sultan?
Ibrahim I was executed on August 18, 1648. Some say Kösem Sultan gave her consent to the execution but it cannot be ruled out that the execution took place behind her back. As I mentioned above, the mother of the dethroned or assassinated sultans has traditionally retreated to the Old Palace, where they lived their remaining years politically inactive. In her case, however, this did not happen. This raises the possibility that Kösem Sultan was unaware of Ibrahim’s execution and the pashas tried to reconcile the shattered woman with this gesture. Maybe Kösem gave her consent, knew what will happen, but still in the end she couldn't bear the pain. Either way, after the execution Kösem Sultan has changed. She turned against the pashas with whom she had always cooperated before. Whichever version is true, we can clearly see that the Kösem Sultan who became a regent to Mehmed IV, was no longer the same woman who had previously been considered the beloved mother of the empire.
But who ordered the execution of Ibrahim? Do we know? No, we do not know. Actually any of the statesmen could do it, but either Suleiman Agha or Turhan Sultan could make the little sultan to sign the fetwa petition and then send it to the Seyhülislam to authorize. Anyhow, the fetwa was authorized with full right, as Ibrahim was very harmful to the empire.
The murder
As can be seen from the above summary, Kösem Sultan was trying to build an absolute monarchy in which no one but a few Janissary corpses supported her, so a huge team gathered against her. According to the well-known version, over time, the strife between Kösem Sultan and the statesmen escalated to the point that, with the support of Turhan Hatice, the statesmen tried to remove her from her position. Kösem Sultan in response to this planned to dethrone Sultan Mehmed and put her other grandson on the throne instead. To do this, she wanted to let the Janissaries into the palace so that they could carry out the coup at night, which is why she left the gate to the harem open for the night. However, Kösem Sultan's plan was revealed to her enemies. According to some it was a servant named Meleki Hatun, who betrayed Kösem and told her plans to Turhan. Thus, as soon as the men of Kösem Sultan opened the gate on September 2, 1651, the men of Turhan Hatice, led by Chief Eunuch Suleiman Agha, closed it and sent an execution squad to the residence of Kösem Sultan. When she heard knocking on her door Kösem Sultan thought that her own allies had come, so she shouted at them, “Have you come?”. However, instead of the voice of the Janissaries, she heard the voice of the eunuch Suleiman Agha, which made her panic and flee. It’s not exactly known if she did get out of her apartment and if yes then how because the descriptions don’t match. Some said she hid in a closet inside her apartment, others said she tried to get to the Janissaries, but she couldn’t get through the closed gate, so she finally hid in the room next to the gate.
The execution squad, which consisted of several eunuchs (Suleiman Agha, Hoca Reyhan Agha, Lala Hajji Ibrahim Agha, and Ali Agha, as well as some unknown eunuchs) continued the search. Kösem Sultan hid in a closet from which the edge of her dress protruded, revealing her hiding place. When they found her, she threw money at her executioners, trying to pay them off, but she had no chance against Turhan's loyal men. Legend has it that while the men tried to capture and strangle the valide sultan they ripped out her diamond earrings - which she had received from Sultan Ahmed - from her ears; torn apart her clothes as they tried to take away the precious ornaments from her. Kösem Sultan beyond her sixties fought very hard but in the end, the eunuchs overcame her. Some say she was strangled with her own hair, others said with a curtain. She survived the first strangulation attempt but did not survive the second.
However, there are several points in the story above that raise doubts:
- Kösem Sultan's problem was not Mehmed but was the pashas, Turhan and Suleiman Agha. Then why didn't she get rid of them? Wouldn’t it have been easier and more logical to kill these people than to dethrone one child sultan for the benefit of another child? Of course, we can justify this with the fact that Kösem Sultan was no longer sane, so let’s not even look for logic in her actions. However, it may also raise the possibility that perhaps Kösem Sultan was completely or at least partially innocent throughout the series of events. She may not have planned anything with the Janissaries, the whole plan was only invented by Turhan and her men to legitimize their own actions. However, it contradicts that the Janissaries were indeed preparing to gather on the tragic night, and it is unlikely that Turhan and her team could successfully cheat the Janissaries without Kösem Sultan realizing it. It is possible that Kösem Sultan was indeed prepared for a minor coup, but it was perhaps not directed against Mehmed. Kösem Sultan had to realize that besides the pashas, Suleiman Aga was behind the "rebellious" behavior of Turhan and Mehmed. I think Kösem Sultan planned a smaller coup in which she would have got rid of the eunuchs and servants she didn’t like and would have scared Mehmed and Turhan. This would have ensured her own power and that neither Turhan nor Mehmed would question her anymore.
- Why was Kösem Sultan killed in such a strange way? After all, the lawful, usual method of execution was by an execution squad with Seyhülislam fetwa and silk/bow string. (It is important to note, however, that female members of the dynasty have not been executed before, women have typically been punished only with exile.) Kösem Sultan in contrast was killed by inexperienced eunuchs, with a kind of fake fetwa, and by her own hair or a curtain. The question arises that perhaps the execution of Kösem Sultan was not even planned. If the execution would be planned, executioners could clearly kill her after a legal fetwa. About the fetwa... There was, of course, a fetwa, but the temporality is somewhat disturbed by the fact that the Seyhülislam was replaced by one of Turhan's trusted men just when the execution took place. Precisely because of this, and because of the unusual brutality of the execution, there is a possibility that perhaps the execution of Kösem Sultan was not originally planned, only things slipped out of control, and in the heat of the moment, the Eunuchs executed Kösem Sultan. In retrospect, to legalize the events, they produced a fetwa with the new Seyhülislam.
- But then who and why did finally decide that Kösem Sultan should die? Turhan was not present at the events, and since the murder was not planned in advance - based on the fetwa and executioners - I would remove her from the list of suspects. Of course, it cannot be ruled out that Turhan Hatice Sultan and Suleiman Agha talked about this possibility also. It is more probable, however, that they originally merely wanted to scare Kösem Sultan, to show her that she had been exposed, that time had passed over her. In my opinion, Turhan hoped that Kösem Sultan would admit her defeat and simply retire to the Old Palace. It would have been too risky to kill a venerate and beloved valide, especially knowing that none of the female members of the dynasty had ever been executed before. They probably wanted to resign her, but so far there was nothing to lose for Kösem Sultan. The only thing that still made her vivid was power, so she certainly objected to the idea of forced retreat. When Suleiman Agha realized that Kösem Sultan was not listening to them, perhaps out of fear, he decided they had to kill her. After all, if the enraged Kösem Sultan had come out of the palace, Suleiman and the other eunuchs would have found themselves headless at once. Although there is no evidence of it, my personal opinion is that Suleiman may have wanted this from the first minute, as he knew full well that Kösem Sultan would never retire. Either way, the eunuchs eventually defeated and executed the elderly valide in a way that could not be called professional at all.
- Can we completely rule out that Kösem Sultan was executed with a truly legal fetwa and by an execution squad? Unfortunately, this cannot be ruled out either. The English ambassador, for example, reported that an execution squad had killed Kösem Sultan after a fetwa requested by the young sultan. He said that the execution happened in front of Mehmed eyes. We must admit though that the English ambassador was not among the best-informed ones. It is likely that everyone at the time believed that the fetwa was pre-issued. Only later, after historians’ research, it became very possible that the fetwa was presumably made after the execution of Kösem Sultan. It is not seems reasonable that Kösem Sultan would have been executed before the eyes of her 10-year-old grandson, Mehmed. Turhan tried very hard to protect her son, unlikely to have exposed him to such a trauma. Mustafa Naima agrees with the English ambassador that the execution was planned in advance, but he said it was not the eunuchs but an execution squad that killed Kösem Sultan. However, then why was the execution brutal? Why wasn't there a silk/bow string? Why was it performed by unfit eunuchs?
The aftermath of the murder
To prevent any resistance, during the night, Turhan Hatice and her men removed all statesmen who would have endangered them. The first man to be appointed that night was Ebu Said Efendi, the new Seyhülislam. He was the one who eventually issued the fetwa for the execution of Kösem Sultan (in retrospect). Turhan then sent a message to all statesmen and soldiers to immediately go to an audience where they would take allegiance to Sultan Mehmed. Most, out of fear or out of sincere feelings, immediately approached the Sultan, and those who did not, the new Seyhülislam issued a fetwa for them. Thus it became lawful to execute the supporters of Kösem Sultan, since they did not appear before the Sultan either. And the rebellious Janissaries were thus stigmatized as traitors and were legally executed. For commoners, they became the scapegoat for the death of Kösem Sultan. After the murder, Kösem Sultan was transported to the Old Palace, where her body was prepared for the funeral. She received an imperial funeral, and the people of Istanbul voluntarily held 3-day mourning, closing all shops and stores. Kösem Sultan has always been popular among the people, but interestingly the same people did not turn against Turhan because of the death of Kösem Sultan, in fact, Turhan became as loved and revered valide sultan just as Kösem Sultan was.
What happened to the real culprits? Turhan and Mehmed escaped, of course, but it is questionable whether they had any part in the murder at all. It is true that a rebellion in 1656 seriously shook their power, but in the end, they did not lose it. The main reasons for this were the weak Grand Veziers, the resurgent Celali rebellion, and the war with the Venetians. Due to the war people of the capital did not get enough grain, the soldiers were not properly paid, but ordinary people were also increasingly dissatisfied, especially angered by the extreme wealth of those close to the Sultan. Eventually, under the leadership of the Janissaries and Spahis, the people revolted on the fourth of March 1656. During the rebellion, several of those close to the sultan were brutally executed, the whole capital was ravaged. The mob hung all 31 people on trees next to the Blue Mosque. Among them was Meleki Hatun, whom the sultan especially loved. Although the capital has been shaken by riots in the past, such a rebellion has never happened before. Not only did the soldiers revolt, but the people also stood by the soldiers as one. Everyone closed their shops, a general strike took place during the rebellion.
Suleiman Agha was no longer in power when the rebellion took place and perhaps this held his head on his neck. After the assassination of Kösem Sultan, he became the chief black eunuch, but he could only enjoy the position until July 1652. Suleiman continued to stretch beyond his blanket, trying to change political issues that had nothing to do with him. Turhan Hatice also began to realize that Suleiman was not on their side at all, but only on his own. Of particular interest is that Lala Ibrahim Agha convinced Turhan of this, who himself took part in the execution of Kösem Sultan. Lala Ibrahim Agha was Turhan’s personal eunuch and he never longed (or wisely didn’t show her) for a higher position. Turhan was thus finally dismissed Suleiman Agha in 1652 and exiled him to Egypt. The refined eunuch even invented himself in exile, growing into an influential figure who became one of the main figures in Cairo’s local politics. He died in 1676/7.
Epilogue
We will probably never know exactly what led to the execution and how it took place. Nor was my aim with the post to present a perfect solution in the manner as Hercule Poirot usually does. I merely wished to shed light on the fact that the generally known and accepted theory should be regarded with some healthy doubts. The fact that it is the most generally accepted theory, does not mean it is the most thorough. There are plenty of question marks, dubious information which makes it clear that this whole situation was more complicated than two women fighting for domination over the harem.
Kösem Sultan was the sultana who broke the highest, who could have been at the top for a long time, but from the great heights, she finally fell down and became the only murdered valide sultana ever. Kösem Sultan had several titles during her life: Naib-i Sultanat (regent of the Ottoman Empire), Umin al-Mu'minin (mother of all muslims), Büyük Valide Sultan (great Valide Sultan), Valide-i Sehide (martyred mother), Valide-i Maktule (murdered mother), Valide-i Muazzama (magnificent mother).
Used sources: M. Kocaaslan - IV. Mehmed Saltanatında Topkapı Sarayı Haremi: İktidar, Sınırlar ve Mimari; L. Peirce - The Imperial Harem; Ö. Kumrular - Kösem Sultan: iktidar, hırs, entrika; C. Finkel - Osman’s Dream: the History of the Ottoman Empire; M. P. Pedani - Relazioni inedite; N. Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları; G. Börekçi - Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I and His Immediate Predecessors; F. Davis - The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul; Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World; C. Imber - The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650; F. Suraiya, K. Fleet - The Cambridge History of Turkey 1453-1603; F. Suraiya - The Cambridge History of Turkey, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839; Ö. Düzbakar - Charitable Women And Their Pious Foundations In The Ottoman; G. Junne - The black eunuchs of the Ottoman Empire, Networks of Power in the Court of the Sultan.
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A Nők szultánátusának egyik legtöbbször tárgyalt témája Köszem szultána brutális kivégzése. Általában a laikusok elintézik annyival, hogy Köszem szultánát menye, Turhan Hatice gyilkoltatta meg hosszas hatalmi harc lezárásaként. Rengeteg beszámoló áll rendelkezésünkre az eseményekről, ám meglehetősen kevés van köztük, mely konkrétan korabeli lenne. Ebben az írásban szeretném összegezni, hogy mit tudunk, kik voltak a szereplők az eseményekben és hogy mi történhetett azon a bizonyos éjjelen. A kommentszekcióban várom mindenki véleményét, megjegyzését a témáról, hogy meg tudjuk vitatni a posztot! :) Aki nem ismerné Köszem szultánát, az ITT tudja elolvasni életrajzát.
Mit tudunk biztosan?
- Köszem I. Ibrahim trónfosztása és kivégzése után régens lett unokája IV. Mehmed mellett. - Turhan, Mehmed anyja és Köszem külöböző oldalon álltak a politikai játszmák során. - Köszemet 1651. szeptember 2-án meggyilkolták ellenségei. - Turhan Hatice lett az új régens, Köszem gyilkosai nem lettek megbüntetve, támogatóitól azonban rövidesen megszabadultak.
Előzmények
Köszem szultána 1640 februárjában másodjára került hatalomra. Zavart elméjú fia, I. Ibrahim mellett régensként kezdte irányítani az Oszmán Birodalmat. Köszemet mindenki szerette, az uralkodásban hatalmas tapasztalata volt, rengeteget jótékonykodott. Minden tökéletesnek tűnt, azonban fia, Ibrahim hamarosan rossz emberek befolyása alá került. Cinci Hoca okkult tudományokkal foglalkozó vallási vezető volt, aki kihasználta a szultán mentális problémáit és komolyan befolyásolta őt. Ennek az lett az eredménye, hogy a szultán 1644-ben a nagyvezírét kivégeztette, édesanyját pedig száműzte. Eredetileg Rodosz szigetére szándékozta küldeni anyját, de végül ágyasai meggyőzték, hogy csak egy másik palotába küldje. Köszem elkövetkezendő éveit ott töltötte száműzetésben, ám ezalatt az idő alatt is rendszeresen levelezett az államférfiakkal és igyekezett kézben tartani mindent. Valószínűleg itt írta meg jól ismert levelét is Hezarpare Ahmed Pasának, mely így szólt: “Végül sem titeket, sem engem nem hagyna életben és újra elveszítenénk az uralmat az állam felett, ezzel pedig lerombolnánk társadalmunkat.” Odáig fajult a helyzet, hogy 1647-ben Köszem szultána és az új nagyvezír, Salih Pasa és a Seyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi megpróbálták trónfosztani Ibrahimot, azonban lebuktak. A következő évben a janicsárok és az ulema is csatlakozott a lázadáshoz és 1648 augusztus 8-án könnyűszerrel trónfosztották és bebörtönözték az őrült szultánt, követőit pedig eltávolították a pozíciókból.
Ibrahimot a trónon fia, az alig 6 éves Mehmed követte, aki mellett szükség volt egy régensre. Az államférfiak Köszemet kérték fel a megtisztelő feladatra. A régensi pozíciót általában tanítók, pasák vagy édesanyák látták el (II. Mehmed esetében a nagyvezír volt régens, I. Ahmednél anyja és tanítója, IV. Muradnál és I. Ibrahimnál anyjuk), így Köszem volt az első nagymama, akiből régens lehetett. Erre a legelfogadottabb vélemények szerint azért kerülhetett sor, mert Mehmed édesanyja, Turhan Hatice még 25 éves sem volt ekkor, túl fiatal és tapasztalatlan volt a birodalom irányításához. Köszem tehát belekezdett harmadik régensségébe és folyamatosan semmibe vette Mehmed édesanyját, Turhant. Turhan fiatalsága okán talán tényleg nem lett volna jó régens, ugyanakkor a hárem irányításához minden joga megvolt. Köszem viszont ezt sem engedte meg a fiatal nőnek. Turhan tehát hiába volt a regnáló szultán anyja, minden feladatkörét Köszem uralta. Emellett Köszem a divánban is egyre több ellenségre tett szert, így a hárem és a divan is két oldalra szakadt: Köszem támogatóira és Turhan támogatóira.
Két, szemben álló oldal és a szereplők
Köszem oldala
Köszem évtizedeken át uralta régensként a birodalmat, amikor pedig nem régens volt, valideként követte figyelemmel az eseményeket. Életének korábbi szakaszában a legtöbb pasa mellette állt, ami nem volt elmondható harmadik régensségéről. Köszem első régenssége alatt is jelezte, hogy ő, mint az uralkodó reprezentálása ott kíván lenni a divan gyűléseken személyesen. Ezt akkor a pasák nem engedték meg neki, amit ő kénytelen-kelletlen el is fogadott. Harmadik régenssége során azonban szó sem lehetett arról, hogy meghajoljon bárki akarata előtt. Elveszítette összes fiát, legalább egy lányát is eltemette már, egész életét a birodalomnak áldozta, nem volt hajlandó többé bármiben is kompromisszumot kötni. Gyakorlatilag egyeduralkodóként kívánta irányítani a birodalmat. A divanban pedig aki nem értett vele egyet, azt eltiporta és menesztette. Köszem jogát az uralkodáshoz egyre többen kezdték el vitatni, egyik ilyen divan vita során hangzott el a jól ismert beszéde is. Ekkor Köszem megvádolta a nagyvezír Sofu Ahmed Pasát azzal, hogy meg akarta őt öletni, majd így folytatta: “Istennek hála négy uralkodót segítettem és én magam is hosszú ideig uralkodtam. A világ nem fog sem összeomlani sem megreformálódni a halálommal.”
Köszem azonban nem elégedett meg a pasák megalázásával, tanácsaik el nem fogadásával. Még csak nem is neki tetsző más pasákra cserélte le őket, hanem janicsárokat kezdett vezíri rangra emelni. A janicsárok Köszem első régenssége óta hűséggel szolgálták az asszonyt, amiért az mindenkivel szembe menve 1623-ban hatalmas trónralépési jussot adott a janicsároknak IV. Murad trónralépése után. Bár voltak lázadások és egyet nem értések, alapvetően a janicsárok - de legalábbis néhány hadtestük - hűségesek voltak Köszemhez. A janicsárok képviselete évszázadok óta működött, azonban az, hogy janicsárokat - vagy egyszerűen katonákat - tegyenek vezírré a kitanult államférfiak helyett, több volt a soknál. Mindenki úgy érezte a divanban, hogy Köszem egy katonai uralmat kíván kiépíteni, hogy a neki tetsző módon vezethesse a birodalmat. Így Köszem oldalán 1651-re tulajdonképpen csak a janicsárok néhány hadteste állt politikai értelemben. Bár a nép továbbra is szerette őt bőkezű jótékonykodása miatt, politikai értelemben az ő támogatásuk nem jelentett sokat.
Amellett, hogy a pasákkal egyre nőtt a feszültség, Köszem a háremben is riválisra akadt. Bár a legtöbb forrás tényként kezeli, hogy Köszem és menye, Turhan viszonya tragikus volt, nincs erre utaló bizonyíték. Kettejük viszonya csak az idő előrehaladtával kezdett megromlani, általánosan azonban inkább az mondható el, hogy Köszem egyáltalán nem foglalkozott menyével. Mindenbizonnyal lenézte és nem tartotta sokra Turhant, így komolyan sem vette a nőt. Köszemnek bár megvolt a saját hárem személyzete, a legbefolyásosabb eunuch nem volt a kezében. Mindemellett egyesek szerint szolgálói nagyrésze is méltatlannak találta, ahogy Köszem Turhannal bánt. Talán nem véletlen, hogy oly sok forrás említi a Meleki Hatun nevű szolgálót, aki híresen oldalt váltott és Köszemet elárulva Turhan oldalát kezdte erősíteni.
Turhan Hatice oldala
Turhan Hatice a háremben jobban állt, mint Köszem. Segítséget kapott egy befolyásos eunuchtól, Szulejmán agától. Szulejmán aga volt a hárem agák vezetője, aki nagy hatalommal és kapcsolatrendszerrel rendelkező, ambíciózus eunuch volt, jelentős politikai befolyással. A hárem tulajdonképpen két oldalra szakadt, Köszem és Turhan Hatice támogatóira. Mind a két oldalnak megvolt a saját főeunuchja, ami hatalmas káoszt okozott a háremen belül, az emberek nem tudták, kinek az utasításait kövessék. És bár a valide szultána titulus a szultán anyjaként Turhan Haticét illette meg, a köznyelv csak “kis valide”-ként hivatkozott rá, míg Köszem volt a “nagy valide”. Szulejmán Aga támogatása ugyanakkor aranyat ért. Az eunuch első sorban a saját érdekeit nézte egész élete során, azonban remekül értett ahhoz, hogyan használjon ki és vezessen meg embereket. Épp emiatt felmerül annak a lehetősége is, hogy Szulejmán volt az, aki Turhant felbújtotta és Köszem ellen hangolta. Talán Szulejmán volt az, aki saját felemelkedését remélve a fiatal validétől, meggyőzte arról, hogy vegye el ami a saját jussa. Emellett Szulejmán Aga az ifjú szultánnal is megkedveltette magát, egyfajta apafigurává vált a fiú számára. Természetesen nem célom alábecsülni Turhan szerepét az eseményekben, ugyanakkor úgy érzem, hogy Szulejmán Aga szerepe ténylegesen alábecsült és ezt szeretném mindneképpen érzékeltetni. Nem azt mondom, hogy Turhan egy naíva volt, akit megvezetett a csúf, rossz Szulejmán Aga, csupán azt gondolom, hogy Szulejmán támogatása és felbújtása nélkül, Turhan valószínűleg nem, vagy sokkal később szállt volna szembe Köszemmel.
Szulejmán mellett három másik jelentősebb eunuch is Turhan oldalán állt, Hoca Reyhan Aga, Lala Hajji Ibrahim Aga és Ali Aga. Hoca Reyhan Aga állt legközelebb Turhanhoz, mint társalkodója és vallási vezetője, de Lala Hajji Aga is hosszútávú partner volt Turhan életében. Az eunuchok mellett meg kell említenünk Meleki Hatunt is, akinek legendája jól ismert. Eszerint ő volt az, aki Köszem tervét elárulta Turhannak, ezzel megmentve a kis Mehmed szultánt a haláltól és trónfosztástól. A valóság azonban valószínűleg kevésbé romantikus. Valószínűtlen, hogy egy korábban sosem említett, jelentéktelen szolgáló, mint Meleki tudott volna Köszem terveiről és el tudta volna árulni. Minden bizonnyal Melekit csupán oldalváltása miatt ruházták fel nagyobb szereppel, mint ami valójában volt. Talán Meleki elvállalta, hogy lesz bűnbak, tanúskodik Köszem ellen, ha cserébe javakat kap. Legalábbis tekintettel arra, hogy Meleki milyen hatalmas vagyonra tett szert Köszem halála után, nem zárhatjuk ki ezt az opciót sem. Meleki ha a háremen belül hozott is támogatókat Turhan számára, az egész eseményre meglehetősen kevés ráhatása lehetett. A kulcs figura Turhan mellett Szulejmán aga volt, akinek komoly kapcsolata volt a divánnal is, így könnyedén tudta csapatukhoz kapcsolni a divan Köszemmel elégedetlen tagjait is. A legbefolyásosabb támogató nem volt más, mint a Nagyvezír, Siyavuş Pasa, de gyakorlatilag szinte a teljes divan Köszem ellen fordult eddigre. Azt is meg kell említeni, hogy bár a jancsiárok legtöbb alakulata pártatlan vagy Köszem párti volt, a szpáhik inkább húztak a Turhan támogatói csoport felé.
Mi vezetett a tragikus éjszakához?
Mielőtt a közvetlen okokra rátérnék, kicsit vissza kell ugranunk az időben, hogy jobban megérthessük Köszem viselkedését. Mint ismert, trónfosztása után, I. Ibrahimot a trónon fia, az alig 6 éves Mehmed követte, aki mellett szükség volt egy régensre. Az államférfiak Köszemet kérték fel a megtisztelő feladatra. Ugyanakkor a felkérés meglehetősen furcsa volt. Miért is? A régensi pozíciót általában tanítók, pasák vagy édesanyák látták el, Köszem pedig egyik sem volt. Sőt, Köszem a felkérést először elutasította arra hivatkozva, hogy már nincs ereje tovább uralkodni.
Miért vállalta el Köszem mégis a feladatot? Valóban vissza akart vonulni?
Ahhoz, hogy megértsük Köszem gondolatait, még egy kicsit visszább kell ugranunk az időben. Köszem Ibrahim uralkodása során száműzetésben volt éveken át. Száműzetéséből pedig többször kísérelt meg puccsot saját fia ellen. Egyik száműzetésben írt levele alapján egyértelmű, hogy részese volt a puccsnak, mely végül fiát trónfosztotta. Kifelé azonban egészen más képet mutatott. Miután Ibrahimot elzárták, trónra szerették volna léptetni fiát, Mehmedet. Köszem szultána ekkor találkozott a Topkapi Palotában az államférfiakkal, hogy megvitassa velük mi legyen Ibrahim sorsa. Órákon át tárgyaltak, Köszem azonban végig megtagadta, hogy kiadja Ibrahim legidősebb fiát, Mehmedet. Így pedig nem lehetett őt kikiáltani szultánnak. Az államférfiaknak órákon keresztül kellett nyilvánsoan győzködniük Köszemet. Az a Köszem, aki korábban mindent elkövetett fia trónfosztásáért, most fia mellett állt ki. Miért? Természetesen sosem fogjuk megtudni, hogy Köszem fejében pontosan mi játszódott le. Valószínűnek tűnik azonban, hogy Köszem szerette volna megtartani a katonák és nép előtt a szerető anya képét, melybe nem fért bele saját fiának trónfosztása. Ezért egy álvitát tartott a pasákkal, hogy ne veszítse el a nép szimpátiáját, de ugyanakkor a birodalomnak is jót tegyen. Köszem tapasztalt politikus volt, aki éveken át tudott vezető szerepben maradni, ehhez pedig nélkülözhetetlen volt az imázs is. Így végül Köszem beleegyezésével elzárták Ibrahim szultánt, Mehmedet pedig új szultánjukká kiáltották ki. Talán a régensség első elutasítása is egy ehhez hasonló színjáték része volt. Köszem talán úgy érezte, hogy a nép ezt várja tőle, ezért felajánlotta visszavonulását, miközben talán a háttérben már régen megegyezett a pasákkal.
És a divan tagjai miért hagyták, hogy Köszem legyen a régens? Hiszen a divan tagjai közül akárki vagy akár Mehmed tanítója is jelentkezhetett volna a feladatra. Ez pedig hatalmas befolyást tett volna a férfiak kezébe. Miért engedték hát akkor át ezt a lehetőséget Köszemnek?
I. Ibrahimot 1648. augusztus 18-án kivégezték. Egyesek szerint Köszem szultána beleegyezését adta fia kivégzésébe, ám az sem zárható ki, hogy a kivégzés a háta mögött történt meg. Mint már fentebb említettem a trónfosztott vagy meggyilkolt szultánok édesanyja a tradíció szerint a Régi Palotába vonult vissza, ahol politikamentesen élték hátralévő éveiket. Köszem esetében azonban nem ez történt. Ez felveti annak eshetőségét, hogy Köszem nem tudott Ibrahim kivégzéséről és a pasák ezzel a gesztussal igyekeztek kiengesztelni az összetört nőt. De akkor ki rendelte el Ibrahim kivégzését? Gyakorlatilag bárki megtehette az államférfiak közül, de akár Szulejmán aga vagy Turhan is aláírathatta a fetwa kérvényt a kis szultánnal, melyet aztán a Seyhülislam teljes joggal engedélyezett, hiszen Ibrahim nagyon kártékony volt a birodalomra nézve. Akárhogyan is, Köszem a kivégzés után megváltozott. Vagy azért fordult a pasák ellen - akikkel korábban mindig együttműködő volt -, mert azok átverték őt Ibrahim kivégzésével kapcsolatban; vagy egyszerűen anyai szíve nem bírta elviselni, hogy beleegyezését adta fia kivégzésébe és megbomlott az elméje. Bármelyik verzió is igaz, azt tisztán látjuk, hogy az a Köszem, aki IV. Mehmed mellett régens lett, már nem ugyanaz az ember volt, akit korábban a birodalom imádott anyjának tekintettek.
A gyilkosság
Ahogy a fenti összefoglalásból is kiderül, Köszem egyeduralmat próbált kiépíteni, melyben néhány janicsár hadtesten kívül senki nem támogatta, így hatalmas csapat gyűlt össze ellene. A jól ismert verzió szerint, idővel a viszály Köszem és az államférfiak között odáig fajtult, hogy Turhan Hatice támogatásával az államférfiak megpróbálták Köszemet eltávolítani pozíciójából. Köszem válaszul erre azt tervezte, hogy trónfosztja IV. Mehmed szultánt és helyette másik unokáját ülteti a trónra. Ehhez a janicsárokat be kívánta engedni a palotába, hogy azok az éj leple alatt elvégezzék a puccsot, emiatt nyitva hagyatta éjszakára a hárem bejáratát. Köszem terve azonban ellenségei fülébe jutott, egyesek szerint egy Meleki nevű szolgáló által. Így amint Köszem emberei 1651. szeptember 2-án, kinyitották a kaput, Turhan Hatice emberei, a főeunuch Szulejmán Aga vezetésével bezáratták azt és kivégzőosztagot küldtek Köszem szultána lakrészébe. Mikor emberei Köszem lakrészéhez érve bekopogtak az ajtón, Köszem azt hitte, hogy saját emberei jöttek, ezért kikiabált nekik, hogy “Megjöttetek?”. Erre azonban a janicsárok hangja helyett Köszem az eunuch Szulejmán Aga hangját hallotta meg, amitől bepánikolt és menekülni kezdett. Nem pontosan tudni, hogy hogy jutott ki lakrészéből vagy ki jutott e egyáltalán, mert a leírások nem egyeznek. Egyesek szerint lakrészén belül bújt el egy szekrényben, mások szerint megpróbált kijutni a janicsárokhoz, azonban a zárt kapun keresztül nem tudott, így végül a kapu melletti szobában bújt el. A kivégzőosztag, amely több eunuchból (Szulejmán Aga, Hoca Reyhan Aga, Lala Hajji Ibrahim Aga és Ali Aga, valamint néhány ismeretlen eunuch) állt folytatta a keresést. Köszem egy szekrényben rejtőzött el, melyből ruhájának széle kilógott, ezzel felfedve rejtekhelyét. Amikor megtalálták, kivégzői elé pénzt dobott, ezzel próbálva lefizetni őket, ám esélye sem volt Turhan hű embereivel szemben. A legenda szerint a férfiak próbálták lefogni a validét, miközben füléből kitépték gyémánt fülbevalóit, melyeket Ahmed szultántól kapott; ruháját is megtépkedték, ahogy próbálták leszedni róla az értékes díszeket. Köszem túl a hatvanon is erősen ellenállt kivégzőinek, ám végül felülkerekedtek rajta. Egyesek szerint saját hajával, mások szerint egy függönnyel fojtották meg. Az első fojtogatási kísérlet után még magához tért, a másodikat azonban már nem élte túl.
Van azonban több olyan pont a fenti történetben, ami kétségeket ébreszt:
- Köszem problémája nem Mehmed volt, hanem a pasák, Turhan és Szulejmán Aga. Miért nem tőlük szabadult meg? Nem lett volna egyszerűbb és jogszerűbb meggyilkoltatni ezeket az embereket, mint trónfosztani az egyik gyermek szultánt egy másik gyermek javára? Természetesen megindokolhatjuk annyival a dolgot, hogy Köszem nem volt már épelméjű, így ne is keressünk logikát cselekedeteiben. Ugyanakkor felmerülhet az is, hogy talán Köszem teljesen vagy legalább részben ártatlan volt az egész eseménysorozatban. Elképzelhető, hogy nem tervezett semmit a janicsárokkal, az egész terv csak Turhan és emberei által lett kitalálva, hogy legitimizálják saját tetteiket. Ennek azonban ellent mond, hogy a janicsárok a tragikus éjszakán valóban gyülekezni készültek, az pedig nem valószínű, hogy Turhan és csapata sikerrel vezette meg a janicsárokat úgy, hogy Köszem erről ne szerzett volna tudomást. Lehetséges, hogy Köszem valóban készült egy kisebb puccsra, de az talán nem Mehmed ellen irányult. Köszemnek látnia kellett, hogy a pasák mellett Szulejmán Aga a fő felbújtó Turhan és Mehmed "rebellis" viselkedése mögött. Úgy vélem, Köszem egy kisebb puccsot tervezett, melyben megszabadult volna a neki nem tetsző eunuchoktól, szolgálóktól és ráijesztett volna Mehmedre és Turhanra. Ezzel biztosíthatta volna saját hatalmát és azt, hogy többé se Turhan se Mehmed ne kérdőjelezze őt meg.
- Miért gyilkolták meg Köszemet ilyen furcsa módon? Hiszen a jogszerű, szokásos kivégzési mód kivégző osztag által, Seyhülislami fetwával és selyemzsinórral történt. (Fontos ugyanakkor megjegyezni, hogy a dinasztia nő tagjain nem alkalmaztak korábban kivégzést, a nőket jellemzően száműzetéssel büntették.) Köszemet ezzel szemben képzetlen eunuchokkal, hamis fetwával és a saját hajával vagy egy függönnyel gyilkolták meg. Felmerül a kérdés, hogy talán Köszem kivégzése nem is volt eltervezve. Ha a kivégzés el lett volna tervezve, könnyedén tudtak volna kivégzőket szerezni selyemzsinórral és a fetwa kikérésének körülményei is egyértelműek lennének. Volt természetesen fetwa, de az időbeliséget kissé megzavarja a tény, hogy a régi Seyhülislamot ugyanakkor váltották le Turhan egyik megbízható emberére, mikor a kivégzés zajlott. Épp emiatt, és a kivégzés szokásostól eltérő brutalitása miatt, felmerülhet annak a lehetősége is, hogy talán Köszem kivégzése nem volt eredetileg eltervezve, csupán menet közben csúszott ki az irányítás Turhan kezéből és a pillanat hevében az eunuchok kivégezték Köszemet. Utólag pedig, hogy legalizálják az eseményeket gyártattak egy fetwát az új Seyhülislámmal.
- De akkor ki és miért döntött végül úgy, hogy Köszemnek meg kell halnia? Turhan nem volt jelen az események során, és mivel a gyilkosság nem volt előre eltervezve, őt kihúznám a gyanúsítottak listájáról. Természetesen az nem zárható ki, hogy Szulejmán Agával beszéltek erről az eshetőségről is. Valószínűbb azonban, hogy eredtileg csupán rá akartak ijeszteni Köszemre, megmutatni neki, hogy leleplezték, eljárt felette az idő. Véleményem szerint Turhan azt remélte, hogy Köszem beismeri vereségét és egyszerűen visszavonul a Régi Palotába. Túl kockázatos lett volna megölni egy ennyire tisztelt és szeretett validét, úgy, hogy korábban sosem végezték ki a dinasztia egyik nőtagját sem. Nem vall épelmére szánt szándékkal előrekitervelten, ilyen módon megölni Köszemet. Valószínűleg le akarták mondatni, Köszemnek azonban eddigre már nem volt vesztenivalója. Az egyetlen dolog, ami még éltette az a hatalom volt, így minden bizonnyal ellenkezett a kényszer visszavonulás gondolatától. Mikor Szulejmán Aga felismerte, hogy Köszem nem hallgat rájuk, talán félelemből úgy döntött meg kell őt ölniük. Hiszen ha a felbőszített Köszem kijutott volna a palotából Szulejmán és a többi eunuch azon nyomban fej nélkül találta volna magát. Bár nem utal rá bizonyíték, de személyes véleményem az, hogy Szulejmán talán az első perctől kezdve ezt akarta, hiszen tudta jól, hogy Köszem sosem fog visszavonulni. Akárhogyan is az eunuchok végül professzionálisnak egyáltalán nem mondható módon legyűrték az idős validét és kivégezték.
- Teljesen kizárható, hogy legális fetwa és kivégző osztag végzett Köszemmel? Sajnos ezt sem zárhatjuk ki. Az angol követ például arról számolt be, hogy kivégző osztag ölte meg Köszemet, az ifjú szultán által kért fetwa után, Mehmed szeme láttára. Igaz, hogy az angol követ nem a legjobban informáltak közé tartozott. Valószínű, hogy mindenki úgy hitte akkoriban, hogy a fetwa előre volt kiadva, csak később, a történészek kutatásai világítottak rá arra, hogy a fetwa feltehetőleg Köszem kivégzése után készült el. Azt pedig, hogy Köszemet a 10 éves Mehmed szeme láttára végezték volna ki, nem tartom valószínűnek. Turhan nagyon erősen igyekezett óvni fiát, nem valószínű, hogy kitette volna őt egy ilyen traumának. Mustafa Naima abban egyetért az angol követtel, hogy a kivégzés előre megtervezett volt, ám szerinte nem eunuchok, hanem kivégző osztag végzett a valide szultánával. Azonban akkor miért volt brutális a kivégzés? Miért nem volt selyemzsinór? Miért alkalmatlan eunuchok vitték véghez?
A gyilkosság utóhatása
Hogy megakadályozzanak bármiféle ellenállást, Turhan Hatice és emberei az éjszaka folyamán minden olyan államférfit eltávolítottak posztjáról, aki veszélyeztette volna őket. Az első ember, akit kineveztek akkor éjjel, az Ebu Said Efendi lett, az új Seyhülislam. Ő volt az, aki végül kiadta a fetwát Köszem kivégzésére (utólagosan). Ezekután Turhan megüzente az összes államférfinak és katonának, hogy azonnal menjenek audienciára, ahol hűséget fogadnak Mehmed szultánnak. A legtöbben félelemből vagy őszinte érzések által vezérelve, azonnal a szultán elé járultak, akik pedig nem, azokra az új Seyhülislám fetwat adott ki. Így vált jogszerűvé Köszem támogatóinak kivégzése is, hiszen ők sem jelentek meg a szultán előtt. A lázadó janicsárok pedig így árulóként lettek megbélyegezve és legálisan kivégezték őket. A nép szemében végül ők lettek bűnbaknak kikiáltva Köszem haláláért. Köszemet a gyilkosság után a Régi Palotába szállították, ahol előkészítették testét a temetésre. Birodalmi temetést kapott, Isztambul népe pedig önkéntesen 3 napos gyászt tartott, bezárva minden boltot és üzletet. Köszem mindig népszerű volt az emberek között, ám érdekes módon ugyanaz a nép, nem fordult Turhan ellen Köszem halála miatt, sőt, Turhan hasonlóan szeretett és tisztelt valide szultána lett, mint amilyen Köszem volt.
Mi történt a valódi bűnösökkel? Turhan és Mehmed természetesen megúszták, ugyanakkor kérdéses, hogy a gyilkosságban egyáltalán volt e részük. Igaz egy 1656-os lázadás komolyan megrengette hatalmukat, de végül nem veszítették el azt. A lázadásnak a legnagyobb oka a gyenge nagyvezírek, az újjáéledő Celali lázadás és a velenceiekkel vívott háború voltak. A körülmények miatt nem jutott elég gabona a fővárosba, a katonák nem kaptak rendesen fizetést, de az egyszerű emberek is egyre elégedetlenebbek voltak, különösen dühítette őket a szultánhoz közelállók extrém gazdagsága. Végül a janicsárok és szpáhik vezetésével a nép fellázadt 1656 március negyedikén. A lázadás során a szultánhoz közelállók közül többeket brutálisan kivégeztek, az egész fővárost feldúlták. A csőcselék Mehmed 31 közeli emberét a Kék Mecset mellett akasztotta fel egy egy fára. Köztük volt Meleki Hatun is, akit a szultán különösen szeretett. Bár korábban is rázták meg lázadások a fővárost, ehhez fogható még sosem történt. Nem csak a katonák lázadtak fel, a nép is egy emberként állt ki a katonák mellett és állt be mögéjük. Mindenki bezárta boltjait, általános sztrájk lépett érvénybe a lázadás idejére.
Szulejmán Aga már nem volt hatalmon amikor a lázadás megtörtént és talán ez tartotta helyén a fejét. Szulejmán Köszem meggyilkolása után a fő hárem eunuch lett, ám a pozíciót csupán 1652 júliusáig élvezhette. Szulejmán tovább nyújtózkodott, mint a takarója ért, olyan politikai témákba is igyekezett beleszólni, amihez semmi köze nem volt. Turhan Hatice is kezdte felismerni, hogy Szulejmán egyáltalán nem az ő oldalukon áll, hanem csak a saját magáén. Külön érdekesség, hogy az a Lala Ibrahim Aga győzte meg erről Turhant, aki maga is részt vett Köszem kivégzésében. Lala Ibrahim Aga Turhan személyes eunuchja volt és maga sosem vágyott (vagy bölcsen nem mutatta ki) ennél magasabb pozícióra. Turhan így végül 1652-ben megfosztotta pozíciójától Szulejmán Agát és száműzte Egyiptomba. A rafinált eunuch még a száműzetésben is feltalálta magát, befolyásos személlyé nőtte ki magát, aki Kairó helyi politikájának egyik főszereplője lett. 1676/7-ben halt meg.
Epilógus
Valószínűleg sosem fogjuk pontosan megtudni, hogy mi vezetett a kivégzéshez és hogyan zajlott az le. A poszttal nem is az volt a célom, hogy egy tökéletes megoldást mutassak be Hercule Poirot módjára, csupán szerettem volna rávilágítani arra, hogy az általánosan ismert és elfogadott teória, inkább megszokásból tekintendő a legáltalánosabban elfogadottnak, nem pedig alapossága miatt. Rengeteg a kérdőjel, kétes információ és helyzet a kivégzés körülményei között, ami egyértelműsíti, hogy ez az egész helyzet bonyolultabb volt annál, minthogy két nő harcot vívott a hárem feletti uralomért.
Köszem volt az a szultána, aki a legmagasabbra tört, aki sokáig lehetett a csúcson, azonban a nagy magasságból zuhant végül alá és vált az egyetlen meggyilkolt valide szultánává. Élete során több címet is kapott: Naib-i Sultanat (az Oszmán Birodalom régense), Umin al-Mu'minin (minden muszlimok anyja), Büyük Valide Sultan (nagy valide szultána), Valide-i Sehide (a mártír anya), Valide-i Maktule (a meggyilkolt anya), Valide-i Muazzama (a csodálatos anya).
Felhasznált források: M. Kocaaslan - IV. Mehmed Saltanatında Topkapı Sarayı Haremi: İktidar, Sınırlar ve Mimari; L. Peirce - The Imperial Harem; Ö. Kumrular - Kösem Sultan: iktidar, hırs, entrika; C. Finkel - Osman’s Dream: the History of the Ottoman Empire; M. P. Pedani - Relazioni inedite; N. Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları; G. Börekçi - Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I and His Immediate Predecessors; F. Davis - The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul; Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World; C. Imber - The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650; F. Suraiya, K. Fleet - The Cambridge History of Turkey 1453-1603; F. Suraiya - The Cambridge History of Turkey, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839; Ö. Düzbakar - Charitable Women And Their Pious Foundations In The Ottoman; G. Junne - The black eunuchs of the Ottoman Empire, Networks of Power in the Court of the Sultan.
#mahpeyker kösem#Kösem sultan#kösem#kosem#Mahpeyker#valide-i muazzama#valide sultan#valide kösem sultan#Turhan Hatice Sultan#turhan hatice#turhan#Mehmed IV#süleyman aga#suleiman agha#valide-i maktule#valide-i şehide#valide-i sehide#büyük valide sultan#büyük valide#küçük valide#küçük valide sultan#naib-i sultanat#umin al-mu'minin#umin almuminin#umin al-muminin
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<3
#muhteşem yüzyıl kösem#magnificent century kosem#turhan hatice sultan#turhan sultan#sultan valide#valide sultan#valide turhan sultan
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Valide Kösem Sultan ( Mahpeyker Sultan ) *** 1589-1651 (62 yaşında öldü) Hüküm yılları. 1623-1651 (28 yıl) Padişah 1. Ahmet'in nikahlı eşi 4. Murat ve Ibrahim'in ( Deli Ibrahim olarak da anılan) anneleri (Kösem' in sağlığında her iki oğlu da tahta cıktı) Osmanlıda Hürrem Sultan ile başlayan "kadınlar saltanatı" döneminin zirvesi Kösem Sultan ile yaşanmıştır. Kösem Sultan Osmanlı tarihinin en güçlü ve en etkili valide sultanı ve naibi olmuştur. Kesin olmayan kaynaklara göre, Bosnalı veya Çerkez ortodoks bir papazın kızı olabilir, en güçlü ihtimal rum kökenli olmasıdır. Asıl adı Anastasya idi. Oğlu Sultan Ibrahim'in eşi Hatice Turhan Sultan ile yaşadığı otorite mücadelesi sonucunda, Lala Süleyman Ağa ve onun ekibince öldürülmüştür. Osmanlı tarihinde valide sultanlık makamında bulunmuş ve öldürülen tek sultandır. *** https://www.instagram.com/p/CjpLQ2PtdebtV1J38wtQ8IVAd4us66_EkQ1XEw0/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
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#history#magnificent century#muhteşem yüzyıl#ottoman#sultanas#ottoman sultanas#ottoman history#ottoman valide#valide sultan#turhan gifs#baş haseki turhan sultan#turhan sultan#turhan hatice sultan#turhan#hande dogandemir#My favorite
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Hello,
thank you for your reply regarding Hanzade Sultan, it was clear that she had at least one son, and it seems that Kösem's daughters had sons from several different husbands.
I would like to know your opinion about what I have researched about Atike Sultan, it seems to me that there is only one Atike and she is the daughter of Ahmed I,
I do not think that Ibrahim had a daughter named Atike, and perhaps the alleged princess of Ibrahim who is said to have had husbands may have been one of his daughters, either Princess Gevherhan or Beyhan.
To be honest, I don't know the order of her marriages, but it seems that Kenan Pasha was her husband until his death in 1652.
Atike sultan was alive in 1658 because of her support for Mihnea:
| Mihnea entered Ken’an Pasha’s kapı at a young age, serving as a page and obtaining education in letters and religious sciences befitting a member of the Ottoman elite. His membership in the household spanned decades and continued after Ken’an Pasha’s death in 1652. Moreover, through the grandee’s wife, Atike Sultan, the pretender managed to establish a bond with valide sultan Hatice Turhan.44 The robust patronage network allowed Mihnea to make a successful bid for the throne in 1658, which was not only supported politically but also bankrolled by Atike Sultan, who contributed 140,000 akçe for this purpose[...] That the Ottoman princess was ready to pay for her client’s bid suggests that she saw it as an investment, although one that ultimately did not pay off: the following year, Mihnea III rebelled against the Porte and was replaced on the throne with a protégé of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha. - Michał Wasiucionek (The Ottomans and Eastern Europe)
But then, Atike appears as deceased in an Istanbul court document dated 1663-1664, describing her as the wife of the deceased Kenan Pasha:
| Mahmiye-i İstanbul’da merhûm Kenan Paşa ve zevcesi merhûme Âtike Sultan evkāfına meşrûtiyyet üzre bi’l-fi‘l mütevellî olan iftihârü’l-emâcid ve’l-ekârim câmi‘ü’l-mehâmid ve’l-mekârim Bayezid Bey tarafından husûs-ı âtîye vekîl olup vekâleti bimâ hüve nehci’s-sübût şer‘an sâbite olan umdetü’l-müderrisîni’lkirâm zübdetü’l-muhakkikīni’l-fihâm Ahmed Efendi b. Ali mahfil-i kazâda Mehmed Bey b. Abdi mahzarında üzerine takrîr-i da‘vâ edip evkāf-ı mezbûre mukāta‘atından olup vilâyet-i Rumeli’de eyâlet-i Silistre’de kasaba-i Tatarpınarı mukāta‘asını bin yetmiş iki senesi Martı ibtidâsından bir sene tamânına değin evkāf-ı mezbûreye sâbıkan mütevellîler olan Abdullah Bey ve Hüseyin Bey nâm sagīrlerin kāimmakāmları Ebûbekir Efendi ve Hızır Ağa mezbûr Mehmed Bey’e iki yüz bin akçeye der-uhde edip ol dahi vech-i muharrer üzre iltizâm ve kabûl ve bir sene tamâmen zabt ve mikdâr-ı mezkûr mahsûlünü dahi kabz eyledikden sonra kıst-ı iltizâmından yüz bin akçesini vakf için ahz u kabz eylediklerinden sonra kırk beş bin akçesini dahi işbu hâzır bi’l-meclis mezkûr Hızır Ağa’ya teslîm edip mezbûr Hızır Ağa dahi ba‘de’l-kabz sagīreyn-i mezbûreynin vâlideleri ve vasiyyeleri umdetü’l-muhadderât zübdetü’l-muvakkarât tâcü’lmestûrât Eğlence Hâtun’a tamâmen teslîm edip hâlâ üzerimde bâkī kalan elli beş bin akçesini dahi vakıf için mezkûr Mehmed Bey’den bi’l-vekâle taleb ederin, suâl olunsun dedikde gıbbe’s-suâl mezbûr Mehmed Bey cevâbında fi’l-vâki‘ kaziyye minvâl-i muharrer üzre olup lâkin evkāf-ı mezbûre kâtibi olan mezbûr Ebûbekir Efendi ve Hızır Ağa kıst-ı iltizâmım olan iki yüz bin akçeyi yüz bin akçeye tenzîl edip zabt temessüküme vakıf için yüz bin akçeye tahrîr edip hat ve hâtemlerini hâvî yedime işbu meclisde kırâ’at olunan temessükü verdiklerinden sonra harc nâmına kırk beş bin akçeyi mezbûr Hızır Ağa ve elli beş bin akçesini mezbûr Ebûbekir Efendi benden ahz u kabz eylediler deyû mukır ve mu‘terif olmağın mûcebince meblağ-ı mezbûr elli beş bin akçeyi edâya mezbûr Mehmed Bey’e tenbîh olunup mâ vaka‘a bi’t-taleb ketb olundu.
- M.ÂKİF AYDIN ISTANBUL KADI SİCİLLERİ 44 İSTANBUL MAHKEMESİ 191 NUMARALI SİCİL (H. 1000-1027 / M. 1591-1617)
Dr. Cumhur Bekar points out that there are clear documents with the names of those present at the Edirne Palace:
| "[...] For instance, when Prince Mustafa, the first son of Mehmed IV, was born in Edirne Palace in 1664, Ayşe Sultan,Gevherhan Sultan and Beyhan Sultan, sisters of Mehmed IV, were called to Edirne Palacefrom Topkapı to join in the celebration for the new prince" - Cumhur Bekar (The rise of the Köprülü family)
The other sister Fatma Sultan, had died by then, which strongly suggests that there was no princess named Atike daughter of Ibrahim, in the documents.
I am looking forward to seeing your suggestions ,Because I intend to prepare a research on YouTube about Atike daughter of Ahmed I. Good day.
Hi! @rhaenahanzades and I have already talked about Atike binti Ibrahim and we agreed that she probably didn’t exist.
Burnaz Atike Sultan’s husbands seem to have been the following:
the son of Ekmekçizade Ahmed Pasha (d. 1618) (during Osman II’s reign)
Sofu Kenan Pasha (at the beginning of Murad IV’s reign, so her previous husband must have died pretty soon). Kenan Pasha died in 1652
Doğancı Yusuf Pasha (she married him in 1652)
If that judicial document is well dated, then Atike must have died between 1658 and 1662-63.
Thanks for giving me this quote by Cumhur Bekar:
Besides the number of the personnel in Topkapı and Edirne palaces, what can we say about the members of the harem in both palaces? Although we have no exact data on the subject, scattered information can be founded in the sources. For instance, when Prince Mustafa, the first son of Mehmed IV, was born in Edirne Palace in 1664, Ayşe Sultan, Gevherhan Sultan and Beyhan Sultan, sisters of Mehmed IV, were called to Edirne Palace from Topkapı to join in the celebration for the new prince. This summons shows that some members of the sultan’s family still resided in Topkapı Palace after 1663.
From how it’s worded, it seems those three princesses lived in Topkapi Palace and not with their husbands. Were they widows at the time, then? They must have been teenagers in 1664 (if we consider 1649 the last year a pregnant concubine could have given birth to a child of Ibrahim, then this child was 15 years old in 1664) so I don’t think they still lived with their mothers… Or maybe they just lived in Istanbul, the summons were sent to Topkapi and then forwarded to the princesses.
As a matter of fact, Ragusian diplomats mention those three princesses in 1662 and in 1670:
Ghiuherhan Sultana moglie di Smail Passa; Beihan Sultana moglie di Mustai Passa; […] Aise Sultana moglie di Suleiman Passa
Ghievherhan sultan moglie di Casciu’ Pascia, Beihan Sultan, moglie d’Ali Pascia, Hiscie Sultan, moglie di Scoleiman Pascia
(Off-topic, then Kütükoğlu is right when he says that the Ayşe Sultan who married Malatyali Süleymân Pasha was a daughter of Ibrahim’s? He is clearly not right when he said she was also married to Ibşir Mustafa Pasha).
At this point, I think Fatma must have died before 28 July 1662, when Ragusian diplomats stopped mentioning her. Uluçay found a document dated 8 May 1661 related to her stipend, so she was definitely alive until then.
I definitely agree that Atike Sultan binti Sultan Ibrahim did not exist.
#ask post#ask: ottoman history#darkblureer#atike sultan daughter of ahmed i#ayse sultan daughter of ibrahim i#fatma sultan daughter of ibrahim i#gevherhan sultan daughter of ibrahim i#beyhan sultan daughter of ibrahim i
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Valide Turhan Sultan in 60 Bolum.
More gifs here
#muhteşem yüzyıl kösem#muhteşem yüzyıl: kösem#magnificent century kösem#gif by me#2x30#valide sultan#turhan hatice sultan#hande doğandemir
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The four Haseki and their relationship with beloved Mothers-in-Law
We'll come closer to the end of Kösem sultan and her magnificent story :,(. Now let me present these four ambitious hasekis in different time but lived below the same sky (don’t ask me why I included Ayşe, just keep reading it! ;-) and why I don’t include Hürrem vs Valide Ayşe Hafsa because mainly I forgot their story XP). Hürrem started this "opposing your mother-in-law" continued with Nurbanu to Turhan sultan (only in MY and MYK dear, not historically), but how their stories differ? Let's see...:
Afife Nurbanu Sultan:
Her mother-in-law was Hürrem sultan, Hürrem wanted her to be a smart but obedient daughter-in-law, she became a gozde (favorite) to sehzade Selim (later Selim II). Iirc, Nurbanu's conflict with Hürrem started when Hürrem refused to protect & defend her after she had fight with Hurichihan (Hatice sultan's daughter) & caused her death. Afraid to the consequence of her deed, she threatened Hürrem to show her letter about ordering Nurbanu to kill Suleyman I's other gozde, Nazenin hatun, from this onwards their conflict began. Other factor that driven Nurbanu is her ambition to support Selim to be the successor, next sultan after Suleyman I, especially after she found that Hürrem was supporting her other son, sehzade Bayezid. Her conflict with Hürrem mainly to prevent and foiled her to support Beyazid. Even after Hurrem's death, Nurbanu was still occupied with Beyazid's remaining supporters (including Mihrimah & Rustem->though Rustem would betray later via Gracia Mendes' seduction (LOL)).
Mahpeyker Kösem Sultan:
Her actual mother-in-law was Handan sultan, but her nemesis (in the show) was Safiye sultan, Handan's mother-in-law & the grandmother of Kosem's spouse Ahmed I. Similar with Hürrem, Safiye intended to present Kösem to Ahmed and use her to influence & control his power. Their conflict started when Safiye, unable to control Kösem anymore, decided to kill her father. Feeling betrayed, Kösem decided to avenge her father's death (while being a heroine too) by leading Safiye's daughter, Fahriye sultan to her death. Safiye repaid it with Yasemin hatun (Kösem's sister)'s death and Kösem paid it back with Iskender/sehzade Yahya (Safiye's missing son)'s death. Also Kösem being heroine wanted to protect Ahmed and the state from her, especially when Safiye did the coup d'etat, causing chaos in the palace. Not long after, Ahmed died, leaving Kösem with her little children fighting Safiye (and later Halime) alone.
Ayşe Sultan:
Her mother-in-law was Kösem sultan and her spouse was sultan Murad IV. Like Hürrem and Safiye, Kösem too expected that Ayşe would be an obedient, helpful & easily controlled by her. I think during the very first episode of season 2, there would be a rivalry and conflict between Ayşe and Kösem, how Ayşe said that she wished to support Murad and keep him away from the influence of his mother in ruling the state. Ayşe also said that she refused to follow every Kosem's orders and be obedient to her. Too bad this rivalry concept got thrown out and replaced with her fake rivalry with Farya as Mahidevran 2.0. Ayse's story here would be mainly fanon:
After Kösem's ten years regency, Murad became the sultan officially (I mean, the time when Murad was able to govern the state independently), but with Kösem's influence in the government, viziers & jannisaries, they were already familiar and support her and the people greatly trust her. Murad was struggling to gain the trust and recognition from his people. Everyone (including viziers and jannisaries) still doubted this young sultan's capability to rule, they always compared him to Kösem. Murad wanted to step out from his mother's shadow, he tried to limit Kosem's power and influence, he wanted his mother as valide sultan back to her initial duty, managing the harem. As loyal spouse and his most beloved woman, Ayşe supported Murad and helped him to be able to rule independently by trying to dispel and keep him away from his mother's influence, she also managed to seek the support from the people including some viziers. Ayşe chose to be a good wife and queen/haseki who supported her spouse the sultan in government rather than being used and controlled by his mother. Thus her conflict with Kösem sultan began. Besides her conflict with Kösem, Ayşe also had her own problem, she was struggling to provide Murad a healthy sehzade who would have his chance to survive adulthood and become the heir for Murad's throne. Murad's relationship with his mother was gradually strained. Seeing her son's insubordination to her, Kösem decided to get rid of Ayşe as the mastermind of the destruction of their family relationships. Their rivalry was fierce until Murad's death came. Ayşe who had lost her greatest support (and love) Murad and lost her sehzade who could be made an heir, lost her power, influence and purpose completely. She was immediately removed by Kösem and sent away to live in the Old Palace.
Turhan Hatice Sultan:
Her mother-in-law was also Kösem sultan and she was the spouse of Ibrahim I. Turhan had learned all the tales of the powerful sultana in Ottoman and had her own ambition. She saw Kösem as her role model and at the same time she wanted to be like her. Kösem still expected her to be easily controlled and obedient to her but Turhan thought that being obedient and passive won't make her a powerful figure. She found that to fight her mother-in-law, she had to get her sultan's support. Observing her situation and circumstance, getting the support from her spouse seemed difficult since Ibrahim had numerous gozde that he loved, he even appointed his eight gozde (including her) as his haseki. Turhan could become the Baş Haseki had been a lucky one for her since she had Ibrahim's oldest sehzade Mehmed. The odds of getting support from her spouse are getting smaller as he brought new gozde again and this gozde became his legal wife (Telli Humaşah). Thus, rather than wage an open war to Kösem, she decided to gain the trust for her. By being the closest person to Kösem, she could observe everything, from how Kösem gains her supports to find a chance to overthrow her. During this time, Turhan managed to gain the trust of viziers, but Kösem still had the most influence in jannisaries. Turhan also tried her best to secure her son and protect him as the next heir after Ibrahim's death. When Ibrahim died, Mehmed the oldest sehzade succeeded him. But as long as Kösem still alive, her struggle was not over yet. Kösem who had many experience as regent thought that inexperienced Turhan wasn't competent enough to rule the state, Kösem was preventing her to be in charge of state affairs. Turhan disagreed since she felt entitled as the mother of Mehmed IV. Kösem later went to far by attempting to remove Mehmed and replaced him with sehzade Suleyman (the son of supposedly more obedient haseki Saliha Dilasub). Driven by her will to protect her son's life, Turhan decided to get rid Kösem completely and her men successfully murdered her. Eventually, Turhan became regent and rule the state together with her son. My fanon is that the previous haseki sultan Ayşe wanted have her revenge with Kösem, so she temporarily helped Turhan behind the scene.
Summary:
Many young sultana during their time as queen consort (haseki) had strained relationship with her mother-in-law, the queen dowager (valide sultan), they had similar ambitions but they had their different motivation and situation.
In Nurbanu's case, she was a favorite of Selim II during his sehzade years. There was sehzade Beyazid as threat who challenged Selim's way to be the heir. Being supportive to her spouse, Nurbanu made sure that Selim will success it. Nurbanu's main focused was how Selim would take the throne.
In Kösem's case, she initially was driven by revenge. But later when she found that Ahmed I her spouse's life was also in danger, she fought to protect him. Safiye's failed attempt to control Ahmed drove her to led a coup d'etat. Ahmed with the help of Kösem successfully weakened Safiye's power and influence. But not long after that, Ahmed died and Kösem lost her greatest support. Kösem became alone surrounded with many dangerous snakes especially Safiye and Halime, though in the end she was able to get rid of them.
In Ayse's case, Murad became a sultan who just been deemed worthy to rule by his own. Ayşe helped Murad to gain the trust and to be recognized by his people, she wanted him to get out from Kösem's shadow. Ayşe also had another burden since Murad didn't have an apparent heir yet. In the end Murad died without heir and his brother Ibrahim was the one who succeeded him. Ayşe lost her position and had to spend her life in the Old Palace according to the custom.
In Turhan's case and during her time, Ibrahim I had his eight harem girls as the haseki. Turhan happened to bore him the oldest sehzade Mehmed thus she became the Baş haseki. Turhan had to face her many harem rivals including the greatest threat who was Telli Humaşah, the girl Ibrahim brought and became his legal wife. Turhan was not really loved by Ibrahim (as she was not his most favorite). After Ibrahim's death, Turhan had her power struggle with Kösem sultan. She wanted to be regent ruling independently but her reign always overshadowed by Kösem. Their conflict became worse when Kösem wanted to get rid of Turhan's son and replaced him with her other grandson, thus leading to Kosem's death by Turhan's men hands.
TL;DR
All had their conflict with their MiLs but Nurbanu was haseki of sehzade whereas Kösem, Ayşe and Turhan were haseki of sultans. All supposedly outlived their MiL but canon MYK!Ayşe died before Kösem. Although Kösem had her conflict with her actual MiL Handan, her main nemesis was Safiye sultan, her MiL's MiL (or should I say grandmother-in-law). Nurbanu's spouse Selim I outlived his mother but Ahmed I (Kosem's spouse), Murad IV (Ayse's spouse) and Ibrahim I (Turhan's spouse) died before their mothers (and grandmother in Ahmed's case). Nurbanu, Kösem and Turhan had their surviving sons took his fathers' throne whereas Ayşe didn't. Nurbanu, Kösem and Ayşe were loved and greatly supported by their spouses whereas Turhan was not really (but canon-MYK!Ayşe instead was greatly abused and hated by him), Ibrahim might loved Turhan but she was not his most beloved one. Nurbanu, Kösem and Turhan succeeded in becoming valide sultan and became the most powerful sultana in their respective era whereas only Ayşe who couldn’t make it since she didn’t have a sehzade (the prince), the most important asset for every women as royals.
Conclusion:
Powerful and ambitious women in MY and MYK always expect their daughters-in-law to be the obedient and easily-controlled. Unbeknownst for them, they became the role models of their younger generations. Thus, instead having the obedient DiL, they got their own reflection: the DiL that exactly the same with their younger selves. These DiL won’t easily submit to them just like themselves in their younger days.
Also I wonder when Turhan’s hair color was mentioned as blonde, There is no popular culture that show Turhan with blonde hair. Mahpeyker: Kösem Sultan’s Turhan was brunette and Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem‘s Turhan is dark haired (likely black). I’m sorry with my shitty bad quality editing but I want my Turhan’s blonde XD, I’m not expert.
#valide sultan#haseki sultan#muhtesem yuzyil#muhtesem yuzyil kosem#my thoughts#mother in law vs daughter in law#ottoman empire#hurrem sultan#nurbanu sultan#safiye sultan#kosem sultan#ayse haseki sultan#turhan hatice sultan#haseki ayse sultan's story is mainly fanon#canon!MYK story gave Ayse's story & character injustice#canon!MYK is not historically canon either#respect haseki ayse post#blonde!Turhan
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Müge Boz as Hatice Turhan Sultan
Turhan Hatice Sultan (c. 1627 – 4 August 1683; Turhan meaning "Of mercy"), was Haseki Sultan of the Ottoman Sultan Ibrahim (reign 1640-1648) and Valide Sultan as mother of Mehmed IV (reign 1648-1687). Turhan Hatice was prominent for the regency of her young son and her building patronage. She and her mother-in-law, Kösem Sultan, are the only two women in Ottoman history to be regarded as official regents and had supreme control over the Ottoman Empire. Turhan Hatice herself was the only one in Ottoman history to equally share the power of running the entire empire with Ottoman Sultan legally, although in fact she transferred her political power to the grand vizier. As a result, Turhan became one of the prominent figures during the era known as Sultanate of Women.
#muhtesem yuzyil kosem#magnificent century kosem#kosem#turhan sultan#hatice turhan sultan#valide sultan#17 century#ottoman empire#fan art#period drama edit#historical series#wikipedia#info
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Leyla Feray was a perfect "Ayşe Sultan", Farah Zeynep is not that pretty plus the role of a sultana didn't suit her and of course Farya as a character sucks ! Still bitter about Tims's casting for Turhan Hatice and for how they portrayed her and she only appeared in 3 episodes Ibrahim's reign deserved its own season
I agree Anon. Harem didn’t play an important role during Murad’s reign, so to be honest I would be satisfied with having only Ayşe as a developed character. Harem during Ibrahim’s role played a HUGE role and the fact that we didn’t get all the harem dynamics of that period explored properly is my huge regret and I can bet show’s creators feel the same because they obviously planned for Season 3 devoted wholly to Ibrahim’s reign.. but such is Turkish TV market now and they still delivered a story of Kösem’s life that made sense, which is more you can tell of many TV shows nowadays, even those with huge budget and safe position like Game of Thrones that HBO would have likely prolonged as much as they could, but D&D were certain they had enough time to wrap everything up properly lol. So in those conditions,not knowing when they may get axed (and Turkish shows are filmed like two weeks in advance only), I still appreciate what they did… Now that my initial expectations about whole season of Turhan/Kösem rivalry, Ibrahim’s harem, Turhan of my dreams are more in past, I’m more able to appreciate what we got in that conditions eh.
Devoting so much time to Farya and Murya was HUGE mistake, since it didn’t save the ratings by bringing FZA’s fanbase etc., and it truly stole a lot of precious screentime later. The pacing issues are in MYK from start – back in S1 they introduced Beren earlier than planned and then rushed to end S1 with Kösem becoming regent because they weren’t sure they would get renewed. Maybe it’s crying over spilt milk now, especially since they are obviously aware that they had made a huge mistake – Farya’s screentime was clearly strongly reduced after 10 episodes and after she was removed, she was practically never mentioned again, like they pretended she had never existed lol.
Mhm I don’t think actresses’ appearance is of importance here, sultanas were normal girls, I know it is often assumed that they had to be pretty to captivate the padişah, but it was not always the case - Hürrem apparently wasn’t that conventionally pretty, but managed to charm Suleiman so much regardless. And each sultan had his own preferences. There isn’t something like “a sultana look”. I hear people talking “this actress is too pretty to play a subject, not a sultana” and I’m like ???? Royal blood doesn’t make you pretty either.
I think Leyla was absolutely fine. I liked her cutesy image in contrast to Murad’s violent nature. You can see why this girl “brought him peace” and why he ultimately destroyed her… just episode before she makes the big mistake and helps Gülbahar out, Murad threatens her to become her nightmare after Farya told him about her suspicions. She was soo scared, she was willing to do everything just not to face Mu/rat’s /spelling intentional/ wrath. And then she regretted what had done so much when she heard about people who suffered in the fire and wanted to fight Gülbahar as mother of Murad’s kids and his woman… and poor thing ultimately got exposed for wanting to fix things… #AyseDeservedBetter
I’m not satisifed with the Turhan we got, but after reading more stuff about Kösem vs Turhan conflict I’m now against the “Turhan was innocent cookie, who only jumped to her son’s defence” thing – it’s a clear example of “history being written by winners” thing. Turhan was definitely very good at propaganda – relationship between her and Ibrahim was surely tense and full of mutual dislike, and Mehmed ascending the throne and Ibrahim being dethroned surely was a good thing for her – yet in correspondence to statesmen that she wanted to bring to her side she described herself “as poor suffering widow, who just wants to punish those who killed her beloved husband”, among which she meant Kösem. There was even an occurrence when one of statesmen supporting Turhan went to Kösem to accuse her of killing Sultan Ibrahim and putting all blame on her, which reportedly shook Kösem very much. While Kösem likely did make moves to dethrone Mehmed, it’s very possible that the poisoning thing was invented by Turhan and her people to rally support. Reports put blame on “misinformation” on Suleiman Aga, who was treated as person inciting the showdown, but we know Suleiman Aga served Turhan, and it was a natural thing that servants of Imperial figures were blamed because nobody dared to accuse the actual Valide.
Turhan as Valide Sultan did not only manage harem, but was involved in state matters and the double rule often made it harder for Kösem to stabilise Empire. Turhan wasn’t deprived of being Valide Sultan; Kosem’s position was simply new & unprecedented and allowed her to be regent. While mothers began to play the role of regent recently (Kösem for Murad, Halime unofficially for Mustafa, Handan as co-regent together with Ahmed’s lala, even Mehmed III leaving the affairs in Safiye’s hands when he went on campaign to Hungary), there was no law on this and previously e.g. there was more inclination for Grand Vizier in this role.
In the end, they were both morally grey because while Kösem likely didn’t plan to poison Mehmed, of course there was always risk of him losing his life if any problems ensued following deposition, as the Ibrahim case showed.
Still, the innocent cookie defender of her son Turhan vs. evil hag Kösem narrative is not the true one.
We also must remember that:
Discretion prevented Ottoman writers from criticizing royal mothers (they did not record the hostile barbs directed by Ottoman statesmen at queen mothers and favorites which made their way into European accounts), but they did not hesitate to employ invective in he case of lesser women of the sultan’s harem. Naima, so careful to defend the young queen mother Turhan, criticized other concubines of the “mad” İbrahim with relish.
Taken from: Leslie Peirce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Otoman Empire.
I’ve found some evidence for Turhan being groomed by Kösem and Turhan’s involvement in politics even during Ibrahim’s reign (namely in connection with the Crete war), so while we don’t know much about the relationship between the two women before Mehmed’s reign, there is some evidence supporting MYK’s direction. Leslie Peirce states that Kösem groomed Turhan and Thys-Senocak mentions that Atike chose and trained her.
However, as a new slave woman in the palace, a gift of Kör Süleyman Pasha to the valide sultan Kösem, she had been trained by Atike Sultan, a sister of Murad IV, and groomed by Kösem, who presented her to her son.
Taken from: Leslie Peirce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Otoman Empire. Peirce also reiterates that Kösem groomed Turhan in her short article entitled Gender and Sexual Propriety in Ottoman Royal Women’s Patronage.
Training by Atike could be also on Kösem’s request, though we cannot say for certain Atike was Kösem’s daughter, but yet again Kösem seemed to pretty much take care of whole dynasty, not only her own children. It is interesting because the position of the mother of eldest son’s gained importance due to switch to seniority and we know for certain Turhan wasn’t Ibrahim’s favourite consort – but maybe again he was attracted to her at first and the relationship deteriorated later. Due to her being mother of eldest son, Turhan had to be aware that being Valide is in store for her, and Kösem also had to accept the fact.
The fact is that with four episodes the showrunners decided to focus more on the already established characters and Turhan got pretty much sacrificed for it – after all, it was Kösem’s story. I get what they did for abridged story purposes, but what I saw on screen did not reflect my imaginations of historical Turhan.
In the end, MYK Turhan represented an extreme version of a person brought up in Ottoman harem. She was completely cold and almost entirely devoid of human emotions, save in some scenes with her children or her sadness upon Ibrahim preferring other concubines. She was truly unscrupulous and desperate to get to the highest top aka becoming regent for her son, which meant he had to become padişah while he was still a minor. She truly wanted to have it all, even if she had a lot compared to other harem girls – she was a chief haseki with high position given to her by her mother-in-law, who truly treated her exceptionally compared to other Valides we saw – she shared her power with her, taught her political stuff and introduced her to political world, involving her in her own affairs and even taking her to secret councils with her. Kösem was undoubtedly aware that in light of Ibrahim’s illness she had to keep the mother of eldest prince satisifed&feeling safe because padişah like Ibrahim was an easy target for deposition. Not only Turhan had safe position due to seniority succession rules – Kösem clearly supported her and wanted her to be her successor, e.g. backed her up in the Zarife conflict. Yes, Ibrahim had other favourites, but he was a weak sultan and he wasn’t interested in this stuff at all – he just wanted to have fun with other girls and ignored Turhan, but he wasn’t politically involved enough to try to prevent Turhan from becoming next Valide because he simply didn’t give a damn most of the time.
Turhan’s going against Kösem was a huge & risky gamble, also for her son. It’s one thing to never trust anyone fully and be on your guard, and another to go on removing everyone, so whole rule is in your hands. While we know that relations between Ibrahim&Turhan were tense, there wasn’t any repeated pattern of abuse against her or their son – Ibrahim’s outburst and throwing Mehmed justifiably shook Turhan up, but it was clear it was one-time incident that stemmed more from Ibrahim’s illness than any sort of malice or sadism. He mostly simply ignored Turhan and didn’t want to spend time in her company. Perhaps Ibrahim being a weak padişah was also why Turhan looked at him with contempt because she couldn’t accept how this man stood higher in hierarchy than her, which wounded her pride additionally. Thus said, if her primary motive had been as she said fear of Ibrahim, I don’t think she would have gone against Kösem. Kösem was after all the person who defended her to Ibrahim, tried to calm him down with regards to Turhan and she obviously supported Turhan as next Valide. Additionally, when Kösem actually controlled Ibrahim and his behaviour – later Atike didn’t care, people who were trying to use him and make him crazier for their purposes achieved their goal. Turhan purposefully wanted to make him crazier and crazier to dethrone him and now she was in the palace without her biggest former supporter. Ibrahim was definitely in far worse mental condition after Kösem’s exile and Kemankeş’ removal. We got the taste of the danger when Ibrahim threatened to strangle Mehmed during the coup – and then we finally saw fear in Turhan’s eyes. But it was she who allowed the situation to boil down to this. Turhan’s backstabbing to Kösem wasn’t only a betrayal to a person who always supported her&did a lot to her (and it was something even Ibrahim highlighted after Kemankeş’ “execution” and since he also had beef with his mother at that point, it’s hard to take his words as biased), but also her sacrificing whole nation due to striving to make Ibrahim’s reign fail so much that he would be undoubtedly deposed.
Turhan’s final win isn’t so much a triumph of very well-thought-out long-term strategy, but luck, totally unscrupulous nature, not taking into account that any bystanders might be harmed, and Kösem making a fatal mistake in the end. Until the last stand, Kösem always managed to ultimately outsmart her, and Turhan’s final victory is only due to raw force, Kösem making a fatal mistake&Kuşçu’s betrayal for reasons Kösem didn’t deserve.
In the end, Turhan and her people represented raw power which adheres to no rules or honour. Not only did they kill so many innocent people, but also showed no rules in the final stand – Kösem is strangled on the harem floor and her body is plundered (a historical fact, sadly), and Turhan only stays on balcony with devilish smile over the slaughtered palace. Köprülü does not face the elderly Kemankeş himself, but waits until his people defeat him to slice his throat. Haci is also murdered in unnecessarily cruel way by having his neck twisted in front of Tuhan bearing her stone cold face as she usually does. Turhan was presented as pretty much extreme product of that system – someone who is always coldly calculating, showing little human emotions (maybe only towards her kids) and only focused on achieving one’s goal without any scruples, and is unable to bond with anyone other than her kids. Same with people surrounding her, there are no strong, touching & genuine relationships like in Kösem’s team, which is based on loyalty that may mean even paying with death for it. There’s strong friendship between Haci & Kösem, same with Kemankeş and Deli Hüseyin, Kösem and Kemankeş deeply and truly love each other until the end, Hüseyin also prefers to die than to support Turhan. Even Lalezar’s “betrayal” is only about not letting an innocent child die, not wanting to support Turhan or switch sides for her personal gain. In a way, Turhan functions as some symbol of end of Empire, same with the depressing final shots, which is also accentuated in Kösem’s final monologue: ‘The lights have gone out, no right, no left, no death, no back, no forward, no top, no bottom (…) ” . I can see the rationale – it was first and foremost Kösem’s story, moreover a story that needed to be abridged.
However, as I said, Turhan is a real-life historical figure that actually did good things for the Empire, continued Kösem’s legacy and had her achievements, that’s why historical Turhan can never be simply a destructive force in my mind, and it’s probably the highest divergence between historical figure and show figure I have in my mind as far as MY&MYK are concerned.
We see some glimpses of Turhan actually taking her responsibilities seriously in the final episode – she decides to spare Mehmed’s brothers (which actually serves pretty much as plot twist taking into account how her character has been portrayed) and declares she intends to take care of the state. Ironically, while Kösem paid for politically training Turhan & introducing her to political world with her life, at least even her ultimate enemy wanted to honour her legacy & obey anti-fratricide law & was prepared for ruling. It was a posthumous win for Kösem here.
Of course the way historical Turhan took power from Kösem was questionable – it was full of brutality, purges, and it’s hard to imagine it was all without knowledge of her and her closest associates. /Still we know that Turhan likely didn’t kill harem girls that served Kösem, but got them married off instead as Kumrular writes in her Kösem biography/. However, she also proved capable in taking care of state and dynasty and since Mehmed was pretty much an obedient momma’s boy, she had much easier task than Kösem to for example persuade him not to kill his brothers.. honestly, try to control someone like Murad, it was a huge success Kösem managed to save Ibrahim.
I think that the portrayal of Turhan and her people may stem from not only brutal purges that followed Kösem’s death, but also from the period after Turhan appointed Köprülü the Grand Vizier – Peirce compares some of his methods to Murad’s and this period to Murad’s reign. While it was Köprülü who used bloody methods, we can guess that Turhan would have not let him stay GV if she had not accepted it. It is curious how Turhan/Murad emerged a pretty popular crackship in MYK… I was always like “they gave us Turhan who seems like a perfect match for Murad”.. just that her ruthlessness does not stem from anger, but more from cold detachment (fire and ice LMAO). I know some like to refer to Turhan as “Iron Lady”, so I suppose it was what MYK creators intended. /There is of course some anger in her too - when Ibrahim told her that she was just a coward hiding under his mother’s skirts… you just knew she would NEVER let it slide and prove to him & the rest of the world she didn’t need Kösem to stay on top./
The more I think the more I’d really love to see Müge Boz as Turhan, since Turhan wasdescribed as pretty unassuming and that was also why she was able to rally supporters. It would be cool to see Kösem facing a girl looking like young her, but not innocent… yet using her innocent image. And again we should have seen more of her showing care for state. I’m actually glad we didn’t get the simple Kösem turns into Safye and encounters an innocent Anastasia that we all expected. Now I think we needed something more complex, and as I mentioned it Kösem truly didn’t turn into Safiye, while many of Turhan’s actions (like mass slaughter in harem) resemble Safiye more – yet later her son is truly in danger, so there’s some rationale in that and we see some of Kösem’s legacy in her declaration to spare Mehmed’s brothers and take care of the state.
Likely it was intentional to make Turhan so much like the opposite of innocent Nasya.
But in the end, while there are hints of Kösem legacy being preserved (Turhan clearly wants to obey anti-fratricide law), Turhan pretty much served as a symbol of future fall of Empire because the final images of slaughtered people and her smirking on balcony in her slay kween (pretty pretentious) attire, accompanied by the above mentioned monologue, pretty much give a glimpse of apocalypse. /And LBR she claimed she had started the whole conflict for her son… then why the fuck she stands shouting to “bend the knee or die” & “show no mercy” or grins on the balcony instead of sitting with her son or at least checking up on him?/
It’s kinda fitting end for Kösem story, where she was the protagonist, especially when we see how yellow filter & fairytale elements from first episodes of MYK (which gradually become less bright) to the total darkness and atmosphere of doom of final episode. Still, as I said, Turhan Sultan is a historical figure that deserves more.
In a way, we were by default robbed of a satisfying depiction of Turhan by the mere fact that Ibrahim’s regin was abridged to 4 episodes – we should have got her early days in harem, her growing up etc., but I think at this point I decided to stop crying over spilt milk, I think, even though the mere fact that some fake princess got 22 episodes and Turhan 4 is always gonna hurt.
- Joanna
#turhan hatice sultan#magnificent century kosem#muhteşem yüzyıl kösem#muhtesem yuzyil kosem#ottoman history#kosem sultan#history#answered#mods opinions
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Portrait of Kösem Sultan / Köszem szultána portréja
Origin and way to the palace
Kösem Sultan, according to most accounts, was of Greek descent, presumably born and raised on the island of Tinos until her abduction. Legend has it that she was called Anastasia and was the daughter of a priest, but there is no evidence to suggest this. It was fondly rumored for high-class concubines such as Kösem or even Hürrem that they were children of priests. The reasons for this are to be found in religious differences. The exact date of her birth is unknown, but she may have been roughly the same age as Ahmed I, so she was most likely born between 1587 and 1590.
There are several legends about how and when she got into the imperial capital. What is certain is that when she entered the harem, she was given the name Mahpeyker, which means moon-faced in Persian. Because the concubines were fondly named for their external or internal characteristics, her name suggests that Mahpeyker was a girl with a round face, light skin, and perhaps even blonde. Some say a Bosnian beylerbey presented the girl to the young sultan. According to another well-known legend, Mahpeyker was a servant of Handan Sultan, during Mehmed III's lifetime. That's how she got close to the young Prince Ahmed, with whom they fall in love and flirted with each other. As soon as Handan realized the relationship, she exiled the girl as their actions were not appropriate. Mahpeyker thus certainly spent the next few months in exile at the Old Palace.
Rising
Mehmed III died in December 1603 and Prince Ahmed became the next sultan, as Ahmed I. The first few months of his reign were very chaotic, instead of him, his mother and teacher ruled as regents, and in addition, Ahmed fell ill with smallpox. From the spring of 1604, however, he increasingly took control and presumably recalled Mahpeyker from exile at that time as well, or it was at that time that the girl was given to him as a gift (depending on which legend is true). Mahpeyker soon became pregnant and in March 1605 gave birth to her first child, Mehmed. Mehmed was not Ahmed’s firstborn son, so Mahpeyker needed all her talents to save her son’s life. In any case, the fact that Ahmed had not executed his younger brother, the young Mustafa, could give her hope. The survival of Mustafa meant the end of the law of fratricide, which in turn guaranteed the survival of Mahpeyker's son.
Mahpeyher soon became the first woman of Ahmed's harem, as Handan Valide Sultan died in November 1605 after a long illness, and the mother of Ahmed's eldest son was not as loved by Ahmed as Mahpeyker. Based on harem documents, Mahpeyker received the rank of Haseki Sultan from the Sultan in late 1605 or early 1606, making it clear that the mother of his second son was Ahmed's favorite concubine. She also received a featured daily salary of 500 aspers, which later increased to 1,000 aspers. Based on reports, it can be attributed to this event that Mahpeyker decided to choose a new name for herself. Her new name was Kösem, which means "leader". The name made it clear that Kösem considered herself a leader. This is also supported by subsequent reports. The Venetian ambassador wrote Kösem as "a woman of beauty and wisdom who has a lot of talent, who sings excellently, and whom the Sultan loves more than anyone... Not everyone respects her, but in some matters, everyone listens to her word, for she is the Sultan's favorite, whom the ruler constantly wants to know by his side."
The former account suggests that there may have been tension between Kösem and the other consorts. We must admit though, that it would not be surprising, especially knowing that Mahfiruze was the mother of the firstborn prince, yet Kösem got the rank of Haseki Sultan and she clearly rose above the other concubines. Another account also supports this, as the Sultan once beat a concubine for irritating Kösem. True, after beating the woman, he ordered the doctors of the harem to treat her properly because of the old love between them. More likely, however, contrary to legend, this consort was not Mahfiruze, but a lesser important and influental woman.
The chief consort
Kösem and Ahmed had a great number of children and from the birth-date of the children, we can conclude that Ahmed was mainly having sex with other concubines when Kösem was pregnant. In addition, it appears that for a few years after the birth of Prince Mehmed, Ahmed had a monogamous relationship with Kösem or he was careful not to have children with others. This is suggests by the fact, that after the birth of Ahmed’s first three children (Osman, Gevherhan, Mehmed) who were born from three mothers, from 1605 to 1609 only Kösem gave birth to children: Ayşe, Fatma and Hanzade Sultanas arrived in quick succession. From then on, after 1609 Ahmed regularly slept with other concubines from whom his children were also born. Kösem finally got pregnant again at the end of 1611, so then Ahmed called her first concubine Mahfiruze again. In 1612 thus two more princes were born from the two concubines, Murad and Bayezid. After the birth of Bayezid, Mahfiruze presumably passed away, so Kösem remained the only influential woman in the harem. Maybe the increase in her salary happened this time. Kösem gave birth to her last two children in 1614 and 1615, so the dynasty was expanded by two more princes, Kasim and Ibrahim.
The fact that Kösem had many sons and did not own the eldest son made it clear that she had to fight to keep Prince Mustafa, Ahmed's brother alive. For if Prince Mustafa survives, the succession system will change forever and her sons may survive. Even the ambassadors remembered her actions. Kösem knew the nature of Sultan Ahmed well, so she knew exactly what might affect the sultan. Ahmed tried to execute his brother three times before giving up permanently and leaving him alive. It is not known exactly what convinced the Sultan, but the constant argument of Kösem for keeping Mustafa alive certainly helped a lot. Ahmed was a very religious man who believed in fate and thought he was a chosen one, for he found no other explanation for the fact that, as a not first-born son, he eventually ascended the throne. Kösem taking advantage of this argued that only Allah has the right to choose the next ruler, and as Ahmed did not become a sultan either as a first-born, he must show compassion for his non-firstborn brother as well. Perhaps Kösem also pointed out that as soon as Sultan Mehmed III intervened in fate and executed his child, he himself soon died. Whatever Kösem and other supporters of Mustafa said, Ahmed eventually left his brother alive but did not officially change the system of succession. He left the decision to Allah.
Kösem tried to influence Ahmed in other matters as well, but she knew exactly how far she could go. For Ahmed did not want to be controlled by women, Kösem tried only carefully to control the Sultan. Although many believe that Kösem was influential in political fields already in Ahmed’s life, this is certainly not true. Kösem was not politically influential during Ahmed’s reign, only in the harem did she enjoy prominent influence thanks to her Haseki rank and the support of the chief eunuch, Haci Agha. The only politically significant step of Kösem was to push the Sultan to marry off their firstborn daughter, Ayşe to one of her faithful supporters, Nasuh Pasha. However, she could not enjoy the benefits of the marriage for long, as Nasuh Pasha was executed by the sultan soon after.
The tragedy
Sultan Ahmed had been a sick man all his life, but by 1617 his illness had become very serious, the sultan must have been in constant pain. There are malicious, completely unbelieving rumors that Kösem was behind Ahmed's illness. However, this is simply not true and cannot be true. Kösem was the one who lost as much as possible with Ahmed’s death. Two princes also stood in front of her sons for the throne, Ahmed's brother, Mustafa, and Ahmed's firstborn son, Osman. Osman lost his mother around 1612, and Kösem wanted to turn the situation to her advantage. She believed that raising Osman as her own son from then on could save the lives of her own children if Osman would sat on the throne one day. That is why Kösem spent a lot of time with Osman, taking him to carriage rides regularly when she visited Safiye Sultan in Old Palace with her own son, Mehmed. However, Ahmed knew Kösem well, he knew what her intentions were, so he forbade her to meet or even talk to Osman and his younger brother (Bayezid most probably).
Ahmed's condition was already in crisis in November 1617, and the 27-year-old sultan finally died on November 22, 1617. His death caused chaos, as the members of the divan did not know who to put on the throne. Both possible candidates were completely unfit to rule. Prince Mustafa was mentally ill as a result of many years of solitary confinement, he was like a small child in mind; Prince Osman was only 13 years old and was without a strong mother who could support and guide him. Eventually, under the pressure of Haci Agha and Seyhülislam Efendi, Prince Mustafa was made Sultan, hoping that his condition would improve if he could be among people again. With the accession of Mustafa, all of Ahmed's concubines, including Kösem, and their daughters retreated to the Old Palace. However, her sons were separated from her and all the princes were kept in solitary confinement in the kafes. We can only imagine how much pain it could have been for a mother to lose her partner, being torn apart from her sons. Kösem was also very worried about the lives of her sons.
False relief
Due to the unfitness of Sultan Mustafa, he was dethroned and locked up again in 1618. The new sultan became Osman II. The sons of Kösem were still locked up, but Osman did not forget how Kösem cared for him in his childhood. The young sultan regularly visited Kösem at the Old Palace. Based on these, maybe Kösem thought that her sons are safe.
However, Sultan Osman was surrounded by bad advisers who only cared about their own interests. Due to this and the unstable political situation, Osman II executed his brother, Prince Mehmed, in 1621. Osman was not liked by his soldiers, his supporters were also unpopular, but Prince Mehmed was a really good candidate for being a sultan with a strong mother, like Kösem. The young sultan Osman feared deposition and it was certainly this fear that drove him into the fratricide. But with this choice, he also signed his own death sentence. Osman was dethroned by the Janissaries in 1622 and was brutally executed. The main supporter of the dethronement was the mother of Sultan Mustafa, Halime. Some say from the background, Kösem also supported Halime. There is no evidence for this, but the assumption seems quite logical.
After the assassination of Osman II, Mustafa and his mother, Halime, reigned again. However, the second sultanate of Sultan Mustafa was no more successful than the first. The statesmen and people could not forgive the brutal execution of Osman, so Mustafa was once again deposed and in 1623 the time of Kösem came.
The regent
After the dethronement of Mustafa, the barely 11-year-old Prince Murad became the new Sultan, as Murad IV. However, given his young age, his mother, Kösem, became the regent instead. It is clear from her correspondence with the Grand Vizier that Kösem wanted to rule as a regent by accompanying her son to every event so that she would appear in the audience room of the divan with him also. She made this request to the Vizier, who, in turn, did not allow Kösem to do so, citing traditions and asked her to forget this. Kösem at that time agreed to this and worked from the background. Every report of this time talks about Kösem in a very nice way. They point out that she is not at all like Mustafa I’s mother, as she is a smart, well-versed politician, a wise and thoughtful woman who has already demonstrated in Ahmed’s life how strong a spirit lives in her.
With so much pain behind her, with Murad’s accession to the throne, she was finally able to meet her sons again and she believed their lives would finally continue in a calmer period. Kösem and her sons could not live together for almost six years though, presumably only met during the holidays. This certainly affected her relationship with her sons. Murad was a difficult child to handle, and several letters of Kösem have survived in which she complains to the Grand Vizier about how much she does not have the strength to fight with Murad and how much he does not listen to her words, and sometimes he even refuses to see her for days. In addition to the wedge of isolation between them, their similar personalities did not help much either. They were both leading individuals, with a very strong will, so they had a hard time getting along with each other. They argued with each other many times, after which Kösem was the one who wanted to reconcile. After one of their big quarrels, for example, she gave Murad a horse, and at other times she organized a huge ceremony for him. In addition, Kösem has regularly expressed her concern about Murad’s health, suggesting that perhaps Murad was already struggling with health problems at the time, as was his father.
Kösem although ruled for a very long time, there is almost no information about her regency. It is so certain that Kösem has always enjoyed the support of the Janissaries throughout her life. Statesmen came and went but the Janissaries always stood by her. Why? Kösem seemed like a sure point in chaotic times, and because on a delicate issue, she sided with the Janissaries immediately after the accession of Murad. With each accession to the throne, the sultan distributes money among his soldiers, but the statesmen did not want to fulfill it when Murad ascended the throne. They thought that this money had been paid too many times in the last few years, given that the sultans just came after each other in a short row. Kösem, however, did not agree with this and paid the money for the Janissaries. And in gratitude for this — and certainly for the money later delivered to them — they stood by the side of Kösem throughout her life.
About Kösem's political decisions, little has survived. Her remaining letters make it clear to us that she worked closely with the pashas and the decisions were discussed together. The leading pashas wrote their letters directly to her, which also proves that every thread ran together in the hands of Kösem. In essence, she was actually steering instead of her son, not along with her son.
From Ahmed's death, the empire gradually fell into anarchy, which couldn't be stopped even by the otherwise fairly well ruling Kösem. They lost several important areas and tried in vain to recapture them without success. Furthermore, Abaza Mehmed Pasha, who revolted after the execution of Osman II, despite the fact that everyone was punished who were accountable for the murder, refused to recognize Murad as his new ruler and continued his rebellion. Nor could this be suppressed by the pashas sent after him. To make matters worse, in 1625 a plague broke out in the capital and killed more than a hundred thousand people. Then in 1628 Murad also became seriously ill, lying in bed for weeks. His exact illness was not revealed, but some say that was when his epilepsy began. The only good thing happening in that year was the fact that they were able to capture Abaza Mehmed Pasha and stop his rebellion.
Kösem tried to maintain the peace of the empire to her best efforts, and for this, she was forced to turn a blind eye to certain things. Such was the case with growing corruption. This generated a lot of controversy between her and her son. For Murad had peculiar ideas of reign, his role model was Selim I, who held everything in his own hands and ruled the empire with iron tightness. In addition, Kösem herself gave big influence and power to the pashas she favored, which has provoked resentment from many. For example, her son-in-law, Fatma's husband, Hafiz Ahmed Pasha, took up an important position as a Janissary officer, which was too much even for the Janissaries who otherwise loved Kösem.
Valide Sultan
In 1632, after the appointment of Hafiz Ahmed Pasha, a Janissary revolt took place, during which the rebels executed the Grand Vizier and the close friend of Sultan Murad, Musa Çelebi. As a result, in May 1632, Murad took control and resigned his mother from the regent position, and began to rule himself. Kösem did not object, she stood aside, but she tried to help her son, to show him the way. Murad didn't appreciate it though in the slightest and didn't listen to his mother's advice. Murad was compulsively trying to keep his mother away from politics, and it is clear from his actions that he was disturbed by his mother’s great influence, the fact that in recent years his mother has had much more power than him, the sultan. That is why, as soon as he took power Murad tried to replace his mother's men, such as his own brother-in-law, Hafiz Ahmed Pasha, who had already been mentioned. With this he could withdraw from his mother's influence to begin his absolute rule. The relationship between the two of them was probably marked by the Janissary rebellion of 1632 forever and because of this, they could not get closer to each other later either. Kösem in the years of Murad’s reign, thus essentially functioned only as a valide sultan, administering the harem and dealing with her charitable projects.
Kösem had a good sense of winning people. She often distributed donations to those in need, and visited prisons every year, where she paid the debt of those who were imprisoned for debt; she helped poor families to marry off their daughters; she freed her own slaves after two years of service and took care of their marriages. Her charity is undoubted, but it is also important to mention that she regarded her former servants as a kind of spies. She kept their husbands in check through the women who were extremely loyal to her. Thus, in addition to helping many with a good heart, in some cases, these charitable acts also served her own interests. This was not uncommon anyway, every other sultana used these marriages to serve their own interests.
Kösem was worried a lot for her son, as Murad has divided the people a lot. After many years, he was the first sultan to lead a successful campaign for which the people loved him. At the same time, he ruled with excessive cruelty and wrote hypocritical laws. He sentenced to death, for example, those who drank despite the alcohol ban regulation while he himself became increasingly immersed in alcoholism. In addition to Murad’s alcoholism, he was certainly paranoid and depressed, due to his childhood traumas and the fact that his sons died in a row. Some also blame Kösem for the early death of Murad’s sons, but there is no evidence to that. In his writings, Evliya Çelebi clarifies that all of Murad’s sons were born in poor health and therefore died shortly after their birth.
Even though Murad didn’t really heed the suggestions his mother, Kösem never gave up and tried to support her child in everything. Thus, for example, when Murad was away from Istanbul, she thoroughly reported that someone had not followed his instructions. She did so even when they did not want to carry out an execution-order issued by Murad.
Despite the fact that Murad only was alive thanks to the abolishing of the law of fratricide, he himself decided that the old system should be brought back. For this reason, after his successful campaign in Revan, he executed his two half-brothers, Bayezid and Suleiman, in 1635, and three years later, after his campaign in Baghdad, his full-brother, Prince Kasim. The life of the youngest brother, Ibrahim, was saved only by the prince's troubled mind and the supplication of Kösem. The fact that Murad wanted to get rid of all his brothers may point to two things. Either he had completely lost his sanity and wanted the end of the dynasty, or he had at least one living son during this period for whom he wanted to clear the way.
Second regency
Murad suffered serious injuries during the campaign in Baghdad, and his alcoholism, cirrhosis caused by his alcoholism, and his chronic illness all worsened his situation. Some say Murad ordered the execution of Ibrahim while dying, but Kösem prevented him from doing so. Either way, in February 1640, Sultan Murad died in the Revani Pavilion, exactly where he had executed his younger brother, Kasim not long before. By his death, the only man in the dynasty alive was his younger brother, the mentally unstable Ibrahim. Ibrahim was completely unfit to rule, like his uncle Mustafa I, he himself struggled with mental problems. However, unlike Mustafa, Ibrahim was paranoid insane. When he was told that his brother was dead, he could not believe it and refused to sit on the throne until he could examine his brother's dead body himself.
In the first years of Ibrahim's reign, Kösem was able to handle the Sultan well and gave him concubines to deal with them instead of other kinds of stuff. Meanwhile, she herself ruled with the Grand Vizier, Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasha, instead of his son. Although Kösem and Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasha did not like each other and even they constantly rivalized, they still ruled excellently together for the sake of the empire. This regency may have been easier than the previous one, for the empire was relatively at peace, and Kösem as an experienced, mature woman could easily rule. In addition to state affairs, she also tried to oversee the affairs of the harem in all aspects. Thus, for example, she had a confrontation with Murad IV's Haseki, Ayşe. Ayşe wanted to marry her daughter, Esmehan Kaya, to the Silahdar Mustafa Pasha, to whom Murad had promised the girl. Kösem, however, chose someone else, from her own trusted men. The debate between the two women went very far and even Kaya herself did not want to marry Kösem's chosen one, but Kösem did not give up and in 1644 forced her - otherwise favorite - granddaughter to marry the very old Melek Ahmed Pasha.
Over time, Ibrahim came under the influence of a certain Cici Hoca and rebelled against his mother’s rule. Cinci Hoca was a religious leader in occult sciences who took advantage of the sultan’s mental problems. As a result, the Sultan executed his Grand Vizier in 1644 and exiled his mother. He originally intended to send his mother to the island of Rhodes, but eventually, his concubines persuaded him to send him only to another palace. Kösem spent the next few years there in exile, but during that time she also corresponded regularly with the statesmen and tried to keep everything under control. She probably also wrote her well-known letter to Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha here, saying, "In the end, he would leave neither you nor me alive and we would lose control of the state again, thereby destroying our society." The relationship between Ibrahim and Kösem deteriorated so much that Ibrahim wanted to punish his mother at all costs. For this, he deprived Ayşe, Fatma, Hanzade, and Esmehan Kaya, of all their possessions and forced them to serve his new wife. So basically he punished Kösem through her daughters and favorite granddaughter.
Ibrahim's insane rule threatened more and more people. The sultan executed people for almost no reason and gave high positions to those who were completely unfit. The situation deteriorated to the point that in 1647 Kösem and the new Grand Vizier, Salih Pasha together with the Seyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi, tried to depose Ibrahim, but they failed. The following year, both the Janissaries and the Ulema joined the rebellion, and on August 8, 1648, the mad sultan was easily deposed and imprisoned, and his followers were removed from their positions. They had to decide the fate of Sultan Ibrahim soon, but it was not easy. There used to be a mad sultan who was simply closed up after his dethronement, so this could have been possible in the case of Ibrahim also. However, Ibrahim caused pain to too many, executed too many innocent, and simply had too many supporters to keep him alive.
The broken mother
Everyone demanded the execution of Sultan Ibrahim. Kösem Sultan met with the statesmen at Topkapi Palace to discuss with them what Ibrahim's fate should be. They negotiated for hours, but Kösem all along refused to gave Ibrahim's eldest son, Mehmed to the rebels, so they could not name him sultan. Eventually, the statesmen convinced Kösem, as she was forced to realize over time that her son posed a potential threat to everyone: her, her children, statesmen, soldiers, the entire empire. Kösem didn’t have much choice but to agree to the execution of her son, yet many of the people nowadays condemned her decision. However, we must recognize that whatever did or said Kösem, Ibrahim would have been executed anyway. Kösem, however, with this decision, cared about the interests of the empire, she acted as a ruler and not as a mother. It was a decision similar to the execution of Prince Mustafa in the case of Suleiman I. A true ruler is not only a father or mother to their children but also their superior. On August 18, 1648, Sultan Ibrahim was executed and his eldest son, Mehmed IV became the new sultan.
Although Kösem's decision was logical and the only good decision for the empire, she herself seems to broke under the weight of the decision. After the execution of Ibrahim, she announced her retirement to the Old Palace, but the statesmen did not allow her. They convinced her that the empire needed her as regent, once again, for the last time. Mehmed was only 7 years old at the time, and his mother was in his early twenties, too young to act as a regent. Kösem accepted the ask of the pashas and again she became the regent of the empire. From her actions and the changes in her personality, we can conclude that it has become her obsession that she is the only one who can rule the empire properly. After the tragedies that befell her, it is perhaps not surprising that such a mental problem has emerged.
The tyrant
Although the statesmen themselves asked Kösem to rule, over time they had to realize that this Kösem was not the woman they had know before. Nonetheless, they expected Kösem to teach Turhan Hatice Sultan and the little Sultan Mehmed how to handle political affairs properly. So they would have expected a kind of training from Kösem, but instead of it, she wanted to decide everything herself, dismiss the statesmen who contradicted her.
More and more people began to debate the right of Kösem for the ruling, one of her well-known divan speech is also from this period. Then Kösem accused Grand Vizier Sofu Ahmed Pasha that he wanted to kill her, then continued, "Thank God I saw four rulers and I ruled for a long time myself also. The world will neither collapse nor reform with my death." Although her speech suggest that she tried to minimize her own influence and importance, she did not act like this otherwise. At the same divan meeting, Kösem confronted with Karaçelebizade Abdülaziz Efendi for not fulfilling the order given by the sultan immediately. Instead of fulfilling it he asked the sultan, "My dear, who taught you to say such things?". Kösem said that such a derogatory speech towards the sultan is unacceptable, and anyway, how did Karaçelebizade Abdülaziz Efendi think that it was not the sultan who invented what he said?! It is clear, then, that Sultan Mehmed was seen by everyone as a kind of toy. Kösem used the child as her own puppet, and her opponents recognized this exactly, so they were fought with her through not fulfilling her words coming from the sultan.
She also ignored Mehmed's mother, Turhan Hatice in the harem. She did not give the general respect she deserved, did not let the young woman to control of anything or rule the harem, which actually as a valide sultan, was her right. But Turhan did not give up. The harem was torn in two parts, to the supporters of Kösem and the supporters of Turhan Hatice. Both sides had their own chief eunuch, true that the more influential eunuch, Suleiman Agha was on Turhan's side. It says a lot that even then they were not able to defeat Kösem within the harem. People did not know whose instructions to follow, which caused immense chaos within the harem. And although the title of Valide Sultan rightfully belonged to Turhan Hatice as the mother of the Sultan, the colloquial language referred to her only as "small valide," while Kösem was "great valide." Kösem also kept the valide sultanas usual 3,000 aspers daily salary for herself, while Turhan was only allowed to get 2,000 aspers for a day.
The inevitable end
Over time, the strife between Kösem and the statesmen escalated to the point that, with the support of Turhan Hatice, the statesmen tried to remove Kösem from her position. Kösem in response planned to dethrone Sultan Mehmed IV and put her other grandson on the throne instead. To do this, she wanted to let the Janissaries into the palace to carry out the coup at night, which is why she left the gates of the harem open for the night. However, her plan was revealed to her enemies, according to some by a servant named Meleki Hatun. Others said Kösem did not want to dethrone and execute Mehmed, she just wanted to scare him; again others think Kösem did not plan anything, just her enemies had enough of her and they came up with a story to justifying their rebellion against Kösem. However, the best known and most supportive story is still that Kösem wanted to strip Mehmed, so I continue on this line.
Thus, as soon as the men of Kösem opened the gate on September 2, 1651, the people of Turhan Hatice, led by Chief Eunuch Uzun Suleiman Agha, closed it and sent an execution squad to the residence of Kösem. In addition to the support of all existing statesmen, Turhan even had the support of the Spahis during the events, while Kösem was only supported by some Janissary corps. Turhan's people knocked on the door of Kösem when they arrived at her apartment, Kösem thought her own people had come, so she shouted out at them, "Have you come?". For this, however, instead of the voice of the Janissaries, she heard the voice of the eunuch Suleiman Agha, from which she understood that she lost and started to flee. It’s not exactly known how she got out of her apartment or did she even get out from there at all because the descriptions don’t match. Some said she hid in a closet inside her apartment, others said she tried to get to the Janissaries, but she couldn’t get through the closed gate, so she finally hid in the room next to the gate. During her escape, some of the concubines also tried to rush to her aid and blocked the execution squad, and an older woman shouted that she was Kösem Sultan to gain time for her. She tried in vain, for though the executioners did not know the face of Kösem, Suleiman Agha did, so they quickly continued their way after Kösem.
Eventually, Kösem hid in a closet from which the edge of her dress protruded, revealing her hiding place. When they found her, she threw money at his executioners, trying to buy her freedom, but she had no chance against Turhan's loyal men. Legend has it that when the men tried to hold down the valide they ripped out of her ears the diamond earrings she received from Sultan Ahmed; her clothes were also torn as they tried to take away the precious ornaments from it. Even beyond her sixties, Kösem fought very hard against her executioners but in the end they overcame her. Some say she was strangled with her own hair, others said with a curtain. After the first strangulation attempt, she was still alive but did not survive the second one. We don't know who was the one who decided that Kösem Sultan should die. The execution may appear to have taken place lawfully, based on the fetwa of Seyhülislam. However, the temporality is somewhat disturbed by the fact that the original Seyhülislam was replaced by one of Turhan’s trusted men at the same time when the execution took place. Precisely because of this, and because of the unusual brutality of the execution, there may be the possibility that perhaps the execution of Kösem was not originally planned, but the events slipped out of control, and in the heat of the moment the guards executed her. To legalize the events, they produced a fetwa with the new Seyhülislam soon after.
To prevent any resistance, Turhan Hatice and her men removed all statesmen who would have endangered them during the night. And the ones who resisted were forced to surrender with a fetwa. Eventually, they succeeded in blaming the Janissaries for the execution, so in the end, the Janissaries, the main supporters of Kösem, were used as scapegoats. The leaders of the Janissaries were executed.
Legacy
Kösem was buried on September 3 in the complex of Sultan Ahmed. She lies between her beloved Sultan and eldest daughter, Ayşe. The palace did not give an official order on mourning, still, the people of Istanbul decided on their own to close all shops for three days to pay their respects to the deceased Kösem Sultan. Many loved her for her charities, but the fact that the people did not hate Turhan Hatice either, (actually they loved her also) suggests that she was not blamed for Kösem Sultan's death.
Kösem Sultan can be considered as the last classical Haseki Sultan and the only Valide Sultan who served as a regent three times, along with three different sultans. For a total of 27 years and 11 months, she had the third-longest reign in the history of Ottoman Empire as a Valide Sultan. She has spent a great amount of money from her amazing wealth to help the ones in need throughout her life. Although she has had a smaller complex built, she has spent less on construction than her predecessors. Rather, she tried to help those in need in a smaller, less spectacular way. According to some accounts, she went so far with her donations that when she overspent herself and in vain asked her son for help, she sold her jewelry so that she could continue what she had planned.
She is almost the only sultana who, when characterized by contemporary ambassadors, emphasized not primarily her beauty but her intelligence, prudence, and strength. Kösem Sultan was the sultana who broke the highest, who could have been at the top for a long time, but from the great heights, she finally fell down and became the only murdered valide sultana ever.
Kösem Sultan had several titles during her life: Naib-i Sultanat (regent of the Ottoman Empire), Umin al-Mu'minin (mother of all muslims), Büyük Valide Sultan (great Valide Sultan), Valide-i Sehide (martyred mother), Valide-i Maktule (murdered mother), Valide-i Muazzama (magnificent mother).
Used sources: Ö. Kumrular - Kösem Sultan: iktidar, hırs, entrika; C. Finkel - Osman’s Dream: the History of the Ottoman Empire, L. Peirce - The Imperial Harem; M. P. Pedani - Relazioni inedite; N. Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları; B. Tezcan - Searching for Osman: A Reassessment of the Deposition of the Ottoman Sultan Osman II (1618-1622); Y. Öztuna - Sultan Genç Osman ve Sultan IV. Murad; G. Börekçi - Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I and His Immediate Predecessors; F. Davis - The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul; G. Börekçi - A Queen Mother at Work: On Handan Sultan and Her Regency during the Early Reign of Ahmed I; . Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World; C. Imber - The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650; F. Suraiya, K. Fleet - The Cambridge History of Turkey 1453-1603; G. Piterberg - An Ottoman Tragedy, History and Historiography at Play; F. Suraiya - The Cambridge History of Turkey, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839; Ö. Düzbakar - Charitable Women And Their Pious Foundations In The Ottoman
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Származása és útja a palotába
Köszem szultána a legtöbb beszámoló szerint görög származású volt, aki feltehetőleg Tinos szigetén született és nevelkedett egészen elrablásáig. A legendák szerint, Anastasiának hívták és egy pap lánya volt, azonban erre utaló bizonyíték nincs. Előszeretettel híresztelték a magasra törő ágyasokról, mint amilyen Köszem vagy akár Hürrem volt, hogy papok gyermekei voltak. Ennek okai a vallási különbségekben keresendőek. Pontos születési ideje nem ismert, ám I. Ahmeddel nagyjából egy idős lehetett, így 1587-1590 között születhetett a legnagyobb valószínűséggel.
Több legenda is létezik arra vonatkozóan, hogy hogyan és mikor került a birodalmi fővárosba. Annyi bizonyos, hogy a hárembe kerülésekor a Mahpeyker nevet kapta, mely jelentése perzsául hold-arcú. Mivel az ágyasokat előszeretettel nevezték el külső vagy belső tulajdonságaik alapján, neve valószínűsíti, hogy Mahpeyker kerek arcú, világos bőrű lány volt, sőt talán szőke is. Egyesek szerint egy bosnyák beglerbég ajándékozta a lányt az ifjú szultánnak. A másik jól ismert legenda szerint Mahpeyker Handan szultána szolgálója volt még III. Mehmed életében. Így kerülhetett közel az ifjú ágyas Ahmed herceghez, akivel egymásba szerettek és flörtöltek. Amint Handan rájött a viszonyra, a lányt száműzte, hiszen nem volt illendő a tettük. Mahpeyker így minden bizonnyal valamennyi időt a Régi Palotában töltött száműzetésben.
Felemelkedés
III. Mehmed 1603 decemberében meghalt és Ahmed herceg lett a következő szultán, I. Ahmed néven. Uralkodásának első néhány hónapja igen kaotikus volt, helyette anyja és tanítója uralkodott régensként, majd Ahmed himlőt is kapott. 1604 tavaszától azonban egyre inkább saját kezébe vette az irányítást és feltehetőleg ekkor hívta vissza Mahpeykert is a száműzetésből, vagy ekkor ajándékozták neki a lányt (attól függően mely legenda az igaz). Mahpeyker hamarosan várandós lett és 1605 márciusában életet adott első szülött gyermekének, Mehmednek. Mehmed nem Ahmed elsőszülött fia volt, így Mahpeykernek minden tehetségére szüksége volt, hogy fia életét megóvja. Mindenképpen reményt ébreszthetett benne a tény, hogy Ahmed trónralépése után nem végeztette ki édesöccsét, a kisgyermek Musztafát. Musztafa életben maradása a testvérgyilkosság törvényének megingását jelentette, amely pedig Mahpeyker fiának életben maradását is garantálta.
Mahpeyher hamarosan Ahmed háremének első asszonya lett, Handan Valide Szultána ugyanis 1605 novemberében hosszas betegség után elhunyt, Ahmed legidősebb fiának anyja pedig nem érhetett fel Mahpeykerhez. A hárem dokumentumok alapján Mahpeyker 1605 végén vagy 1606 legelején kapta meg a szultántól a Haszeki Szultána rangot, amivel Ahmed egyértelművé tette, hogy második fiának anyja a kedvenc ágyasa. Rangjához kiemelt, 500 asperes napi fizetést is kapott, mely később 1000 asperre növekedett. Követi beszámolók alapján ehhez az eseményhez köthető, hogy Mahpeyker úgy döntött új nevet választ magának. Új neve a Köszem lett, melynek jelentése "vezető". A név egyértelművé tette, hogy Köszem magát vezéregyéniségnek tartotta. Ezt a követi beszámolók is alátámasztják. A velencei követ úgy írt Köszemről, mint "a szépség és okosság asszonya, aki nagyon sok tehetséggel bír, kiválóan énekel és akit a szultán mindenkinél jobban szeret... Nem mindenki tiszteli, azonban bizonyos ügyekben mindenki hallgat a szavára, hiszen ő a szultán kedvence, akit állandóan maga mellett akar tudni az uralkodó."
Az előbbi beszámoló sejteti, hogy talán feszültség lehetett Köszem és a többi ágyas között. Valljuk be ez nem lenne meglepő, különösen ismerve, hogy Mahfiruze volt az elsőszülött herceg anyja, mégis Köszem viselhette a Haszeki szultána rangot és egyértelműen minden téren a többi ágyas fölé magasodott. Egy másik beszámoló szintén alátámasztja ezt, ugyanis a szultán egyszer megveretett egy ágyast, amiért az irritálta Köszemet. Igaz, miután megverette a nőt, elrendelte, hogy kezeljék a hárem orvosai megfelelően, a köztük lévő régi szerelem miatt. Valószínűbb azonban a legendákkal ellentétben, ez az ágyas nem Mahfiruze volt, hanem egy jelentéktelenebb nő.
A főágyas
Köszem és Ahmed igen sok gyermeket nemzettek és a gyermekek születési éveiből arra következtethetünk, hogy Ahmed főleg akkor hált más ágyasokkal, mikor Köszem terhes volt. Emellett úgy tűnik, hogy Mehmed herceg születése után néhány évig Ahmed vagy monogám kapcsolatban állt Köszemmel vagy odafigyelt, hogy másoknak ne nemzzen gyermeket. Erre enged következtetni, hogy Ahmed első három gyermekének (Oszmán, Gevherhan, Mehmed) három anyától való születése után 1605-től 1609-ig nem született mástól gyermeke, csak Köszemtől: Ayşe, Fatma és Hanzade szultánák gyors egymásutániságban érkeztek. Innentől kezdve Ahmed rendszeresen fogadott más ágyasokat is, akiktől gyermekei is születtek. Köszem végül 1611 végén újra teherbe esett, ekkor Ahmed újra hívatta első ágyasát Mahfiruzét. 1612-ben így két újabb herceg jött világra a két ágyastól, Murad és Bayezid hercegek. Bayezid születése után Mahfiruze feltehetőleg elhunyt, így Köszem maradt az egyetlen befolyásos nő a háremben. Köszem utolsó két gyermeke 1614-ben és 1615-ben jöttek világra, így újabb két herceggel, Kasimmal és Ibrahimmal bővült a dinasztia.
A tény, hogy Köszemnek sok fia volt és nem övé volt a legidősebb fiú, egyértleművé tette, hogy küzdenie kellett Musztafa herceg, Ahmed öccsének életben tartásáért. Ha ugyanis Musztafa herceg életben marad, az öröklés örökre megváltozik és fiai életben maradhatnak. Köszem küzdelméről még a követek is megemlékeztek. Köszem jól ismerte Ahmed szultán természetét, így pontosan tudta mivel hathat a szultánra. Ahmed háromszor próbálta meg kivégeztetni öccsét, mielőtt végleg feladta és életben hagyta volna. Nem tudni, hogy pontosan mi győzte meg a szultánt, de Köszem állandó érvelése Musztafa életben hagyása mellett minden bizonnyal sokat nyomott a latba. Ahmed igen vallásos férfi volt, aki hitt a sorsban és úgy gondolta, ő maga kiválasztott, nem talált ugyanis más magyarázatot arra, hogy sokadszülött fiúként végül ő került a trónra. Köszem ezt használta ki, és úgy érvelt, hogy csak Allahnak van joga kiválasztani a következő uralkodót, Ahmed pedig mint aki maga sem elsőszülöttként lett szultán, könyörületet kell mutasson szintén nem elsőszülött testvére iránt. Talán Köszem arra is rávilágított, hogy amint III. Mehmed szultán beleavatkozott a sorsba és kivégeztette legesélyesebb gyermekét, maga is hamarosan meghalt. Akármit is mondott Köszem és Musztafa többi támogatója, Ahmed végül életben hagyta öccsét, azonban nem változtatott a trónöröklési sorrenden hivatalosan. Allahra hagyta a döntést.
Köszem más ügyekben is igyekezett befolyásolni Ahmedet, ám pontosan tudta, meddig mehet el. Ahmed ugyanis nem szerette volna, ha nők irányítják, így Köszem csak óvatosan igyekezett irányítani a szultánt. Bár sokan úgy tartják, hogy Köszem mozgatta a szálakat már Ahmed életében is, minden bizonnyal ez nem igaz. Köszem politikailag nem volt befolyásos Ahmed uralkodása során, csak a háremben élvezhetett kiemelt befolyást köszönhetően Haszeki rangjának és a fő eunuch, Haci Aga támogatásának. Köszem egyetlen politikai szempontból jelentős lépése az volt, hogy elérte a szultánnál, hogy elsőszülött lányukat, Ayşét egyik hű támogatójához, Nasuh Pasához adják feleségül. Azonban nem élvezhette sokáig a házasság előnyét, Nasuh Pasát ugyanis nemsokkal később kivégeztette a szultán.
A tragédia
Ahmed szultán egész életében beteges férfi volt, ám 1617-re betegsége igen súlyossá vált, a szultánt minden bizonnyal állandó fájdalmak kínozták. Akadnak olyan rosszindulatú, teljesen hiteltelen pletykák, miszerint Köszem állt Ahmed betegségének hátterében. Ez azonban egyszerűen nem igaz és nem is lehet igaz. Köszem volt az, aki a lehető legtöbbet veszítette Ahmed halálával. Fiai előtt két herceg is sorba állt a trónért, Ahmed öccse, Musztafa és Ahmed elsőszülött fia, Oszmán. Oszmán 1612 környékén veszítette el édesanyját, Köszem pedig szerette volna saját előnyére fordítani a helyzetet. Úgy vélte, hogyha Oszmánt onnantól kezdve saját fiaként neveli, azzal megmentheti saját gyermekeinek életét abban az esetben, ha Oszmán ülne a trónra egy napon. Épp ezért Köszem rengeteg időt töltött Oszmánnal, rendszeresen vitte magával, mikor Mehmed herceggel a Régi Palotában tettek látogatást Safiye szultánánál. Ahmed azonban jól ismerte Köszemet, tudta, hogy mik a szándékai, ezért eltiltotta őt Oszmántól.
Ahmed állapota 1617 novemberében már válságos volt, a 27 éves szultán végül 1617 november 22-én elhunyt. Halála káoszt okozott, ugyanis a divan tagjai nem tudták, hogy kit ültessenek trónra. Mind a két lehetséges jelölt teljesen alkalmatlan volt az uralkodásra. Musztafa herceg a sok éves elszigetelt bezárás következtében mentálisan sérült volt, nem volt beszámítható, egy kisgyermek szintjén rekedt; Oszmán herceg pedig csak 13 éves volt és nem állt mögötte egy erős anya, aki támogatni és irányítani tudta volna. Végül Haci Aga és a Seyhülislam Efendi nyomására Musztafa herceget tették meg szultánnak, remélve, hogy állapota javulni fog ha újra emberek között lehet. Musztafa trónralépésével Ahmed összes ágyasa, így Köszem is, lányaival együtt a Régi Palotába vonultak vissza. Köszemtől azonban fiait elválasztották és az összes herceget elzárva tartották ám kevésbé tragikus körülmények között, mint annak idején Musztafa herceget. Csak elképzelni tudjuk, mekkora fájdalom lehetett ez egy anya számára, elveszíteni párját, elszakítva élni fiaitól. Köszem mindemellett nagyon aggódhatott fiai életéért is.
A hamis fellélegzés
Musztafa szultánt alkalmatlansága miatt 1618-ban trónfosztották és elzárták. Az új szultán Oszmán lett, II. Oszmán néven. Köszem fiai továbbra is elzárva voltak, azonban Oszmán nem feledte, hogy Köszem gyermekkorában hogyan viseltetett irányába. Az ifjú szultán rendszeresen tett látogatást a Régi Palotában Köszemnél. Ezek alapján talán Köszem azt hihette, fiai biztonságban vannak.
Oszmán szultánt azonban rossz tanácsadók vették körül, akik csak a saját érdekeiket tartották szemelőtt. Ennek és a labilis politikai helyzetnek köszönhetően, II. Oszmán 1621-ben kivégeztette öccsét, Mehmed herceget. Oszmánt nem kedvelték a katonái, támogatói is népszerűtlenek voltak, Mehmed herceg azonban egy erős anyával, Köszemmel igazán jó jelölt volt Oszmánnal szemben. Az ifjú szultán félt a trónfosztástól és minden bizonnyal ez a félelem kergette bele a testvérgyilkosságba, amivel azonban saját halálos ítéletét is aláírta. Oszmánt 1622-ben trónfosztották a janicsárok és brutálisan kivégezték. A trónfosztás fő támogatója Musztafa szultán anyja, Halime szultána volt. Egyesek szerint a háttérből Köszem is támogatta a szultánát. Erre nincs bizonyíték, ám meglehetősen logikusnak tűnik a feltételezés.
Oszmán meggyilkolása után, újra Musztafa és anyja, Halime uralkodtak. Musztafa szultán második szultánátusa sem volt sikeresebb azonban, mint az első. Az államférfiak és a nép nem tudták megbocsátani Oszmán brutális kivégzését, így Musztafát újra trónfosztották és 1623-ban eljött Köszem ideje.
A régens
Musztafa trónfosztása után az alig 11 éves Murad hercegből lett az új szultán, IV. Murad néven. Azonban ifjú korára való tekintettel helyette édesanyja, Köszem szultána lett a régens. A nagyvezírrel folytatott levelezéseiből kitűnik, hogy Köszem úgy kívánt uralkodni régensként, hogy minden eseményre elkíséri fiát, így a divan audiencia termében is megjelenik vele. Ezen kérését a vezír elé is tárta, aki viszont ezt nem engedte meg a szultánának a hagyományokra hivatkozva és kérve kérte, hogy felejtse el ezt. Köszem ekkor még beleegyezett ebbe és a háttérből munkálkodott. Minden ekkori követi beszámoló Köszemről dicsénekeket zeng. Kiemelik, hogy egyáltalán nem olyan, mint I. Musztafa édesanyja, hiszen okos, jól ért a politikához, bölcs és megfontolt asszony, aki már Ahmed életében bizonyította mennyire erős szellem lakik benne.
Annyi fájdalommal a háta mögött Köszem Murad trónralépésével, végre újra találkozhatott fiaival és úgy hihette, életük végre nyugodtabb mederben folytatódik majd tovább. Köszem és fiai majd hat éven keresztül nem élhettek együtt, feltehetőleg csak ünnepek során találkozhattak egymással. Ez minden bizonnyal kihatott kapcsolatára fiaival. Murad nehezen kezelhető gyermek volt, Köszem több levele is fennmaradt, melyekben a nagyvezírnek panaszkodik arról, mennyire nem bír Muraddal és, hogy az mennyire nem hallgat rá, sőt olykor napokig találkozni sem hajlandó vele. Amellett, hogy az elszigeteltség éket vert közéjük, hasonló személyiségük sem segített sokat. Mind a ketten vezéregyéniségek voltak, igen erős akarattal, így nehezen jöttek ki egymással. Sokszor vitatkoztak egymással, mely viták után Köszem volt az, aki békülni szeretett volna Muraddal. Egyik nagy veszekedésük után például egy lovat ajándékozott fiának, máskor hatalmas ünnepséget rendezett neki. Emellett Köszem rendszeresen fejezte ki aggodalmát Murad egészségével kapcsolatban, ami arra enged következtetni, hogy talán Murad már ekkor egészségügyi problémákkal küzdött, apjához hasonlóan.
Köszem bár igen hosszan uralkodott, régensségéről szinte alig maradt fenn információ. Annyi bizonyos, hogy Köszem élete során mindig élvezte a janicsárok támogatását. Államférfiak jöttek, mentek a janicsárok azonban mindig mellette álltak. Miért? Köszem egy biztos pontnak tűnt a zavaros időkben, emellett, mert egy kényes kérdésben Murad trónralépése után azonnal a janicsárok mellé állt. Minden trónralépéskor a szultán jusst oszt szét a katonái között, mely évszázados hagyományt az államférfiak Murad trónralépésekor nem akartak teljesíteni. Úgy vélték, hogy az elmúlt néhány évben túl sokszor is fizették meg ezt a díjat, tekintettel arra, hogy a szultánok sorra váltották egymást. Köszem azonban nem engedett ebből, és kifizette a janicsárok jussát. Ők pedig ezt - és minden bizonnyal a később hozzájuk eljuttatott pénzeket - meghálálva a szultána oldalán álltak mindvégig.
Köszem pontos döntéseiről kevés maradt fenn. Fent maradt levelei, levélrészletei egyértelműsítik számunkra, hogy szorosan együttműködött a pasákkal és a döntéseket közösen vitatták meg. A vezető pasák direkt neki írták leveleiket, ami szintén bizonyítja, hogy minden szál Köszem kezében futott össze. Lényegében ténylegesen fia helyett, nem pedig fia mellett kormányzott.
A birodalom Ahmed halálától kezdve fokozatosan süllyedt bele az anarchiába, melyet az egyébként meglehetősen jól uralkodó Köszem sem tudott megakadályozni. Több fontos területet is elveszítettek és hiába próbálták visszahódítani ezeket, nem jártak sikerrel. Továbbá a II. Oszmán kivégzése után fellázadó Abaza Mehmed Pasa dacára annak, hogy mindenkit felelősségre vontak a gyilkosságért, nem volt hajlandó elismerni Muradot új uralkodójaként és folytatta a lázadást. Ezt sem sikerült leverni az ellene kiküldött pasáknak. Hogy tovább rontsa a helyzetet 1625-ben pestis tört ki a fővárosban és több, mint százezer áldozattal járt. 1628-ban aztán Murad is súlyos beteg lett, hetekig feküdt ágyban. Pontos betegsége nem derült ki, egyesek szerint ekkor kezdődött epilepsziája. Öröm volt az ürömben, hogy legalább ebben az évben sikerült leverni Abaza Mehmed Pasa lázadását és elfogni a férfit.
Köszem lehetőségeihez mérten igyekezett fenntartani a birodalom békéjét, ennek érdekében pedig bizonyos dolgok felett kénytelen volt szemet hunyni. Ilyen volt például az egyre terjedő korrupció. Ez sok vitát generált közte és fia között. Muradnak ugyanis sajátos elképzelései voltak az uralkodásról, példaképének I. Szelimet tekintette, aki saját kezében tartott mindent és vasszigorral uralkodott a birodalmon. Emellett Köszem maga is nagy előnyökhöz juttatta az általa favorizált pasákat, ami sokakból váltott ki ellenérzéseket. Így került például fontos janicsár pozícióba veje, Fatma szultána férje, Hafiz Ahmed Pasa. Ez azonban a Köszemet szerető janicsároknak is sok volt.
A valide szultána
1632-ben, Hafiz Ahmed Pasa kinevezése után janicsár lázadás történt, melynek során a lázadók kivégezték a nagyvezírt és Murad szultán közeli barátját, Musa Çelebit. Ennek következtében 1632 májusában Murad saját kezébe vette az irányítást és lemondatta édesanyját a régensi pozícióból és maga kezdett uralkodni. Köszem nem ellenkezett, félreállt, azonban igyekezett volna segíteni fiát, utat mutatni neki. Murad ezt nem értékelte a legkevésbé sem és nem hallgatott édesanyja tanácsaira. Murad kényszeresen igyekezett anyját távol tartani a politikától és cselekedeteiből egyértelműen kiolvasható, hogy zavarta őt anyja nagy befolyása, az, hogy az elmúlt években sokkal nagyobb hatalma volt anyjának, mint neki a szultánnak. Épp ezért, amint a hatalmat saját irányítása alá vonta, Murad igyekezett anyja embereit - így például saját sógorát, a már említett Hafiz Ahmed Pasát - sorra leváltani, hogy édesanyja befolyása alól kivonva magát, elkezdhesse egyeduralmát. Kettejük viszonyát valószínűleg az 1632-es janicsár lázadás bélyegezte meg örökre és emiatt nem tudtak közelebb kerülni egymáshoz később sem. Köszem Murad uralkodásának éveiben így lényegében csak mint valide szultána működött, a háremet igazgatta és jótékony projektjeivel foglalkozott.
Köszemnek jó érzéke volt ahhoz, hogy megnyerje az embereket. Sokszor osztott szét adományt a rászorulók között, emellett évente ellátogatott a börtönökbe, ahol kiváltotta azokat, akik tartozás miatt ültek börtönben; segített a szegény családoknak kiházasítani a lányaikat; saját rabszolgáit két év szolgálat után felszabadította és gondoskodott kiházasításukról. Jótékonysága kétségtelen, azonban fontos megemlíteni azt is, hogy Köszem volt szolgálóit egyfajta kémként tekintette és a hozzá végletekig hűséges asszonyokon keresztül tartotta sakkban azok férjeit. Így tehát azon túl, hogy jó szívvel segített sokakon, bizonyos esetekben saját érdekeit is szolgálták ezek a jótékony cselekedetek. Ez egyébként egyáltalán nem volt ritka, minden más szultána is használta ezeket a házasságkötéseket, hogy saját érdekeit szolgálja.
Köszem minden bizonnyal aggódott fia miatt, Murad ugyanis nagyon megosztotta a népet. Hosszú évek után ő volt az első szultán, aki sikeres hadjáratot vezetett, amiért a nép szerette. Ugyanakkor túlzó kegyetlenséggel uralkodott, és álszent törvényeket hozott. Halállal büntette például azokat, akik az alkohol tilalmi rendelet ellenére ittak, miközben ő maga egyre jobban süllyedt bele az alkoholizmusba. Murad alkoholizmusa mellett minden bizonnyal paranoid volt és depressziós, köszönhetően gyermekkori traumáinak, valamint annak a ténynek, hogy fiai sorra haltak meg. Egyesek Köszemet hibáztatják Murad fiainak korai haláláért is, azonban nincs erre utaló bizonyíték. Evliya Çelebi írásaiban egyértelműsíti, hogy Murad minden fia betegen jött világra és emiatt haltak meg nemsokkal születésük után.
Köszem annak ellenére, hogy Murad nem igazán vette figyelembe javaslatait, soha nem adta fel és igyekezte támogatni gyermekét mindenben. Így például, mikor Murad távol volt Isztambultól alaposan beszámolt arról, ha valaki a meghagyott utasításait nemteljesítette. Így tett akkor is, mikor egy Murad által kiadott kivégzési parancsot nem akartak teljesíteni.
Murad dacára annak, hogy saját életét a testvérgyilkosság törvényének eltörlésének köszönhette, ő maga úgy döntött, hogy a régi rendszert kell visszahozni. Emiatt a sikeres revani hadjárata után 1635-ben kivégeztette két féltestvérét Bayezidet és Szulejmánt, három évvel később a bagdadi hadjárat után pedig édesöccsét, Kasim herceget. A legfiatalabb testvér Ibrahim életét csak a herceg zavart elméje és Köszem könyörgése mentette meg. Az a tény, hogy Murad minden testvérétől meg akart szabadulni két dologra utalhat. Vagy teljesen elveszítette józan ítélőképességét és a dinasztia végét akarta, vagy pedig volt legalább egy élő fia ebben az időszakban, aki előtt meg akarta tisztítani utat.
Második régenssége
Murad a bagdadi hadjárat során súlyos sérüléseket szenvedett, alkoholizmusa, az alkoholizmus okozta májzsugora és alapvető krónikus betegsége pedig tovább rontott a helyzeten. Egyesek szerint Murad haldoklása során parancsot adott Ibrahim kivégzésére is, Köszem azonban ezt megakadályozta. Akárhogyan is 1640 februárjában Murad szultán elhunyt a revani pavilonban, pont ott ahol nemsokkal korábban kivégeztette édesöccsét, Kasimot. Halálával a dinasztia egyetlen élő férfija pedig öccse, a mentálisan instabil Ibrahim volt. Ibrahim teljesen alkalmatlan volt az uralkodásra, nagybátyjához, I. Musztafához hasonlóan maga is mentális problémákkal küzdött. Azonban Musztafával ellentétben, Ibrahim nem visszamaradott volt, hanem paranoid őrült. Mikor közölték vele, hogy bátyja meghalt, nem hitte el, amíg saját maga nem vizsgálhatta meg bátyja holttestét. Ezután volt hajlandó csupán elfoglalni a trónt.
Ibrahim uralkodásának első éveiben Köszem szultána jól tudta kezelni a szultánt és háremhölgyekkel foglalta le, ő maga pedig a nagyvezírrel, Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasával oldalán uralkodott fia helyett. Bár Köszem és Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasa nem voltak jóban, sőt állandóan rivalizáltak egymással, a birodalom érdekében mégis kiválóan uralkodtak együtt. Ez a régensi időszak könnyebb lehetett, mint az előző, a birodalom ugyanis relatív nyugalomban volt, Köszem pedig tapasztalt, érett asszonyként könnyűszerrel irányított. Az államügyek mellett igyekezett a hárem ügyeit is minden szempontból felügyelni. Így került például összetűzésbe IV. Murad Haszekijével, Ayşéval is. Ayşe lányát, Esmehan Kayát szerette volna ahhoz a Silahdar Mustafa Pasához nőül adni, akinek még Murad ígérte oda a lányt. Köszem azonban saját emberei közül szemelt ki valakit Kaye férjéül. A két nő vitája igen messzire ment és maga Kaya sem akart Köszem választottjához feleségül menni, ám Köszem nem engedett és 1644-ben hozzákényszerítette - egyébként kedvenc - unokáját az igen öreg Melek Ahmed Pasához.
Idővel Ibrahim egy bizonyos Cici Hoca befolyása alá került és fellázadt anyja uralma ellen. Cinci Hoca okkult tudományokkal foglalkozó vallási vezető volt, aki kihasználta a szultán mentális problémáit. Ennek az lett az eredménye, hogy a szultán 1644-ben a nagyvezírét kivégeztette, édesanyját pedig száműzte. Eredetileg Rodosz szigetére szándékozta küldeni anyját, de végül ágyasai meggyőzték, hogy csak egy másik palotába küldje. Köszem elkövetkezendő éveit ott töltötte száműzetésben, ám ezalatt az idő alatt is rendszeresen levelezett az államférfiakkal és igyekezett kézben tartani mindent. Valószínűleg itt írta meg jól ismert levelét is Hezarpare Ahmed Pasának, mely így szólt: "Végül sem titeket, sem engem nem hagyna életben és újra elveszítenénk az uralmat az állam felett, ezzel pedig lerombolnánk társadalmunkat." Ibrahim és Köszem viszonya olyannyira megromlott, hogy Ibrahim minden áron büntetni akarta édesanyját. Ennek érdekében Köszem összes életben lévő lányát, Ayşét, Fatmát, Hanzadét és kedvenc unokáját, Esmehan Kayát is megfosztotta minden vagyonuktól és arra kényszerítette őket, hogy új feleségét szolgálják.
Ibrahim őrült uralma egyre többeket veszélyeztett. A szultán szinte minden ok nélkül végeztetett ki embereket, és teljesen alkalmatlanoknak adott magas beosztást. Odáig fajult a helyzet, hogy 1647-ben Köszem szultána és az új nagyvezír, Salih Pasa és a Seyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi megpróbálták trónfosztani Ibrahimot, azonban lebuktak. A következő évben a janicsárok és az ulema is csatlakozott a lázadáshoz és 1648 augusztus 8-án könnyűszerrel trónfosztották és bebörtönözték az őrült szultánt, követőit pedig eltávoltották a pozíciókból. Ibrahim szultán sorsáról is hamarosan dönteniük kellett, azonban ez nem volt egyszerű. Korábban már volt egy őrült szultán, akit trónfosztása után egyszerűen csak elzártak, erre Ibrahim esetében is lehetett volna tehát lehetőség. Ibrahim azonban túl sokaknak okozott fájdalmat, túl sokakat végeztetett ki és egyszerűen túl sok támogatója volt ahhoz, hogy életben hagyják.
A megtört anya
Mindenki Ibrahim szultán kivégzését követelte. Köszem szultána találkozott a Topkapi Palotában az államférfiakkal, hogy megvitassa velük mi legyen Ibrahim sorsa. Órákon át tárgyaltak, Köszem azonban végig megtagadta, hogy kiadja Ibrahim legidősebb fiát, Mehmedet. Így pedig nem lehetett őt kikiáltani szultánnak. Végül az államférfiak meggyőzték Köszemet, aki bár igyekezett ellenállni, idővel kénytelen volt belátni, hogy fia potenciális veszélyt jelent mindenkire: őrá, gyermekeire, államférfiakra, katonákra, az egész birodalomra. Köszemnek nem volt sok választása, mint beleegyezni fia kivégzésébe, mégis sokan elítéleik ezen döntése miatt. Be kell azonban látnunk, hogy bármit tett vagy mondott volna Köszem, Ibrahimot mindenképpen kivégezték volna. Köszem azonban ezzel a döntésével az birodalom érdekeit nézte. Hasonló döntés volt ez, mint I. Szulejmán esetében Musztafa herceg kivégeztetése. Egy igazi uralkodó nem csak apa vagy anya gyermekei számára, hanem azok felettese is. 1648. augusztus 18-án Ibrahim szultánt kivégezték, helyette legidősebb fiát, IV. Mehmedet tették meg uralkodónak.
Bár Köszem döntése logikus volt és a birodalom számára az egyetlen jó döntés, mégis úgy tűnik, ő maga belerokkant a döntés súlyába. Ibrahim kivégzése után közölte visszavonulását a Régi Palotába, az államférfiak azonban nem engedték meg neki, hogy hátalévő éveiben fiait gyászolva éljen visszavonultan. Meggyőzték a szultánát arról, hogy a birodalomnak szüksége van rá, mint régens, még egyszer, utoljára. IV. Mehmed ugyanis csupán 7 éves volt ekkor, édesanyja pedig huszas évei elején járt, túl fiatal volt, hogy ellássa a régensi feladatokat. Köszem elfogadta a felkérést és újra ő lett a birodalom régense. Cselekedeteiből és a személyiségén beálló változásokból arra következtethetünk, hogy rögesztméjévé vált, hogy ő az egyetlen, aki képes rendesen uralni a birodalmat. Az őt ért tragédiák után talán nem is meglepő egy ilyen fajta mentális probléma felbukkanása.
A diktátor
Bár az államférfiak maguk kérték fel Köszemet az uralkodásra, idővel rá kellett jöjjenek, hogy ez a Köszem szultána nem az az asszony, akivel korábban már kétszer együtt uralkodtak. Mindemellett ők azt várták Köszemtől, hogy tanítsa meg Turhan Hatice Szultánát és a kis Mehmed szultánt arra, hogyan kell megfelelően kezelni a politikai ügyeket. Tehát egyfajta betanítást vártak volna Köszemtől, ő azonban maga kívánt dönteni mindenben, a neki ellentmondó államférfiakat leváltatta.
Köszem jogát az uralkodáshoz egyre többen kezdték el vitatni, egyik ilyen divan vita során hangzott el a jól ismert beszéde is. Ekkor Köszem megvádolta a nagyvezír Sofu Ahmed Pasát azzal, hogy meg akarta őt öletni, majd így folytatta: "Istennek hála négy uralkodót láttam és én magam is hosszú ideig uralkodtam. A világ nem fog sem összeomlani sem megreformálódni a halálommal." Bár beszédéből az tűnik ki, hogy saját befolyását és fontosságát igyekezett minimalizálni, tette nem erről árulkodnak. Ugyanezen divan ülésen Köszem leszidta Karaçelebizade Abdülaziz Efendit, amiért az nem teljesítette a szultán által kiadott parancsot azonnal, hanem azt kérdezte a szultántól, hogy "kedvesem, ki tanított téged arra, hogy ilyeneket mondj?". Köszem szerint elfogadhatatlan ilyen lekicsinylő beszéd a szultán irányába és egyébként is, honnan gondolta Karaçelebizade Abdülaziz Efendi, hogy nem a szultán maga találta ki, amit mondott?! Egyértelmű tehát, hogy Mehmed szultánt mindenki egyfajta játékszernek tekintette. Köszem a saját bábjaként használta a gyermeket, ellenfelei pedig pontosan felismerték ezt, ezért száltak szembe olykor a szultánon keresztül érkező szavaival.
Emellett a háremben is semmibe vette IV. Mehmed édesanyját, Turhan Haticét. A neki járó alapvető tiszteletet sem adta meg, nem hagyta, hogy a fiatal nő bármit is kézben tarthasson vagy valide szultánaként a háremet uralhassa, Turhan azonban nem hagyta magát. A hárem tulajdonképpen két oldalra szakadt, Köszem és Turhan Hatice támogatóira. Mind a két oldalnak megvolt a saját főeunuchja, ami hatalmas káoszt okozott a háremen belül, azonban a befolyásosabb eunuch, Szulejmán Aga Turhan pártját fogta. Sokat mondó, hogy még így sem voltak képesek legyűrni Köszemet a háremen belül. Az emberek nem tudták, kinek az utasításait kövessék. És bár a valide szultána titulus a szultán anyjaként Turhan Haticét illette meg, a kötnyelv csak "kis valide"-ként hivatkozott rá, míg Köszem volt a "nagy valide". Köszem emellett a valide szultánának járó 3000 asperes napi fizetést is megtartotta magának, Turhannak csak napi 2000 asperes fizetést engedélyezett.
Az elkerülhetetlen vég
Idővel a viszály Köszem és az államférfiak között odáig fajtult, hogy Turhan Hatice támogatásával az államférfiak megpróbálták Köszemet eltávolítani pozíciójából. Köszem válaszul erre pedig azt tervezte, hogy trónfosztja IV. Mehmed szultánt és helyette másik unokáját ülteti a trónra. Ehhez a janicsárokat be kívánta engedni a palotába, hogy azok az éj leple alatt elvgezzék a puccsot, emiatt nyitva hagyatta éjszakára a hárem bejáratát. Köszem terve azonban ellenségei fülébe jutott, egyesek szerint egy Meleki nevű szolgáló által. Mások szerint Köszem nem akarta trónfosztani és kivégeztetni Mehmedet, csak rá akart ijeszteni, megint mások szerint Köszem nem tervezett semmit, ellenségeinek egyszerűen csak elegük lett belőle és kitaláltak egy történetet, ami igazolja Köszem elleni lázadásukat. A legismertebb és legtöbb támogatóval rendelkező történet azonban továbbra is az, hogy Köszem trónfosztani akarta Mehmedet, így ezen a vonalon haladok tovább.
Így amint Köszem emberei 1651. szeptember 2-án, kinyitották a kaput, Turhan Hatice emberei, a főeunuch Uzun Szulejmán Aga vezetésével bezáratták azt és kivégzőosztagot küldtek Köszem szultána lakrészébe. Turhan lényegében a janicsárok fő alakulatain kívül minden létező államférfi, sőt még a szpáhik támogatását is élvezte az események során. Emberei Köszem lakrészéhez érve bekopogtak az ajtón, Köszem azt hitte, hogy saját emberei jöttek, ezért kikiabált nekik, hogy "Megjöttetek?". Erre azonban a janicsárok hangja helyett Köszem az eunuch Szulejmán Aga hangját hallotta meg, amitől bepáikolt és menekülni kezdett. Nem pontosan tudni, hogy hogy jutott ki lakrészéből vagy ki jutott e egyáltalán, mert a leírások nem egyeznek. Egyesek szerint lakrészén belül bújt el egy szekrényben, mások szerint megpróbált kijutni a janicsárokhoz, azonban a zárt kapun keresztül nem tudott, így végül a kapu melletti szobában bújt el. Menekülése során néhány ágyas is próbált segítségére sietni és elállták a kivégzőosztag útját, egy idősebb nő pedig azt kiabálta, hogy Ő Köszem szultána, hogy ezzel nyerjen időt neki. Hiába próbálkozott, ugyanis bár a kivégzők nem ismerték Köszem arcát, Szulejmán Aga igen, így gyorsan folytatták útjukat Köszem után.
Akárhol is, de végül Köszem egy szekrényben rejtőzött el, melyből ruhájának széle kilógott, ezzel felfedve rejtekhelyét. Amikor megtalálták, kivégzői elé pénzt dobott, ezzel próbálva lefizetni őket, ám esélye sem volt Turhan hű embereivel szemben. A legenda szerint a férfiak próbálták lefogni a validét, miközben füléből kitépték gyémánt fülbevalóit, melyeket Ahmed szultántól kapott; ruháját is megtépkedték, ahogy próbálták leszedni róla az értékes díszeket. Köszem túl a hatvanon is erősen ellenállt kivégzőinek, ám végül felülkerekedtek rajta. Egyesek szerint saját hajával, mások szerint egy függönnyel fojtották meg. Az első fojtogatási kísérlet után még magához tért, a másodikat azonban már nem élte túl. Nem tudni, hogy ki volt aki úgy döntött, Köszem szultánának meg kell halnia. Úgy tűnhet, hogy a kivégzés jogszerűen zajlott le, a Seyhülislam fetwája alapján. Azonban az időbeliséget kissé megzavarja a tény, hogy a régi Seyhülislamot ugyanakkor váltották le Turhan egyik megbízható emberére, mikor a kivégzés zajlott. Épp emiatt, és a kivégzés szokásostól eltérő brutalitása miatt, felmerülhet annak a lehetősége is, hogy talán Köszem kivégzése nem volt eredetileg eltervezve, csupán menet közben csúszott ki az irányítás Turhan kezéből és a pillanat hevében az őrök kivégezték Köszemet. Utólag pedig, hogy legalizálják az eseményeket gyártattak egy fetwát az új Seyhülislámmal.
Hogy megakadályozzanak bármiféle ellenállást, Turhan Hatice és emberei az éjszaka folyamán minden olyan államférfit eltávolítottak posztjáról, aki veszélyeztette volna őket. Aki pedig ellenállt, azt fetwával kényszerítették a behódolásra. Végül sikerrel elérték, hogy helyettük a janicsárokat hibáztassa a nép Köszem kivégzéséért, így végül őket bűnbaknak kikiáltva, Köszem fő támogatóit, a janicsárok vezetőit végezték csupán ki.
Emlékezete
Köszemet szeptember 3-án temették el Ahmed szultán komplexumában, szeretett szultánja mellé. Köszem szultána halála után a palota nem adott ki hivatalos rendelkezést a gyászról. Isztambul nép magától döntött úgy, hogy három napra bezárnak minden üzletet, hogy kifejezzék tiszteletüket az elhunyt iránt. Köszem szultán��t nagyon sokan szerették jótékonyságai miatt, azonban a tény, hogy Turhan Hatice iránt sem viseltetett a nép rossz érzéssel, sőt őt is szerették, arra utal, hogy nem hibáztatták őt Köszem haláláért.
Köszem tekinthető az utolsó klasszikus Haszeki szultánának és az egyetlen valide szultánának, aki háromszor is régensként tevékenykedett, három különböző szultán mellett. Összesen 27 évig és 11 hónapig volt Valide Szultána, ami az Oszmán Birodalom validéi között a harmadik leghosszabb uralkodási idő. Élete során rengeteget jótékonykodott elképesztő vagyonából és bár építtetett egy kisebb komplexumot, elődeihez képest keveset költött építkezésekre. Inkább kisebb, kevésbé látványos módon igyekezett segíteni a rászorulókat. Egyes beszámolók szerint odáig ment adakozásaival, hogy amikor túlköltekezte magát és hiába kért fiától segítséget, ékszereit adta el, hogy fedezni tudja, amit eltervezett.
Ő szinte az egyetlen szultána akit ha jellemeztek a korabeli követek nem szépségét hangsúlyozták elsődlegesen, hanem intelligenciáját, megfontoltságát és erejét. Köszem volt az a szultána, aki a legmagasabbra tört, aki sokáig lehetett a csúcson, azonban a nagy magasságból zuhant végül alá és vált az egyetlen meggyilkolt valide szultánává.
Kösem Szultana élete során több címet is kapott: Naib-i Sultanat (az Oszmán Birodalom régense), Umin al-Mu'minin (minden muszlimok anyja), Büyük Valide Sultan (nagy valide szultána), Valide-i Sehide (a mártír anya), Valide-i Maktule (a meggyilkolt anya), Valide-i Muazzama (a csodálatos anya).
Felhasznált források: : Ö. Kumrular - Kösem Sultan: iktidar, hırs, entrika; C. Finkel - Osman’s Dream: the History of the Ottoman Empire, L. Peirce - The Imperial Harem; M. P. Pedani - Relazioni inedite; N. Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları; B. Tezcan - Searching for Osman: A Reassessment of the Deposition of the Ottoman Sultan Osman II (1618-1622); Y. Öztuna - Sultan Genç Osman ve Sultan IV. Murad; G. Börekçi - Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I and His Immediate Predecessors; F. Davis - The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul; G. Börekçi - A Queen Mother at Work: On Handan Sultan and Her Regency during the Early Reign of Ahmed I; . Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World; C. Imber - The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650; F. Suraiya, K. Fleet - The Cambridge History of Turkey 1453-1603; G. Piterberg - An Ottoman Tragedy, History and Historiography at Play; F. Suraiya - The Cambridge History of Turkey, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839; Ö. Düzbakar - Charitable Women And Their Pious Foundations In The Ottoman
#Ahmed I#handan sultan#halime sultan#Mustafa I#Mahpeyker#Kösem sultan#Osman II#Sehzade mehmed#sehzade kasim#sehzade bayezid#ayse#fatma#mahpeyker kösem#valide-i muazzama#muhteşem yüzyıl kösem#magnificent century kösem#kösem#Murad IV#Mehmed III#Turhan Hatice Sultan
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Emetullah Rabia Gülnüş Sultan was Haseki Sultan of Mehmed IV, as well as Valide Sultan to their sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III, and likely the mother of Hatice and Fatma Sultan. She accompanied Mehmed, his mother Turhan Hatice, Şehzade Mustafa and Mehmed's sisters, together with a large entourage, in processions marking the Polish war in 1672 and 1673. In 1683, she joined a similar large entourage in a procession marking the siege of Vienna. Gülnuş became Valide Sultan in 1695, when her elder son Mustafa II ascended the throne. Mustafa kept close contacts with his mother, and is said to have honored her demonstratively whenever there was an occasion. She was very influential during the reigns of her sons and is sometimes referred to as “the last representative of the Sultanate of Women”. Among her projects was a complex of buildings in Üsküdar, which included a mosque, soup kitchen, school, fountain and tomb.
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