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False Memory Syndrome

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False Memory Syndrome

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The term False Memory Syndrome was created in 1992 by the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF)[1]. It has been called "a pseudoscientific syndrome that was developed to defend against claims of child abuse."[1] The FMSF was created by parents who claimed to be falsely accused of child sexual abuse.[1] The False Memory Syndrome was described as "a widespread social phenomenon where misguided therapists cause patients to invent memories of sexual abuse."[1] Research has shown that most delayed memories of childhood abuse are true[2]. In general, it has been shown that false allegations of childhood sexual abuse are rare, with some studies showing rates as low as one percent[3][4] and some studies showing slightly higher rates[3]. It has been found that children tend to understate rather than overstate the extent of any abuse experienced[3]. It has been stated that misinformation on the topic of child sexual abuse is widespread and that the media have contributed to this problem by reporting favorably on unproven and controversial claims like the False Memory Syndrome[5].

Contents

1Research on False Memory

2Critiques of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation and its theories

3Related Page

4References

5Bibliography

6External Links

Research on False Memory

There is a great deal of evidence showing the existence of the phenomenon of recovered memory and the fairly high corroboration rates of these memories[6]. The base rates for memory commission errors have been shown to be quite low, at least in professional trauma treatment. The base rates in adult misinformation studies run between zero and 5 percent for adults and between 3 - 5 percent for children[7]. It has been shown that people who recover memories are a lot less suggestible than clinicians have been led to believe by false memory advocates[8]. It has been stated that false memories are rare[9] One research study showed the unlikelihood of being able to plant a false memory of a traumatic event[10]. Some have stated that the False Memory Syndrome is not a scientific syndrome[11].

Brown, Sheflin and Hammond stated "The hypothesis that false memories can easily be implanted in psychotherapy (Lindsay & Read, 1994; Loftus 1993; Loftus & Ketcham, 1994; Ofshe and Watters, 1993, 1994; Yapko, 1994a) seriously overstates the available data. Since no studies have been conducted on suggested effects in psychotherapy per se, the idea of iatrogenic suggestion of false memories remains an untested hypothesis.[12]

Elizabeth Loftus, a proponent of the theory of false memory, has been critiqued in several studies and papers[13][14][15][16].

Critiques of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation and its theories

Members of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation have been critiqued for misrepresenting data and for their possible reasons for having created the idea of the syndrome.

In reply to a TV documentary about FMS, William Freyd, (Pamela Freyd's (one of the founders of the FMSF) step brother and sister-in-law) wrote "The False Memory Syndrome Foundation is a fraud designed to deny a reality that Peter and Pam have spent most of their lives trying to escape. There is no such thing as a False Memory Syndrome."[2] "In addition, Peter Freyd's own mother (who is also Pamela's step-mother) and his only sibling, a brother, were also estranged from Pamela and Peter. It should be noted that these family members support Jennifer's side of the story."[1]

A co-founder of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Ralph Underwager, has also had several critiques written about him[17]. In an interview in Amsterdam in June 1991 by “Paidika,” Editor-in-Chief, Joseph Geraci, Underwager replied to the question "Is choosing paedophilia for you a responsible choice for the individuals?" with "Certainly it is responsible. What I have been struck by as I have come to know more about and understand people who choose paedophilia is that they let themselves be too much defined by other people. That is usually an essentially negative definition. Paedophiles spend a lot of time and energy defending their choice. I don’t think that a paedophile needs to do that. Paedophiles can boldly and courageously affirm what they choose. They can say that what they want is to find the best way to love. I am also a theologian and as a theologian, I believe it is God’s will that there be closeness and intimacy, unity of the flesh, between people. A paedophile can say: “This closeness is possible for me within the choices that I’ve made."[18]

In a transcription of the TV show Witness for Mr. Bubbles from “Australia 60 Minutes,” Channel Nine Network (Aired on August 5, 1990 in Australia), researcher Anna Salter stated that Underwager "isn’t accurate. That what he says in court does not necessarily fairly represent the literature." That he frequently distorts facts and he sometimes he quotes specific studies, and he’s frequently wrong about what the studies say."[19]

It was stated in a court document that the two books that he and his wife Hollida Wakefield, wrote "Accusations of Child Sexual Abuse" (1988), and The Real World of Child Interrogations (1990) were not "well received in the medical and scientific press." It was also stated that "when they cannot use a quotation out of context from an article, they make unsupported statements, some of which are palpably untrue and others simply unprovable.” David L. Chadwick, Book Review, in 261 JAMA 3035 (May 26, 1989)." In the same document it was stated that "Both Salter and Toth came to believe that Underwager is a hired gun who makes a living by deceiving judges about the state of medical knowledge and thus assisting child molesters to evade punishment."[20]

Those that have examined or written about the False Memory Syndrome theories or foundation or its members have been subjected to harassment. This includes Anna Salter's analysis of her harassment by Ralph Underwager[21], David Calof, the former editor of Treating Abuse Today [22] and Jennifer Hoult [23].

Accusations have also been made about the accuracy of the False Memory Syndromes' proponents data and research. Salter has critiqued some of those that defend those accused of child sexual abuse. “The people who support and defend those accused of child sexual abuse indiscriminately, those who join organizations dedicated to defending people who are accused of child sexual abuse with no screening whatsoever to keep out those who are guilty as charged, are…not necessarily people engaged in an objective search for the truth. Some of them can and do use deceit, trickery, misstated research, harassment, intimidation, and charges of laundering federal money to silence their opponents.”[21]. Whitfield stated "Since at least 95 percent of child molesters initially deny their abusive behaviors, how can untrained lay people like Pamela Freyd and her staff “document” a real or “unreal” case of “FMS,” as appears to be the case with most of their communications, which usually occur over the telephone or by letter (p. 76)."[2]. Jennifer Freyd stated “Despite this documentation for both traumatic amnesia and essentially accurate delayed recall, memory science is often presented as if it supports the view that traumatic amnesia is very unlikely or perhaps impossible and that a great many, perhaps a majority, maybe even all, recovered memories of abuse are false…Yet no research supports such an implication…and a great deal of research supports the premise that forgetting sexual abuse is fairly common and that recovered memories are sometimes essentially true.” (p. 107) [24]

Proponents of false memory theories have also been accused of manipulating the media[25][26]. The theory of false memory has been used as a defense in court to try and negate "abusive, criminal behavior" and this defense is fraught with disinformation, smoke screens, and other untruths that are a distortion of what the available science of the psychology of trauma and memory shows.[27].

Recovered Memories

References

↑ Jump up to:1.01.11.21.31.4 Dallam, S. (2002). "Crisis or Creation: A systematic examination of false memory claims". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 9 (3/4): 9–36. doi:10.1300/J070v09n03_02. PMID 17521989. "A review of the relevant literature demonstrates that the existence of such a syndrome lacks general acceptance in the mental health field, and that the construct is based on a series of faulty assumptions, many of which have been scientifically disproven. There is a similar lack of empirical validation for claims of a "false memory" epidemic. It is concluded that in the absence of any substantive scientific support, "False Memory Syndrome" is best characterized as a pseudoscientific syndrome that was developed to defend against claims of child abuse."

↑ Jump up to:2.02.12.2 Whitfield M.D., Charles L. (1995). Memory and Abuse - Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. ISBN 1-55874-320-0.

↑ Jump up to:3.03.13.2Leadership Council - How often do children’s reports of abuse turn out to be false? "Jones and McGraw examined 576 consecutive referrals of child sexual abuse to the Denver Department of Social Services, and categorized the reports as either reliable or fictitious. In only 1% of the total cases were children judged to have advanced a fictitious allegation. Jones, D. P. H., and J. M. McGraw: Reliable and Fictitious Accounts of Sexual Abuse to Children.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 27-45, 1987.

↑ False allegations of child sexual abuse by children are rare

↑ Whitfield, Charles L.; Joyanna L. Silberg, Paul Jay Fink (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789019019.

↑ Recovered Memories - Child Abuse Wiki

↑ Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5

↑ Leavitt, F. (March 1997) False attribution of suggestibility to explain recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse following extended amnesia Child Abuse & Neglect - 21, 3, P. 265-272

↑ Hall, J., Kondora, L. (2005) “True” and “False” Child Sexual Abuse Memories and Casey’s Phenomenological View of Remembering American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 10 p. 1339-1359 DOI: 10.1177/0002764205277012 "The notion of false accusation is often raised in cases where physical evidence is not available and a period of time has passed or when there has been a delay in recall of the events by a survivor of child sexual abuse. This is not to imply that false memories are not possible. This article outlines how rare they must be, however, based on historical factors and a phenomenological analysis of memory itself....Most scientists investigating traumatic memory doubt that memories of abuse could be planted."

↑ Pezdek, Hodge, D. (1999) July-August Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility Child Development 70(4) p.887-895 "One false event described the child lost in a mall while shopping (the plausible false event); the other false event described the child receiving a rectal enema (the implausible false event). The majority of the 39 children (54%) did not remember either false event. However, whereas 14 children recalled the plausible but not the implausible false event, only one child recalled the implausible but not the plausible false event; this difference was statistically significant."

↑ Friesen, J. (1995) "The Truth About False Memory Syndrome, Huntington House Publisher ISBN: 1-56384-111-8 "The number of studies which have subjected false memory syndrome to scientific inquiry is zero. There is nothing scientific about it. There is nothing which defines it. There is no list of symptoms which describes it, nor is there anything which helps us distinguish it from other syndromes."

↑ Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5

↑ Crook, L. (1999) "Lost in a Shopping Mall"—a Breach of Professional Ethics Ethics & Behavior, (9, 1) P. 39-50 "An analysis of the mall study shows that beyond the external misrepresentations, internal scientific methodological errors cast doubt on the validity of the claims that have been attributed to the mall study within scholarly and legal arenas. The minimal involvement or, in some cases, negative impact of collegial consultation, academic supervision, and peer review throughout the evolution of the mall study are reviewed."

↑ Hopper, J. Elizabeth Loftus "Loftus is aware that those who study traumatic memory have for several years, based on a great deal of research and clinical experience, used the construct of dissociation to account for the majority of recovered memories. However, she continues to focus on and attack "repression" and "repressed memories," which has the effect of confusing and misleading many people."

↑ Pope, K. (1996) Memory, Abuse, and Science: Questioning Claims About the False Memory Syndrome Epidemic American Psychologist 51: 957. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.957 "Does the trauma specified in the lost-in-the-mall experiment seem comparable to the trauma forming the basis of false memory syndrome? Loftus (1993) described the implanted traumatic event in the shopping-mall experiment as follows: "Chris was convinced by his older brother Jim, that he had been lost in a shopping mall when he was five years old" (p. 532). Does this seem, for example, a reasonable analogy for a five-year-old girl being repeatedly raped by her father?....Is it possible that the findings are an artifact of this particular design, for example, that the older family member claims to have been present when the event occurred and to have witnessed it, a claim the therapist can never make? To date, replications and extensions of this study have tended to use a similar methodology; that is, either the older family member makes the suggestions in his or her role as the experimenter's confederate, or the experimenter presents the suggestion as being the report of an older family member, thus creating a surrogate confederate."

↑ Hoult, J. (2005)"Remembering Dangerously" & Hoult v. Hoult: The Myth of Repressed Memory that Elizabeth Loftus

↑ Information on Ralph Underwager

↑ PAIDIKA INTERVIEW:HOLLIDA WAKEFIELD AND RALPH UNDERWAGER Part I

↑ Witness for Mr. Bubbles Transcribed from "Australia 60 Minutes," Channel Nine Network (Aired on August 5, 1990 in Australia) Produced by Anthony Mcclellan; Reported by Mike Munro

↑ Ralph Underwager and Hollida Wakefield, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Anna Salter, Et Al., Defendants-Appellees. 22 F.3d 730 (7th Cir. 1994) Federal Circuits, 7th Cir. (April 25, 1994) Docket number: 93-2422

↑ Jump up to:21.021.1 Salter, A. (June 1998) Confessions of a Whistle-Blower: Lessons Learned Ethics & Behavior 8(2) p.115 - 124 DOI: 10.1207/s15327019eb0802_2 Abstract - In 1988 I began a report on the accuracy of expert testimony in child sexual abuse cases utilizing Ralph Underwager and Hollida Wakefield as a case study (Wakefield & Underwager, 1988). In response, Underwager and Wakefield began a campaign of harassment and intimidation, which included multiple lawsuits; an ethics charge; phony (and secretly taped) phone calls; and ad hominem attacks, including one that I was laundering federal grant monies. The harassment and intimidation failed as the author refused demands to retract. In addition, the lawsuits and ethics charges were dismissed. Lessons learned from the experience are discussed.

↑ Calof, D.L. (1998). Notes from a practice under siege: Harassment, defamation, and intimidation in the name of science Ethics and Behavior, 8(2) p. 161-187. "For over three years, however, a group of proponents of the false memory syndrome (FMS) hypothesis, including members, officials, and supporters of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, Inc., have waged a multi-modal campaign of harassment and defamation directed against me, my clinical clients, my staff, my family, and others connected to me. I have neither treated these harassers or their families, nor had any professional or personal dealings with any of them; I am not related in any way to the disclosures of memories of sexual abuse in these families. Nonetheless, this group disrupts my professional and personal life and threatens to drive me out of business. In this article, I describe practicing psychotherapy under a state of siege and places the campaign against me in the context of a much broader effort in the FMS movement to denigrate, defame, and harass clinicians, lecturers, writers, and researchers identified with the abuse and trauma treatment communities.

↑ Hoult, J. (June 1998) The Politics of Discrediting Child Abuse Survivors Ethics & Behavior, 8(2), p. 125 - 140 "As a victim of child abuse who proved my claims in a landmark civil suit, there have been many attempts to silence and discredit me. This article provides an overview of my court case and its effects....I believe that published documents demonstrate how some members and supporters of false memory groups publish false statements that defame and intimidate victims of proven violence and their supporters. Such altered accounts are used to discredit others in court and in the press."

↑ Freyd, J. (June 1998) Science in the Memory Debate Ethics & Behavior, 8(2), p. 101 - 113

↑ Stanton, M. (July/August 1997) U-Turn on Memory Lane Columbia Journalism Review “Rarely has such a strange and little-understood organization had such a profound effect on media coverage of such a controversial matter. The foundation is an aggressive, well-financed p.r. machine adept at manipulating the press, harassing its critics, and mobilizing a diverse army of psychiatrists, outspoken academics, expert defense witnesses, litigious lawyers, Freud bashers, critics of psychotherapy, and devastated parents. With a budget of $750,000 a year from members and outside supporters, the foundation’s reach far exceeds its actual membership of about 3,000.” “As controversial memory cases arose around the country, FMSF boosters contacted journalists to pitch the false-memory argument, more and more reporters picked up on the issue, and the foundation became an overnight media darling. The story line that had dominated the press since the 1980s — an underreported toll of sexual abuse, including sympathetic stories of adult survivors resurrecting long-lost memories of it — was quickly turned around. The focus shifted to new tearful victims — respectable, elderly parents who could no longer see their children and grandchildren because of bad therapists who implanted memories."

↑ Packard, N. (April, 2004) Battle Tactics of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation New School for Social Research, N.Y. History Matters Conference "Kondora’s and Beckett’s studies indicate that the Foundation has been successful in many of its efforts to manage public perception of child abuse victims, therapists and the people accused of child abuse. Kondora and Beckett show that not only has public perception of victimized children become skeptical, but in fact, the press often goes beyond the Victorian custom of neutrality on all fronts of the issue, to out-right sympathy for accused molesters."

↑ Whitfield, C. L. (2001). The "false memory" defense: Using disinformation and junk science in and out of court. In Whitfield, C. L., Silberg, J. Fink, P. J. Eds. (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors New York: Hawthorn Press, Inc. (pp. 53 - 78) also in Haworth Press, Special Issue on Disinformation, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 9(3 & 4) "Attorneys for accused, convicted or found-responsible child molesters tend to use a superficially sophisticated argument, which can be described as the "false memory defense." This defense is fraught with disinformation, smoke screens, and other untruths that are a distortion of what the available science of the psychology of trauma and memory shows. In this article, this seemingly sophisticated, but actually mostly contrived and often erroneous defense, is described and it is compared in a brief review to what the science says about the effect of trauma on memory." "Abstract: This article describes a seemingly sophisticated, but mostly contrived and often erroneous "false memory" defense, and compares it in a brief review to what the science says about the effect of trauma on memory. Child sexual abuse is widespread and dissociative/traumatic amnesia for it is common. Accused, convicted and self-confessed child molesters and their advocates have crafted a strategy that tries to negate their abusive, criminal behavior, which we can call a "false memory" defense. Each of 22 of the more commonly used components of this defense is described and discussed with respect to what the science says about them. Armed with this knowledge, survivors, their clinicians, and their attorneys will be better able to refute this defense of disinformation."

Bibliography

Brown, Scheflin and Hammond (1998).”Memory, Trauma Treatment, And the Law” (W. W. Norton) ISBN 0-393-70254-5

Freyd, Jennifer J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma - The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-06805-x.

Knopp, Fay Honey (1996). A Primer on the Complexities of Traumatic Memory of Childhood Sexual Abuse - A Psychobiological Approach. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press. ISBN 1-884444-20-2.

Whitfield M.D., Charles L. (1995). Memory and Abuse - Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. ISBN 1-55874-320-0.

Whitfield, Charles L.; Joyanna L. Silberg, Paul Jay Fink (2001). Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789019019.

External Links

Memory, Abuse, and Science: Questioning Claims about the False Memory Syndrome Epidemic

False Memory Syndrome A False Construct Feminista! v2, n10

False memory syndrome proponents tactics "False memory syndrome proponents have done the following to try and ensure that only their point of view is in the public view."

#false memory #false memory syndrome #abuse #trauma #traumaticamnesia #dissociative amnesia #childsexualabuse #recoveredmemory #repressedmemory #repression #dissociation #ralphunderwager #lynncrook #freyd #charleswhitfield #betrayaltrauma #junkscience #annasalter

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aasideblogiguess · 4 years ago

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I am playing Ace Attorney for the first time and kinda just finished aa2

And to specify on why I don’t believe Miles Edgeworth when he comes back from the dead and starts telling everyone he was a super Bad and Selfish person

He didn’t do anything wrong in the first game. Or seemingly before, at least from what i’ve seen (if it’s revealed later on that he like..used to kick puppies or something, sorry, i’m not there yet)

I mean. In the first game he was kinda mean to us I guess. Didn’t like how smug he always seemed. Made me feel a little dumb. He made some mistakes. The autopsy report was a little bullshit but I mean to be fair we also constantly present incriminating/altered evidence the day of the trial so eh. I mean it wasn’t cool of him to call us incompetent that one time I guess?

But he wasn’t in the first case of the game. The second is the first time we see him and by the third he’s already doing our job for us and giving credit to our theories and grilling his own witnesses when they’re being dumb. If I remember correctly he was called out by Vasquez for this. “So the defense and the prosecution are in cahoots?” she huffed. Miles was already hurting his own cases for the sake of reaching the truth by his second appearance in the game, and his first was hardly bad enough to make me thing there was any change in personality between the two.

He left, though, because he realized the error of his ways, though, surely? That’s why he ran off for a year. But, well. The incidents that seemed to trigger this weren’t his losses to Phoenix Wright. By all means he seemed fine after both the Maya Fey case and the Steel Samurai case- he even helped us in the second. The incidents that triggered this were the closing of DL-6 and SL-9.

Miles was not to blame for either DL-6 nor SL-9 or the related pain. However...when Robert Hammond was killed Miles was blamed for it. Tricked into believing he was responsible for his own father’s death too. That he deserved to be punished for what happened to his father all those years ago, that he was a Bad person who needed to go down for this. That was proven incorrect. But quite frankly seeing the man who raised him arrested for killing his dad and framing him was probably very little consolation, nor is it even guaranteed to mediate the guilt Miles felt for what happened to his father. The revelations behind SL-9 were even worse. This wasn’t his fault either, in any way. I mean what person worth their salt blames a young lawyer for unknowingly being fed falsified evidence by the police? What was he meant to do, investigate himself? Find a magatama just lying around somewhere and know to use it on the people who handed him the evidence? There’s nothing more he could have done, none of what happened was his fault. And yet. When he responded to the corruption (and quite frankly he looked like he was going to be sick when he found out) he was told it was his fault entirely. His burden. That he was the one who prosecuted an innocent (i use innocent lightly since joe darke was a serial killer but you know, innocent of that last crime) man and got him sentenced to death. He was told it was his fault. His corruption scandal. Of course, nobody tried to charge him for it, because it’s very clear to anybody that this wasn’t his fault. In fact I believe Lana herself went out of her way to give a whole speech about how he wasn’t to blame.

But after growing up in a very unhealthy home? After having nightmares and guilt weighing on him for the past fifteen years regarding his father’s death? After facing vitriol from the general public for years upon years? After being told he’s to blame for the death of innocents?

Miles Edgeworth isn’t prone to having self confidence to spare. That’s why he believed it when he was blamed for Sl-9. Why he left shortly after.

He was never a bad person, by the second time we see him he’s already putting his desire for justice on full display, he always prioritizes justice, he’s thrown into despair by the idea that he even accidentally engaged in corruption. He was never Bad, he was never Selfish. He just thought he was, because what he actually is....is very mentally ill and very self loathing. Clearly. I mean years of abuse manipulation and untreated trauma does that to a person. I’m not even entirely sure he didn’t intend to commit suicide at one point after writing that note (although that analysis of his departure is a topic for another day).

Quite frankly. He’s an unreliable witness on his own behaviour because he’s primed to see himself in a bad light anyway and his claims directly contradict what we can see throughout the first game. He was never corrupt or bad or anything of the sort. I can’t even see evidence he actually cared more about his win record than justice.

Man doesn’t need to learn to be a better person, he’s already fine, man needs to learn to stop hating and blaming himself when he’s f i n e morally speaking.

#aa #aa1 #ace attorney #miles edgeworth #long post

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phroyd · 4 years ago

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Rest In Peace, Alex! - Phroyd

Alex Trebek, who became known to generations of television viewers as the quintessential quizmaster, bringing an air of bookish politesse to the garish coliseum of game shows as the longtime host of “Jeopardy!,” died Nov. 8 at 80.

The official “Jeopardy!” Twitter account announced the death without further details.

Mr. Trebek had suffered a series of health reversals in recent years, including two heart attacks and brain surgery, and was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2019. He continued to host new episodes of his show until production was suspended in March because of the coronavirus pandemic, and then filmed socially distanced episodes that began airing Sept. 14.

For more than three decades, Mr. Trebek was a daily presence in millions of households, earning near-rabid loyalty for the intellectual challenge of his show, in which questions were presented as answers and answers were delivered in the form of questions. By the time of his death, “Jeopardy!” was one of the most popular and longest-lasting programs of its kind in TV history.

Mr. Trebek, the self-made son of a hotel chef, had no sequined co-presenter to match Vanna White on host Pat Sajak’s “Wheel of Fortune.” His show neither attracted nor allowed histrionics, no galloping, shrieking contestants such as those summoned to “Come on down!” on “The Price Is Right” with Bob Barker. Even the “Jeopardy!” theme song, one of the most recognizable jingles on television, was restrained in its dainty dings.

There was no “hot seat” like the chair for contestants on “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?” with Regis Philbin — a show that “Jeopardy!” purists disdained for its elementary subject matter and inflated prize money.

On “Jeopardy!” there were only questions and answers — or rather, answers and then questions — leavened by the briefest of banter before Mr. Trebek directed his three contestants back to business.

He became known, a reporter for the New Republic magazine once observed, for his “crisp enunciation, acrobatic inflections [and] hammy dignity” as he primly — and with precise pronunciation — relayed clues in categories such as “European Cuisine,” “U.S. Geography,” “Ballet and Opera,” “Potent Potables” and “Potpourri.”

“The folding type of this cooling device became accepted in China during the Ming dynasty,” Mr. Trebek might declaim, as competitors raced to buzz in with the reply, “What is a fan?”

“Jeopardy!” was the creation of singer and talk-show host Merv Griffin, whose TV empire also included “Wheel of Fortune” and “Dance Fever.” His wife, Julann Griffin, proposed the show’s conceit. If players provided questions instead of answers, she said, then “Jeopardy!” would be safe from the high-profile cheating scandals that plagued TV quiz shows in the 1950s.

The Griffin brainchild aired on NBC from 1964 to 1975, then returned as “The All New Jeopardy!” from 1978 to 1979, both times with the stately actor Art Fleming as host. Mr. Trebek took over when the show was revived in syndication in 1984, also serving during his first several seasons as producer.

Much like his program, Mr. Trebek indulged in few frills. He favored conservative suits. When he shaved his signature mustache in 2001 — “on a whim,” he said — his viewership erupted in titillation.

The most exuberant flourish about the show might have been the exclamation mark in the title. Mr. Trebek, for his part, emitted few if any exclamations as he led contestants through the first round of clues; then a second, higher-stakes round dubbed “Double Jeopardy!”; and then “Final Jeopardy!,” in which players could wager all or some of their earnings on a single stumper.

“My job,” he told the Associated Press in 2012, “is to provide the atmosphere and assistance to the contestants to get them to perform at their very best. And if I’m successful doing that, I will be perceived as a nice guy and the audience will think of me as being a bit of a star. But not if I try to steal the limelight! The stars of ‘Jeopardy!’ are the material and the contestants.”

(Perhaps the show’s greatest stars were Ken Jennings, who reigned over the grid for 74 shows in 2004, claiming $2.5 million in winnings, and Watson, the IBM computer that defeated Jennings and another champion, Brad Rutter, in 2011.)

Fans who attended tapings of the show received a rare insight into Mr. Trebek’s dry humor when he held forth with them during commercial breaks, cutting up about how he didn’t “like spending time with stupid people,” which resulted in his having “very few friends.” He often regaled the crowd with tales of his DIY home-improvement projects.

He said his breakfast consisted of a Snickers and Diet Pepsi, or a Milky Way and Diet Coke. And he was not always as staid as he might have seemed, once tearing his Achilles’ tendon when he chased a burglar from his hotel room in 2011.

But to most “Jeopardy!” viewers, Mr. Trebek was akin to a neighbor they saw every day without becoming intimately acquainted. In a tribute to Mr. Trebek after his cancer diagnosis was announced, Jennings affectionately described him as “a riddle wrapped in an enigma wrapped in a Perry Ellis suit.” One of the few clues to his past was his slight Canadian accent.

George Alexander Trebek was born in Sudbury, Ontario, on July 22, 1940. His father was a Ukrainian immigrant, and his mother was French Canadian. In a memoir published in July, “The Answer Is . . . Reflections on My Life,” Mr. Trebek described a childhood marked by poverty and illness, including a painful form of rheumatism that he developed after falling into a frozen lake at age 7.

Mr. Trebek said that he considered becoming a priest but did not enjoy his experimentation with a vow of silence. “I was a very good student, but leaned more toward show business than anything else because I had a way of entertaining the class,” he told the Toronto Star. “I wasn’t the class clown, but always prominent — even when I was quiet.”

He said he was nearly expelled from boarding school and then dropped out of a military college after three days because he did not wish to subject himself to a buzz cut.

Mr. Trebek began working at the Canadian Broadcasting Corp. while studying philosophy at the University of Ottawa, where he graduated in 1961. As a broadcaster for radio and television, he delivered coverage in English and French, reported on news, weather and sports, and hosted “Reach for the Top,” a popular teen quiz show.

In 1973, Mr. Trebek came to the United States as host of “The Wizard of Odds,” a short-lived game show created by fellow Canadian Alan Thicke.

“It was canceled on a Friday, and I was disappointed, of course,” Mr. Trebek once said on “The Dan Patrick Show,” a sports talk program. “It was replaced the following Monday by a show called ‘High Rollers,’ which I also hosted. . . . After two and a half years, it was canceled, and it was replaced by another show which I hosted. So I have the either great honor or dubious honor of having replaced myself on three different occasions.”

Mr. Trebek, who became a U.S. citizen in 1998, also hosted shows including “Double Dare,” “The $128,000 Question” and “Battlestars.” He subbed for Chuck Woolery, Sajak’s predecessor on “Wheel of Fortune,” bringing him to the attention of Griffin. For a period Mr. Trebek hosted “Classic Concentration” and “To Tell the Truth” while also presiding over “Jeopardy!,” where he reportedly commanded $10 million a year.

As “Jeopardy!” host, Mr. Trebek participated in national contestant searches and shepherded the first teen, senior and celebrity tournaments. He also contributed clues, drawing from his knowledge in such arcane fields as oil drilling and bullfighting. He personally reviewed all clues before taping a show and claimed that he could answer about 65 percent of them correctly. If he judged one too difficult, he asked writers not to use it.

“I’ll say, ‘Nobody’s going to get this,’ ” he told the New York Times in a 2020 interview. “And they usually take my suggestions, because I view myself as every man.”

By the time Mr. Trebek completed 30 years as host, “Jeopardy!” reached 25 million viewers a week. His Emmys included a lifetime achievement award, and, in 2013, he ranked No. 8 in a Reader’s Digest poll of the most trusted people in America. Jimmy Carter, the highest-ranking president on the list, arrived at No. 24.

A ubiquitous presence in pop culture, Mr. Trebek appeared in the “Got milk?” advertising campaign, in films including “White Men Can’t Jump” (1992) and on television shows including “The Simpsons” and “The X-Files.” In a memorable episode of “Cheers,” Mr. Trebek welcomed as a contestant the postal carrier Cliff Clavin (John Ratzenberger), the sitcom’s most undesirable bachelor, in a round of “Jeopardy!” with categories including “beer,” “mothers and sons” and “celibacy.”

Mr. Trebek was spoofed on “Second City Television,” the Canadian TV sketch show, and “Saturday Night Live,” with comedian Will Ferrell, as his impersonator, barely containing his contempt for dimwitted contestants on “Celebrity Jeopardy!”

“I’ll take ‘Swords’ for $400,” Sean Connery, portrayed by Darrell Hammond, intoned in a Scottish accent when the category of clues was in fact “ ‘S’ Words.”

Mr. Trebek’s first marriage, to Elaine Callei, ended in divorce. In 1990, he married Jean Currivan. A complete list of survivors was not immediately available.

Little changed about “Jeopardy!” as the years wore on for the show, for Mr. Trebek and for fans. Newfangled topics, such as twerking, were occasionally introduced. Over time, contestants revealed themselves to be more familiar with Dan Brown, author of “The Da Vinci Code,” than with the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the New Republic noted. And Mr. Trebek was called upon to learn to rap to read certain clues.

But mainly the show stayed “comfortable, like an old pair of shoes,” Mr. Trebek once said. In its constancy, it became all the more comforting for the legions of fans who turned to “Jeopardy!” for its promise of clear right and wrong answers in a world where the matter of what is true was increasingly subjected to partisan debate.

“There’s a certain comfort that comes from knowing a fact,” Mr. Trebek told the Times in July. “The sun is up in the sky. There’s nothing you can say that’s going to change that. You can’t say, ‘The sun’s not up there, there’s no sky.’ There is reality, and there’s nothing wrong with accepting reality. It’s when you try to distort reality, to maneuver it into accommodating your particular point of view, your particular bigotry, your particular whatever — that’s when you run into problems.”

Phroyd

#alex trebek #jeopardy #rip

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alphawave-writes · 5 years ago

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World Records and recordings NSFW Sigma x Harold Winston

Synopsis: Harold Winston is sexually frustrated, but Siebren isn't interested in sex. Or at least, that's what Harold thinks, until he catches Siebren masturbating in his room. Read below or find it on AO3

I’ve also opened up a Sigrold discord server. If you wanna gush about space dads, join the crew!

It’s taken Harold a while to acknowledge the possibility that Dr. Siebren de Kuiper may not hold any sexual interest in him. To be fair, that shouldn’t surprise him. As far as he knows, Harold is Siebren’s first serious relationship in a long, long time. And since they’ve been together, Siebren has given no indication he’s interested in sex. No passing comment, no double entendre, no sultry words or secretive wink or lingering touch. Nothing.

Harold on the other hand is sexually interested in Siebren. Very interested, if interest is measured by the amount and intensity of wet dreams and lewd fantasies a single man can have. He’s not sure when his feelings had shifted from a warm, unconditional love to this overwhelming lust. All he knows is that he’s hyper aware of every little move Siebren makes now. He sees every lick of the lips, every flutter of the eyes, and his imagination runs wild, giving him a glimpse into an alternate reality where Siebren kisses him hotly in the mouth and bends him over a table and takes him then and there, for all of the Horizon staff to see.

Harold’s lost count of the amount of times he’s let the images fly before his eyes when he’s alone in bed. He’d stroke himself off, whimpering silently to the dust in the air, imagining all the ways Siebren can have him. Every time he finishes, he’s sated but unsatisfied. Every morning he stares at Siebren’s door, just opposite his bedroom, and lets out a sigh.

It’s not like Harold beats around the bush, oh no, he makes his intentions very clear. He’s hinted many times in front of Siebren what his preferences are. He did his fair share of nudges and winks, and when that didn’t work, he opted for a more direct approach.

In hindsight, lying naked on Siebren’s bed in a provocative pose was probably not his greatest decision. It’s almost an hour when Siebren finally arrives and once he realizes that Harold is there, naked and wanting, he just stares at him for a few seconds, eyes wide. Harold tries to smile seductively even as his nerves threaten to get the better of him, but Siebren does not say a thing. Siebren walks silently up to the bed, places his hands on Harold’s shoulders, kisses him gently on the forehead, and proceeds to fall asleep next to him.

“I’m sorry, Harold,” he says apologetically the next morning. He's still wearing yesterday's clothes, his bedhead making him look wild and gorgeous. “I do love you, do not be mistaken, it’s just…better that we don’t do this kind of thing. It’ll only ruin our relationship.”

Harold frowns. “Are you sure?”

“I wouldn’t want to hurt you or your feelings.” He holds Harold close and rubs his back in a soothing manner, trailing kisses down Harold's chin. It’s Siebren's way of apologizing.

And it’s fine, Harold tells himself later that day. It’s fine that Siebren’s not attracted to him whatsoever. It’s totally fine that he’s the only one who masturbates to the thought of Siebren’s dick, big and red and full of veins, pressing into the cleft of his ass, sweet nothings whispered into his ear. It's definitely fine that he can get himself hard if he so much as thinks about Siebren for too long.

Oh, who is he kidding? It’s absolutely NOT fine. They need to discuss this properly. They need to. He wants to make his relationship with Siebren work.

For all intents and purposes, it is a rather typical day on Horizon One lunar base. Harold spends half the morning chasing after Specimen 28, and the other half of the morning doing the prep work for his latest experiment. In the afternoon he has lunch, chats with the other Horizon staff, and goes about his day.

He doesn’t see Siebren at all today, which is a bit of a relief. He needs the distraction away from him. After that fiasco, things have been more than a little awkward between the two of them. Siebren doesn’t smile easily at him, an almost distant expression upon his face whenever they make eye contact. Every time Harold tries to broach the topic of sex, Siebren changes the subject or just remains unusually quiet, or even just leave the room altogether. Harold can't account this for naïve innocence or embarrassment. Siebren's avoiding him.

Harold’s frustrated, but he refuses to be the one to start this conversation. Maybe he's being stubborn, but Siebren knows how he feels. He's supposed to be smart.

Harold stares at the open door to his lab and sighs. He almost expects Siebren to come in any moment now, but he's nowhere to be seen.

He'll have to talk to me sooner or later, Harold tells himself as he gets back into his work. He can't avoid me all day.

But then the hours tick on by and Harold is still alone. Dinner comes and goes and Siebren is still nowhere to be seen. It's not just Harold who notices his absence. Even the other scientists are concerned.

“It’s your job to find him,” Yoshida says. Today is their day to do the dishes. They’re the slowest dish washer on Horizon One, but they’re also the most thorough. No one ever finds a dirty spot on their cutlery when Yoshida does the washing.

Harold sighs. “Do I have to?”

“You’re the boyfriend,” Nevsky smirks. “Or is there trouble in paradise?”

It still sounds so weird hearing the word ‘boyfriend’ to describe himself. He never thought he’d be a boyfriend to anyone, let alone to be the boyfriend of a Dutch astrophysicist with horrific eating habits and a strange aversion to footwear. Then again, he never thought he’d be taking care of genetically enhanced gorillas on the moon. “Nothing a small chat cannot fix,” he smiles tersely.

“Wouldn’t have anything to do with this, would it?” Nevsky takes out a small, unopened bottle of lube from their lab coat. Harold’s eyes widen as he quickly snatches it away from Nevsky’s grasp, stuffing it into his own pockets.

His cheeks are crimson. Yoshida cackles loudly. The shit-eating grin Nevsky gives him is enough to make his stomach turn. “P-please tell me you didn’t snoop my room to get this.”

“It’s your fault for bringing Hammond in. He escaped his cage once again, and when we finally found him, he was chewing on the cap.” Nevsky smirks before adding, “I won’t report this to Lucheng, but maybe find a better place to hide this so the animals can’t get a hold of it. Just saying.”

Harold glances down at the bottle. Small bite marks could be seen near the top of the cap. “N-noted.”

“Hey, does that mean Harold will be the first man to have sex on the moon?” Yoshida asks.

“That’d be some world record,” Nevsky remarks. “Dr. Harold Winston, astrobiologist, zoologist. First man ever to have butt sex on the moon.”

“Doesn’t that mean Dr. de Kuiper also gets a world record?”

“They’ll both share a world record then. I mean, one of them has to perform it, and the other has to receive, right?” Nevsky turns to Harold and smirks. “No offense, Harold, but out of the two of you, you strike me as the bottom.”

“This is the part of the conversation where I go away and find Siebren and never talk to you guys again,” Harold cringes.

“Let me know how it goes,” Nevsky yells as Harold leaves the dining area. “Guinness will probably want all the details for your new world record.”

Harold checks Siebren’s lab, half expecting him to be distracted with his work, but he’s nowhere to be found. His lab is clean and well-kept, almost like he hasn’t been in it at all. To say it’s strange is an understatement. Siebren practically lives and breathes in his lab. He’s probably spent more time in this lab than he’s spent in his own bedroom, or any other part of the lunar base. Something must be wrong, Harold realizes. He’s got one other place to check.

Harold finds himself outside of Siebren’s private room, waiting by the door. He’s done his best to avoid even looking at Siebren’s door. After yesterday, it’s going to be so awkward. And it’s mostly his fault for making it awkward, he knows that, but one look at Siebren nowadays and his fantasies run wild. It’s easy to imagine Siebren’s large hands pinning him to the wall, his thrusts powerful and hard, a smug smirk drifting on top of his crimson face as he leaves Harold a shuddering mess.

He shakes his head, ignoring the heat rising up his cheeks. He doesn’t need this. Quick in and quick out. Tell Siebren he's missed dinner. Let him figure out why Harold’s frustrated in his own time.

Harold lets out a breath and presses his palm to the hand scanner. The door slides open.

As he suspects, Siebren is in his room, sitting at his desk. His back is facing Harold, hunched over and slumped as he gazes at the papers strewn across the hard surface. He’s got headphones on but the wires have since frayed slightly, some of the sound leaking. It’s faint, but Harold can just make out voices talking over a jazzy tune. A podcast, he thinks.

“Come on, Siebren, you spent all day in here?” Harold tuts silently. Siebren hasn’t noticed him at all. He’s too distracted with his podcast. A small smirk spreads across Harold’s face as an idea forms in his head.

He tiptoes forward, his steps as quiet as possible, ready to sneak up and surprise Siebren. A part of him tells him it’s petty revenge. The other part of him tells him it’s a way to alleviate some of his frustrations. The reason doesn’t matter. Before he can surprise Siebren proper, a loud shudder escapes his lips. The noise is lewd, desperate, a far cry from the strict properness of Siebren’s speech. It’s enough to make Harold stop in his tracks.

He's close enough to hear the words filtering from Siebren’s headphones. Two men are talking to each other in low, seductive tones. One has a deep yet weak voice. The other sounds a lot like Harold himself, only far more assertive and much more aroused.

“You’ll do as I say,” The Harold voice-alike breathes. There's heat and possessiveness in his tone.

“Y-yes,” the deep voiced man quivered.

“Yes, what, exactly?”

“Y-yes, master.”

“Good. Now, stay still for me. Don’t move one little bit.”

The noises that follow after are suggestive and revealing at the same time. There’s the loud noise of a zipper being pulled down, hushed moans and gasps, whispered compliments breathed in an erotic tone as the jazz gets louder, and then the wet noises of a man swallowing another’s cock.

Siebren lets his head fall onto his left arm, muffling his noises. Harold’s eyes trail down Siebren’s right arm, disappearing into his lap, moving up and down rhythmically. He should be mad, but a part of him is aroused by the sight of Siebren pleasuring himself to these voices, vulnerable and blushing.

Suddenly the door to Siebren’s room automatically closes with an audible swish. Siebren freezes in place, twisting his head slowly over his shoulder. His eyes are wide. His mouth is agape.

“S-siebren?”

He stops the recording, takes the headphones off his ears and quickly swivels his chair around to face the desk.

“Siebren,” Harold huffs.

He stomps his way forward and forcefully turns the chair to face him. Siebren averts his gaze, all of a sudden captivated with his empty bookshelf. His hands are folded over his crotch, his thick legs pressed together so tightly. Next to the pile of papers on Siebren’s desk is an empty plate, scraps of today’s breakfast coating the surface.

“Have you been in your room all day?” Harold admonishes.

Siebren scowls shamefully. “It…won’t calm down.”

“You…what?” Harold's eyebrows furrow.

“I-I don’t listen to this out of pleasure,” Siebren gestures at his headphones. “I just need to calm it down. Get on with my work. B-but my body does not heed my commands today.”

Harold gazes down to Siebren’s crotch and gulps. He can’t see anything with Siebren’s hands in the way, but he can see that his pants have been undone, pulled lower over his hips for easier access. Orange boxers peek over hip bones, slid down slightly to reveal a tuft of thick hair.

Harold takes a shaky breath in and out. He doesn’t know what to feel anymore. Laying naked on a bed doesn’t do anything for Siebren, but a few guys fucking on stereo do? But then one of those guys sounded an awful lot like him. He purses his lips and shakes the thought away. He’s got bigger problems. More immediate problems.

“How long has…it…not calmed down?” Harold asks slowly.

“P-probably just over an hour now.”

“Only an hour?”

“This is the fourth time today I’ve had this particular problem.” Siebren flushes. “It doesn’t stay away for long.”

“And why doesn’t it stay away?”

Siebren huffs, but he doesn’t reply. His crimson blush has reached down to his neck and hands. His jaw is clenched tight, his body squirms, a far cry from the confident and suave man that Harold knows. His dazed eyes give Harold the answer Siebren’s lips don’t speak. Harold wasn't the only one with the hyperactive imagination today, it seems.

Harold doesn’t stop looking at Siebren’s pants. He’s had fantasies like this. Siebren would be properly dressed, just unzipping his pants to unveil his thick cock peeking from his underwear. He would lead Harold down onto his knees, pulling his head forward into his CROTCH. Siebren will give him the simple but powerful command to “suck” and Harold would eagerly do as Siebren says, watching and waiting for Siebren’s cool façade to slowly break as he moans to the stars.

His throat feels so dry as he braces his hand on Siebren’s chair. He’s not sure what expression is on his face, but he knows it must be intense, because Siebren exhales noisily through his nostrils, the hot air caressing Harold’s cheek. He places his other hand over Siebren’s, their gazes connected.

“Let me help you.”

“N-no,” he whispers.

“Please,” Harold insists.

Siebren whines, but he puts up no resistance when Harold pushes his hands aside. He sucks in a breath as his cock springs upward, suddenly exposed to the cool air. Harold’s eyes are as big as balloons.

“Gosh,” he breathes, because really, what else can he say about a cock like this? Even considering Siebren’s height, it’s massive, bulging blood vessels lining up from the base of his cock all the way up to the red, glistening head. It’s almost straight, with a slight lean to the left, the length so long that if Siebren was shirtless, Harold thinks it goes past his bellybutton. It leaks eagerly, precum covering the surface in a wet sheen.

It’s not what Harold expects Siebren’s dick to look like. It’s so much bigger than he expected. It’s so much better than anything his brain could’ve conjured.

Before Harold can stop himself, his hand wraps around Siebren’s shaft.

“H-Harold,” Siebren hisses.

“You’re thick too.” His hand strokes upwards slowly, all the way up to the head. He never thought Siebren would react like this, a fist over his mouth, gaze averted, eyes half-lidded in pleasure. It’s a side of him Harold’s never seen before. The Siebren he knows is prim and proper, a haughty gentleman with a strict routine and stricter standards. It’s nothing like this Siebren, beautiful and blushing and vulnerable.

He wants more. He wants to see more.

Harold gets down on his knees and leans forward, inhaling deeply. The scent of Siebren’s dick is heavy and musky and a bit overwhelming but it’s Siebren’s scent, and that’s all that matters. He strokes just a bit faster, the pressure on his fingers just a bit harder. Siebren quivers from his touch, shifting uncomfortably in his chair. He’s finally staring at him with those mesmerizing blue eyes, cloudy with desire. It's such an undeniably erotic expression, and Harold's the one to bring it to the surface.

“I-I don’t have any lube,” Siebren whimpers.

“I’ve smuggled some.”

“You, Dr. Harold Winston, smuggled lube onto a lunar base?” Siebren almost sounds impressed.

Harold smirks. “I’m prepared.”

Siebren splutters as he turns his head away. “W-well, I don’t have condoms.”

“We don’t need them.”

Siebren’s lips dip. He’s trying and failing to find another excuse, another reason to stop this. Siebren can’t say he doesn’t want this, because they both know he does. He leans back into his chair, legs spread to accommodate Harold, fists clenched at his side as Harold jerks him faster.

“Y-you don’t want this. Don’t want me,” Siebren says in a hoarse whisper. He moans softly as Harold’s other hand begin to caress his balls. “I-I’m too big. I would only hurt you.”

“Is that why you refused me earlier? Because you think I’ll break up with you because your dick is humongous?” Harold says incredulously.

Siebren blushes furiously. “When you put it like that…”

Harold can’t help but laugh quietly, if only to ease the tension building on Siebren’s shoulders. “Siebren, I’m already on my knees for you. And I’m old.” He licks a long, slow stripe up Siebren’s cock. “I don’t mind taking it as slow as we need to.”

His lips wrap eagerly around Siebren’s head. Above him, Siebren groans loudly. One hand plucks the glasses off his face and deposits them on the desk behind him. The other is on his head, fingers curling into his short brown locks. Siebren doesn’t pull or tug. His touch is soft and delicate, like he’s handling a porcelain doll that will break at any moment.

“Do you want this?” Harold whispers, nuzzling into Siebren’s groin. The pubic hairs tickle his nose. It takes all his effort to suppress a chuckle. “I’ll stop if you want me to. Won’t ever ask for sex if you don’t want it.”

“I…” Siebren finally turns his gaze down to Harold. His smile is small, shy, and utterly gorgeous. His hand sweeps down Harold’s skull. “I do want this, my love, just…slow, please.”

Harold smiles. He presses a soft kiss to the underside of Siebren’s cock. “I can do slow.”

Siebren shivers. “It didn’t seem like it earlier. You all but forced yourself on me.”

“Well, OK, maybe I wasn’t slow earlier, but I’ll go slow from now on.” I think I’ll need to with this monster, Harold thinks to himself.

“G-good.”

Harold feels the hand on the back of his head pull him forward. His lips are once more on the tip of Siebren’s dick, sucking lightly, making sure not to graze his teeth too harshly. The taste on his tongue is powerful, and not entirely pleasant, but Siebren’s groaning softly now, his hand ruffling Harold’s hair while the other one slides up his shirt, massaging slow circles over his nipple, and it’s all worth it.

When he thinks his jaw is relaxed enough, Harold presses further until he can feel Siebren’s dick on the back of his throat. Siebren moans, the vibrations running down to Harold’s open mouth, making him shudder. His pants feel so tight and his body feels so hot, but he’s got a job to do. He bops his head up and down slowly, settling on a controlled pace, dragging his tongue along every square inch of flesh it can reach.

“Good,” Siebren sighs. “V-very good.” There are other Dutch words mixed in as well that Harold doesn’t understand—synonyms for “good”, he guesses. He moans in response, and makes the mistake of gazing up into Siebren’s cool blue eyes. The look he gives Harold is heated and intense, like he plucked the stars out of the sky and placed them beneath his irises. It's so erotic. It's so unfair.

Harold feels himself getting hard with every second. The pressure is just too much. He palms himself slowly in full view of Siebren, a reasonably difficult job with a dick in his mouth but achievable. He groans lowly, uncoiling with the friction.

“Harold,” Siebren gasps. He’s close, and it’s obvious from the way he squirms with every little flick of Harold’s tongue. His hand is firm on Harold’s head now, holding it in place. “P-Please tell me you also smuggled condoms.”

Harold’s lips leave Siebren’s dick with a pop, a trail of saliva and precum hanging off his chin. “I-I do.” His gaze drops. “A-at least, I think I do. Why?”

“I don’t want our first time to end like this.”

“Then what do you want?”

“I want…” Siebren trails off, his eyes sliding down Harold’s chest, resting at his hips. His eyes are cloudy. “I don’t know. Just as long as it’s you.”

“So you do want me?”

“Of course I do,” he breathes seductively.

Harold suppresses a gasp. There’s butterflies in his chest, flying in every direction, making him feel warm and fuzzy. His hand goes up to Siebren’s knee, rubbing slow circles. “I want you too. Preferably before the condoms expire.”

Siebren’s lips purse, his head suddenly lowers, and then he laughs, dispelling the tension in the air. Harold tries to pout, but it’s difficult not to smile when Siebren’s laughing so childishly like this, mouth wide and open, eyes scrunched in happiness. This is the Siebren he knows. This is the Siebren he loves.

Siebren pulls Harold up slowly so they’re both standing on their own two feet. His hand lowers down to Harold’s chin, caressing his jaw softly before kissing him passionately. It’s unlike any of their previous kisses. It’s warm and passionate, open-mouthed and wanting. His tongue spars with Harold’s eagerly, drawing out as many sounds as it can. The moans that leaves Harold’s throat are obscene, lewd.

“S-Sieb?” Harold breathes when their mouths drift away.

Siebren swipes his thumb over Harold's chin and brings it up to his tongue, licking slowly. He smacks his lips loudly, his face scrunched up. “Is that what I taste like?”

“You don’t know what you taste like?”

“You do?”

“Well, one of us is the weird one here,” Harold raises his eyebrows.

“I’m going to say it’s you, my love,” Siebren smirks.

“You’re the one who kissed me, knowing exactly where my mouth’s been.” Harold’s hand traces down Siebren’s shirt as he presses a kiss to Siebren’s neck. Electricity fizzles warmly on his lips, traveling down his spine. “Perhaps we should take this back to my room then?”

“I suppose we shall,” Siebren glances down at his still-hard dick and frowns. “Although perhaps I might need to take care of this.”

“Your jacket’s big enough to hide it.” He takes Siebren’s hand in his and leads him out of the room before Siebren can argue otherwise, giggling at the surprised yelp that spills out of Siebren’s mouth.

It’s a quick trip to Harold’s bedroom next door to get the condoms. Turns out the lube bottle wasn’t the only victim from Hammond’s ‘attack’. As he opens his bedside drawer, he notices that his box of condoms is also lightly chewed at the edge, though a quick inspection inside prove that the condoms within are unaffected. He breathes a sigh of relief. He doesn't want to give Siebren an excuse to stop this.

“Found them?” Siebren asks teasingly. He’s sitting down at the foot of Harold’s bed, smirking lightly as he rests backwards on his elbows. Harold laughs as he crosses the threshold to the bed and sits in Siebren’s lap. He’s pulled into a crushing kiss, full of teeth and tongue, textures and tastes and wonderful sounds. A hand reaches over his shoulder, pulling his lab coat down to his elbows.

God, they’re really going to do this. Siebren is going to strip his clothes off and pin him down to the bed and make love with him. Siebren actually wants him. This is really happening.

“Sieb,” Harold gasps. He barely has the necessary brain power to get the box of condoms and lube out of his coat pockets and place them on the bed. The rest of his thoughts are all on Siebren’s touch, Siebren’s love, Siebren’s everything.

“Let me do this,” he whispers. “It’s the least I can do.”

In a flurry of hand motions, Harold’s coat is gone. His turtleneck is next, Siebren guiding Harold’s arms up, pulling the fabric up and over his head. Siebren pauses for a second to admire his chest before his tongue latches onto Harold’s neck, sucking lightly. A shudder escapes Harold’s throat. Fingers move lower, fumbling at his zipper. Pants are slid down, and then underwear, thrown off in some direction behind his back.

Harold feels the sharp inhale on his neck, and then a nervous chuckle. Siebren palms his half-hard dick, rubbing softly. “Just as I thought. You are beautiful,” Siebren utters.

Harold blushes self-consciously. “So you have thought of me like this?”

“I have,” Siebren quietly admits. “Thought of you—thought of the both of us—in many different situations.” He smiles. “Not all of them were entirely innocent.”

Harold sweeps his hand over the stretch of belly peeking out from under Siebren’s shirt. His mind is swimming. Now that he knows Siebren feels the same way, the possibilities feel endless. “What are you thinking now?” Harold whispers.

“That I want you. That I want to please you.” Siebren kisses Harold's collarbone. “That I love you dearly.”

“So sappy,” Harold giggles as he pulls Siebren close for another kiss. “I love you too.”

Harold doesn’t have near the same amount of patience when it came to stripping Siebren, taking the pieces off one at a time and throwing them over his shoulder. He only gets a moment to admire Siebren’s broad, hairy chest and strong muscles and flushed cheeks. Siebren pulls him in and reverses their positions, Harold's back pressed to the mattress. Kisses and licks are exchanged eagerly. True to Siebren’s request, they’re passionate but slow, patient and wet and warm. Everything Harold wants and more.

Harold hears the sound of the lube bottle popping open before he sees it. It squelches deliciously as it oozes down Siebren’s fingers, covering them in a glistening sheen. Siebren's smile is soft yet shy.

“I must warn you, it’s been a long while since I’ve done this,” Siebren says.

“No offense, but I’d be surprised if it hasn’t been a long time for you, Sieb.”

Siebren just smirks as he spreads the lube over Harold’s puckered asshole. Harold hisses lowly. “That certainly keeps you quiet,” Siebren laughs.

Harold has a retort, but words don’t make much sense when he's got a finger in his ass, slowly working itself in and out. There’s the squelch of more lube, and suddenly there’s another finger, scissoring with the other, grazing over his prostate.

“E-easy, tiger,” Harold sighs.

“Be patient. I need to prepare you thoroughly.”

“Xīn gān, I think I’ll be finished by the time I’m prepared, at this rate.”

“Patience, mijn schatje,” Siebren insists.

There’s a third finger, and then a fourth, moving slowly, careful not to stimulate him too much and push him off the cliff. For a moment Harold thinks that maybe he’s bitten off more than he can chew. He already feels so full with four fingers, but Siebren’s cock is much thicker than that. It’s hard to relax when there’s a hand on his belly, pressing lightly into his pudgy flesh, distracting him.

But eventually those fingers slide out of him, and Harold groans loudly, feeling empty all of a sudden. There’s the slick slide of more lube down Siebren’s cock, and then the crinkle of the condom wrapper being torn. Harold watches with hooded eyes as Siebren puts the condom on slowly.

Harold smiles. “Ever been told you put on a condom sexily?”

“No,” Siebren blinks. “There’s a non-sexy way to do it?”

Harold chuckles. “Maybe I’ll show you one day.”

“I’d rather you not,” Siebren responds wryly. He squeezes Harold’s hips lightly. “Turn around for me.”

Harold gives a knowing smirk, but does as Siebren says. He’s flat on his stomach, his arms folded over the pillow. Siebren’s hand glides down from his ass to his thighs, tapping at them rhythmically. Harold slowly slides his legs wider until Siebren taps him to stop. Siebren hums indulgently, leaning down to kiss constellations on Harold’s back.

His cock rocks into the crack of Harold’s ass, slow and steady, a dizzying friction. Strangled noises escape Harold's throat. He's so sensitive all of a sudden, hyperaware of every little touch and sound. He's no longer aware of the four walls that surround his bedroom or the volume of his moans. The only thing in his universe is Siebren.

"Tell me when you're ready," Siebren whispers.

"G-gosh, Sieb," he pants.

"You haven't answered me."

"Sieb, I've been ready for weeks, please, don't make me wait any longer."

There's another slow kiss to the junction between his neck and shoulder. The lips pressed on his skin curl up into a smirk. "If you say so," he hums.

The tip presses against Harold's entrance before penetrating and he groans obscenely, grabbing a fistful of the pillow. Siebren’s hands are on his hips, rubbing circles with his thumbs, urging him to relax. It stings, and it definitely burns despite the liberal amounts of lube they’ve used, but the slide is good. Real good. Siebren's pace is measured and tempered, his arms surrounding Harold from both sides, hips rocking melodically. Harold almost wishes he could turn around just so he could see Siebren’s flushed face prickled with beads of sweat. It’d be beautiful, vulnerable. Absolutely breathtaking.

“You want this,” Siebren pants. It’s a statement, not a question, but it begs for an answer regardless.

“Y-yeah,” Harold manages. “For a while now.”

“Have you imagined this?”

Harold opens his mouth to respond but then Siebren thrusts at just the right angle and the stars begin to flicker behind his eyes. “Right there, r-right…yes, there.”

Siebren’s breath hitches, his hips momentarily losing their rhythm. “D-don’t stop talking,” he pleads.

Harold shouldn’t be completely surprised that his talking is turning Siebren on—he did just catch him moments ago getting off to some erotica podcast. But the fact that his voice alone can make Siebren lose his composure so easily sends a dark thrill up his spine.

“Imagined you…coming into my room once,” Harold admits. Siebren groans lewdly, making Harold chuckle lightly. “You’d tell me how much you wanted me, that you had to have me, and you’d lose all control. Rip my clothes off and order me around. Make me yours.”

"M-more," Siebren breathes.

"You'd order me to stay on all fours while you take me from behind. You'd be so brutal on me, but it would feel so good. You wouldn't hold back whatsoever. I'd be at your utter mercy and I would love every second of it."

Siebren does something in between a pant and a huff of laughter as he buries his nose into Harold’s shoulder. His chest is pressed into Harold’s back. Gravity pulls their bodies so close, leaving no square inch of their skin untouched. “I-I don’t think I’m the kind to order you around like that.” His pace is getting faster. His thrusts are pushing deeper. “D-don’t think I can last much longer either.”

It’s only then that Harold becomes aware of heat and density pooling in his groin, not unlike the death of a supergiant star. There’s no longer any semblance of tempo to Siebren’s hips, thrusting wildly one second, and then achingly slow the next. Siebren’s moaning now, the hot breath tickling the tip of his ears. He’s whispering of comet tails and the infinite realms of space, sweet nothings that mean nothing except for the two of them. The arms surrounding his figure are shaking, shaking fists gripping tightly onto the covers.

Harold’s hand reaches for Siebren’s, wrapping his fingers over and squeezing. At once, the arms stop shaking. Siebren exhales loudly, curling forward, thrusting harder. “M-Mijn Schatje, please.”

“Hold it together,” Harold pleads. “Just a bit longer. Want you inside. Want you inside me, Sieb.”

“Harold,” Siebren gasps.

“I’m so close. One more moment.”

He feels one of the arms move around him, and a hand turns his face to the side. Before he realises what's happening, Siebren’s mouth crashes into his, tongue flicking eagerly, hips gliding fluidly, pressing constantly at his prostate and it’s so much pleasure, almost too much pleasure. Within seconds, Harold’s muscles tense as a loud, long moan leaves his lips, swallowed by Siebren’s tongue. The supernova explodes in his veins, searing him with light from the inside, turning him into a shuddery mess.

Siebren groans loudly and soon he too is lost to the world, cumming soon after. He collapses on Harold’s back, pressing tightly, shivering violently. Harold closes his eyes, losing himself to the waves. The stars before him give way to nebulas, then galaxies, then the universe, and it’s beautiful and perfect.

It’s many minutes later after the supernova has faded that Harold feels Siebren shift above him, lifting himself off and up before collapsing by Harold’s side. He’s breathing heavily, cheeks and body flushed, tired but sated. He looks absolutely gorgeous like this, Harold thinks. He wouldn’t mind seeing Siebren like this a little bit more.

It’s a long while before Siebren realizes Harold is staring at him. His eyes droop down from Harold's face to his hand. Slowly, he reaches out for them, intertwining his fingers, squeezing gently.

“You did not regret this, did you?” Siebren asks quietly.

“Maybe tomorrow morning I will,” Harold teases, rubbing his backside for emphasis. Siebren just raises his eyebrows incredulously. Harold chuckles. “I’m kidding. No, I do not regret this.” Quieter, he adds, “You did wonderful.”

Siebren releases a breath. “Good,” he smiles before clearing his throat loudly. “You did…you did fine as well.”

“Just fine?” Harold laughs.

“OK, you did more than fine,” Siebren rolled his eyes, smiling softly. He nuzzles closer into Harold. “You were also wonderful.”

Harold smiles softly. Siebren’s compliments never fail to ignite the sparks in his chest. It's not enough for him to ask for another round, but it's enough to make him feel warm and blissful in the afterglow.

“Does that mean you want me?”

An embarrassed blush caresses his face as he pouts. "C-could you clarify?"

"We both know what I mean. The next step. You know..." he gestures at the empty space between their naked bodies. "This."

"I do," Siebren whispers. Suddenly, as if just catching himself, averts his gaze. He bites his bottom lip to stop himself from smiling. "S-sorry. About earlier, about me avoiding you. The last few times I got to this stage of a relationship I've...intimidated people with my size. I thought you would be the same. Clearly, I underestimated you."

"Clearly," Harold laughs. He snuggles closer into Siebren, lying his head under his chin. "So you don't mind if we do this from now on?"

"Do what, exactly?" His grin betrays the otherwise innocent tone in his question.

"Sex. Making love." Harold smirks. "Fucking."

"So crude," Siebren teases. He laughs softly as he envelopes Harold in his arms, pressing another slow kiss to his forehead. "Yes. I am ready. Although maybe not for the last one."

Harold smiles softly as he curls into Siebren's arms. There are so many things on his mind. He wants to know what Siebren likes and doesn't like during sex, if he has any kinks of his own, if perhaps they've got mutual fantasies that they want to try some time in the future. He wants to talk about it now so they are better prepared for next time, because he's sure next time will be even more spectacular than tonight, but Siebren is drifting away in his arms, already lulling off to sleep.

Harold smiles sleepily to himself as he stares at Siebren's sleeping form, brushing his hand over Siebren's warm cheek. Perhaps he can have that discussion some other day. He doesn't need to rush it. They're old men, with experience and time under their belt. As long as time is linear and the future is unwritten, they can go as slow as they want.

It’s late when they finally make their way to the breakroom for breakfast the next morning. Harold was in a mad scramble to find his glasses, only to realise he left them in Siebren’s room. Siebren himself was having an ethical dilemma on the proper disposal of used condoms in space, before admitting defeat and chucking it in his room’s sole bin. And then there was Siebren dressing and undressing and then re-dressing, which cost a bit of precious time. But they’re reasonably presentable, in fresh clothes, and best of all, they don’t look freshly fucked when they finally arrive in the kitchen.

It’s too easy for them to fall into familiar habits. Harold makes his way for the kitchen counter to make himself a sandwich while Siebren presses his tea order into the machine. “Make me a coffee,” he sleepily asks.

“Sure,” Siebren gruffly responds, tapping in Harold’s order. He's already memorised it long ago. The flat white is finished just as Harold plates up his PB&J sandwich. Siebren has already placed the drink near Harold’s usual seat, sipping his tea quietly in his own chair right beside Harold's.

Harold makes himself comfortable, sitting down and opening up the tablet he brought with himself and doing his daily sweep at the lunar colony’s integrity and the gorillas’ vitals. He bites into his sandwich, only aware in that moment of two eyes watching him. Siebren smiles softly at him, a knowing glint in his eyes. Harold can't stop the smile from spreading on his face as he takes a sip of coffee.

He barely glances up in time to see Yoshida and Nevsky approach them, smiling slyly. There’s the pop of a party popper, then the toot of a party pipe, performed by Yoshida and Nevsky respectively. Siebren jumps in his seat.

“Congratulations on your world record,” Yoshida laughs.

Siebren’s brows furrow in confusion. “What world record?”

“Oh no,” Harold murmurs.

From behind his back, Nevsky brings out two official looking documents. They’re both identical copies of the Guiness World Record certificate, with the original text whited out crudely, new text photoshopped on top. Nevsky hands one to Siebren, before sliding the other one to Harold.

On Harold’s certificate it reads ‘The world’s first butt sex on the moon was performed by Dr. Harold Winston (USA/China) and Dr. Siebren de Kuiper (The Netherlands) on Horizon One Lunar Colony.’

From the way Siebren’s face paled, Harold assumed his certificate read the same thing.

Yoshida and Nevsky are cackling like hyenas, tears of laughter streaming down their faces. Harold’s only saving grace is that none of the other scientists are here, though by the amplitude of the laughter, the others might be attracted to the noise sooner or later.

“O-oh god, they really did it. Look at how they’re blushing. Look,” Yoshida heaves.

“Who’s the bottom?” Nevsky asks.

“Probably Harold. Look at how he’s sitting.”

Harold winces, not necessarily because his ass is a little bit battered from last night, but because his dirty laundry has practically been aired out for all to see.

“You two,” Siebren growls.

“Oh my god, I have to tell Zhang and Flores,” Nevsky giggles.

“You have to tell us all the details,” Yoshida says to Harold and Siebren. “I mean, someone’s gotta tell Guinness about this world achievement.” Yoshida and Nevsky continue to laugh.

Siebren stands up slowly, glares at the two, and then picks up both certificates in his hands and rips them into shreds. Their laughter quickly dies.

Harold stands up with a carefully neutral expression. He gobbles his sandwich up and drinks the coffee in one go, wiping his lips of the excess.

“If anybody needs me, I’m going to throw myself out of airlock E-35," Harold emotionlessly.

Siebren takes a few seconds to glare evilly at Yoshida and Nevsky before turning to Harold. "I'll join you."

#Overwatch #Sigma #Siebren de kuiper #Harold Winston #Sigrold #I am ashamed of how proud I am of this smut fic #The word count is 6700 words!!!#I didn't make a podfic of this #The only way I'll be convinced to write a podfic of this is if I got commissioned #If you guys can support me by reblogging this that would be super appreciated

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iamjjmmma · 5 years ago

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Down the Rabbit Hole: Jack Chick

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Islam&ShowCount=12 (NOTE: THIS IS NOT AFFILIATED IN ANY WAY TO “DOWN THE RABBIT HOLE” BY FREDERICK KNUDSEN. I ALSO DON’T HAVE ANY COOL HURDY GURDY MUSIC FOR MY INTRO.

I AM NOT MEANING TO SAY THAT I HAVE A PERSECUTION COMPLEX (I AM CATHOLIC). BECAUSE I LIVE IN THE SOUTH IN A PRETTY RURAL AREA, I’VE EXPERIENCED A LOT OF PREJUDICE BECAUSE OF THE PROTESTANTS AROUND ME. FOR MEDICAL AND VERY PERSONAL REASONS, I’M NOT PLANNING TO LEAVE, ALTHOUGH THE PROSPECT OF GOING TO MARYLAND IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS OR SO SOUNDS VERY TEMPTING.

I WANTED TO FIND AN EXPLANATION FOR WHAT I’D BEEN FACING SINCE I WAS A CHILDHOOD, AND I FOUND THIS MAN: JACK CHICK.

IF YOU WANT TO GO DOWN THE HELLHOLE OF THE TRACTS HE WRITE, WHICH WILL MAKE IT EASIER FOR YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE REST OF MY RESEARCH, HERE YOU GO.

https://www.chick.com/products/tract?stk=16&ue=d

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Catholicism&ShowCount=12 THIS IS THE MAIN ONE, CHECK THIS OUT IF YOU DON’T WANT TO CHECK OUT ANY OF THE OTHERS!

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Communism&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Ecumenism&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Evolution&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=False+Religions&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/tract?stk=1075&ue=d

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Halloween&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/tract?stk=70&ue=d

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Homosexuality&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Islam&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Jehovahs+Witness&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Masonry&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/tract?stk=61&ue=d

https://www.chick.com/products/category?type=tracts#&&Language=English&Status=All&SortBy=A-Z&PageNumber=1&Category=Occult&ShowCount=12

https://www.chick.com/products/tract?stk=1078&ue=d

https://www.chick.com/products/tract?stk=52&ue=d (this one’s especially sickening)

NEEDLESS TO SAY, A LOT OF PROTESTANTS ARE GREAT PEOPLE WHO ARE JUST AS SHOCKED AS I AM THAT THIS WOULD EVER HAPPEN. I’VE MET SOME OF THOSE PROTESTANTS, AND A LITTLE UNDER HALF MY FRIENDS ARE PROTESTANT.

I AM NOT MEANING TO VICTIMIZE CATHOLICS OR TO MAKE PROTESTANTS LOOK EVIL. I AM ONLY TRYING TO MAKE A RESEARCH-FILLED INVESTIGATION INTO A MAN WHO’S INDIRECTLY HAD A LOT OF INFLUENCE IN MY LIFE AND THE LIVES OF MILLIONS. IF I DO SO, I AM SORRY.

WITHOUT FURHTER ADO, LET’S BEGIN.)

Down the Rabbit Hole: Jack Chick

Starting in 1971, a devastating icon began to appear all across America. Although it was only a comic, it served to solidify traditional fundamentalist beliefs.and contributing to much of the cultural sentiments that some Christians, especially those living in the South, tend to hold now.

Jack Chick, the author of these comics, produce them with a wide variety of topics, ranging from gentle retellings of Bible stories for children to blatantly Catholiphobic, Islamophobic, and homophobic propaganda derived mostly from suspicion and Bible verses taken largely out of context.

By the time he died at the age of 92 in 2016, he had sold 400 million comics, and by now, his company has distributed over 1 billion of these all across the United States. It has spawned an entire style of pamphlet writing, as well has spawned a number of viral Youtube readings of his pamphlets, often with a sickening number if likes. This is the story of the most prolific American theologian author we have seen so far.

This is the story of Jack Chick.

Chapter 1: Chick’s Pre-Comic Days

Jack Chick was born on April 13, 1924, in a neighborhood called Boyle Heights in Los Angeles. Surprisingly, he was not born or raised in any faith.

Yet despite his lack of religion in childhood, his family was largely traditional, living in a typical suburban house. His mother and father were devoted to each other, and his father was known to others as a tirelessly hard worker.

However, any psychological harms Chick may have contracted may have began here. His mother and father were distant from him, preferring to pay attention to his younger sister, Doris. Chick often reported to his coworkers that while his dad only spoke to him about work and hobbies, his mother rarely spoke to him at all. This could start Chick’s hatred for everyone around him and everyone who didn’t share his beliefs.

He very quickly developed an ability to draw, spending most of his time making comics of his own by the time he was in school. He quickly became relentlessly interested in the craft, having to repeat first grade because of the time he spent drawing airplanes in class instead of paying attention.

When he was 18, he decided to enter into World War II in 1942. He spent the next three years in the Army, where he was no doubt subjected to the polarization of war, which may have contributed even further to his psychological mentality of “us vs. them.” Until 1945, he spent his days fighting in a single division, staying in countries such as New Guinea, Australia, the Philippines, and Japan. He applied to another division once, but was rejected. However, that seemed to be a lucky stroke on his part, as every single member of the division he wanted to join was killed, whereas he never so much as saw one person fire a gun at another person.

He was finally dispatched on January 28, 1946.

On March 22, 1948, Chick married Lois Lynn Priddle, where he started 50-year long marriage as devoted as his parents’. That night, a radio program on his honeymoon would change the course of his life forever.

Priddle’s mother insisted that he listen with her to a program called Charles E. Fuller’s Old-Fashioned Revival. In this program, he discovered Christianity and became converted to evangelicalism. He would never deviate from this path.

Shortly afterwards, Chick decided to use his artistic talent professionally. Putting off having children because of a slim salary, he worked from 1953 to 1960 advertising for Aerojet-Global Corporation, which created rocket engines and assisted in the Space Race. It was here that his hatred, along with America’s collective hatred, of communism began to skyrocket.

In 1961, Chick’s professional and psychological agenda began to change even further. While having a work break one day, he began reading a book called “Power from on High”, which solidified his suspicions that hypocrisy was destroying the evangelical church. A new resolution began to develop in him to convert others and, for the first time, he had the idea to unite his extreme ideas and his artistic talent.

Chapter 2: The Early Days

It started as a hobby with a few sketches, which started off as corny, yet gentle by modern standards. He ended up making a book of his own called “Why No Revival?”, which critiqued the church. For 800 dollars that he borrowed from the credit union, he published it.

Later, after being moved to tears after being under the suspicion that teenagers who were performing rebellious acts on the road he was driving down were condemning themselves to Hell, he produced a second tract called “A Demon’s Nightmare.”

He brought both of his comics to his boss named George Otis, a fellow Christian, asking him to help him publish it. Before “Why No Revival?” was read by Otis, Otis’ secretary read it and called Chick into his office, telling him that he was a “man of God” and that he was more than happy to fund his project. In addition, he went to meetings hosted by the Christian Businessmens’ Connection, asking its members for help and often getting it.

However, after this success, Chick’s next move was both disturbing and hypocritical compared to what he had done before. Bob Hammond, the broadcaster for The Voice of China and Asia, a missionary organization devoted to spreading Christianity in that area, called Chick and told him that millions of people in China had been brought to Communism through short pamphlets. While Hammond told Chick this as a distress call of sorts, Chick got the idea to create short pamphlets of his own to win people to Christianity. By doing so, he used the tactic used by the same people he’d hated for decades and that he would continue to hate until the end of his life.

Chapter 3: The Fire Spreads

After this realization, Chick released his most infamous track entitled, “This Is Your Life!”. In the comic, a man dies, is taken to Heaven, realizes all of his actions had been broadcasted and replayed to him, and watches in horror as God, as the form of a faceless, mannequin-looking figure on a throne, condemns him to Hell. For a test audience, Chick went to his local jail and distributed the pamphlet to eleven non-Christian inmates, upon which nine inmates reportedly converted to Christianity. Bolstered by this successful test, he published it, and it very quickly became popular. To this day, it is still Chick’s most popular track, and it has been translated to over 100 languages so far and has spawned dozens of parodies, including one on Youtube published shortly after Chick’s death featuring him being faced by God at the end of his own life and then being sent to Hell after God exposes his Catholiphobic, homophobic, Islamophobic, and racist tracts.

After “This Was Your Life”, Chick received the income necessary to support his family and to make his comic-drawing a full-time career. He would continue this career until 2016, creating over 200 tracts in his lifetime. Despite his overwhelming success, Chick still faced some justifiable backlash after bookstores realized the intolerant and sometimes violent nature of his comics. Still, other bookstores were even more traditional than Chick was, thinking of expressing fundamentalist Christian ideas in comic form as “sacreligious”.

As the years went by, an important factor in the development of the Southern United States, and fundamentalism as a whole, began with the next generation. Children, starting with Baby Boomers, were growing up reading Chick Tracts in their homes, in schools, in public places, and were solidified with these ideas. In fact, there are numerous testimonies online of childhoods littered with Chick Tracts. One woman from California named Amy remembers holding Chick Tracts and attempting to read them before she was old enough to read, and then reading them as soon as she learned how to. Starting in junior high, she would start distributing these tracts to her friends and all around the school. Another man named Don discovered his first Chick Tract in seventh grade, and now, in his thirties, he still continues to distribute Chick Tracts. Furthermore, a parent named Tawni reads Chick Tracts to her seven-year-old son Steven in lieu of bedtime stories each night. While Bible stories were being spread, intolerant ideas were also spread.

However, his comics did have some merit. They were praised for presenting complex ideas in a simple format anyone could understand, and inspired other cartoonists to draw in the same format.

Chapter 4: Chick’s Death and the Information Overload

Surprisingly, Chick wasn’t met with much backlash until after his death in October 23, 2016, when he died at the age of 92 in his sleep. Until now, Chick’s tracts hadn’t been met with much curiosity other than theologically, and while Chick had faced backlash since 1989, most of it was from non-Christians. However, interest in Chick piqued after his death, where some Christians started to critique his work. Catholic Answers voiced in that Chick was “savagely anti-Catholic”. After his death, heaps of information began to leak to the public, whether they were given by Chick Publications or discovered via the readers.

Some of this information told of a priest named Alberto Rivera, a notorious anti-Catholic from Spain. Claiming to be a Jesuit priest before suddenly becoming a fundamentalist Protestant, he was one of Chick’s confidants and created dozens of conspiracy theories about the Vatican and the Catholic Church in general. These ideas took ahold of Chick. Much of Chick’s tracts revealed the nature of Rivera’s conspiracy theories, which were mostly single Bible verses taken out of context, which is a widely-used tactic for reinforcing or degrading a stance on an issue. When Rivera was a child, he was taken into a seminary at the age of seven after his mother died, Rivera claiming that his mother saw “ugly creatures” just before her death, her last words expressing fear of a “Christless future” for herself. He claimed to have been brought up as a Catholic apologetic and claimed to have been sent out to destroy various Protestant churches. With all his claims, however, there was one fact that was certain: in 1965 in an ecumenical council in Guatemala, he denounced the Catholic Church in front of an audience of 50,000 people.

After this denunciation, the claims started again, beginning with that he was shortly sent to a “top-secret” psychiatric hospital that attempted to brainwash him into becoming Catholic again, claiming to be tortured until he nearly died. While he claims to have been put into an iron lung because of the abuse he claimed to have suffered, he shows no signs of damage now, and when Chick asked why, Rivera replied that Jesus miraculously healed him. At the end of it all, he claimed that a fellow Jesuit freed him and gave him a passport so that he could flee from Spain and emigrate to England. While in England, he claimed to have save his sister Maria from a convent where she was dying for an unspecified reason, and he claimed that both of them fled to the United States, moving to El Paso, Texas. However, further research into his life by magazine Cornerstone paints a very different picture of his life.

According to Cornerstone, Rivera had a long history of “legal financial entanglements”, including not paying off his credit card loans, fraud, credit card theft, and writing multiple bad checks, leading him to be wanted by the Spanish police force. This, according to Cornerstone, was the reason he fled into the United States. While Cornerstone discovered that Rivera’d had two arrest attempts, one in New Jersey and one in Florida, Rivera, in a 1967 investigation, claimed that no such thing happened. While he claimed that the only financially extraordinary thing he’d done was send money to a colleague back in Spain, the colleague reported that he’d never received any money, nor knew of any plans for Rivera to send him any.

During this time, Cornerstone also observed some contradictions in his religious claims. In its investigation, they found that in 1964, he claimed he left the Catholic Church in 1952, while later, he claimed he left in 1967. Furthermore, while he said that he was taken to the top-secret hospital in 1965 and was held there for three months, he claimed his colleague had released him in 1967. They also observed that despite his strongly anti-Catholic beliefs, he was supporting a Spanish Catholic magazine.

Cornerstone’s most prominent discovery, however, was discovering Rivera’s papers claiming he was a Jesuit priest, which turned out to be fraudulent. They also discovered that Maria never lived in a convent.

Cornerstone also discovered that Rivera claimed he had three degrees: a doctorate in theology, a doctorate in medicine, and a doctorate in psychology, all of which also claimed to be untrue, as no such proof was found. In addition, from the time Rivera entered into college until the time he fled to the United States, Cornerstone calculated that it would have been impossible to have enough time for him to attain all three degrees.

For years, Rivera claimed that he had a wife, which he met in Costa Rica. While Cornerstone’s investigations found that Rivera was in a relationship with a woman from that country in the 1950’s, they were never legally married.

In the investigation, the woman’s name was found: Carmen Lydia Torres. Carmen and Rivera had a child together named Juan in 1967-1968, whom Rivera never mentioned, who sadly died when he was only a year old. On an even more tragic note, one of Rivera’s colleagues in the United States, Reverend Edson Lewis, stated that Rivera abused both Carmen and Juan, which may have led to Juan’s early death. However, Carmen and Rivera had another child, also named Alberto. Cornerstone stated that the whereabouts of where Alberto was at the time of the investigation were “difficult to determine”, but a welfare manager in Tennessee did come forward and say that Alberto was placed in a foster home, leading evidence that he was abused along with Carmen and Juan.

Cornerstone found that Juan and Alberto were born at the same time that Rivera claimed to be a celibate Jesuit priest in Spain.

Carmen and Rivera had one more child, named Luis. Reverend Abrego, Rivera’s former friend and roomate while Rivera was living in Spain, said that he was in touch with Luis and found that Luis was also mistreated. Luis’ fate is unknown, but when the couple moved from Florida to Seattle, Luis wasn’t with them, indicating that he may have been taken in by Reverend Abrego, taken to a foster home like his brother, abandoned, or even murdered.

In 1977 in the investigation, Rivera divorced Carmen and married Nury Frias, a woman from the Dominican Republic.

In 1987, Cornerstone presented this entire investigation to Jack Chick, who then defended Rivera by claiming he was “the most godly person he knew” and that he knew Rivera’s story was true because “he prayed about it”. Furthermore, Chick said he expected to be murdered by Jesuits, only to die 30 years later in his sleep.

Cornerstone then presented the investigation to Rivera himself, whose only comment was his “only wrongdoings before 1967 were made because the Jesuits forced me to do them, and any wrongdoings after were lies told by the Jesuits.”

To conclude this presentation, Cornerstone said in its investigation that “because of Chick, sadly, many Protestants still hold the same view of Catholics that whites held of blacks in the early 20th century.”

Chapter 5: Chick’s Impression on the American South

Chick’s influence didn’t stop when he died, and a large amount of influence can be seen today. While fundamentalist ideas actually began in the 20th century, Chick’s comics solidified fundamentalist ideas. Because of the isolated, rural nature of many places in the American South, the ideas that circulated there stayed there, and any opposition or attempts of change were either ridiculed or never reached these places at all.

One of the prime examples of Chick’s effect on not only the American South, but of the entire country is a video on Youtube entitled “Catholic Man Dies and Finds Out by Jesus Christ that Catholicism Leads Straight to Hell for All Eternity”, featuring one of Chick’s tracts, has reached 1,250,251 views and a like-to-dislike ratio of 3.33:1, making it 5,800 dislikes and 18,000 likes. The comments section, which has 3,693 comments so far, has the top comments revealing people who affirmed the tract.

One article published by the Smithsonian states that Jack Chick was “the outspoken crusader of fundamentalist Christianity.” Another article, published by the Daily Beast, states that Jack Chick was “the Doctor Seuss of hate lit.”

Sources:

https://www.chick.com/battle-cry/article?id=dr-rivera%60s-15-year-old-claims-verified-by-current-events

https://www.chick.com/information/article?id=answer-to-critics-of-alberto-rivera-by-houston

https://spirituallysmart.com/alberto.html

“The Alberto Story,” Cornerstone, vol. 9, no. 53, 1981, pp. 29-31.

http://www.whosoever.org/v6i4/bear.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yptbDYKmFc

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/five-things-know-about-jack-chick-evangelical-cartoonist-180960917/

https://www.thedailybeast.com/evangelical-cartoonist-jack-chick-was-the-dr-seuss-of-hate-lit

#christianity #jack chick #catholicism

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hammondcast · 1 year ago

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Hammond Report Released! Jon Hammond

#WATCHMOVIE HERE: Hammond Report Released! Jon Hammond

Jon's archive https://archive.org/details/hammond-report-released-jon-hammond

Youtube https://youtu.be/1xOD1JSJzLQ

FB https://www.facebook.com/558692101/videos/967226431289827/

Instagram https://www.instagram.com/p/CscMnoUvwif/

Hammond Report Released! Jon Hammond

Jon Hammond

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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International

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Hammond Report, Released, stories, Hammond Organ, Hammond Report, music, Jon Hammond

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English

Hammond Report Released! Jon Hammond

#released

#HammondReport

#music

#stories

#hammondorgan

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2023-05-19 23:13:19

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Hammond Report, Released, stories, Hammond Organ, Hammond Report, music, Jon Hammond

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English

Topics Hammond Report, Released, stories, Hammond Organ, Hammond Report, music, Jon Hammond Language English

#Topics Hammond Report #Released #stories #Hammond Organ #Hammond Report #Music #Jon Hammond #Language English

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multiitis · 5 years ago

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AN ALAN GRANT TIMELINE:

In the movie he is mid-thirties (let’s throw him in at thirty-four), and forties in the book. I’m going to bottlenose the timing a little bit. Some things have been changed to compliment novel to book. In current canon time, Alan is 64.

1955: Birthdate, month and date undisclosed.

1961: As with most children, Alan’s affinity for dinosaurs become the fascination of his life. He involves himself with his studies appropriately. Throughout his formative years, Alan participates in many junior forms of paleontology: he frequents his local museum and invokes the guidance of curators who specialize in the topic. His parents allow him to understudy through a camp program.

1974: At age 19, Alan grant steps into a more targeted graduate program for Paleontology at the University of Denver (an: I found evidence that they might have once had a specific graduate program for this but it no longer seems to exist out of archive). As per the course, he steps onto the field with a number of paleontologists and shadows under them. He maintains a healthy relationship with his visitation of the Museum of Natural History in Denver. Throughout his time, he volunteers on many levels: his first delve comes in the form of collecting data sheets and packaging samples in the office of his professor. His academic intrigue brings him ahead of the class. His personable quality gains notice. He steps into a roll of Teacher’s Assistant. He meets his future wife in this time.

1978: With four years under his belt, Alan embarks on his first dig outside of his program where he is invited to be site manager under the project manager.

1979: In Snakewater, Alan Grant makes his first grand unearthing. Multiple nesting sites plus the addition of bones from infants. Hammond leases an island.

1982: His wife passes away. Alan delays his drafts.

1983: After finalizing drafts, Alan publishes his work on the nesting patterns and herd behavior. The penultimate of his findings. It launches Alan into something of a celebrity overnight. Invitations for interviews flood in; Alan only wants to continue his dig, but he does take the invitation to lead the Paleontology program in the fall of 1984. His discoveries land him as a witness to multiple studies regarding the changing climate and world.

1984: He is contacted by INGEN for consulting services. For the better course of a year, Gennaro calls him in exchange for fifty thousand that prolongs the dig site. Even with the popularity, Alan has garnered from his writings, additional income never hurts. He eventually rescinds his offer when Gennaro calls him endlessly. In September, he begins his lectures at Denver. He transforms his papers into a published book.

1985: Hammond sets his toe in the water and begins to fund the dig. Alan meets Ellie Sattler and tags her as his favorite student. This is the point where we depart from the novel canon (Ellie is engaged to a man) and embark on the movie canon. In the summer, he brings her on as his graduate student at Snakewater.

1989: A series of incidents occur on the west coast of Costa Rica.

1993: Hammond comes to visit the Snakewater dig and invite Alan and Ellie to Jurassic Park.

1994: Due to an NDA agreement and after extensive lockdown, Alan and Elli return to the dig site. Ian Malcolm violates his NDA and exposes the events of Jurassic Park. Alan writes his next book as an explanation of his experiences.

1996: Snakewater offers no interest to Alan; his interest resounds in velociraptor studies. He takes a temporary leave in the wake of his PTSD, and he and Ellie separate.

1997: The San Diego accident occurs. Unbeknownst to Alan and the public, Masarani quietly acquires Jurassic Park.

1998: In the wake of the reveal of Isla Sonar and Isla Nublar, interest rises in the notoriety of live dinosaurs. The question of Paleontology is brought into consideration. Is the practice of fossils lost now with the “authentic” prize amongst the living once more? He meets Billy Brennan that same year in the fall, an associate professor in a graduate program to his own.

1999: Heads are tapped for a dig site in Fort Peck Lake, Montana. Alan is taken on as Site Director. He brings Billy on as site manager.

2000-2001: Funding is low due to the rage of the concept of live dinosaurs. Alan engages in multiple lectures over three years and multiple conferences to raise engagement and garner interest. At each turn he is negated by Jurassic Park and the questions of it. Kirby Enterprises approaches him, and he reluctantly accepts their offer. Alan’s report is “buried” upon the allegations of the Spinosaurus.

2004: Speculation begins about Isla Nublar and Sonar. Privacy breaks and the first commercials for JURASSIC WORLD begin to air. Questions arise: with the track record of the island, is it safe? Alan participates in a crowd of those against and marshalls against the opening of the island.

2005: Jurassic World opens. Alan is invited; he refuses. He and Billy are forced to axe the dig as their funds run dry and investors rather support the living.

2006-2012: Alan continues teaching and his efforts against Jurassic World, now unheard with years of success under its belt. He has never step foot. He is approached in ‘12 by Owen Grady about the IBRIS Project. Alan refuses. (subject to change depending)

2015-2019: After the events of Jurassic World’s failure, Alan steps forward once again to publicly announce his feelings towards the island and the Dinosaur Protection Group. In the fallout of the events from Jurassic World 2, Alan and Billy retire to a remote location in the Colorado mountains.

#i sat here and did more schooling research than i EVER have #and i am reliving my own childhood of wanting to be a paleontologist #@ ( alan ) . AESTHETICS

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reggae-vibes-com · 2 years ago

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Reggie Stepper: From Then Till Now (The Interview)

#Interview | REGGIE STEPPER: FROM THEN TILL NOW | Entertainment Report Podcast with topics like his career, Beres Hammond, Ranking Trevor, Pinchers & more. #reggiestepper #entertainmentreportpodcast #rankingtrevor #bereshammond #barringtonlevy #pinchers #dancehallicon #reggaeinterview Read the full article

#BarringtonLevy #bereshammond #bujubanton #BurroBanto #Grindsman #kingjammy's #RankingTrevor #StoneLove #ubrown #WeePow

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ecomomdoes · 3 years ago

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PHOENIX REALTORS® awards Melisa Camp with 2021 REALTOR® of the Year Award

It is an immense honor to accept the 2021 REALTOR® of the Year award from the Phoenix REALTORS® and I will forever be grateful for being recognized for my work over the last decade in real estate, sustainability, non-profits, and education. I’d like to dedicate this to my Dad, my mentor, who has taught me the meaning of hard work and never giving up.

Phoenix REALTORS® awards Melisa Camp with 2021 REALTOR® of the Year Award

Jan. 21, 2022

PHOENIX, AZ –

Camp is a top-producing Realtor® with HomeSmart, Instructor & National speaker with Elite Education, and LEED-AP-Homes green building consultant. Camp serves on NAR’s GREEN REsource Council, NAR’s Sustainability Advisory Group, & 19 North’s Community Advisory Board where she is helping implement smart growth principles, trees, and transit-oriented design into the community. Camp has contributed to the updates for the GREEN designation course, including the new name for it: People, Property, Planet and Prosperity.

Former Board member of Arizona Association of REALTORS® (AAR), Camp served on the workgroups to update the AAR Solar Addendum. She also helped to make content improvements to the website https://sustainability.realtor, and helped to provide educational curriculum related to high-performance homes and green building science to integrate into C2EX (NAR’s Commitment to Excellence Program). Read more in the report and press release here: https://www.nar.realtor/sustainability/ESGR

Through her work with Elite Education and with the help of the Center for Realtor Education, Camp has written over 40 courses, trained thousands of agents, entire sales teams, architects, appraisers, legislators, utility company employees, and non-profit employees. Camp has spoke in cities like: Chicago, San Francisco, New Orleans, Boston, Las Vegas, San Diego, Anaheim, and all over Arizona. She aims to educate and empower more people to make changes to their lifestyle to decrease consumption of energy, water, and chemicals and maximize sustainable features and benefits.

Camp was one of a handful of instructors who were hired to write, film, and produce 17 video micro-courses on topics like solar, construction waste, saving water, and eco-friendly home offices for the Center for Realtor Development at http://learning.realtor (her ‘pandemic passion project’). She served on the Board for USGBC AZ for 5 years and currently serves as an National educational course pro-reviewer for the US Green Building Council.

She is an EverGreen Award recipient from NAR, Environmental stewardship award recipient from Keep AZ Beautiful, and 4-time HomeSmart Diamond Club award recipient for sales volume. Nominated as ‘Favorite Realtor’ by HomeSmart & Evolve PR & Marketing for Arizona Foothills Magazine’s Best of Our Valley recognition. Arizona Department of Water Resources Water Awareness Month Prize Winner.

As a former elementary school teacher, Camp regularly volunteers in schools and co-chairs Green team at Madison Simis Elementary, where she helped to get HEPA air filters into every classroom in the entire school, held a ‘goat sneakers’ drive, & created a sustainability art contest. Also a former journalist for the Hammond Times, she was recently published for the top neighborhoods for public schools. https://azbigmedia.com/business/top-5-neighborhoods-with-the-best-schools-in-metro-phoenix/

Camp is an advocate for health care and volunteers with the Maricopa County Medical Reserve Corp. to help as a non-medical volunteer. She is President of a 501(c)3 non-profit she started in 2016 called Sustainable Real Estate Education and will be seeking grant opportunities in 2022. She has been a stay-at-home mother to 4 children for the last 12 years and a member of Phoenix REALTORS® for 13 years.

Podcasts

Sustainability for Home and Health with Melisa Camp NAR’s Center for REALTOR® Development

How Earning NAR's Green Designation Can Give You an Advantage in Your Business Todd Sumney, Chief Marketing Officer HomeSmart International

Education, Certifications, Designations, & Affiliations

Masters degree, University of Phoenix, B.A, ASU

LEED-AP

GREEN

Accredited Buyers Representative ABR

Performance Management Network PMN

Pricing Strategy Advisor PSA

E-pro

C2EX, Commitment to Excellence

Women's Council of REALTORS® member

Pearl Home Certification Coach

Madison PATS and PTM

Royal Palm Neighborhood Fourth of July Parade co-chair

National Wildlife Federation

Citizens Climate Lobby and Business Climate Lobby

Grants

V-Tech $25,000 computer lab and savings bonds to Bethune Elementary School & students

Green Apple Day of Service, CrossRoads Preschool Recycling Program

Green Apple Day of Service, Madison Simis, Outdoor Classroom

Phoenix REALTORS Smart Growth Level 1 Grant, Smart Growth Summit

#realestate #phoenix #phoenixrealtors #melisacamp #awards #homesmart #realtor #ecomomdoes #education #sustainability #homes #greenbuilding

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awesomechrisharry · 3 years ago

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Current Transformer Market Research Insights 2021, Size, Share, Trends, Competitive Landscape, and COVID-19 Impact Forecast till 2027

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vaibhavilatane · 4 years ago

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hopefulfestivaltastemaker · 4 years ago

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December 13, 2020

My weekly round-up of things I am up to and thinking about. Topics include Faster Growth, Fairer Growth; cities and pandemics; the learning effect; the hydrogen economy; and the Great Stagnation.

Faster Growth, Fairer Growth

This is the title of a new piece by Brink Lindsay and Sammuel Hammond, of the Niskanen Center, outlining their policies. I’ve always liked the Niskanen Center, and so it is nice to see so many ideas in one place. So now I am going to nitpick.

In the section on housing, I like how Lindsay and Hammond take a more broad-minded view of the problem than just to blame the NIMBYs. “The problem, rather, is that the current structure of land use decision-making gives massively disproportionate influence to those narrow interests [NIMBYs].” They praise recent moves by Minneapolis and Oregon to liberalized zoning, as well as possible upcoming federal moves. The section is not nearly as broad-minded as it could be, failing to address the space vs. speed tradeoff with automobiles, remote work, the role for housing subsidies, among other matters.

The section on decarbonization is all right. It starts out with the theory of pricing externalities, which is a good libertarian introduction to carbon pricing even though the Niskanen Center doesn’t identify as libertarian anymore. They make this statement, which causes me some worry:

“Accordingly [to the learning curve theory], we endorse well-designed mandates and subsidies that accelerate the deployment of clean technologies as an important additional component of sound climate policy. Furthermore, public financing of supporting infrastructure for clean energy deployment — for example, electric vehicle chargers and CO2 pipelines — can also help to accelerate the rollout of new technology and associated learning-curve effects.“

This is true in theory. The problem is that defining “well-designed” is devilishly difficult and an open invitation for undeserving companies to seek subsidies. As described below, I’ve at least made an attempt to justify subsidies quantitatively, albeit highly incomplete. There is no such attempt here.

The immigration section is good on its own terms, but it contains this statement: “Expanding immigration can help to compensate for demographic trends that are highly unfavorable for growth“, followed by description of said demographic trends. We come so close to making the case for explicitly pronatalist policies here, but the authors stop short. It’s not clear to me that expanding immigration, even if there is political will, will be any easier than increasing the birth rate, and immigration as a source of population growth will only be available for a limited time because the demographic trends are worldwide.

This statement made me very happy:

“We therefore reject the misleading distinction between developing and developed countries, as if the United States has reached some kind of end-state. On the contrary, economic development is a process that never ends, and without proactive diversification, even frontier economies can fall short of their full growth potential.”

In the section on infrastructure, the authors zero in on NEPA as expanding to the point of making it expensive and time-consuming to build infrastructure. Infrastructure is a complicated issue, and there isn’t (at least to me) a clear explanation of why costs tend to be high in the United States. Misuse of the NEPA process is one of several explanation that are offered. I would offer labor law, overuse of consultants, and mission creep by public agencies as other plausible explanations.

There are many other sections that I don’t know enough about to comment on. But overall, I think the document is worth a read for anyone who is interested in Niskanen’s work.

Cities and Pandemics

There was an article this week by Christian Britschgi on the outlook for cities in light of Covid. The article was a major feature for Reason magazine, and I think Christian’s first one. Anyway, it is a survey of a wide range of issues that have come up for the health of cities this year. It explicitly addresses the role of automobility and remote work in a balanced way. The article is well worth reading.

Pricing the Learning Effect

One question I started addressing this week is whether and how the learning effect for technology should be priced. It is quite a difficult question and I am still far from having a satisfactory solution.

The learning effect is, essentially, if a given technology is built, the price of that technology should go down. The learning rate is how much it goes down. Wright (Theodore Paul Wright, not the Wright brothers) first developed the concept in the context of aircraft costs. Chen, Samadi, Reeves et al., Hax and Majluf, and Goldie-Scot have good overviews of the concept, with Samadi focused on energy production and Goldie-Scot (of Bloomberg New Energy Finance) on lithium-ion batteries. Since the price reduction helps everyone, perhaps the learning rate is an external benefit that merits a subsidy. We can then try to calculate that benefit.

Learning curves are an important part of the clean energy analysis and a major justification for the investment tax credit and production tax credit. So it is important to get the numbers right. I dislike the handwaving that occurs that learning curves justify any and every subsidy for favored technology, but they do justify some.

For my effort, I assumed that learning curves would reduce the cost of a technology in the future but would not lead to any additional deployment. This is probably a fair assumption for a mature technology, but for immature technologies (and for deciding which ones are mature), more careful analysis is needed.

One of the nice features is that, when there is more deployment of a technology, two effects occur that cancel each other out. More deployment means that the learning effect is diluted, so (in the case of energy technology) there is less reduction in terms of cents/kWh, but that reduction is spread out over a large amount of deployment. As long as the learning rate holds constant, the learning benefit will also remain constant. Of course, I don’t have a good idea of how accurate the constant learning rate assumption is.

I estimate that there is about a 1.1 cent/kWh benefit for solar PV, 1.2 cent/kWh benefit for offshore wind, and 0.2 cent/kWh for onshore wind. Due to the bespoke manner in which most of the world builds nuclear power, a negative learning rate has been observed, which means that costs should go up with more deployment. I think a negative learning rate is absurd, but I can’t justify any positive learning rate for nuclear power so I assume zero. One of the promises of small modular nuclear reactors is that construction can be more standardized, so a positive learning rate will be possible. The same effect could be achieved by standardizing construction like France and South Korea sort of did.

It’s not clear how much of this benefit is actually an external benefit that merits subsidy, since individual providers capture some of the learning benefit. So the above figures might be considered upper bounds of the justified subsidy from learning effects. Additionally, for a mature technology, building of one thing means that another thing (probably natural gas or coal) won’t be built, which means they won’t benefit from learning effects. Should there be a tax to reflect how natural gas and coal will be made more expensive? Keep in mind, the learning subsidy is distinct from greenhouse gas reduction subsidy.

As mentioned, I am unsure how to deal with less mature technologies. It could be that building more solar PV reduces the cost, which induces most solar PV to be built. Does that justify a higher subsidy? I’m a bit doubtful, since the second round of PV will presumably be subsidized as well, and we don’t want to double-count benefits. But for very immature technologies, like ocean energy, the calculus may be different.

Hydrogen Economy

I also spent some time this week on the hydrogen economy (sections on Hydrogen, Ammonia, Methanol, Synthetic Fuels, and Methane). The basic idea is that, for decarbonization or energy independence, we should use hydrogen or hydrogen-derived fuels for a portion of transportation, industry, and residential and commercial heating. I won’t go over all the details, but I did find a few interesting things.

First, hydrogen from electrolysis (green H2) may have lower emissions and be more “pure” for having avoided fossil fuels, compared to hydrogen with carbon capture and CCS (blue H2), but green H2 is significantly more expensive and hence carbon mitigation costs are higher. I estimate a mitigation cost of $67/ton for blue H2 and $402/ton for green H2, based on IEA figures. The latter figure is too much, but the former figure sits within mainstream ranges of the social cost of carbon and could be a basis for starting a hydrogen economy now while we wait for electrolysis costs to come down.

I was surprised to find that comparable costs for ammonia and methanol are lower, only $13/ton carbon abatement cost for CCS (based on the same IEA report) and up to $150/ton for electrolysis. I thought that to make ammonia, you had to make hydrogen, so the abatement costs of the two should be the same, but perhaps I am misunderstanding something. Similar figures hold for methanol. Ammonia and methanol have a big advantage in that they are easier to transport and use as fuel compared to H2, and as we speak Australia is considering a big ammonia export terminal for exporting renewable energy. They are both suitable for transoceanic container ships, which cannot be electrified directly.

I don’t have figures for synthetic fuels with CCS, but synthetic fuels from electrolysis remain prohibitively expensive for mass production. In the United States at least, it seems that all methods of synthetic methane are prohibitively expensive as well due to low natural gas prices, though coal gasification for methane and methane-derived products is fairly popular in East Asia. Coal gasification, and other forms of gasification, are topics that I want to know more about.

All in all, I’d have to say that figures for hydrogen economy are more promising than what I thought when I started this exercise. Ammonia and methanol, and products using them, look like the most promising routes to go. Ammonia is good for load balancing and perhaps a superior alternative to HVDC that I haven’t seriously considered, methanol can be blended right now into the gasoline supply like ethanol, without modifying engines, and both are good for transoceanic shipping. There are a few gaps in my knowledge that I need to fill, though.

Great Stagnation Revisited

A few weeks ago, I noted some of the “New Optimism” writings which view the world as being on the cusp of a more rapid advancement in technology. I complained that there was a lack of rigor, that New Optimists didn’t have a good explanation of why, or even if, stagnation was occurring in the first place and what if anything is different about the current period as opposed to the recent past.

There is a piece this week, which Tyler Cowen linked, making similar arguments in a much more articulate fashion.

Yes, there is some neat stuff happening in the technology world, like the mRNA vaccine, Starship development, AlphaFold, quantum computing, and renewable energy, among others. But I don’t see this year’s developments as anything fundamentally different from the past few decades, and I see the structural reasons for stagnation intensifying if anything. And so until I see some rigorous evidence to the contrary, I’m afraid that I think the stagnation hypothesis holds.

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