#thoracic spine surgery risks

[plague-parade]

i find out in eleven days if im going to need spine surgery again

[crippled-peeper]

Hey so today I learned that there is a multi-level fusion at some point in my not so distant future (L1-L2 and L5-S1) since I'm told the NHS doesn't cover replacements, and I just wanted to know... is it common for fusions like those to cause other damage long term? Is that just kind of an inevitability of having one early in life?

I know you're not a spine expert but you have way more experience than anyone else I can think of

It’s really unfortunate that the NHS only covers spinal fusions. there are other, less invasive, newer surgeries that can preserve motion in your spine and cause less biomechanical stress on your other discs, so you’re less likely to develop painful, long-term complications. Spinal fusion complications are difficult to address because fusions are supposed to be permanent. As far as I know, there is no way to remove them, so often they get extended & replaced as discs break down above & below them.

The condition of disc degeneration around a spinal fusion or fused segment is referred to adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) by researchers & doctors. it’s a complication of spinal fusion surgery that used to be considered “rare” but more recently, it’s actually been found to be a common long term complication of spinal fusions. I developed severe ASD nearly 10 years after my 10-level fusion. My fusion was in 2014 and my follow up disc arthroplasty surgery was in 2022

here’s a good article explaining adjacent segment degeneration more in depth

I have flatback syndrome in addition to ASD because my lumbar and cervical spine were straightened beyond what is natural after my 10 level fusion (in my thoracic and lumbar spine). I couldn’t find any statistics on how common this is after spinal fusions, but similar to ADS, the risk is greater the longer your fusion is and how “straight” your surgeon made your bars. In my case I lost both the upper and lower curves, but “flatback syndrome” can refer to either or both curves being absent. flatback is very common following for example scoliosis surgeries because the fusions tend to be long. It can also occur in shorter fusions in the lumbar area like how you described though, so I thought it was worth mentioning

here’s a good article defining & describing flatback syndrome

These two painful complications are why, if you have a fusion, it’s really important to maintain the muscles around your spine and back through regular gentle exercise. To make a fusion last and to put off more surgery as long as you can, you must take care of your whole spine. I personally think having a good physical therapist for preparing for & recovering from surgery is just as important as having a good surgeon. They should be able to tell you which exercises are safe and how to strengthen the muscles around your spine both before & after surgery

this post is super long but a couple people have asked me similar questions about having spinal fusions so I thought I’d try to summarize what I would look out for & consider if I were to do it all over again

I hope your doctors are good and kind to you and that if you have surgery your recovery is very boring and complication-free. If you/anyone has any other questions I’ll try to answer them also :) 🖤

[mcatmemoranda]

Patient is a [ ] yo male/female presenting to the clinic for a preoperative evaluation.

Procedure [ ]

Scheduled date of procedure [ ]

Surgeon performing procedure requesting consultation for preop is [ ] and can be contacted at [ ]

This patient is/is not medically optimized for the planned surgery, see below for details.

EKG collected in office, interpreted personally and under the direct supervision of attending physician as follows- sinus rate and rhythm, no evidence of ischemia or ST abnormalities, no blocks, normal QTc interval.

The following labs are to be completed prior to surgery, and will be evaluated upon completion. Procedure is to be performed as scheduled barring any extraordinary laboratory derangements of concern.

Current medication list has been thoroughly reviewed and should not interfere with surgery as written.

Patient has no prior history of adverse reactions to anesthesia, problems with airway management, difficult IV access, prolonged emergence, or postoperative nausea/vomiting.

Airway Mallampati score: This patient is a Grade based on the criteria listed below

-Grade I Tonsillar pillars, soft palate, entire uvula

-Grade II Tonsillar pillars, soft palate, part of uvula

-Grade III Soft palate, base of uvula

-Grade IV Hard palate only, no uvula visualized

Patient is a low/medium/high risk for this low/medium/high risk surgical procedure.

Will send documentation of this preoperative visit to surgeon [ ].

**** ADDITIONAL INFORMATION****

Patient Risk for Elective Surgical Procedure as Determined with the Criteria Below:

1- Very Low Risk

No known medical problems

2- Low Risk

Hypertension

Hyperlipidemia

Asthma

Other chronic, stable medical condition without significant functional impairment

3- Intermediate Risk

Age 70 or older

Non-insulin dependent diabetes

History of treated, stable CAD

Morbid obesity (BMI > 30)

Anemia (hemoglobin < 10)

Mild renal insufficiency

4- High Risk

-Chronic CHF

-Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

-Renal insufficiency: creatinine > 2

-Moderate COPD: FEV1 50% to 70%

-Obstructive sleep apnea

-History of stroke or TIA

-Known diagnosis of dementia

-Chronic pain syndrome

5- Very High Risk

-Unstable or severe cardiac disease

-Severe COPD: FEV1 < 50% predicted

-Use of home oxygen

-Pulmonary hypertension

-Severe liver disease

-Severe frailty; physical incapacitation

Surgical Risk Score Determined as Below:

1- Very Low Risk

Procedures that usually require only minimal or moderate sedation and have few physiologic effects

-Eye surgery

-GI endoscopy (without stents)

-Dental procedures

2- Low Risk

Procedures associated with minimal physiologic effect

-Hernia repair

-ENT procedures without planned flap or neck dissection

-Diagnostic cardiac catheterization

-Interventional radiology

-GI endoscopy with stent placement

-Cystoscopy

3- Intermediate Risk

Procedures associated with moderate changes in hemodynamics, risk of blood loss

-Intracranial and spine surgery

-Gynecologic and urologic surgery

-Intra-abdominal surgery without bowel resection

-Intra-thoracic surgery without lung resection

-Cardiac catheterization procedures including electrophysiology studies, ablations, AICD, pacemaker

4- High Risk

Procedures with possible significant effect on hemodynamics, blood loss

-Colorectal surgery with bowel resection

-Kidney transplant

-Major joint replacement (shoulder, knee, and hip)

-Open radical prostatectomy, cystectomy

-Major oncologic general surgery or gynecologic surgery

-Major oncologic head and neck surgery

5- Very High Risk

Procedures with major impact on hemodynamics, fluid shifts, possible major blood loss:

-Aortic surgery

-Cardiac surgery

-Intra-thoracic procedures with lung resection

-Major transplant surgery (heart, lung, liver)

High risk surgery: yes/no

Hx of ischemic heart disease: y/n

Hx of CHF: y/n

Hx of CVA/TIA: y/n

Pre-op tx with insulin: y/n

DM/how are blood sugars?

Pre-op Cr >2mg: y/n

OTHER EVALUATIONS BASED OFF PATIENT HISTORY SEE BELOW:

1. CARDIAC EVALUATION

A. Ischemic Cardiac Risk- Describe any history of cardiovascular disease and list the cardiologist/electrophysiologist. For CAD, report the results of the most recent stress test or cardiac cath, type of procedures or type of stents, date of MI, and recommendations for perioperative management. Include antiplatelet management. Continue baby aspirin for patients with cardiac stents - unless having neurosurgery, then coordinate with surgeon.

B. Ventricular function - include most recent echocardiogram evaluation ideally performed within the past 2 years

C. Valvular heart disease- include most recent echocardiogram, type of prosthetic valve

D. Arrhythmias - include any implanted devices and recent interrogation report, contact electrophysiology about device management during the surgery and include recommendations provided. For A-Fib, include CHA2DS2-VASc score

E. Beta blockade - All patients on chronic beta blockers should have these medications continue throughout the perioperative period unless there is a specifically documented contraindication.

F. Hypertension - Other than for cataract surgery, ACEI inhibitors and ARBs should be held for 24hours prior to surgery and diuretics should be held the morning of surgery

G. Vascular disease - include antiplatelet management and dates of strokes

2. PULMONARY EVALUATION

A. COPD/Asthma - include any recent exacerbations, intubations, chronic O2 use, amount of rescue inhaler use

B. OSA risk - STOPBANG score - address severity of sleep apnea and CPAP use

3. HEMATOLOGIC EVALUATION

A. Bleeding Risk - assess the bleeding risk and history for every patient

B. VTE Prophylaxis/Thrombotic risk - estimate risk and provide recommendations

C. Anticoagulation management - include pre-op and post-op medication instructions

D. Anemia - pre-op treatment plan

D. Oncology - history and treatments

4. ENDOCRINE EVALUATION

A. Diabetes mellitus - include type, medication use, recent A1c, pre-op and post-op management instructions

B. Adrenal insufficiency risk - assess for prolonged steroid use in the last year

5. RENAL EVALUATION

A. CKD - include stage, baseline labs

B. ESRD - include dialysis schedule, type, access, dry weight, location of dialysis. Generally, surgery should not be scheduled on a dialysis day.

C. Electrolyte abnormalities

6. GI EVALUATION

A. Liver disease - including MELD score and Child-Pugh classification

7. OTHER relevant comorbidities or anesthesia considerations

[substance abuse, chronic pain, delirium risk, PONV (post-operative nausea and vomiting) risk, psych disorders, neurologic disorders, infectious disease, etc.]

[myrawjcsmicasereports]

 360° spinal fixations through posterior only approach in a child with pott’s disease: a case report by Md. Rezaul Amin in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences.

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by acid-fast bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rarely by M. bovis, which is very common in developing countries like Bangladesh. Vertebral bodies are common site of extra-pulmonary involvement by TB. Although spinal TB is not very common in young children, pott’s disease affecting children and requiring surgical intervention have been reported. But in children, this surgery is often challenging due to greater technical difficulty with instrumentation. A 9-year-old girl presented with paraplegia due to compressive dorsal myelopathy due to pott’s disease at D4- D5 level. Anti-TB medication was started and two weeks later she underwent decompression of neural elements by D5 Laminectomy and corpectomy and stabilization by bilateral trans-pedicular screws and rods at D3, D4, D6 and D7 and fusion by mesh cage filled with autologous bone chips. Her post-operative recovery was uneventful. Histopathology report shows Granulomatous inflammation, compatible with tuberculosis. At the last follow-up, the patient was clinically and radiographically stable.

Keyword: 360° spinal fixation, Pott’s disease, Posterior only approach, Childhood spinal TB, Spinal instrumentation.

Introduction

Tuberculosis is a granulomatous inflammation involving various organs. The prevalence of TB is high in developing countries 1. High risk groups include the IV drug abusers, immunocompromised and HIV-infected people, prisoners and nursing home residents2. Vertebral tuberculosis, also known as Pott disease, is relatively common in certain regions of the world and is found in 1%–2% of TB cases worldwide3,4. Spinal TB is the most common site of extrapulmonary TB. The majority of Pott’s disease patients present with destruction and collapse of vertebrae and involvement of adjacent tissue. The disease may end up with spinal deformity and neurological complications like arachnoiditis, intramedullary tuberculoma and epidural abscesses5.

We report upper thoracic Pott’s disease in a 9-year-old girl with myelopathy. She was treated surgically with vertebral column resection and 360º reconstruction via a posterior-only approach to prevent the progression of neurological deficit and stabilize the deformity.

Case Report

History and Presentation

A 09 years old girl, 2nd issue of her non-consanguineous parent presented with the complaints of pain in the upper back for 02 months, weakness in both lower limbs for 2 weeks. Her weakness of lower limbs was sudden, asymmetrical (Left>right) and non-ascending type. Weakness was progressive and she became unable to walk or stand even with support 01 week later. She had no history of fever, convulsion, diarrhoea, vomiting, and headache. There was no history of contact with TB patient. Her bowel and bladder functions were normal.

Physical examination

Her lower limbs reveal visible muscle wasting of both legs, muscle tone was slightly increased, muscle power was MRC grade 0 in both lower limbs, deep tendon reflexes were exaggerated, planter were bilaterally extensor, sensory and autonomic function were intact. Upper limbs were neurologically intact, cerebellar sign absent, cranial nerve palsy absent; gait could not be assessed.

Investigations

CBC: Hb% 12gm/dl, ESR 47 mm in 1st hour, TC of WBC 7000/cmm, Neutrophil 65%,

Imaging: MRI of D/L spine with screening of whole spine shows T1 hypo & T2 hyperintense signal change with heterogenous contrast enhancement at D4 & D5 vertebral bodies and intervening intervertebral disc with almost complete collapse of D5 vertebral body with similar signal intensity pre and para vertebral soft tissue swelling at the same level with epidural extension causing spinal canal stenosis with cord compression and bilateral nerve root compression. Similar lesion is also present at S1 vertebral body.

Operative Procedure

Anti-TB medication started and two weeks later she underwent decompression of neural elements by D5 Laminectomy and corpectomy and stabilization by bilateral trans-pedicular screw and rod at D3, D4, D6 and D7 and fusion by mesh cage filled with autologous bone chips (Fig.2).

Postoperative course

Her post-operative recovery was uneventful. Her back pain was improved and she could walk without support. Histopathology report shows Granulomatous inflammation, compatible with tuberculosis. An 18 months antitubercular therapy was planned. During the first 3 months she got 4 drug regimen and for the rest of the 15 months, 2 drug regimen was advised. Pyridoxin was advised throughout the course of anti-TB therapy.

Follow Up

On 2nd post-operative day her lower limb muscle power improved to 3/5 and 02 weeks post op muscle power was 4-/5 and became able to walk without support and became pain-free. The patient was advised for follow-up in every 3 months (Fig. 3).

Discussion

Spondylitis is the most common manifestation of osseoarticular TB, and 1%–3% of patients with TB have skeletal involvement. It is most common in the first 3 decades of life and is a leading cause of paraplegia6. Vertebral body involvement usually occurs through the extensive venous plexus of Batson, spreading infection to multiple spinal segments while characteristically sparing the disc space7,8. Tuberculous spondylitis without any spinal cord compression or neurological deficits can be treated conservatively with anti-TB medications. Surgery is considered for patients with spinal cord compression or neurological compromise, significant spinal deformity, persistent severe axial pain or disease progression on maximal medical therapy9,10. Multiple surgical approaches are available for treatment of TB spondylitis in the pediatric age group. Outcomes of extensive surgery is similar to debridement alone except better correction of kyphosis and deformity in case of extensive surgery11. In addition, extensive surgery reduces the duration of chemotherapy12. Although Pott’s disease affecting young children are rare but it’s surgical management is technically challenging13. Presentation of vertebral TB in children are often insidious in onset and include back pain, fever and motor, sensory or autonomic dysfunction. Although chemotherapy is the first line of treatment, but surgery may be warranted if spinal cord compression or kyphotic deformity is present. Around 3% of children with pott’s disease develop severe kyphosis (> 60°)14 .Risk factors for kyphotic deformity includes age <10 years; involvement of ≥ 3 VBs; or involvement of  thoracic spine15. Severe kyphosis is cosmetically unacceptable and causes spinal cord compression over the apex of the deformity and cardiopulmonary dysfunction from restrictive lung disease. Skeletal immaturity of young children must be taken into account during surgical intervention and number of fused segments should be minimized (particularly in dorsal spine) to avoid complications such as iatrogenic short stature, crankshaft deformity, and restricted growth of the rib cage causing pulmonary hypoplasia. Younger patients exhibit a more aggressive form of TB, with severe extra-pulmonary involvement and progressive VB collapse13, placing them at a higher risk for disabling complications in comparison to adults. So we performed surgery which halted progression of kyphotic deformity and improved neurological symptoms in our patient. The surgical technique of choice for spinal TB has been a matter of continuous debate16. Posterior-only surgical approaches in these cases had unfavorable outcomes because they were usually limited to laminectomy with or without fusion but spinal cord compression is located anteriorly17.  In our patient, we performed extensive surgery with vertebral column reconstruction with an anterior titanium cage and posterior instrumentation extending from 2 levels above and 2 levels below the lesion, even in the setting of acute infection which resulted in debridement of infectious focus and a reduced and stabilized kyphotic deformity. Our patient represents one of the few young patients treated with a single-stage, 360 vertebral column reconstruction with an anterior titanium cage and posterior pedicle screw fixation through posterior only approach. At follow-up, our patient’s neurological examination and kyphotic deformity were stable. However, she needs to be followed for the next several years, given her young age and skeletal immaturity, to check for development of complications.

Conclusion

Pott’s disease with spinal cord compression in children is very uncommon. Various treatment options may be considered. We report the successful use of single-stage, 360 vertebral column reconstruction with an anterior titanium cage and posterior pedicle screw fixation through posterior only approach to reconstruct a 9-year-old child’s vertebral column for radical removal of the infectious TB focus and reduction of the kyphotic deformity. Although limited number of literature is available, surgical debridement and spinal fusion via posterior approach appear to provide a safe alternative to conservative treatment with prolonged bed rest.

DECLARATIONS

Authors Contributions:

Conception, Diagnosis and Design, Radiological Diagnosis and Final approval of manuscript:

Dr KM Tarikul Islam, Dr Md Rezaul Amin,  Dr Md Ataur Rahman,  Dr. Shamsul Alam, Prof. Moududul Haque

Manuscript Preparation, Technical Revision, and Manuscript editing and revision:

Dr KM Tarikul Islam, Dr Md Rezaul Amin, Dr Md Ataur Rahman,

Literature Review: Dr. Md. Rezaul Amin, Dr. Ataur Rahman

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: None

FUNDING SUPPORT AND SPONSORSHIP: This research didn’t receive any specific grant from funding agencies in public, commercial or not for profit sector.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: There are no conflict of interest.

[lenvitz7]

How Prone Head Rests Helps in Spinal and Neurological Surgeries

In spinal and neurological surgeries patient positioning is vital both for operative exposure and for minimizing patient risk. The prone head rest is one of those tools which play their part in this process. Especially used to support the head of the patient and to keep the patient aligned in prone position, prone head rest has the special function to relieve pressure points, to provide airway management and correct spinal positioning during long surgical procedures.

Enhanced Stability and Safety

The prone head rest is most important when the patient is in a prone position, surgeries like spinal fusions, laminectomies, and numerous neurological operations. Immobilization is necessary to eradicate any shift that may take place in the operation site. Well aligned and inclined head rests offer proper support to the head without exerting pressure on cervical nerves and have least chances of displacing them.

For surgeries like neurological, even a slight improper positioning of the head can cause significant harm and the prone head rest are a valuable means. The patient’s head is fixed such that there is no harm done to the brain or spinal cord during the operation.

Pressure Relief and Comfort

Another important issue that needs to be controlled during surgeries that require prone positioning is pressure ulcers especially on the face and other similar parts of the body. The prone position gel pads connect to the prone head rest to assure a channel of support that minimizes shear and stretches this decreases the chance of skin break down. Soft gel padding matches the form of the patient’s face, which makes it comfortable at the same time as safe.

In such operations which sometimes may last for several hours, it is of paramount importance that comfort of the patient be ensured in order to avert such complications. Gel pads reduce pressure which is disadvantageous to developing pressure ulcers so the surgeon does not have to worry about having to change positions often.

Optimized Airway Management

It is however crucial to ensure that the patient’s airway does not become compromised throughout surgery. The head rests are especially shaped to conform to the curve of the neck, and they boast of some openings that enhance proper aeration in the head region particularly to the airway. This way anesthesiologists are able to constantly and carefully watch the breathing pattern of the patient throughout the surgery. They enhance the comfort of the head because it has gel pads that help to reduce pressure on structures of the facial areas which may cause airway problems.

This is especially so in the surgeries carried out on the spine and neurological region as time spent in the prone position will predispose the patient to development of airway problems. That is why prone head rests which may support the head while providing the airflow should be considered as orthogonal accessories of the operation theater.

Facilitating Proper Spinal Alignment

The preservation of the spinal contour is very important during spine surgeries to enhance the outcome of the surgery. The prone head rest, which is normally used with prone position gel pads, makes certain that the cervical spine is really positioned properly when compared with the thoracic and lumbar regions. This alignment apart from enhancing surgical access helps avoid putting undue stress in the spinal cord and or nerves.

Surgical misalignment has many adverse effects especially during spinal surgeries since nerves may get damaged and may not heal as required. This risk is, however, eliminated by the prone head rest, in that the head and spine of the patient is well positioned throughout the operation.

Conclusion

The prone head rest is a very useful device in spinal and neurological surgeries of the patients to get safety, comfort and stability. With prone-position gel pads and gel pads incorporated, pressure is evenly spread while helping to facilitate proper management of airways and correct positioning of the spinal column. These benefits are useful in handling complications and improving the outcomes of surgeries hence should be part of any operating room handling prone position surgeries.

[riddhi23]

Comprehensive Guide to Spine Care by Dr. Snehal Hedgire

The spine is the backbone of our body, both literally and figuratively. It supports our posture, enables movement, and protects the spinal cord, which is crucial for the functioning of the nervous system. However, due to lifestyle factors, aging, and injuries, spine-related issues are becoming increasingly common. Dr. Snehal Hedgire, a leading orthopedic surgeon at Riddhi Clinic in Dhayari, specializes in spine care and offers comprehensive treatment options for those suffering from spine-related conditions. In this guide, Dr. Hedgire shares his insights on maintaining a healthy spine and managing spine disorders effectively.

Understanding the Spine

The spine is composed of 33 vertebrae stacked on top of each other, separated by intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers. It is divided into four main regions:

Cervical Spine (Neck)

Thoracic Spine (Upper and Mid-Back)

Lumbar Spine (Lower Back)

Sacral and Coccygeal Spine (Pelvic Region)

Each region plays a critical role in supporting movement and protecting the spinal cord. Problems in any part of the spine can lead to pain, discomfort, and reduced mobility.

Common Spine Conditions

Dr. Snehal Hedgire highlights the most common spine conditions that patients often encounter:

Herniated Disc: When the soft inner gel of a spinal disc bulges out through a tear in the disc’s outer layer, it can press on nerves, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness.

Spinal Stenosis: This condition involves the narrowing of the spinal canal, which can compress the nerves and cause symptoms such as pain, tingling, and muscle weakness.

Sciatica: Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back down the legs, is irritated or compressed, resulting in sharp pain, tingling, or numbness in the leg.

Degenerative Disc Disease: Over time, the discs in the spine can wear down, causing pain and reduced mobility. This is a common condition associated with aging.

Scoliosis: A curvature of the spine that usually develops during adolescence but can also occur in adults. It can lead to posture issues and discomfort if not managed properly.

Osteoporosis: A condition where bones become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures, including those in the spine.

Preventive Measures for Spine Health

Dr. Hedgire emphasizes the importance of taking preventive measures to maintain a healthy spine:

Maintain Good Posture: Poor posture can lead to spinal misalignment and increase the risk of developing chronic back pain. Be mindful of your posture when sitting, standing, and lifting heavy objects.

Stay Active: Regular exercise strengthens the muscles that support the spine, improves flexibility, and reduces the risk of injury. Incorporate core-strengthening exercises and stretches into your routine.

Healthy Weight: Excess weight puts additional strain on the spine, especially the lower back. Maintaining a healthy weight reduces the risk of spine-related issues.

Lift Properly: When lifting heavy objects, bend at the knees and keep the object close to your body. Avoid twisting while lifting, as this can strain your back.

Ergonomic Work Environment: If you spend long hours at a desk, ensure that your workstation is ergonomically designed. This includes using a chair that supports your lower back and keeping your computer screen at eye level.

Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration keeps the intervertebral discs healthy, as they are made up of a significant amount of water.

Treatment Options at Riddhi Clinic

For patients experiencing spine-related problems, Dr. Snehal Hedgire offers a range of treatment options at Riddhi Clinic, including:

Conservative Treatment: This may include physical therapy, medications, and lifestyle modifications to manage pain and improve function. Dr. Hedgire often recommends conservative treatments as the first line of defense against spine issues.

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery: For conditions that require surgical intervention, minimally invasive techniques are employed to reduce recovery time and minimize the impact on surrounding tissues.

Spinal Fusion: In cases of severe instability or deformity, spinal fusion surgery may be recommended. This procedure involves fusing two or more vertebrae to provide stability and alleviate pain.

Discectomy: This surgical procedure involves removing the herniated portion of a disc to relieve pressure on the spinal nerves.

Epidural Injections: For pain management, epidural steroid injections can be used to reduce inflammation and provide temporary relief from pain.

Rehabilitation Programs: Post-treatment rehabilitation is essential for ensuring a full recovery. Riddhi Clinic offers personalized rehabilitation programs that include physical therapy and exercises to restore mobility and strength.

Conclusion

Spine care is a critical aspect of overall health and well-being. Dr. Snehal Hedgire at Riddhi Clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care for patients suffering from spine-related issues. With a combination of preventive measures, conservative treatments, and advanced surgical techniques, Dr. Hedgire helps patients regain their mobility and quality of life.

If you’re experiencing back pain or other spine-related symptoms, don’t hesitate to consult with Dr. Snehal Hedgire. Early intervention and proper treatment can make a significant difference in your recovery and long-term spine health.

[wellnessweb]

Technological Advancements in Degenerative Disc Disease Treatment Market Size

The Degenerative Disc Disease Treatment Market size was valued at USD 30.09 billion in 2023 and is estimated to reach at USD 53.66 billion in 2031 and grow at a CAGR of 7.5% predicted for the forecast period of 2024-2031.The Degenerative Disc Disease Treatment Market is evolving rapidly, driven by advancements in medical technology and a growing understanding of spinal health. As the global population ages and lifestyles become more sedentary, the prevalence of degenerative disc disease (DDD) continues to rise, necessitating innovative treatment solutions. Currently, the market is witnessing a shift towards minimally invasive procedures such as endoscopic discectomy and nucleoplasty, which offer reduced recovery times and lower risk compared to traditional surgeries. Biologic therapies utilizing stem cells and growth factors are also gaining traction, promising to regenerate damaged discs and provide long-term relief.

Get Sample Of This Report @ https://www.snsinsider.com/sample-request/2898

An in-depth research of the market environment for the anticipated time period is included in the Degenerative Disc Disease Treatment Market research report along with strategy analysis, trend and scenario analysis for micro and macro markets, pricing analysis, and market position analysis. The information is then gathered and reviewed utilizing various market projections and data validation techniques. We also make use of an internal data prediction engine to project market growth. The study goes into great detail about new market trends, market drivers, development opportunities, and market restraints that may have an impact on the market dynamics of the sector.

The products, applications, and market segments' competitive environments are thoroughly examined. The research report’s conclusions were confirmed by a main inquiry involving business experts and opinion leaders from numerous countries. This Degenerative Disc Disease Treatment Market report includes both primary and secondary drivers, market share, significant regions, and geographic analysis.

Market Segmentation

By Product Type

Drugs

Acetaminophen

NSAIDs

Oral Steroids

Muscle Relaxants

Devices

Cervical Spine

Lumbar Spine

Thoracic Spine

Spinal Fusion

By End users

Hospitals

Ambulatory Surgical centers

Orthopedic center

Other

Regional Overview

The Degenerative Disc Disease Treatment Market may be segmented into five major geographical regions based on the results of the regional analysis: North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa. The research covers a wide range of topics, including import and export, market size and share, production and consumption ratios, and infrastructure development.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

Undoubtedly, when COVID-19 spreads around the globe, the socioeconomic environment will shift. The difficulty lies in managing the realities of those advancements while balancing corporate and societal goals for stakeholders and customers. The market impact on the entire world will depend on how quickly the international community can stop the virus from spreading and restart their economies. Businesses in the travel, tourist, retail, and hospitality industries will take longer to recover. But in certain businesses, the opposite is true. The market research report carefully examines the impact of COVID-19 on the Degenerative Disc Disease Treatment Market.

Key Reasons to Purchase Degenerative Disc Disease Treatment Market Report

The analysis contains crucial information, such as market trends and future outlooks.

Regional, sub regional, and national statistics encompass market influence, demand, and supply dynamics.

A wide array of significant companies, cutting-edge technology, and strategies are present in the competitive landscape.

Detailed product companies, significant financial data, newsworthy events, SWOT analyses, and business plans of key players.

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[cancerspecialistindore]

Who is the Leading Cancer Surgeon in Indore for Advanced Treatment?

Introduction 

If you are looking for  the experienced cancer surgeon in Indore, then look no further than Dr. Suyash Agrawal is the top expert to consider. Renowned for his exceptional skills and compassionate care, Dr. Agrawal specializes in a wide range of cancer surgeries, including breast, gastrointestinal, and head and neck cancers. His use of advanced surgical techniques and personalized treatment plans ensures best results possible for his patients. With a commitment to continuous learning and staying updated on the latest advancements in oncology, Dr. Suyash Agrawal provides the highest quality care, making him the go-to choice for cancer treatment in Indore.

What types of cancer surgeries does the surgeon specialize in?

The Dr. Suyash Agrawal  as the top cancer surgeon in Indore specializes in the following types of cancer surgeries:

Breast Cancer Surgery: Lumpectomy, mastectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy, axillary lymph node dissection.

Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery: Colorectal surgery, gastric surgery, pancreatic surgery, liver resection.

Thoracic Cancer Surgery: Lung cancer surgery, esophagectomy.

Head and Neck Cancer Surgery: Laryngectomy, pharyngectomy, neck dissection.

Gynecologic Cancer Surgery: Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, cytoreductive surgery.

Urologic Cancer Surgery: Prostatectomy, nephrectomy, cystectomy.

Dermatologic Cancer Surgery: Mohs surgery, wide local excision.

Orthopedic Cancer Surgery: Limb-sparing surgery, amputation.

Neurosurgery: Craniotomy, spinal tumor surgery.

What diagnostic tests and imaging services are available for cancer detection?

Here are seven diagnostic tests and imaging services commonly available for cancer detection, in the context of Dr. Suyash Agrawal, a cancer surgeon in Indore:

Mammography:

Uses X-rays to examine breast tissue for signs of breast cancer, typically recommended for women over 40 or those at high risk.

Colonoscopy:

Involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the colon to detect colorectal cancer or precancerous polyps.

Pap Smear (Pap Test):

Screens for cervical cancer by collecting cells from the cervix to examine for abnormalities.

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan:

Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body to detect abnormalities or tumors in various organs.

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test:

Measures the level of PSA in the blood, which may indicate prostate cancer or other prostate-related issues.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

Produces detailed images of soft tissues, organs, and bones, helpful in detecting tumors, especially in the brain, spine, and musculoskeletal system.

Biopsy:

Involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

These diagnostic tests and imaging services play a crucial role in the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment planning for various types of cancer.

How is a treatment plan developed after diagnosis?

After diagnosis by Dr. Suyash Agrawal, a cancer surgeon in Indore, a personalized treatment plan is meticulously developed. Dr. Agrawal conducts a thorough assessment of the patient’s medical history, diagnostic tests, and imaging results. He interacts closely with a multidisciplinary group of radiologists, oncologists, and other specialists to formulate the most effective treatment strategy. This may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these modalities tailored to the specific type and stage of cancer. Throughout the process, Dr. Agrawal prioritizes clear communication with the patient, ensuring they understand their options and feel supported every step of the way.

What are the success rates of Dr. Suyash Agrawal as the cancer Surgeon in Indore?

The success rates of cancer surgeries performed by Dr. Suyash Agrawal is consistently high, reflecting his proficiency and dedication to achieving optimal outcomes for his patients and making him the best cancer surgeon in Indore. While specific success rates may vary depending on the type and stage of cancer, Dr. Agrawal’s expertise ensures that patients receive the best possible surgical care with a focus on positive results and improved quality of life.

Conclusion

In conclusion,Dr. Suyash Agrawal is a trusted cancer surgeon in Indore who goes above and beyond for his patients. His commitment to providing patients the best treatment possible appears in every aspect of his job. Thanks to his knowledge and caring style, Dr. Agrawal makes sure every patient receives care that is specific to their needs. Patients may feel confident that they are in good hands with Dr. Suyash Agrawal, as he dedicates his life to enhancing patient outcomes and providing them with support during their cancer journey.Dr. Suyash Agrawal’s dedication to improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for cancer patients makes him a trusted and respected figure in the medical community of Indore.

[quietandfalling]

Almost 30.

My health has been on a steady decline since I was 22. Chronic pain throughout my entire body, severe muscular weakness in my abdomen, limited range of motion throughout, shooting pains and numbness in my arms and legs, inability to breathe properly and a plethora of other symptoms I've picked up in the past 3 years or so. I've seen just about every kind of doctor and even had a few surgeries that didnt seem to take.

Now, we can't continue because of blockage in my airway and the aforementioned breathing problems becoming a huge risk. It's been 14 months since the doctor sent the order for a CT scan of my head and neck and we need images of my thoracic spine and abdominal wall as well. My insurance company simply refuses to approve anymore medical care regardless of how many doctors send referrals. The longer I wait, the more my body continues to fail me. I find it difficult to even stand/walk unassisted for long periods of time.

No solid diagnosis means no disability and I've been unable to work for about a year now. I've looked for something I can do from home but to no avail so I can't even afford to pay for the imaging myself.

The harder I swim, the faster I sink.

[mnunu-nimune]

Unlocking Relief: Understanding How Chiropractors Treat Car Accident Injuries

Car accidents are traumatic experiences that can leave lasting physical and emotional scars. From whiplash to spinal misalignments, the impact of a collision can reverberate throughout the body, causing discomfort and limiting mobility. In such moments of distress, seeking the right treatment becomes paramount. Chiropractic care emerges as a beacon of hope for many, offering holistic and non-invasive solutions to address the aftermath of car accidents. Let's delve into the world of chiropractic treatment and explore how these professionals alleviate car accident injuries.

Understanding Chiropractic Care: A Holistic Approach

Chiropractic care is grounded in the principle that proper alignment of the spine facilitates the body's innate ability to heal itself. Unlike conventional medicine, which often relies on medication or surgery, chiropractic treatment focuses on restoring structural integrity and enhancing nervous system function through manual adjustments and therapeutic techniques.

The Role of Chiropractors: Experts in Spinal Health

Chiropractors are highly trained healthcare professionals specializing in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders, including those resulting from car accidents. With a deep understanding of spinal anatomy and biomechanics, they employ a variety of hands-on techniques to address injuries and promote overall wellness.

Diagnostic Evaluation: Unraveling the Root Cause

Before embarking on any treatment plan, chiropractors conduct comprehensive evaluations to assess the extent of injuries sustained in a car accident. This may involve physical examinations, imaging studies, and a detailed review of the patient's medical history. By identifying the underlying cause of symptoms, chiropractors can tailor their approach to suit each individual's needs.

Manual Adjustments: Restoring Balance and Alignment

Central to chiropractic care are manual adjustments, or spinal manipulations, which involve applying controlled force to joints that have become restricted or misaligned. Through precise and gentle maneuvers, chiropractors realign the spine, alleviate pressure on nerves, and promote optimal function. These adjustments not only alleviate pain but also enhance mobility and promote faster recovery.

Common Car Accident Injuries: Targeting the Source of Pain

Car accidents can result in a myriad of injuries, each requiring specific attention and care. Among the most common conditions treated by chiropractors include:

Whiplash: A sudden jerking motion of the head and neck, whiplash can lead to neck pain, stiffness, and headaches. Chiropractic adjustments and soft tissue therapies are effective in relieving tension and restoring range of motion.

Back Injuries: Impact from a car accident can cause strains, sprains, or herniated discs in the lumbar or thoracic spine. Chiropractic care addresses these issues through spinal adjustments, traction, and rehabilitative exercises.

Soft Tissue Damage: Muscles, tendons, and ligaments may sustain injuries during a collision, resulting in pain and inflammation. Chiropractors utilize techniques such as massage therapy, myofascial release, and stretching to promote healing and reduce discomfort.

The Benefits of Chiropractic Treatment: A Comprehensive Approach

Unlike conventional medical interventions, chiropractic care offers a holistic approach to healing that extends beyond symptom management. Some key benefits include:

Non-Invasive: Chiropractic treatments are non-invasive, meaning they do not involve surgery or medication, reducing the risk of complications and side effects.

Drug-Free Pain Relief: Rather than relying on painkillers, chiropractic care targets the underlying cause of pain, providing long-term relief without the need for pharmaceuticals.

Improved Functionality: By restoring proper alignment and mobility, chiropractic adjustments enhance the body's ability to function optimally, improving overall quality of life.

Charting a Course Towards Wellness

In the aftermath of a car accident, finding effective treatment is essential for recovery and restoration. Chiropractors play a vital role in this journey, offering personalized care that addresses the root cause of injuries and promotes healing from within. Through manual adjustments, therapeutic techniques, and a commitment to holistic wellness, chiropractic care unlocks the door to relief and revitalization.

FAQs: Navigating Common Concerns

Is chiropractic treatment safe after a car accident? Chiropractic treatment is generally considered safe for car accident injuries, as it is non-invasive and tailored to each individual's needs. However, it's essential to consult with a qualified chiropractor to ensure proper evaluation and personalized care.

How soon should I seek chiropractic care following a car accident? It's advisable to seek chiropractic care as soon as possible after a car accident, even if you're not experiencing immediate pain. Early intervention can prevent injuries from worsening and promote faster recovery.

How many chiropractic sessions are typically needed for car accident injuries? The number of chiropractic sessions required varies depending on the severity of injuries and individual response to treatment. While some patients may experience relief after a few sessions, others may require ongoing care to achieve optimal results. Your chiropractor will assess your progress and adjust the treatment plan accordingly.

[sanjeevaniclinic]

What conditions can benefit from manual therapy?

Manual therapy can be beneficial for a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions and injuries. It is often used as part of physical therapy and rehabilitation programs to improve joint mobility, reduce pain, and enhance overall musculoskeletal function. Here are some of the common conditions that can benefit from manual therapy:

1. Neck and Back Pain: Manual therapy techniques can be effective in addressing cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) pain, including conditions like herniated discs, degenerative disc disease, and muscle tension.

2. Joint Stiffness: Manual therapy can improve joint mobility and reduce stiffness in various joints, including the spine, shoulders, hips, knees, and ankles.

3. Muscle Tension and Spasm: It can help relieve muscle tension, spasms, and myofascial trigger points, which are often associated with conditions like fibromyalgia and myofascial pain syndrome.

4. Sports Injuries: Athletes often use manual therapy to recover from sports-related injuries, such as sprains, strains, and joint injuries. It can also aid in injury prevention and performance optimization.

5. Post-Surgical Rehabilitation: After surgery, manual therapy can assist in the recovery process, improving range of motion, reducing scar tissue formation, and addressing postoperative pain.

6. Osteoarthritis: Manual therapy may help manage the symptoms of osteoarthritis by improving joint function and reducing pain.

7. Headaches: Some forms of headaches, especially tension-type and cervicogenic headaches, may benefit from manual therapy techniques aimed at addressing neck and upper back issues.

8. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders: Manual therapy can be used to address TMJ pain and dysfunction through techniques like mobilization and stretching.

9. Nerve Impingement Syndromes: Conditions involving nerve impingement, such as sciatica or thoracic outlet syndrome, can be managed with manual therapy to relieve pressure on nerves and improve symptoms.

10. Postural Dysfunction: Manual therapy can help correct postural imbalances and improve alignment, reducing the risk of musculoskeletal pain and injuries.

11. Tendinopathies and Bursitis: Inflammation of tendons (tendinopathies) or bursae (bursitis) can benefit from manual therapy techniques to reduce pain and improve tendon or bursa function.

12. Repetitive Strain Injuries: Conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome and tennis elbow can benefit from manual therapy to reduce pain and improve function.

13. Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis): Manual therapy can be part of the treatment plan to address limitations in shoulder mobility associated with frozen shoulder.

14. Pediatric Musculoskeletal Conditions: Children with conditions such as torticollis, developmental hip dysplasia, or congenital musculoskeletal issues may receive manual therapy as part of their care.

It's important to note that manual therapy should be administered by skilled and trained healthcare professionals, such as physical therapists, chiropractors, osteopathic physicians, or manual therapists. The specific techniques used and their application depend on the patient's condition, individual needs, and the healthcare provider's assessment. Before undergoing manual therapy, it's advisable to consult with a qualified practitioner to determine if it is suitable for your condition and needs.

If you're unsure whether physiotherapy is suitable for your specific condition, consult a qualified physiotherapist Dr. Kishan Mishra, one of the best Physiotherapist in Borivali at Sanjeevani physiotherapy for an assessment and personalized treatment plan.

[ms-hells-bells]

your 11th and 12th ribs are not true ribs, they are floating ribs. this means they are not actually attached to your sternum, just your spine, so they are far more flexible. your back muscle attach somewhat to them, and they sit in your upper abdomen. removing them, you are removing protection from your upper abdominal/thoracic cavity, muscle support for that delicate area, breathing aid, and much more. without them, when you bend and twist your torso, you have no protective bone flexing with you in that area. if you are impacted in some way in the torso, like playing sports, or exercising, or just falling, you have less false ribs to 1. bend and disperse the impact, rather than fracture/break and risk lung puncture like true ribs and 2. directly protect part of your abdomen full of vital organs.

do these women think about aging? when you fall, your false ribs are far less likely to break due to their more flexible and mobile nature, and so they are very important for protection from organ damage in common elder falls. what about the surgery itself? it's in an area with many vital organs, and is considered highly risky due to danger of damaging lungs or other nearby organs or vessels. there's a reason why apart from a couple of unethical, highly charged celebrity client surgeons, you won't find anyone in the west that will willingly do it for women. so, like bbls, women go overseas and get completely fucked up by unregulated butchers.

and finally, REMOVING RIBS LIKELY DOESN'T EVEN GIVE YOU A SMALLER WAIST. because these are not true ribs, they don't stay rigid in place, they aren't holding a shape, where they are depends on your own muscle and fat. you remove them, your muscle will likely have to compensate for the lose of support, and will just build back there anyway.

Rib removal surgery is one of the craziest plastic surgery procedures I’ve ever heard of

Removing your ribs for an hourglass figure is extreme and yet, the surgery seems to be gaining popularity.

[mcatmemoranda]

Patient is a [ ] yo male/female presenting to the clinic for a preoperative evaluation.

Procedure [ ]

Scheduled date of procedure [ ]

Surgeon performing procedure requesting consultation for preop is [ ] and can be contacted at [ ]

This patient is/is not medically optimized for the planned surgery, see below for details.

EKG collected in office, interpreted personally and under the direct supervision of attending physician as follows- sinus rate and rhythm, no evidence of ischemia or ST abnormalities, no blocks, normal QTc interval.

The following labs are to be completed prior to surgery, and will be evaluated upon completion. Procedure is to be performed as scheduled barring any extraordinary laboratory derangements of concern.

Current medication list has been thoroughly reviewed and should not interfere with surgery as written.

Patient has no prior history of adverse reactions to anesthesia, problems with airway management, difficult IV access, prolonged emergence, or postoperative nausea/vomiting.

Airway Mallampati score: This patient is a Grade based on the criteria listed below

-Grade I Tonsillar pillars, soft palate, entire uvula

-Grade II Tonsillar pillars, soft palate, part of uvula

-Grade III Soft palate, base of uvula

-Grade IV Hard palate only, no uvula visualized

Patient is a low/medium/high risk for this low/medium/high risk surgical procedure.

Will send documentation of this preoperative visit to surgeon [ ].

**** ADDITIONAL INFORMATION****

Patient Risk for Elective Surgical Procedure as Determine with the Criteria Below:

1- Very Low Risk

No known medical problems

2- Low Risk

Hypertension

Hyperlipidemia

Asthma

Other chronic, stable medical condition without significant functional impairment

3- Intermediate Risk

Age 70 or older

Non-insulin dependent diabetes

History of treated, stable CAD

Morbid obesity (BMI > 30)

Anemia (hemoglobin < 10)

Mild renal insufficiency

4- High Risk

Chronic CHF

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Renal insufficiency: creatinine > 2

Moderate COPD: FEV1 50% to 70%

Obstructive sleep apnea

History of stroke or TIA

Known diagnosis of dementia

Chronic pain syndrome

5- Very High Risk

Unstable or severe cardiac disease

Severe COPD: FEV1 < 50% predicted

Use of home oxygen

Pulmonary hypertension

Severe liver disease

Severe frailty; physical incapacitation

Surgical Risk Score Determined as Below:

1- Very Low Risk

Procedures that usually require only minimal or moderate sedation and have few physiologic effects

Eye surgery

GI endoscopy (without stents)

Dental procedures

2- Low Risk

Procedures associated with minimal physiologic effect

Hernia repair

ENT procedures without planned flap or neck dissection

Diagnostic cardiac catheterization

Interventional radiology

GI endoscopy with stent placement

Cystoscopy

3- Intermediate Risk

Procedures associated with moderate changes in hemodynamics, risk of blood loss

Intracranial and spine surgery

Gynecologic and urologic surgery

Intra-abdominal surgery without bowel resection

Intra-thoracic surgery without lung resection

Cardiac catheterization procedures including electrophysiology studies, ablations, AICD, pacemaker

4- High Risk

Procedures with possible significant effect on hemodynamics, blood loss

Colorectal surgery with bowel resection

Kidney transplant

Major joint replacement (shoulder, knee, and hip)

Open radical prostatectomy, cystectomy

Major oncologic general surgery or gynecologic surgery

Major oncologic head and neck surgery

5- Very High Risk

Procedures with major impact on hemodynamics, fluid shifts, possible major blood loss:

Aortic surgery

Cardiac surgery

Intra-thoracic procedures with lung resection

Major transplant surgery (heart, lung, liver)

High risk surgery y/n

h/o ischemic heart disease y/n

H/o CHF y/n

H/o CVA/TIA y/n

Pre-op tx with insulin y/n

DM/how are BS

Pre-op Cr >2mg y/n

OTHER EVALUATIONS BASED OFF PATIENT HISTORY SEE BELOW:

1. CARDIAC EVALUATION

A. Ischemic Cardiac Risk- Describe any history of cardiovascular disease and list the cardiologist/electrophysiologist. For CAD, report the results of the most recent stress test or cardiac cath, type of procedures or type of stents, date of MI, and recommendations for perioperative management. Include antiplatelet management. Continue baby aspirin for patients with cardiac stents - unless having neurosurgery, then coordinate with surgeon.

B. Ventricular function- include most recent ECHO evaluation ideally performed within the past 2 years

C. Valvular heart disease- include most recent ECHO, type of prosthetic valve

D. Arrhythmias- include any implanted devices and recent interrogation report, contact EP about device management during the surgery and include recommendations provided. For A-fib include CHADS-VASC2 score

E. Beta blockade- All patients on chronic beta blockers should have these medications continue throughout the perioperative period unless there is a specifically documented contraindication.

F. Hypertension- Other than for cataract surgery, ACEI-inhibitors and ARBs should be held for 24hours prior to surgery and diuretics should be held the morning of surgery

G. Vascular disease- include antiplatelet management and dates of strokes

2. PULMONARY EVALUATION

A. COPD/Asthma- include any recent exacerbations, intubations, chronic O2 use, amount of rescue inhaler use

B. OSA risk- STOP BANG score - address severity of sleep apnea and CPAP use

3. HEMATOLOGIC EVALUATION

A. Bleeding Risk- assess the bleeding risk and history for every patient

B. VTE Prophylaxis/Thrombotic risk- estimate risk and provide recommendations

C. Anticoagulation management- include preop and post-op medication instructions

D. Anemia- preop treatment plan

D. Oncology- history and treatments

4. ENDOCRINE EVALUATION

A. Diabetes mellitus- include type, medication use, recent A1C, preop and postop management instructions

B. Adrenal insufficiency risk- assess for prolonged steroid use in the last year

5. RENAL EVALUATION

A. CKD- include stage, baseline labs

B. ESRD- include dialysis schedule, type, access, dry weight, location of dialysis. Generally, surgery should not be scheduled on a dialysis day.

C. Electrolyte abnormalities

6. GI EVALUATION

A. Liver disease- including MELD score and Child-Pugh classification

7. OTHER relevant comorbidities or anesthesia considerations

[substance abuse, chronic pain, delirium risk, PONV risk, psych disorders, neurologic disorders, infectious disease, etc.]

[manipalhospital1]

Spinal Deformities You Should Know About And Their Treatment

Any abnormal bending of the spine is termed scoliosis. Our spine plays essential functions in the body: it supports the body weight, offers flexibility to move and protects the spinal cord and nerve roots. The spine contains 100 joints, 120 muscles, and 220 ligaments, and the spinal cord protected by the spine is part of the central nervous system. The long and short of it is that it is a complex body part and any damage, deformity or disease can cause immobility, paralysis and many serious consequences. 

This article features detailed documentation of types of spine deformities and their treatment. Continue reading to gather accurate medical information on various aspects related to spine deformities.

Consult our spine care Hospital in Gurgaon for treatment, if you have spine deformities discussed below. 

Types of Spinal Deformities 

Scoliosis is categorised into three groups depending on the age group it affects:

Scoliosis

Any abnormal curve in the spine is termed scoliosis. It is a deformity that occurs in the side-to-side curvature. It can occur in people of any age group from infants to adults. The symptoms can vary depending on the severity and could be the following: breathing difficulty, sitting or standing imbalance, a rib hump, back pain, sciatica, or numbness in the legs. Scoliosis can be further divided into 3 sub-categories:

Infantile Scoliosis

This type of spine deformity is often associated with congenital defects or neurodegenerative disorders and occurs in children less than 3 years. 

Juvenile Scoliosis

Deformities in children between 3 to 10 years fall into this category. Surgery is not usually performed and bracing is recommended in this age group.  

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

This is a commonly reported type of scoliosis among the 10 to 17 years of age group. There are no known causes and also the symptoms vary depending upon the severity. The pain occurs mainly in the thoracic spine, below the neck or the lower back.  

Adult Degenerative Scoliosis

This type occurs when an adult is suffering from degenerative arthritis. This worsens with age and causes severe pain. 

Kyphosis

When the spine bends forward and is unable to carry the body weight effectively is known as Kyphosis. Weak bones are a common cause of this deformity in older people. If this is diagnosed in infants or children then the main cause of this deformity could be malformation of the spine. Poor posture, injury, or fracture due to osteoporosis, or arthritis can also cause kyphosis. 

Lordosis

In this deformity, the lower back of the spine has a deep curve that pushes out the abdomen. The causes could be genetics, bad posture, injury or illness. 

Treatment Options for Spinal Deformities 

Thorough evaluation of the medical reports that involve the risks in the surgery, curvature, severity, patient’s age and lifestyle, etc determines the best course of treatment. The following are the common treatments offered for spinal deformities:

Bracing

This is done in very young patients with the objective to encourage the straight growth of the spine. When the patient is a young adult it might not be recommended as it will only offer some relief and not correct the deformity. 

Physical Therapy

Physiotherapy can offer relief in mild cases of deformity. It can improve flexibility and strength and may also correct certain motions, and postures. You may be advised to perform certain exercises regularly to manage the condition and prevent it from worsening. 

Surgical Correction

The last resort to restore functions and mobility is surgical correction. There are two types of surgeries that are performed in cases of spinal deformity: 

Posterior Fusion

Medical-grade metal rods are inserted in the vertebra to keep the spine straight and in place. This helps in keeping the spine in its normal orientation, offers relief from pain and restores mobility.  Anterior spinal fusions: This is another corrective procedure done through the abdomen as assessing the spine from the front causes less damage to the surrounding spine muscles. This procedure is done in highly severe cases.     

Pain Management Injections

Injections can offer temporary relief from mild nerve compression or joint arthritis. The frequency of injections and the dosage depends on the type of symptoms and severity. 

Consult our spine doctors in Gurgaon if you require treatment and care for spinal deformities. 

Spinal surgeries may involve certain risks, which increase in cases of comorbidities, hence the decision to go for spine surgery is taken after thorough analysis of the medical reports. At Manipal Hospitals, we have the best spine surgeons in Gurugram who have successfully performed multiple spine surgeries in the past. Connect with our spine surgeons and experienced orthopaedic doctors in Gurgaon to know whether spine surgery is for you or not. We have a well-equipped facility featuring two dedicated departments for spine care and orthopaedics with high-end machines to perform numerous diagnostic and curative procedures. 

Save our blog page to read more interesting articles and to gather accurate information about diseases and their treatment.  

[healthcare-23]

Spinal Fusion Surgery: Restoring Stability

Spinal fusion surgery is a well-established surgical procedure performed to treat various spinal conditions that cause instability, deformity, or severe pain. It involves joining two or more vertebrae together using bone grafts, implants, or instrumentation to promote fusion and restore spinal stability. Spinal fusion can be performed in different regions of the spine, including the cervical (neck), thoracic (upper back), and lumbar (lower back) regions. In this comprehensive article, we will explore the details of spinal fusion surgery, including its indications, surgical techniques, recovery process, potential risks, and the role of fusion in treating spinal disorders.

I. Understanding Spinal Fusion :

Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that aims to stabilize the spine by promoting bone fusion between adjacent vertebrae. The fusion process eliminates motion at the fused segment, reducing pain and improving spinal alignment. Spinal fusion can be performed for various reasons, including:

1. Spinal Instability: When the spine loses its natural stability due to degenerative conditions, trauma, or previous surgeries, spinal fusion can restore stability and prevent further complications.

2. Spinal Deformity: Fusion is often used to correct spinal deformities, such as scoliosis or kyphosis, where the spine has abnormal curvatures that can cause pain or impair function.

3. Disc Disorders: In certain cases, spinal fusion may be recommended to treat severe disc degeneration, herniated discs, or spinal stenosis that do not respond to conservative treatments.

II. Indications for Spinal Fusion Surgery:

Spinal fusion surgery is typically recommended based on the following indications:

1. Severe Spinal Pain: When conservative treatments, such as physical therapy, medications, or injections, fail to provide relief, spinal fusion may be considered to alleviate chronic and debilitating spinal pain.

2. Spinal Instability: Spinal fusion is performed to stabilize the spine when there is excessive movement between vertebrae due to degenerative conditions, trauma, or previous surgeries.

3. Spinal Deformity: Fusion can correct abnormal spinal curvatures, such as scoliosis or kyphosis, that cause pain, functional limitations, or progressive deformity.

4. Spondylolisthesis: This condition occurs when one vertebra slips forward over the adjacent vertebra, causing spinal instability and nerve compression. Spinal fusion can stabilize the affected segment and relieve symptoms.

III. Surgical Techniques for Spinal Fusion:

Spinal fusion surgery involves several surgical techniques, which are selected based on the location, severity, and specific needs of the spinal condition. The following are common techniques used in spinal fusion:

1. Posterior Fusion: This technique involves making an incision in the back and accessing the spine from the posterior (back) approach. The surgeon removes damaged discs or bone spurs, places bone grafts or implants between the vertebrae, and uses rods, screws, or plates to stabilize the spine while fusion occurs.

2. Anterior Fusion: In anterior fusion, the surgeon approaches the spine from the front (anterior) of the body. Through an incision in the abdomen or neck, the damaged discs are removed, and bone grafts or interbody cages are placed between the vertebrae to promote fusion and restore stability.

3. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF): TLIF is a technique primarily used for lumbar fusion. It involves removing the intervertebral disc from one side of the spine and placing a bone graft or interbody cage in the empty disc space. Screws and rods are then inserted to stabilize the spine and promote fusion.

4.Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (LLIF): LLIF is another approach used for lumbar fusion. The surgeon accesses the spine through a small incision made in the patient's side. Specialized instruments are used to remove the damaged disc and insert a bone graft or interbody cage, which promotes fusion and restores stability.

5. Minimally Invasive Fusion: In recent years, minimally invasive techniques have gained popularity for spinal fusion. These procedures involve smaller incisions, specialized instruments, and advanced imaging guidance, resulting in less tissue disruption, reduced blood loss, and faster recovery.

IV. Spinal Fusion Procedure and Recovery :

The spinal fusion procedure typically involves the following steps:

1. Preoperative Evaluation: Before surgery, a thorough evaluation is conducted, including physical examinations, imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI), and medical history review. The surgical team discusses the surgical plan, expectations, and potential risks with the patient.

2. Anesthesia: Spinal fusion surgery is performed under general anesthesia to ensure the patient's comfort and safety during the procedure.

3. Incision and Preparation: The surgeon makes an incision over the affected area, exposing the spine. Muscles and tissues are carefully retracted to provide access to the affected vertebrae.

4. Removal of Damaged Discs or Bone: The surgeon removes damaged discs, bone spurs, or other structures causing spinal instability or compression on nerves.

5. Bone Graft or Interbody Device Placement: To promote fusion, bone grafts, interbody cages, or synthetic substitutes are placed between the vertebrae. These materials provide a scaffold for new bone growth and fusion.

6. Stabilization and Instrumentation: Depending on the technique used, the surgeon may insert screws, rods, plates, or other instrumentation to stabilize the spine and support the fusion process.

7. Closure and Recovery: After the fusion procedure, the incision is closed using sutures or surgical staples. The patient is closely monitored in the recovery area before being transferred to a hospital room. The length of the hospital stay depends on the complexity of the surgery and the patient's overall condition.

Recovery and Rehabilitation :

Recovery from spinal fusion surgery varies depending on the extent of the procedure, the number of levels fused, and the patient's overall health. While pain and discomfort are expected initially, medication and physical therapy help manage symptoms and facilitate healing. Early mobilization and rehabilitation are essential to prevent complications and regain strength and flexibility. The recovery period may range from several weeks to several months, during which regular follow-up visits with the surgeon are crucial.

Potential Risks and Complications :

Like any surgical procedure, spinal fusion surgery carries certain risks and potential complications. These may include infection, bleeding, blood clots, nerve damage, pain at the bone graft site, failure of fusion (pseudoarthrosis), or adjacent segment degeneration. The risk of complications can be influenced by factors such as the patient's overall health, smoking, obesity, and the complexity of the surgery. However, serious complications are relatively rare, and with advances in surgical techniques, technology, and perioperative care, the success rate of spinal fusion surgery has improved significantly.

Conclusion:

Spinal fusion surgery is a well-established procedure performed to restore spinal stability, correct deformities, and alleviate pain caused by various spinal conditions. With different surgical techniques available, including posterior fusion, anterior fusion, and minimally invasive approaches, patients can benefit from personalized treatment based on their specific needs. Spinal fusion surgery aims to improve function, enhance quality of life, and prevent further progression of spinal disorders. However, it is important for patients to have a thorough evaluation, understand the potential risks and benefits, and consult with a qualified spine surgeon to determine the most appropriate surgical approach. With proper preoperative planning, skilled surgical techniques, and comprehensive postoperative care, spinal fusion surgery can provide long-lasting relief and restore spinal stability for individuals suffering from spinal conditions.

Cost in India:

The cost of spinal fusion surgery in India can vary depending on several factors such as the complexity of the procedure, the hospital's location, the surgeon's expertise, and the type of accommodation chosen. It is best to consult with hospitals or healthcare providers directly for accurate and up-to-date cost information.