#st. louis county public library

[myhauntedsalem]

The History of Zombie Road

Zombie Road has quite a reputation as a place where shadowy figures and other non human entities have long been reported.

Gregory Myers of the Paranormal Task Force presents this piece on the history and deaths of one of the most haunted locations in the United States.

Within the urban sprawl of St. Louis lies a remote area called “Zombie Road”. Urban Legend tells a variety of eerie tales which include being host to ritualistic and occult practices which spawned inhuman and demonic entities while other tales tell of those who met their peculiar demise and still roam this desolate road in the afterlife.

“Zombie Road”, real name “Lawler Ford Road” is about 2 miles long through a valley of forest oak land hills and ends near the Meramec River in the Glencoe, MO area where it meets the newly established “Al Foster” trail.

The history of this area goes back to ancient Native American times where this was one of the few pathways cut by nature over the centuries through the bluffs to the Meramec River area just beyond them. It is believed that travelling ancient Native Americans used this pathway for foot travel and also quarried flint here for the making of various tools and weapons.

In the early 1800’s a Ferry (boat) was operated at the bottom area of this passage at times where a ford was located in the river for settlers and travellers to cross the Meramec River to the other side where the Lewis family owned much of the land. The origin of the road name is unknown to historians even today.

Ninian Hamilton a settler from Kentucky was the first settler to occupy and own land in this area in 1803. After his death in 1856, James E. Yeatman a prominent St. Louis citizen, a founder of the Mercantile Library and president of the Merchants Bank acquired the large parcel of land that Mr. Hamilton settled and owned.

The Pacific Railroad completed their railroad line from St. Louis to Pacific along the Meramec River in this area in the 1850’s. Della Hamilton the wife of Henry McCullough, who was Justice of the Peace for about thirty years and Judge of the County Court from 1849 to 1852, was struck and killed by a train in this area in 1876.

The first large scale gravel operations on the Meramec River began at what would become Yeatman junction in this area. Gravel was taken from the Meramec River and moved on rail cars into St. Louis. The first record of this operation is in the mid-1850’s. Later, steam dredges were used, to be supplanted by diesel or gasoline dredges in extracting gravel from the channel and from artificial lakes dug into the banks. This continued until the 1970’s.

From about 1900 until about 1945, Glencoe and this area was one of the resort communities of the Meramec River’s clubhouse era. Many of the homes were summer clubhouses, later converted to year round residences then lost to the great local floods of the 1990’s.

Some say this is called Zombie Road because the railroad workers who once worked here rise from their graves at times to roam about. Some insist that they have heard old time music, seen anomalous moving lights and other ghostly sightings from that forgotten era. Another tale tells of a patient nicknamed “Zombie” who escaped from a nearby mental facility never to be seen again. His blood soaked gown was later found lying upon the old road later named after him.

Other tales include one of an original settler who met their demise upon the railroad tracks. Another includes a pioneer who lost his wife in a poker game then went back to his homestead and took his own life. Many still report seeing these lonely spirits even today.

During the age of Prohibition a nearby town housed speak-easies and the summer homes of well known gangsters. Tales tell of individuals who were dealt a bad hand by such public enemies resulting in their permanent placement within the ground or bordering river to never be seen again.

The bordering river has tragically delivered many to the other side through the years. Children and adults alike have taken their last living breath within its dangerous waters before being found washed up on its shores. Even during this new millennium, several children met their demise one day within its banks.

The railroad still shows “Death hath no mercy” as many have met their final fate upon its tracks. Local lifelong residents can still remember multitudes of tragic occurrences dating back to the 1950’s. One of these occurred in the 1970’s when two teens were struck by an oncoming train. Some of the local residents were used in search parties to find the body parts scattered about the area.

During the 1990’s a mother and her five year old child were crossing a bridge when an oncoming train met them. The mother’s last action was pushing her five year old child off the bridge. The engineer was able to stop the train and save the child. Although the mother died, this is still one of the happiest endings to a story this area will provide.

More recent past has seen this area become refuge for those wanting privacy to practice the occult and other rituals. Who can really know what true doorways to the darkness or unknown were opened here.

During the 1960’s a couple in their late teens were on top of the bluffs overlooking the road below. The male somehow lost footing and during the fall caught his face in a fork of a small tree growing out from the side of the bluff. His face and scalp remained while the rest of him fell to his death upon the road below. Others have also met their demise from the high bluffs above.

The area has also seen its share of suicides and murders. In the 1970’s a hunter stumbled across a car still running at the end the road. Closer inspection revealed a hose running from the exhaust pipe to the inside of the car with the driver slumped over the steering wheel.

One can agree that there is no lack of legends or tragedies surrounding this area which can explain the bizarre and eerie encounters of those who visit. I was one who became truly intrigued and attracted by such lore and was determined to either prove or disprove the Urban Legends surrounding it.

Missouri Paranormal Research (now a division of Paranormal Task Force, Inc.), the paranormal investigative team I belong to, investigated this area on several occasions. Our visits converted many true skeptics into true believers of the paranormal. I was one of those the first time and even remarked “This was going to be like Winnie the Pooh looking for a ghost in 100 Acre Woods” prior to descending onto the old road.

Within an hour several people observed a human sized shadow figure as it descended upon them from a small bluff nearby. It then ran onto the road, stopped, then disappeared into the darkness of the night. Throughout the night others heard unexplained voices, were touched by the unseen and witnessed the unexplained. This was one night that everyone could conclude that indeed some Urban Legends actually are real!

[titles-for-tangents]

"Apostles of Mercy" by Lindsay Ellis is out now! And she's going on book tour in the U.S. for the first time for the Noumena series!

Hey remember when the pandemic sidelined all her plans to go on book tour for Axiom's End so she did a ton of interviews instead, and then a book tour didn't really happen for Truth of the Divine? YEAH! "HOLY SHIT!" IS RIGHT!!

Via Macmillan:

BookPeople Wednesday, June 5, 2024 7:00 PM Book Talk & Signing in conversation with C. Robert Cargill 603 N Lamar Blvd, Austin, TX 78703

Schlafly Public Library Thursday, June 6, 2024 6:00 PM Book Talk & Signing in conversation with Ann Leckie 225 N Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63108

Anderson's Bookshop Friday, June 7, 2024 7:00 PM Book Talk & Signing in conversation with Brad Jones 123 W Jefferson Ave, Naperville, IL 60540

Books Inc. (Opera Plaza) Saturday, June 8, 2024 6:00 PM Book Talk & Signing in conversation with Kaveh Taherian 601 Van Ness Ave, San Francisco, CA 94107

Mysterious Galaxy Sunday, June 9, 2024 2:00 PM Book Talk & Signing in conversation with Jessie Earl 3555 Rosecrans St, San Diego, CA 92110

Chevalier’s Books Monday, June 10, 2024 6:00 PM Book Talk & Signing in conversation with Maggie Mae Fish 133 North Larchmont Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90004

Malaprop’s Bookstore/Cafe Tuesday, June 11, 2024 6:00 PM Book Talk & Signing 55 Haywood Street, Asheville, NC 28801

Powell's Cedar Hills Crossing Friday, June 14, 2024 7:00 PM Book Talk & Signing 3415 SW Cedar Hills Blvd, Beaverton, OR 97005

Decatur Library, Dekalb County Public Library Wednesday, June 12, 2024 7:00 PM Book Talk & Signing in conversation with Becky Albertalli 215 Sycamore Street, Decatur, GA 30030

Third Place Books, Lake Forest Park location Thursday, June 20, 2024 7:00 PM Book Talk & Signing 17171 Bothell Way NE, #A101, Lake Forest Park, WA 98155

Bookshop Santa Cruz Wednesday, June 26, 2024 7:00 PM Book Talk & Signing 1520 Pacific Ave, Santa Cruz, CA 95060

I am posting this a day after the book premiered so I'm pretty certain each date will get removed from Macmillan's site from here on afterwards, because June 4th featured her at Barnes & Noble Atlantic in Brooklyn, NY with Caitlin Doughty! Caitlin Motherfuckin' Doughty!! AAAAAAHHHHHHH

COME GET FUCKED UP BY SPACE BUGS, PRESIDENT DICK CHENEY, MILLENNIAL ANGST, and more!

[justinspoliticalcorner]

Jess Piper at The View from Rural Missouri:

This is a story of what happened in Arnold, Missouri on Saturday, April 20, 2024. Arnold is a bedroom community in Jefferson County less than 20 miles from St Louis. A town of about 20,000 people with a small town feel and mostly regressive politics. But, like I will always remind you — that’s not the story. The story is the folks standing up for their neighbors and their rights in a state whose lawmakers are using techniques found in fascist countries. This is a story of abortion rights in a state that has banned abortion. But, first… what happened to Missouri?

My state was known as the bellwether state. It looks like a microcosm of the country's political makeup; Missouri has its two big cities, reliably voting for the liberal consensus, located on the outermost boundaries of the state — much like the American coasts. St. Louis and Kansas City look like they are trying to flee the state, though, barely in our state border, where the GOP-dominates the north, middle, and southern spaces. The Missouri bellwether was a political phenomenon that meant that the state of Missouri voted for the winner in all but one U.S. presidential election from 1904 to 2008…I bet you can figure out what happened in 2008. Obama. A Black man won the Presidency and he did not carry Missouri.

But, even more than Obama, the Missouri GOP had won a supermajority in the House in 2002 and they haven’t lost that supermajority in 22 years. In fact. they hold a trifecta with a GOP-dominated House, Senate, and a Republican Governor. We have been slipping for two decades with our state outcomes for everything from schools to roads to healthcare falling and our rate of gun violence climbing. In a recent study that Gov Mike Parson happily quoted, “Missouri is ranked 4th for potential.” I guess when you’ve hit rock bottom, there’s nowhere to go but up. It’s all “potential” at this point. But, back to Arnold. One of the “architects” of the Missouri abortion ban is State Senator Mary Elizabeth Coleman. She is notorious in the state for her anti-woman stances and bills. She even filed a bill to restrict the travel of pregnant women in our state with a bounty for Missourians to turn in their neighbors — it was never given a hearing. She did author the abortion ban, though, and below you can see her tweet bragging about passing a draconian bill that did not even include exemptions for rape or incest.

[...] Coleman has implied on several occasions that “out of state” interests want to gather signatures and that by signing, folks are at risk of identity theft. There is absolutely no proof of this happening, and all of the volunteers I’ve met gathering signatures were Missourians. I am one myself. Coleman isn’t being truthful, but more than that, the intimidation that follows her needs to be addressed. [...]

The abortion ballot signing event in Arnold was staffed by four volunteers and was set to run from 10-2 at the public library. All four volunteers were constituents of Senator Coleman and one told me the Senator showed up at the event right around 10am. The volunteers were set-up in the parking lot and had signs up directing voters to their location. Sen Coleman was having a hard time manning all four volunteers and became frustrated when she couldn’t try to talk her own community members out of signing the petition. Coleman was reported to have raised her voice over at least one of the volunteers and directed signers that the petition is “not like Roe” and that there was “no alternative if a doctor commits malpractice.” She also reminded signers that she was a “constitutional lawyer” as she flagged down cars in the parking lot.

A volunteer said that Sen Coleman would flat out tell her constituents, “Do not sign the petition” ordering them not to sign. Quickly after Sen Coleman arrived, a library staffer came out and told the signature gatherers that they must remove their signs and could only stand on the sidewalk. The volunteers did as instructed. Later, during the signing event, a volunteer did get off the sidewalk to approach a voter who wanted to sign the petition and Sen Coleman followed her into the parking lot. The police were called for the incident and three cruisers eventually responded. A library employee told a volunteer that she needed to leave because she didn’t follow the rules and the volunteer responded by saying that Sen Coleman should be forced to leave as well. By the time police arrived, both the volunteer and Coleman were back on the sidewalk. Neither were forced to leave the event.

The Arnold event did garner 143 signatures for the petition. It also shed light on the brazen attempt to intimidate volunteers and signers in Missouri — I am writing this post so that I can get the word out. This is the story of just one event. From the beginning of the process, volunteers have been threatened. The “Missouri Right to Life” organization set up a snitch line in the very first days of the petition trying to find signing events to send out their own folks to harass and intimidate volunteers.

Jess Piper wrote in her Substack about a story of how anti-abortion extremists such as State Sen. Mary Elizabeth Coleman (R) and the “decline to sign” movement headed by Missouri Right To Life attempted to intimidate potential abortion access ballot measure signers out of signing it at a signature gathering event in Arnold, Missouri this past Saturday.

[geneajournals]

Trains | 52 Ancestors

Trains revolutionized the world by moving freight and passengers rapidly, efficiently and economically. Railroads were built on the backs of enslaved people, African Americans, and immigrants from China, Ireland and Germany. Working on the railroad was one of the few occupations open to African American men during the first half of the 20th century. African Americans were limited to low paying, menial railroad jobs. However, working for a railroad afforded stable employment for African Americans. In the South members of the small African American “middle class” sought available railroading jobs.

Four of my husband's maternal granduncles were employed as railroaders:

David Victor Guice (1890-1976) of Birmingham, Alabama listed his occupation as machinist helper / steam railroad in the 1950 US Census. His pension claim was located in the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board index. [1]

D Guice, Railroad Board Claim A577335

Thomas Jefferson Guice (1893-1988) received his training as a blacksmith at Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama. He worked for thirty-seven years as a blacksmith with the Frisco Railroad in Birmingham, Alabama. Thomas listed his occupation as blacksmith / steam railroad in the 1950 US Census. His pension claim was located in the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board index. [2]

T Guice, Railroad Board Claim A716099

Lionel Guice, Sr. (1911-1992) of Chicago, Illinois lists his occupation as machinist / railroad in the 1950 US Census. [3]

1950 U.S. census, Cook County, Illinois, Chicago, ED 103-375B, sheet 2, household 14, line 30 Lionel Grice [Guice].

Gerves Wilbert Guice, Sr. (1913-1975) worked as a coach cleaner for Frisco Railroad in Birmingham, Alabama. His pension claim was located in the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board index. [4]

Gerves Guice, Frisco Railroad Employee Card, 1937

G Guice, Railroad Board Claim ID 417032902

David, Thomas, Lionel and Gerves Guice are brothers. They were born in Mount Andrew, Barbour County, Alabama to Chapel Ezekial Guice (1870-1951) and Laura Ann (Harris) Guice (1872-?).

Sources:

1950 U.S. census, Jefferson County, Alabama, Birmingham, enumeration district (ED) 68-6, sheet 74, household 102, line 29, “David B. Guice” [David V. Guice]; digital images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ : accessed 12 April 2023); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm T628, roll 742.

“U.S. Railroad Retirement Board,” database, Mid-Continent Public Library, Genealogy Quick Look (https://quicklook.midwestgenealogycenter.org/display/RRBClaims/290200 : accessed 10 July 2024) for D Guice, Claim ID A577335.

2. Funeral program for Thomas Jefferson Guice, distributed at the funeral on 2 July 1988, Birmingham, Alabama. Inherited from Valencia Guice Byers, niece of Thomas J. Guice.

1950 U.S. census, Jefferson County, Alabama, Birmingham, enumeration district (ED) 68-1, sheet 72, household 99, line 29, Thomas J. Guice; imaged, “1950 Census,” U.S. National Archives, History Hub (https://1950census.archives.gov/ : accessed 3 April 2022); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm T628, roll 742. 

 “U.S. Railroad Retirement Board,”  database, Mid-Continent Public Library, Genealogy Quick Look (https://quicklook.midwestgenealogycenter.org/display/RRBClaims/409677 : accessed 10 July 2024) for T Guice, Claim ID A716099.

3. 1950 U.S. census, Cook County, Illinois, Chicago, enumeration district (ED) 103-375B, sheet 2, household 14, line 30, Lionel “Grice” [Guice]; digital images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6J4Q-6SJZ : accessed 13 May 2024); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm T628, roll 3907.  

4. “Employee Cards,” database with images, Springfield-Greene County Library District, The Frisco: A Look Back at the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway (https://thelibrary.org/lochist/frisco/employee_cards/cards.cfm : accessed 4 September 2023), image, Social Security-Carrier Employee Registration card, Form CER-1, for Gerves Guice, Birmingham, Alabama, 15 May 1937.

“U.S. Railroad Retirement Board,”  database, Mid-Continent Public Library, Genealogy Quick Look (https://quicklook.midwestgenealogycenter.org/display/RRBClaims/1072491 : accessed 10 July 2024) for G Guice, Claim ID 417032902.

[thefirsthogokage]

I know this is a very small area, but I hope it gets seen by the people who could use this most.

[sunshinejjk]

Jarrett Krosoczka Events!

Tues., 4/18: Public event at the Academy of Music in Northampton, MA (books sold by High Five Books) // Event Listing

Thurs., 4/20: Public event at Austin Scottish Rite Theater in Austin, TX (books sold by BookPeople) // Event Listing

Fri., 4/21: Public event at St. Charles City-County Library, Spencer Road Branch in St. Louis, MO (books sold by The Novel Neighbor) // Event Listing

Sat., 4/22: Public event at the Decatur Library in Decatur, GA (book sales by Little Shop of Stories) // Event Listing

Sun., 4/23: Public event with Politics & Prose in Washington, D.C. // Event Listing TK

Mon., 4/24: Public event at Penncrest High School in Media, PA (books sold by Children’s Book World) // Event Listing

Blaze

0 notes

[heykiddojjk]

Jarrett Krosoczka Events!

Tues., 4/18: Public event at the Academy of Music in Northampton, MA (books sold by High Five Books) // Event Listing

Thurs., 4/20: Public event at Austin Scottish Rite Theater in Austin, TX (books sold by BookPeople) // Event Listing

Fri., 4/21: Public event at St. Charles City-County Library, Spencer Road Branch in St. Louis, MO (books sold by The Novel Neighbor) // Event Listing

Sat., 4/22: Public event at the Decatur Library in Decatur, GA (book sales by Little Shop of Stories) // Event Listing

Sun., 4/23: Public event with Politics & Prose in Washington, D.C. // Event Listing TK

Mon., 4/24: Public event at Penncrest High School in Media, PA (books sold by Children’s Book World) // Event Listing

[timprobst-blog]

Missouri Republicans use state budget to block diversity initiatives, cut library funding If you have ever visited a library or used the resources of a library, you know the positive impact they can have on a person’s life and their knowledge base. Here in Missouri, it seems many House Republicans have forgotten this as they have decided to completely remove state funding for public libraries from the budget. What’s ironic is that they and their staffs most likely use a library or the skills of a librarian every day to do their work. If you care at all about ensuring public access to information, consider donating to your local public library foundation. They will need private donations more than ever if the Senate allows the provision to remain in the budget. Here are links to the library foundations in the St. Louis area: Saint Louis County Library Saint Louis Public Library Jefferson County Library St. Charles County Library https://www.timprobst.com/2023/04/01/4770/

[sidewalkstamps]

K. S. Littlejohn Co Contractors 1926 (Photo taken by Scott Fajack on December 23, 2022 on Ocampo Dr at W Pampas Ricas Blvd. in the Rustic Canyon neighborhood near/ in the Pacific Palisades, CA).

I believe this Littlejohn is Captain Kenneth Stuart Littlejohn, who was born February 6, 1876 or 1877 in Montclair, New Jersey and died September 18, 1952 in Mexico. His father was Frank Bennoch Littlejohn and his mother was Elise (maybe Elsie) Thomson Stuart. He married Josephine Keizer (1887-1963), daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Dell Keizer, of Kansas City, Missouri. Their engagement was announced on page 34 of April 2, 1911 issue of The Kansas City Star (findagrave.com) and they were married May 18, 1912 in California (https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Littlejohn-725#_note-0). He had a son Kenneth Keizer (1926-1950), who was born in Los Angeles, and three daughters - Virginia (1914-2000), Eleanor Stuart (1915-1977), and Lorna Jean (1916-1989). You can see them listed in the Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930 Population Schedule seen here for the “Beverly Hills Township.”

In WWI, he was in the Sixth U. S. Engineers and “was recognized for bravery at the battle of Claire Chenes Woods, France” (History of the Sixth Engineers, Knickerbocker Press, 1920. Entry for Captain Kenneth S. Littlejohn, page 274).

Littlejohn was given the contract for the canal digging by dragline excavator of Canal Rosales in Sinaloa, Mexico. “The work is somewhat out of the ordinary, as it is not a common thing for dragline excavators to be used for this purpose in Mexico, as native labor and mules are so plentiful and so cheap that they can almost compete even on big work with machine excavation.” (Not sure how much the laborers were making a fair living or not in that scenario!) At the time of this contract, the company was based in Tucson, Arizona. The foreman in charge of this project was Otto G. Fladung of Tucson. (”Canal Digging with Dragline Excavator in Old Mexico,” Excavating Contractor, Volumes 15-16, A.B. Morse Company, 1921). Fladung was born April 4, 1892 in Ohio and died February 10, 1923 in Tucson. He’s buried in the Saint Louis Cemetery in Louisville, Ohio.

They lost a bid for work in Phoenix, AZ in 1922 (Southwest Builder and Contractor, Volume 60, F. W. Dodge Company, 1922), but they were awarded the contract for street work for Florence ave. between Van Ness Ave. and West Blvd. by the Los Angeles Building and Public Works department (Building and Engineering News, Volume 26, Issue 2, 1926).

At the time of Kenneth Keizer’s birth, they lived at 2289 W 24th Street, in the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Los Angeles just south of the current 10 freeway. The house is still there - Zillow says the current house there was built in 1905. Kenneth Kaiser’s birth certificate gives me more confidence that Kenneth Stuart is the correct K.S. Littlejohn, as it lists his occupation as “Consulting Engineer” and his employer as “Self.”

K. S. Littlejohn Co. Engineers and Contractors are listed with K.S. Littlejohn and R.K. Walker in the Charter of the City of Los Angeles in Effect July 1, 1925 (Los Angeles Daily Journal, 1925). They can also be found in the Los Angeles County Incorporation Records (Second Series) 1903-1939 at the Seaver Center for Western History Research, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. In the Los Angeles City Directory 1925, the company’s principals are listed as K S Littlejohn and E T Brown, with their office at 626 S Spring Street, room 609 (Los Angeles Directory Company, Los Angeles, CA, 1925, accessed via the Los Angeles Public Library). Today that address has some bars and studio loft apartments, not 100% sure it’s still the same building but probably.

Littlejohn was one of the contractors in Fillmore, CA involved in the repair work after the St. Francis Dam Disaster, under the supervision of general director C. E. Bressler (Hundley, Norris and Jackson, Donald C. Heavy Ground: William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam Disaster, University of Nevada Press, 2020).

[stevishabitat]

Jana Elementary to close in Florissant following report of radioactive contamination

The school, located at 405 Jana Drive and opened in 1970, sits in the flood plain of Coldwater Creek, which was contaminated by waste from the development of atomic weapons. Mallinckrodt Chemical Co. processed massive amounts of uranium ore on the Mississippi riverfront, north of downtown St. Louis, from 1942 to 1957. Tons of byproduct with residual radioactive material were shipped to a location on the northern border of the airport, next to Coldwater Creek, to be stored. It was later trucked about a mile away, to an industrial area in the 9200 block of Latty Avenue, which also borders Coldwater Creek.

The sources of contamination at the main storage sites have mainly been remediated. Now the ongoing, multimillion dollar focus of the Army Corps of Engineers has been testing so Coldwater Creek can finally be cleaned up. Before emptying in the Missouri River, the creek travels through Hazelwood, Florissant, Black Jack, unincorporated St. Louis County and a sliver of Berkeley.

U.S. Rep. Cori Bush, D-St. Louis, called for an “immediate cleanup.”

“The federal government is responsible for this waste, and we need answers,” Bush said in a press release.

Last week, a report from an ongoing lawsuit was publicized, claiming radioactive waste was found at the school up to 22 times the expected level.

Samples taken Aug. 15 from Jana Elementary’s library, kitchen, HVAC system, classrooms, fields and playgrounds were found “far in excess of the natural background” of radioactive isotope lead-210, polonium, radium and other toxins, according to a Boston Chemical Data Corp. report, which was produced for an ongoing lawsuit.

In a Tuesday telephone interview, Marco Kaltofen, who wrote the report in question, said he stands by the findings.

“By far, the greatest part of the contamination we found comes from Manhattan Project waste,” he said.

The Jana Elementary property is one spot along 19 miles of Coldwater Creek.

Though federal public health officials previously called for additional testing inside North County homes, the Corps is focused on testing and remediating within the 10-year flood plain. Corps officials have said that nearly all the lingering contamination they have found is bound between the banks, a few feet down, but that there are exceptions.

Parts of St. Cin Park in Hazelwood, including a few backyards along Palm Drive, were already remediated in recent years. So was a high bank of the creek bordering Duchesne Park in Florissant. There’s an ongoing effort to remediate former baseball fields across from the airport site along McDonnell Boulevard near Boeing where children and adults used to play.

Within the year, Moser said a design plan will be in place to clean up the rest of the creek based on hot spots found from their sampling. He said the cleanup of the whole creek will be done by 2038. In 2021, the Corps’ budget for the project was $34.55 million, up from $20 million in 2019.

By late 2021, the Corps had tested to Old Halls Ferry Road, about 10 miles downstream. Of those 29,000 samples taken, the Corps said less than 5% were above evaluation criteria. Typically, every soil sample location has a minimum depth of 6 feet, with samples collected from the surface, then every 2 feet down. Sample locations exceed 20 feet, for instance, to target buried historic drainage.

By late 2021, the Corps said it had identified at least 12 areas that will likely require remediation between Interstate 270 and the Missouri River that had been discussed with individual property owners. At the time, there were 39 areas, most of them still being defined, between McDonnell Boulevard and Interstate 270.

[packedwithpackards]

Examining the sources of the Plymouth Colony Pages [Part 21]

William W. Streeter and Daphne H. Morris, The Vital Records of Cummington, Massachusetts 1762-1900 (Hartford, CT: William W. Streeter and D. H. Morris, 1979).

While this book can only be searched on HathiTrust, it can be found in Indiana state libraries, and varying libraries, according to WorldCat (here and here)

Library of Congress. Washington, DC 20540 United States

UMBC. Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery. Baltimore, MD 21250 United States

New York Public Library System. NYPL. New York, NY 10018 United States

Onondaga County Public Library. OCPL. Syracuse, NY 13214 United States

Western Reserve Historical Society. Research Library. Cleveland, OH 44106 United States

Connecticut State Library. CSL. Hartford, CT 06106 United States

Connecticut Historical Society. Hartford, CT 06105 United States

Columbus Metropolitan Library. Main Library. Columbus, OH 43215 United States

Mount Holyoke College. Williston & Miles-Smith Library. S Hadley, MA 01075 United States

Williams College. Sawyer Library. Williamstown, MA 01267 United States

Hampshire College. Harold F. Johnson Library. Amherst, MA 01002 United States

Amherst College Library. Amherst, MA 01002 United States

Worcester Public Library. Worcester, MA 01608 United States

Minuteman Library Network. Natick, MA 01760 United States

Toledo-Lucas County Public Library. Main Library. Toledo, OH 43604 United States

Boston Athenaeum. Boston, MA 02108 United States

New England Historic Genealogical Society. NEHGS. Boston, MA 02116 United States

State Library of Massachusetts. Boston, MA 02133 United States

Eastern Kentucky University. Crabbe Library. Richmond, KY 40475 United States

Noble, Inc. Danvers, MA 01923 United States

Peabody Essex Museum. Salem, MA 01970 United States

Allen County Public Library. ACPL. Fort Wayne, IN 46802 United States

Indiana State Library - ISL. Indianapolis, IN 46202 United States

Maine State Library. Augusta, ME 04333 United States

Tennessee State Library & Archives. TSLA Nashville, TN 37243 United States

Newberry Library. Chicago, IL 60610 United States

Huntsville-Madison County Public Library. Huntsville, AL 35801 United States

Wisconsin Historical Society. Madison, WI 53706 United States

Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO 63130 United States

Saint Louis County Library Headquarters. St Louis, MO 63131 United States

Hillsborough County Public Library Cooperative. HCPLC. Tampa, FL 33611 United States

Mobile Public Library. Mobile, AL 36602 United States

Dallas Public Library Central Library. Dallas, TX 75201 United States

Houston Public Library Central Library. Houston, TX 77002 United States

Texas State Library & Archives Commission. Austin, TX 78701 United States

Denver Public Library. Central Library Denver, CO 80204 United States

Midland County Public Library. Midland, TX 79701 United States

Family History Library. Salt Lake City, UT 84150 United States

Arizona State Library, Archives & Public Records. State Library of Arizona (formerly called the Law and Research Library). Phoenix, AZ 85007 United States

University of Oxford. Oxford, OX1 2JD United Kingdom

This 1979 book, by William W. Streeter, Daphne H. Morris,  has not been scanned online. On Alibris one can buy it but prices range from $60-$85 depending on the copy whereas at Abebooks one can get it for as little as $15.87 but you are only getting a paperback copy of the book. There is a related book titled Only One Cummington: A Book in Two Parts which was published in 1974 by William Streeter and the Cummington Historical Society. Good luck getting that! The latter book has been cited in an academic study called Only One Cummington "Cummington’s local history volume." The same study also says that

In Cummington it is easier than in many places to find out basic information about the circumstances of peoples lives because of two works of local history published in the 1970s. One Cummington (1974) consists consists of both a general history of the town and a remarkably comprehensive property history of every lot in town, complete with photos, owner names and dates. The Vital Records of Cummington (1979) includes birth, marriage, death, and census records for Cummington residents from 1762 to 1900

Volume II was apparently issued in 2008 according to this article with Allen Berrien, with the Cummington Historical Commission funding it.

While Only One Cummington is NOT in the DAR library, the Vital Records of Cummington is available. Also, I must say that Matthew Stowell of the Plainfield Historical Society holds both books, so contact him if you are in Plainfield at any point.

Note: This was originally posted on Apr. 27, 2018 on the main Packed with Packards WordPress blog (it can also be found on the Wayback Machine here). My research is still ongoing, so some conclusions in this piece may change in the future.

© 2018-2022 Burkely Hermann. All rights reserved.

[myhauntedsalem]

The History of Zombie Road

Zombie Road has quite a reputation as a place where shadowy figures and other non human entities have long been reported.

Gregory Myers of the Paranormal Task Force presents this piece on the history and deaths of one of the most haunted locations in the United States.

Within the urban sprawl of St. Louis lies a remote area called “Zombie Road”. Urban Legend tells a variety of eerie tales which include being host to ritualistic and occult practices which spawned inhuman and demonic entities while other tales tell of those who met their peculiar demise and still roam this desolate road in the afterlife.

“Zombie Road”, real name “Lawler Ford Road” is about 2 miles long through a valley of forest oak land hills and ends near the Meramec River in the Glencoe, MO area where it meets the newly established “Al Foster” trail.

The history of this area goes back to ancient Native American times where this was one of the few pathways cut by nature over the centuries through the bluffs to the Meramec River area just beyond them. It is believed that traveling ancient Native Americans used this pathway for foot travel and also quarried flint here for the making of various tools and weapons.

In the early 1800’s a Ferry (boat) was operated at the bottom area of this passage at times where a ford was located in the river for settlers and travelers to cross the Meramec River to the other side where the Lewis family owned much of the land. The origin of the road name is unknown to historians even today.

Ninian Hamilton a settler from Kentucky was the first settler to occupy and own land in this area in 1803. After his death in 1856, James E. Yeatman a prominent St. Louis citizen, a founder of the Mercantile Library and president of the Merchants Bank acquired the large parcel of land that Mr. Hamilton settled and owned.

The Pacific Railroad completed their railroad line from St. Louis to Pacific along the Meramec River in this area in the 1850’s. Della Hamilton the wife of Henry McCullough, who was Justice of the Peace for about thirty years and Judge of the County Court from 1849 to 1852, was struck and killed by a train in this area in 1876.

The first large scale gravel operations on the Meramec River began at what would become Yeatman junction in this area. Gravel was taken from the Meramec River and moved on rail cars into St. Louis. The first record of this operation is in the mid-1850’s. Later, steam dredges were used, to be supplanted by diesel or gasoline dredges in extracting gravel from the channel and from artificial lakes dug into the banks. This continued until the 1970’s.

From about 1900 until about 1945, Glencoe and this area was one of the resort communities of the Meramec River’s clubhouse era. Many of the homes were summer clubhouses, later converted to year round residences then lost to the great local floods of the 1990’s.

Some say this is called Zombie Road because the railroad workers who once worked here rise from their graves at times to roam about. Some insist that they have heard old time music, seen anomalous moving lights and other ghostly sightings from that forgotten era. Another tale tells of a patient nicknamed “Zombie” who escaped from a nearby mental facility never to be seen again. His blood soaked gown was later found lying upon the old road later named after him.

Other tales include one of an original settler who met their demise upon the railroad tracks. Another includes a pioneer who lost his wife in a poker game then went back to his homestead and took his own life. Many still report seeing these lonely spirits even today.

During the age of Prohibition a nearby town housed speak-easies and the summer homes of well known gangsters. Tales tell of individuals who were dealt a bad hand by such public enemies resulting in their permanent placement within the ground or bordering river to never be seen again.

The bordering river has tragically delivered many to the other side through the years. Children and adults alike have taken their last living breath within its dangerous waters before being found washed up on its shores. Even during this new millennium, several children met their demise one day within its banks.

The railroad still shows “Death hath no mercy” as many have met their final fate upon its tracks. Local lifelong residents can still remember multitudes of tragic occurrences dating back to the 1950’s. One of these occurred in the 1970’s when two teens were struck by an oncoming train. Some of the local residents were used in search parties to find the body parts scattered about the area.

During the 1990’s a mother and her five year old child were crossing a bridge when an oncoming train met them. The mother’s last action was pushing her five year old child off the bridge. The engineer was able to stop the train and save the child. Although the mother died, this is still one of the happiest endings to a story this area will provide.

More recent past has seen this area become refuge for those wanting privacy to practice the occult and other rituals. Who can really know what true doorways to the darkness or unknown were opened here.

During the 1960’s a couple in their late teens were on top of the bluffs overlooking the road below.The male somehow lost footing and during the fall caught his face in a fork of a small tree growing out from the side of the bluff. His face and scalp remained while the rest of him fell to his death upon the road below. Others have also met their demise from the high bluffs above.

The area has also seen its share of suicides and murders. In the 1970’s a hunter stumbled across a car still running at the end the road. Closer inspection revealed a hose running from the exhaust pipe to the inside of the car with the driver slumped over the steering wheel.

One can agree that there is no lack of legends or tragedies surrounding this area which can explain the bizarre and eerie encounters of those who visit. I was one who became truly intrigued and attracted by such lore and was determined to either prove or disprove the Urban Legends surrounding it.

Within an hour several people observed a human sized shadow figure as it descended upon them from a small bluff nearby. It then ran onto the road, stopped, then disappeared into the darkness of the night. Throughout the night others heard unexplained voices, were touched by the unseen and witnessed the unexplained. This was one night that everyone could conclude that indeed some Urban Legends actually are real!

[petsincollections]

Gilfillan, John A.

Shown here, Gilfillan wears a hat and a jacket and tie. He has a ; gray moustache.; John A. (Jack) Gilfillan sits with a cat on a wood bench in Eldora, a mining town in Boulder County, Colorado. Gilfillan was one of the town's founders. Originally from St, Louis, Missouri, Gilfillan first visited Eldora in 1889 as a young mining engineer to examine the region for possible gold claims.

Photographs - Western History

Denver Public Library Digital Collections

[karmazain]

Saint of the Month: St. Martin of Tours / San Martin Caballero

Saint of the Month: St. Martin of Tours / San Martin Caballero

Louis Galloche. “A Scene From the Life of St. Martin.” 1737. Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) Image Library. Public domain. November’s saint for the Saint of the Month Box is St. Martin of Tours, aka San Martin Caballero, whose feast day in the Roman Catholic calendar is November 11th. He was a 4th century bishop in Tours but had once been a soldier, and this is how he’s almost always…

[intothestacks]

Libraries In the Time of COVID

How have libraries been handling the lockdown?

The short answer is: it varies. A lot. 

A library’s services are meant to meet the needs of its community, so whether there’s a pandemic or things are business as usual, no two libraries are alike in what they offer, even within the same library system.

Because communities have been affected in very different ways by Coronavirus, library responses have been unique and varied.

Becoming a Food Bank

In the Toronto area, a third of food banks were forced to close due to a lack of volunteers. People needed the food they had to offer, but they didn’t have a way to distribute it anymore, so the Toronto Public Library stepped in to help. They put out a call to its staff asking for volunteers to help with packing food hampers and within an hour they had all the help they needed and then some.

Australian Libraries in Yarra and Monash have been doing something similar, delivering food to vulnerable families and to people facing homelessness. 

At the Indianapolis, Cincinnati, and St. Louis County libraries they’re offering drive-thru meals for children.

Providing Protective Equipment

In the US, where there is a shortage of protective gear for first responders, Suffolk Cooperative Library System has put its 3D printers to use to provide local hospitals with the equipment they so desperately need, as has Stratford Public Library in Ontario, Canada. Toronto Public Library has done something similar, lending three of its 3D printers to Toronto General Hospital so they can print protective equipment. 

In Klaipedia, Lithuania the National Library is helping 3D print protective equipment as well, while in Kaunas (also Lithuania), the library has been printing door handle extensions which can help diminish the spread of the virus.

Meanwhile, Valpattanam GP Library, India, the library has been collecting cloth face masks made by locals to hand them out to people who don’t have one.

Helping With Contact Tracing

In Ireland, libraries have been asked to help with contract tracing, which librarians in San Francisco also offered to do.

Helping Essential Workers With Childcare

San Francisco Public Library has turned its children’s areas into childcare facilities for essential workers

Having Patrons Make Cards for Seniors In Lockdown

In Czechia, the library for the town of Trinec had its patrons make Easter cards with good wishes to be delivered to local seniors to cheer them up through lockdown.

Loaning Entertainment Equipment to Homeless Shelters

Halifax Public Libraries in Nova Scotia has loaned tablets, gaming systems and board games to a local youth home to keep the teens entertained through lockdown. Similarly, Kansas libraries have lent their laptops and mobile wifi units to homeless shelters to keep people entertained through lockdown.

Loaning Equipment to University Students

Penn State University Library has been loaning out equipment such as laptops to students who would not be able to continue their education without them.

Checking In On People

Hamilton Public Library in Ontario has had a few of its drivers checking in on people. 

In libraries across the UK as well as in Auckland (New Zealand), and Newmarket (Canada) librarians have been doing the checking in.

In Middletown, US, the local library partnered with the town’s senior centre to help older adults by helping with grocery delivery and checking in on them via phone.

Doing Pickups/Deliveries for Emergency Workers

Hamilton Public Library courier drivers have been driving around doing whatever the Emergency Response team needs help with, such as driving to Toronto to pick up some protective equipment.

Offering Counselling By Phone

Regina Public Library has started offering its counselling service (that used to be in person) by telephone.

Helping People Without Internet Get Online-Only Government Forms Filled

South Shore Public Libraries in Nova Scotia has been helping people with scanning and sending government documents and forms if they are unable to do so themselves.

And this is barely scratching the surface! 

If you’re interested in hearing more about this topic, let me know and if there’s enough interest I might make a part 2.

[pittarchives]

His Old Tribulations, Our Current Struggle: Remembering Garner in the Current Call to Reform Cannabis Laws

This post was written by Warner Sabio Sr., Graduate Student, Jazz Studies, University of Pittsburgh.

Recently, on April 7th, Virginia’s legislature passed a bill legalizing the possession of small amounts of marijuana, making it the 16th state to do so. Under Virginia’s law, adults can possess an ounce or less of marijuana beginning July 1. Several weeks before, New York passed the Marijuana Regulation and Taxation Act, legalizing the recreational use of marijuana in the state. New York’s legislation also expunges the records of people convicted on marijuana-related charges that are no longer criminalized. These two drug-policy reforms concerning marijuana are a few of the many looking to respond to the disproportionate and often tragic impact previous legislation has had on communities of color.

For Erroll Garner, the drug policies regarding marijuana and the enforcement of those laws affected him personally and professionally. On January 26, 1946, Garner was arrested in Los Angeles and charged with violating section 11500 of the California Health and Safety Code—a felony at the time. The State accused Garner of possessing “flowering tops and leaves of Indian Hemp (Cannabis Sativa)” and set bail at $500. According to dollartimes.com, adjusted for inflation, $500 in 1946 is equal to $7,156 in 2021. An excessive amount, it seems, for the non-violent crime he was accused of committing. Nevertheless, on April 10, 1946, Garner pled guilty to the charge and was sentenced to 90 days in the county jail. This incident would mark Garner as a felon and a “dope addict,” in the problematic wording of the language that circulated in press accounts. The distinction would continue to cast its shadow and haunt the pianist for at least another decade, if not the rest of his life.  

(Above) Page 1, (Below) Page 2, Page 3, Page 4, and Page 11 from folder “Erroll Garner Personal,” Erroll Garner Archive, 1942-2010, AIS.2015.09, Box 3, Folder 18,  Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System. 

Six years later, after a performance at Mack’s Tavern in Atlantic City on September 12, 1952, the pianist was again arrested and brought up on charges surrounding a marijuana-related drug bust. According to The Baltimore Afro-American, Garner was held “for failure to register as a convicted addict under the state’s narcotics registration law and not for being an actual user of narcotics.”[1] The conviction referred to by New Jersey law-enforcement authorities was based on Garner’s 1946 Los Angeles arrest, which he reportedly informed authorities of at the time. Interestingly, Garner, convicted of possessing marijuana in the initial Los Angeles case, was now branded a “dope addict” in press coverage revolving around the Atlantic City incident.

(Above) Image of the article from The Baltimore Afro-American, Sept. 13, 1952.

The headline on the front page of September 13, 1952, Pittsburgh Courier read: “ARREST ERROLL GARNER FOR DOPE.” The subhead for the article noted that Garner was “Part of Big-Time Roundup.” The lede stated:

ATLANTIC CITY – Erroll Garner, Pittsburgh’s significant gift to jazz and dexterous piano-playing, was nabbed here in a post-Labor Day roundup of alleged dope addicts and suspects.”[2]

(Above) The Pittsburgh Courier, Sept. 13, 1952.

The Courier also reported that forty-one other suspects were also arrested. One of those arrested included Garner’s roommate and valet, Frank (Tons) Randolph, who was accused of “being a dope peddler.” The Afro-American reported Randolph “was placed under $25,000 bail after two witnesses testified in Municipal Court on Monday that they bought marihuana in $10 and $20 lots from him.” According to dollartimes.com, adjusted for inflation, $25,000 in 1952 is equal to $245,730 in 2021. From the reports, it does not appear that authorities found any weed on Garner or Randolph. Nevertheless, it seems the testimony was enough to warrant the arrests.

It is also interesting to note that the Courier report hinted at a possible ulterior motive for the arrest.  Perhaps stemming from the practice of racial profiling of Black men driving nice cars, the paper reported, “police are alleged to have stated that Garner has been driving around Atlantic City in a 1952 Cadillac and a woman, described by some as his wife has been driving a Chrysler.”

In a follow-up story on September 20, The Afro-American interviewed Garner about the arrest. The headline read: “GARNER SHRUGS OFF DOPE COUNT ARREST: ‘Just One Of Those Things,’ Pianist Says of Shore Incident.”[3] Garner discusses the Los Angeles case in the piece, affirming his conviction (saying it took place in 1943) and stating he was “sentenced to 45 days to an honor farm.” Garner elaborated:

“It was all a ‘frame.’ I was turned in by a fellow whose job I took in a night club in which I was playing. The guy was salty and squealed. But I am not complaining because it did happen. At the time, I was a youngster and went around with a bunch of wild guys.”

(Above) Headline from The Baltimore Afro-American, Sept. 20, 1952.

As for the Atlantic City incident, Garner was quoted as saying he “was through with that kind of stuff now” and had “too much to lose.” However, he was critical of the publicity, stating, “the only thing is that I was the least involved and got most of the publicity. This is one time that I wished I was digging ditches.”

Almost a month after the Atlantic City arrest, on October 11, 1952, The Afro-American reported that Garner was fined $50 for failure to register as a dope addict.[4] The case was thereafter dismissed, and Garner “filed the necessary registration forms in compliance with the local ordinance. According to the paper, the incident had left Garner feeling “disturbed” and “embarrassed.” Garner was forced to cancel several weeks of bookings “in order to permit him to rest” because he was “suffering from nervous exhaustion.” As for Randolph and the others arrested that night, my limited search came up empty as to how they fared.

On Jan.17, 1953, the Courier reported that a case involving Garner’s arrest in St. Louis on New Year’s Eve was tossed. Garner was charged with possession of narcotics.[5] The paper said, “Garner’s case was thrown out of court because the officers did not have a warrant when the arrest was made.” Garner’s attorney, however, clarified that the basis of the arrest was “a crank telephoned St. Louis police that the pianist had carried narcotics from New York to St. Louis in his automobile. It was revealed that Garner had arrived in this city by plane.”

For Pittsburgh-born Garner, professional success could not shield him from the insatiable appetite to punish that has driven much of the nation’s drug policies for decades. Major players in the formation of these early policies are uniquely linked to Garner geographically. Harry J. Anslinger, who served as the first commissioner of the U.S. Treasury Department’s Federal Bureau of Narcotics, was an Altoona, PA native. Pittsburgh’s-own Andrew Mellon, the uncle of Anslinger’s wife, appointed him to the post. Mellon, at the time of Anslinger’s appointment, was the Treasury Secretary.

According to The Economist:

“The drafters of the Harrison Act of 1914, the first federal ban on non-medical narcotics, played on fears of ‘drug-crazed, sex-mad negroes.’ And the 1930s campaign against marijuana was coloured by the fact that Harry Anslinger, the first drug tsar, was appointed by Andrew Mellon, his wife’s uncle. Mellon, the Treasury Secretary, was banker to DuPont, and sales of hemp threatened that firm’s efforts to build a market for synthetic fibers. Spreading scare stories about cannabis was a way to give hemp a bad name. Moral outrage is always more effective if backed by a few vested interests.”[6]

According to law professor Michael Vitello, “while the Harrison Act did not include a prohibition against marijuana, its framework would become the model for Congress’s first efforts to criminalize marijuana.”[7]

(Above) Harry J. Anslinger served as the first commissioner of Treasury Department’s Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Image from the Associated Press. 

Driven by stereotypes, some framers of early U.S. drug policies linked the usage of both marijuana and cocaine to marginalized communities and racialized “fringe groups like pimps, prostitutes, and day laborers” and “uppity Southern blacks and race-mixing drug parties.”[8]  Concerning Anslinger’s beliefs, Vitello states:

“Finding racist quotations attributed to Anslinger is easy and a reminder of how ingrained racist language was in this country. Here are a few choice quotations: “Reefer makes darkies think they’re as good as white men”; “Marihuana influences Negroes to look at white people in the eye, step on white men’s shadows and look at a white woman twice”; and “There are 100,000 total marijuana smokers in the U.S., and most are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos and entertainers. Their Satanic music, jazz and swing result from marijuana use. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes, entertainers and any others.”[9]

These antiquated and racist beliefs would vibrantly pulsate through the heart of drug laws for generations. Unfortunately, Garner’s experience was not isolated or rare. For Garner, the arrests and court cases must have been taxing. His experience speaks for many people caught up in the web of draconian drug laws pervading the justice system. The growing frustration has led to calls for change.

As previously mentioned, recent efforts have yielded changes to drug policy concerning marijuana across the United States. To date, sixteen states, two territories, and the District of Columbia have legalized small amounts of marijuana for adult recreational use. Twenty-seven states have decriminalized weed, meaning, “small, personal-consumption amounts are a civil or local infraction, not a state crime (or are a lowest misdemeanor with no possibility of jail time).”[10] However, more needs to be done to undo the gross injustice that lopsided enforcement has produced. It is a flawed system of policies and laws that impacted Garner then and thousands today. We must resolve the discordant tones struck by the framers of foundational drug war policies, the effects of which still resonate and impact civil society today.

Works Cited

Erroll Garner Archive, 1942-2010, AIS.2015.09, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System.

“Arrest Erroll Garner For Dope: Pianist Part of Big-Time Roundup.” Pittsburgh Courier (Pittsburgh, Pa.), September 13, 1952: 1.

Bender, Steven W. “Joint Reform? The Interplay of State, Federal, and Hemispheric Regulation of Recreational Marijuana and Failed War on Drugs.” Albany Law Environmental Outlook 6, no. 2 (2013): 359–.

“Errol Garner Case Thrown Out of Court.” Pittsburgh Courier (Pittsburgh, Pa.), January 17, 1953: 1.

“Errol Garner Pays $50 Fine: Failed To Register As Dope Addict.” Baltimore Afro-American (Baltimore, Md), October 11, 1952: 9

“Garner Shrugs Off Dope Count Arrest: ‘Just One Of Those Things,’ Pianist Says Of Shore Incident.” Baltimore Afro-American (Baltimore, Md), September 20, 1952: 3

Gootenberg, Paul. Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.

“‘How did we get here?’ A Survey of Illegal Drugs.” Economist, July 28, 2001, p. 4. The Economist Historical Archive, 1843-2015 (accessed April 13, 2021). https://link-gale-com.pitt.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/GP4100323851/ECON?u=upitt_main&sid=ECON&xid=779492d4.

“Pianist Under Bail For Not Registering As Addict; Shore’s Raids Called Biggest.” Baltimore Afro-American (Baltimore, Md), September 13, 1952: 1

National Conference of State Legislatures website, https://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/marijuana-overview.aspx

Vitiello, Michael.  “Marijuana Legalization, Racial Disparity, and the Hope for Reform.” Lewis & Clark Law Review 23, no. 3 (2019): 789-822.

[1] “Pianist Under Bail For Not Registering As Addict; Shore’s Raids Called Biggest,” Baltimore Afro-American (Baltimore, Md), September 13, 1952.

[2] “Arrest Erroll Garner For Dope: Pianist Part of Big-Time Roundup,” Pittsburgh Courier (Pittsburgh, Pa.), September 13, 1952.

[3] “Garner Shrugs Off Dope Count Arrest: ‘Just One Of Those Things,’ Pianist Says Of Shore Incident,” Baltimore Afro-American (Baltimore, Md), September 20, 1952.

[4] “Errol Garner Pays $50 Fine: Failed To Register As Dope Addict.” Baltimore Afro-American (Baltimore, Md), October 11, 1952.

[5] “Errol Garner Case Thrown Out of Court.” Pittsburgh Courier (Pittsburgh, Pa.), January 17, 1953: 1.

[6] “‘How did we get here?’ A Survey of Illegal Drugs,” Economist, July 28, 2001.

[7] Michael Vitiello,  “Marijuana Legalization, Racial Disparity, and the Hope for Reform,” Lewis & Clark Law Review 23, no. 3 (2019), 794.

[8] Paul Gootenberg, Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2008, 193.

[9] Vitiello,  “Marijuana Legalization,” 799.

[10] National Conference of State Legislatures website, https://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/marijuana-overview.aspx