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a-z0-9-i-n-gram-completionist · 1 year ago

Note

1: 0 1 2 4 8 9 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 32/36 (26/26) (6/10)

2: 08 11 18 19 41 42 84 90 ab ac ad ag ai aj ak al am an ap ar as at av aw ay ba bd be bi bl bo br bs bu by ca cc ce ch ci ck cl co cr cs ct cu cy da dd de df di dl dn do dr ds du dy ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei el em en eo ep eq er es et ev ew ex ey fa fe fi fo fr ft fu ga ge gh gi gl go gr gs gt gy ha he hi hn ho hr ht hu hy ia ib ic id ie if ig il im in io ip ir is it iu iv iz jo ju ke ki kn ks ky la ld le lf li lk ll lm lo ls lu lv ly ma me mh mi mo mp ms mu my na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nk nl nn no ns nt nu nv ny oa ob oc od oe of og oi ol om on oo op or os ot ou ow ox oy pa pe ph pi pl pm po pp pr ps pt pu qu ra rd re rg ri rk rl rm rn ro rp rr rs rt ru ry rz sa sc se sh si sk sm sn so sp sq ss st su sw sy ta te th ti tl to tr ts tt tu tw ty ua ub uc ud ue ug ui ul um un uo up ur us ut ve vi wa we wh wi wo wr xc xe xi xt xu yb yg yl ym yn yo yp ys yx ze zo 290/1296 (282/676) (8/100)

3: 184 190 842 908 abd abl aca acc aci ack acr acs act ade ads age ain ajo ake aki ale ali alk all alm alo als ame ami amp ana anc and ane ang ani ans ant anu any ape app ard are arg ark arl arm aro arr ars art ase ask ass ata ate ath ati ato att atu ave avi awa awr ayb bab bac bal bas bdo bea bed beh bel bet bey bio bis bit ble blo bly bod bon bou bow boy bra bre bst bul bur but cal can cav cce ccy cee cen cep che chi cia cie cin cks cky cle clo clu coc com con cos cre cri cru cti ctu cul cut cyx dar dda dea dee den deo dep der des dfi did die din dis dle dne doe dom don dor dul dur ead eak eal ear eat ebr eci ecr ect edd edi eed eei eem een efe egi egs ehi ein eir eit ela ele elf ell elo elv ely ema eme emo emp ems emu enb enc end eng enh eno ent env eos eou epo eps ept equ era ere eri erl erm ern err ers ert eru ery erz esc ese esn esp ess est eta ete eto etw ety eve evi ewh exc exe ext exu eyo fam far fat fem fer fes fib fie fif fin fir fis for fos fra fro fth fur fus gap gel gem ges ght gic gif gio gir gla glu gol gon gou gre gro gth gys han hap hat hav hea hei hem hen her hes hey hic hig him hin hip hir his hit hiu hna hol hot hou hro hum hus hym ial iar ibe ibi ibu ica ice ich ick icu ide idf ied ien ier ies iet ife ifi ift igh ila ili ill ima imi ims ina inc ind ine inf ing ink ins int inu iny iof ion ior iou ips ird irs isc ise ish iso isp iss ist ite ith iti its itt ity ium ive ize joi jor jus jut ked kel kes kin kiv kne kno ksc lan lar lat lde leg len les let lex lia lie lif lis lit lli llo lls lly lmo loa log lon loo lop lou low lso lue lun lus lvi lym lyp mag maj mak mal man mar mas mat may mel men mer met mew mil min mit moo mor mos mou mph mpl mpr mse mur mus myg nac nad nal nat nbo nce ncl nde ndi ndn ndo nds ndu nec nee nei neo nes nex nfr nge ngs ngt ngy nhn nim nky nly nne nop nor nos not now nox nse nsi nst nsw nta nte nti ntl nto ntr nts ntu nuo nus nve oac oat oba occ oce oci odi ody oes ofi oft ogi ogo ogs oin old ole olo oma ome omi omp omy ona ond one onl onn ons ont ool oos oot ope ops opt ora org ori orm ors ose osi oss ost osu ota ote oth oti oto oug oun oup ous out owe owi oxi oyl par pat pea pec ped pel per pho pic pin ple pli pmh poi pos ppa ppe ppo pre pri pro pte pti pub qua que qui rac rai ral ran rap rat raw rdl rea rec red ref reg rel rem ren res ret rev rge ria rib rig rin rio ris rit rki rks rly rma rmi rmo rms rns roa rob roc rog rom rop ros rou row rpr rra rro rru rsa rse rsi rst rte rth rti rto rts ruc rum rus sac sal sam sav say sch sci scl scr scu sec sed see sel seq ses sha she sid sim sio sis sit siv siz ske ski sma smo soc sof som sop sor spe spi spo squ sso ssu sta ste sti stl sto sts stu sty sua sub suc sue sup sur sus swe syn tai tak tal tan tar tat tea teb ted ten ter tes tha the thi tho thr thu thy tib tic tid tin tio tip tis tiv tle tly tom ton too tot tre tri tsi tte ttl tty tua tud tur tus twe two tyl typ ual uar uat ubi ubs uch uco udi uea uen ues ugh uit ula ume und ung unt unu uou upp ups ure uri urn uro urp urr urs urt usc use usi ust usu uta ute uts vel ver vic vid vil vit war wee wel wer wha whe whi who why win wit xcl xem xio xte xtr xus ybe ygo yle ylo yme ymp ymu yno yon you ypi ypm yst zoo 802/46656 (798/17576) (4/1000)

4: 1842 1908 abdo able ably acce acin acru acti actu adep ages ainf ajor akes akin alis allo alls ally almo alog also amil ampl anal anat ance ands andu aneo ange anim answ ants anus aped appa appe area aren arge arki arks arly arms arou arra arsa arte arti arts ased aske atar ated ater athe atid atio ativ atom atte atty atur avit awar aybe babl back ball base bdom bear bedd behi belo betw beyo biof bitt blog bodi body bone boun boyl brat brev bsta bula burr bute call cavi ccen ccyx ceed cent ceps cept cher chiu cial cien ciet cing cles cloa clus cocc comp conn cons cont cosu cret crib crum ctio ctua ctus cula cuta dard ddar deal deed denb denc deos depo dept desc dfis died dies diet ding disp dnes does dome domi dors dula duri eaki eall ears eart ebra ecia ecre ecti ectu edda edin edis eedi eein eems efer egio ehin eing eith elat elet elop elow elvi emal emel emen emor empl emur enbo ence endi ends engt engy enhn enop enor enti entl entu enve eous epos epti eque eral eran ered eres erio erly ermi erru erse ersi erte erti erto erus escr espe esti esty etal etat eton etwe ever evic evid ewha excl exem exte extr exus eyon fami fatt fema femo femu fest fibu fied fift find firs fish form foss frac frog from furt fuse gely geme gest gica gion gird glan glue gold gona gous grea grou gyst hape have head hear heir here hert herz hese hich high hims hind hing hips hird hite hium hnac hole hoto houg hroa hume hyme hymu iall ibed ibio ibul ibut ical icep icks icky icul idea iden ideo ides idfi ienc iety ifes ifie ifth ight ilar ilia illi imag imal imil imse inal incl inde infr ings inky inse insi inst inte into ints inuo iofi ions ious irdl irst isch ishe isop ispo issu ists ites ithe itio ittl itty ivel join jori just juts kele king kink kive knee know ksch land larg larl late lati latu lden legs leng leta leto lexu liar lier life lifi litt llie llow lmos loac logi logo lond loos lope lops lowe lowi lung lusi lvic lymp lypm mage majo make male mall many mark mass mati mayb mely meno ment meru meta mewh mila mili mina mite moot mora most moun mous mple mpli mpri msel murs musc must mygo naci nads nali nalo nato nboy nclu ndee nder ndin ndne ndon ndul nect neit neou ness next nfro ngem ngth ngys nhna nima nnec nopt norm nost note noxi nsec nseq nsid nsis nste nswe ntai nter ntin ntio ntly ntri ntua nuou nusu nvel oaca obab occy ocee ocie odie oesn ofib ogic ogou oint olde olog omat omen omew omin ompr onad ondo only onne onse onsi onta onti ontr oolo oose ooth oped oper opte oral oria orit orma ormo orsa oses osit osso oste osto osty osus otal oted othe otic ough ound ount oups outs ower owin oxio oylo pare part patt pear peci pelv perl phot pica pine plex plif poin pose posi post ppar ppea ppos pred pris prob proc prop pter ptid pubi quar quea quen ques quit ract rain rang rans rapp rate rath rawr rdle real reat rect redi refe regi rela reme rent rest rete reve revi rgel rges rial ribe ribu righ ring rior rise rity rkiv rksc rmat rmit rmou roat roba roce rogs rope rost roun roup rowe rpri rran rrou rrow rruc rsal rsed rsio rstl rteb rter rthe rtic rton ruco sacr sacs sals same save sche schi scie scle scri scul secr sect seei seem self sequ shap shes side sidf simi sion sist siti sits sive size sked skel skin smal smoo soci soft some sopt sori spec spin spos sque ssor ssue stan stea ster stic stin stio stly stom stot stud styl sual subs such supp surp surr swer syno tain take talk tanc tane tars tata tead tebr tend tera tere teri term tern than that thei them ther thes they thig thin thir this thou thro thus thym tibi tica tick ticu ting tinu tiny tion tips tiss tive toma tomy tons tota toti trem trib tsid tter ttle tual tuat tudi ture turn twee tyle typi uall uart uate ubis ubst ucos udie ueak uenc uest uite ular ulat umer unde undi undn ungs unus uous uppo urin urns uros urpr urro urth uscl uscu used usio usiv usua utan utsi velo vely verr vers vert very vice vide vill vity ware ween well were wers what when whic whit whol wing with xclu xemp xiou xten xtre ygol ylou ymen ymph ymus ynos

yond ypic ypmh ysto zool 815/1679616 (813/456976) (2/10000)

5: abdom accen acing acrum actio actua adept ainfr ajori aking allow almos alogo amili ample analo anato andul aneou angem anima answe appar appea arent argel arges arkiv arksc aroun arran arsal arter artic asked atars atera ather ation ative atomy atter ature avity aware bably balls based bdome bdomi bedda behin below betwe beyon biofi bitty bodie bound boylo brate brevi bstan burro cally cavit ccent ceedi centu cepti cherz chium ciall cienc ciety cloac clusi coccy compr conne conse consi conta conti contr cosus crete cribe ction ctual cular culat cutan ddard denbo dence depos descr dfish dings dispo dness doesn domen domin dorsa dular durin eakin eally earts ebrat ecial ecret ectio ectus eddar eding edisp eedin eeing egion ehind eithe elati eleta eleto elope elops elvic emale emely ement emora empli emurs enboy endin ength engys enhna enopt enorm entio ently entua envel eposi eptid equen erans erest erior ermit erruc ersed ersio erteb ertic erton escri espec estin estio estyl etata etons etwee evers evice evide ewhat exclu exemp exten extre eyond famil fatty femal femor femur festy fibul fifth first fishe forma fosso fract frogs furth fused gemen gical girdl gland golde gonad great group gysto haped heart herto himse hnaci hough hroat humer hymen hymus ially ibiof ibula ibute icall iceps icept icula ideal idenc ideos idfis ience ifest ified ilarl iliar illie image imila imsel inali inclu indee infro insec insid inste inter inuou iofib irdle irstl ischi ishes isopt ispos issue ither ition ittle ively joint jorit kelet kinky ksche lands landu large larly later lativ latur ldenb lengt letal leton lexus lifes lifie littl llier llowi lmost loaca logic logou londo loose loped lower lowin lungs lusio lusiv lymph lypmh mages major makes marks matid matio maybe menop menti merus metat mewha milar milia minal mites mooth moral mount mplex mplif mpris mself muscl muscu mygol nacin nalis nalog natom nboyl nclus ndeed nding ndnes ndula necti neith neous nfrog ngeme ngyst nhnac nimal nnect nopte normo nosto noted noxio nsect nsequ nside nsist nstea nswer ntain ntere ntinu ntion ntrib ntuat nuous nusua nvelo obabl occyx oceed ociet odies ofibu ogica ogous oints olden ologi omati omewh omina ompri onads ondon onnec onseq onsis ontai ontin ontri oolog operl opter orial ority ormat ormou orsal ositi osits ossor oster ostot ostyl other otica ounde oundi oundn outsi owers owing oxiou oylou paren parti patte pears pecia pelvi perly photo pical plexu plifi point poses posit poste ppare ppear ppose predi prise proba proce prope ptera pubis quart queak quenc quest quite racti rainf range rathe reall rectu redis refer regio relat remel rentl resti rever revic rgely rgest ribed ribut right rkive rksch rmati rmite rmous robab rocee roper rosty round roups rower rpris rrang rroun rrowe rruco rsals rsion rstly rtebr rther rtica rticu rucos sacru scher schiu scien scles scrib scula secre seein seems seque shape sides sidfi simil sists sitio sivel skele small smoot socie somew sopte soria speci spine spose squea ssori stanc stead steri stick sting stion stoma stoti studi style suall subst suppo surpr surro swere synos tance taneo tarsa tatar tebra tendi tends teral teran teres terio termi their there thert these thigh thing third thoug throa thymu tibio tical ticks ticky ticul tinuo tions tissu tomat total totic treme tribu tside ttern tuall tuate tudie turns tween typic ually uarte uated ubsta ucosu udied ueaki uence uesti ularl ulatu umeru under undin undne unusu uppos uring urost urpri urrou urrow urthe uscle uscul usion usive usual utane utsid velop verru verse versi verte verti vicep viden video villi wered which white whole xclus xempl xious xtend xtrem ygold ymeno ynost ypica ystom zoolo 622/60466176 (622/11881376)

6: abdome abdomi accent action actual ainfro ajorit allowi almost alogou amilia amplex analog anatom andula aneous angeme animal answer appare appear arentl argely argest arkive arksch around arrang arsals articu atarsa ateral athert ations attern bdomen bdomin beddar behind betwee beyond biofib bodies boylou brevic bstanc burrow cavity ccentu ceedin centua ceptid cially cience cloaca clusio clusiv coccyx compri connec conseq consis contai contin contri cribed ctions ctuall cularl culatu cutane denboy deposi descri dfishe dispos domina dorsal during eaking ebrate eciall ecrete ection eddard edings edispo eeding either elativ eletal eleton eloped emoral emplif enboyl ending engyst enhnac enopte enormo ention entuat envelo eposit equenc eresti ermite erruco ersion ertebr ertica escrib especi esting estion estyle etatar etween everse evicep eviden exclus exempl extend extrem famili female femora femurs festyl fibula firstl fishes format fossor fracti furthe gement girdle glands glandu golden gonads groups gystom hearts herton himsel hnacin humeru hymeno ibiofi ically icepti icular idence idfish ifesty ilarly illier images imilar imself inalis inclus indeed infrog insect inside instea intere inuous iofibu irstly ischiu isopte ispose jority keleta keleto kscher landul largel larges latera lative lature ldenbo length letons lifest lified little llowin logica logous london lowing lusion lusive majori marksc mation menopt mentio metata mewhat milarl miliar minali mplexu mplifi mprise muscle muscul mygold nacing nalogo natomy nboylo nclusi ndness ndular nectio neithe nfrogs ngemen ngysto nhnaci nnecti nopter normou nostot noxiou nseque nsists nstead nswere nteres ntinuo ntribu ntuate nusual nvelop obably oceedi ociety ofibul ogical oldenb ologic omatid omewha ominal ompris onnect onsequ onsist ontain ontinu ontrib oologi operly optera ormati ormous ositio ossori osteri ostoti ostyle otical ounder oundin oundne outsid oxious parent partic patter pecial pelvic plexus plifie points positi posits poster pparen ppears predis probab procee proper pteran quarte queaki quence questi ractio rainfr rangem rather really rectus redisp region relati remely rently restin revers revice ribute rksche rmatio rmites robabl roceed roperl rostyl rounde roundi roundn rowers rprise rrange rround rrower rrucos rtebra rtical rticul rucosu sacrum scherz schium scienc scribe scular sculat secret seeing sequen shaped sidfis simila sition sively skelet smooth societ somewh sopter sorial specia sposes squeak ssoria stance sterio sticks sticky stomat stotic studie sually substa suppos surpri surrou swered synost taneou tarsal tatars tebrat tendin terans terest terior termit therto though throat thymus tibiof ticall ticula tinuou tissue tomati totica tremel tribut tually tuated tudied typica uarter ubstan ucosus ueakin uestio ularly ulatur umerus unding undnes unusua uppose urosty urpris urroun urrowe urther uscles uscula usivel usuall utaneo utside velope velops verruc versed versio verteb vertic viceps vicept videnc videos villie xclusi xempli xtendi xtends xtreme ygolde ymenop ynosto ypical ystoma zoolog 446/2176782336 (446/308915776)

7: abdomen abdomin accentu actuall ainfrog ajority allowin alogous amiliar amplexu analogo anatomy andular angemen answere apparen appears arently arksche arrange articul atarsal atherto bdomina beddard between biofibu brevice bstance burrowe ccentua ceeding centuat clusion clusive compris connect consequ consist contain continu contrib ctually cularly culatur cutaneo denboyl deposit describ dfishes dispose dominal ecially ections edispos eedings elative eletons emplifi enboylo engysto enhnaci enopter enormou entuate envelop eposits equence erestin ermites errucos ertebra ertical escribe especia etatars eversed eviceps evicept evidenc exclusi exempli extendi extends extreme familia femoral festyle firstly formati fossori fractio further glandul goldenb gystoma himself hnacing humerus hymenop ibiofib iceptid icularl idfishe ifestyl imilarl inclusi infrogs instead interes iofibul ischium isopter isposes keletal keleton kscherz landula largely largest lateral ldenboy lifesty llowing logical lusivel majorit marksch mations menopte mention metatar milarly minalis mplexus mplifie muscles muscula mygolde nalogou nboylou nclusio nection neither ngement ngystom nhnacin nnectio noptera normous nostoti noxious nsequen nswered nterest ntinuou ntribut ntuated nusuall nvelope nvelops oceedin ofibula oldenbo ologica omewhat ominali omprise onnecti onseque onsists ontinuo ontribu oologic opteran ormatio osition ossoria osterio ostotic oticall ounding oundnes outside parentl particu pattern peciall plified positio posteri pparent predisp probabl proceed properl pterans quarter queakin questio raction rainfro rangeme redispo relativ resting reverse revicep rkscher rmation robably roceedi roperly rostyle rounder roundin roundne rrangem rroundi rrowers rrucosu rtebrat rticula rucosus science scribed sculatu secrete sequenc sidfish similar skeleta skeleto society somewha soptera special squeaki ssorial sterior stomati stotica studied substan suppose surpris surroun synosto taneous tarsals tatarsa tebrate tending teresti termite therton tibiofi tically ticular tinuous tomatid totical tremely tribute typical ubstanc ueaking uestion ulature undness unusual urostyl urprise urround urrower uscular usculat usively usually utaneou veloped verruco version vertebr vertica vicepti vidence villier xclusiv xemplif xtendin xtremel ygolden ymenopt ynostot ystomat zoologi 297/78364164096 (297/8031810176)

8: abdomina accentua actually ainfrogs allowing amplexus analogou angement answered apparent arkscher arrangem articula atarsals atherton bdominal biofibul brevicep burrower ccentuat ceedings centuate clusivel comprise connecti conseque consists continuo contribu culature cutaneou denboylo deposits describe disposes dominali edispose emplifie enboylou engystom enhnacin enoptera enormous entuated envelope envelops eresting errucosu ertebrat escribed especial etatarsa evicepti evidence exclusiv exemplif extendin extremel familiar formatio fossoria fraction glandula goldenbo gystomat hymenopt ibiofibu icularly idfishes ifestyle imilarly inclusio interest iofibula isoptera keletons landular ldenboyl lifestyl lusively majority marksche menopter metatars mplified muscular musculat mygolden nalogous nclusion nections ngystoma nhnacing nnection nopteran nostotic nsequenc nteresti ntinuous ntribute nusually nveloped oceeding oldenboy ological ominalis onnectio onsequen ontinuou ontribut oologica opterans ormation ossorial osterior ostotica otically oundness parently particul pecially position posterio pparentl predispo probably proceedi properly queaking question rainfrog rangemen redispos relative reversed reviceps revicept rkscherz rmations roceedin rounding roundnes rrangeme rroundin rrucosus rtebrate rticular sculatur sequence sidfishe similarl skeletal skeleton somewhat sopteran speciall squeakin stomatid stotical substanc surprise surround synostot tatarsal terestin termites tibiofib ticularl toticall ubstance unusuall urostyle urroundi urrowers usculatu utaneous verrucos vertebra vertical viceptid xclusive xemplifi xtending xtremely ygoldenb ymenopte ynostoti ystomati zoologic 189/2821109907456 (189/208827064576)

9: abdominal accentuat analogous apparentl arkscherz arrangeme articular bdominali biofibula breviceps brevicept burrowers ccentuate centuated clusively connectio consequen continuou contribut cutaneous denboylou described dominalis edisposes emplified engystoma enhnacing enopteran enveloped errucosus ertebrate especiall etatarsal eviceptid exclusive exemplifi extending extremely formation fossorial glandular goldenboy gystomati hymenopte ibiofibul inclusion interesti isopteran ldenboylo lifestyle markscher menoptera metatarsa musculatu mygoldenb ngystomat nnections nopterans nostotica nsequence nterestin oceedings oldenboyl onnection onsequenc ontinuous ontribute oological ormations ostotical particula posterior pparently predispos proceedin rainfrogs rangement redispose revicepti roceeding roundness rrangemen rrounding rticularl sculature sidfishes similarly skeletons sopterans specially squeaking stoticall substance surroundi synostoti tatarsals teresting tibiofibu ticularly totically unusually urroundin usculatur verrucosu vertebrat xclusivel xemplifie ygoldenbo ymenopter ynostotic ystomatid zoologica 112/101559956668416 (112/5429503678976)

10: abdominali accentuate apparently arrangemen articularl bdominalis brevicepti ccentuated connection consequenc continuous contribute engystomat enopterans especially etatarsals exclusivel exemplifie formations goldenboyl gystomatid hymenopter ibiofibula interestin isopterans ldenboylou markscherz menopteran metatarsal musculatur mygoldenbo ngystomati nostotical nteresting oldenboylo onnections onsequence ostoticall particular predispose proceeding redisposes reviceptid roceedings rrangement rticularly stotically surroundin synostotic tibiofibul urrounding usculature verrucosus vertebrate xclusively xemplified ygoldenboy ymenoptera ynostotica zoological 60/3656158440062976 (60/141167095653376)

11: abdominalis accentuated arrangement articularly breviceptid connections consequence engystomati exclusively exemplified goldenboylo hymenoptera interesting menopterans metatarsals musculature mygoldenboy ngystomatid nostoticall oldenboylou ostotically particularl predisposes proceedings surrounding synostotica tibiofibula ygoldenboyl ymenopteran ynostotical 30/131621703842267136 (30/3670344486987776)

12: engystomatid goldenboylou hymenopteran mygoldenboyl nostotically particularly synostotical ygoldenboylo ymenopterans ynostoticall 10/4738381338321616896 (10/95428956661682176)

13: hymenopterans mygoldenboylo synostoticall ygoldenboylou ynostotically 5/170581728179578208256 (5/2481152873203736576)

14: mygoldenboylou synostotically 2/6140942214464815497216 (2/64509974703297150976)

Why are rain frogs so round? What's /inside/ of them around such an itty bitty skeleton?

So it turns out this is a really interesting question.

The first thing we must be aware of is that rainfrogs as we see them in videos of them squeaking are not quite the same shape as they are when at rest:

[x]

But you are quite right, they are very round. This is exemplified by the skeletal photo you refer to:

[X]

So what are we seeing?

Well, firstly, note that the body cavity in these frogs actually envelops the femurs, such that only the tibiofibula (fused in frogs) and the tarsals and metatarsals are outside the body. The arms are quite similarly enveloped, but a bit of the humerus does extend outside the body cavity too. This predisposes them to a rounder body shape.

Next, note the ilia - the U-shaped bone in the pelvic region. These in some breviceptid frogs are synostotically fused with the sacrum - that is to say, they are bound by bone-based connections to the bow-shaped vertebra at their tips. This whole joint seems to be quite smooth, and as a consequence, the back of the frog is quite smooth. The other thing we can see here is that the urostyle (i.e. the frog version of a coccyx) juts quite far beyond the ischium and pubis. This extends the body cavity beyond the hips. Note also that the pelvic girdle seems to be largely below the spine, rather than the typical position for frogs behind it and continuous with it. This makes the legs sit below the spine, rather than at its end, enhnacing the vertical roundness of the animal.

Next, let’s talk some soft tissue. Now, I’m not as familiar with soft-tissue in frogs as I am their skeletons, so you’ll have to bear with me a bit (rawr). Beddard (1908!!) studied the soft tissue of Breviceps verrucosus Rapp 1842. It seems that the majority of the body of these frogs is actually muscle. Beddard noted that muscles join the leg at the knee that extend into the body cavity, such that the inclusion of the thigh in the body cavity is further accentuated by musculature. The rectus abdominalis muscle is unusually large, extending from the lower abdomen up and around the sides of the body. Indeed, this large size appears to be the pattern with all of the major muscles, though in the throat the typical arrangement of large and small muscles is somewhat reversed. On the lateral side of the head, there is a substance that is not muscle, but appears to be loose tissue in which sits what is apparently the thymus gland.

There is a very large gap between the end of the urostyle and the anus (one fifth of the total length of the frog), in which there are almost no muscles, save for the one surrounding the lower cloaca. On either side of this area, between the posterior-most muscles of the thigh, lie two large ‘lymph-hearts’, as described by Beddard. These are between one quarter and one third of the total length of the frog. A further lypmh-sac sits between these lymph-hearts and the skin of the femoral region, and they are thus probably analogous to the femoral lymph-sacs of other frogs.

I find it interesting that Beddard (1908) did not mention any glandular formations in the dorsal region. As is evidence from many images (see below), these frogs are able to secrete a white, sticky, noxious substance from their skin (which they actually have to use during amplexus, as the male is too small relative to the female to mount her properly, and so he sticks himself to her with his glandular glue… kinky).

[x]

These glands do not apparently take up a great deal of the cutaneous tissue, and so I suppose are of no consequence to the size of the frog, especially relative to its enormous muscles.

The diet of these frogs consists almost exclusively of hymenopterans and isopterans (ants and termites). Neither of these insect groups are particularly fatty, so it is little surprise that their bodies appear to contain no large fat deposits - fatty bodies extend from the gonads up to the lungs and heart, but these comprise only a tiny fraction of the frog’s mass, and don’t contribute to the round shape. Instead, their bodies are extremely muscular, allowing them to be adept burrowers, ideal for their fossorial lifestyle.

So TL;DR: rain frogs are little balls of muscle (maybe the largest muscle mass relative to body mass of any vertebrate? science just doesn’t know).

Ref:

Beddard, F.E. 1908. On the Musculature and other Points in the Anatomy of the Engystomatid Frog, Breviceps verrucosus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908:11-41 [x]

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eunieverse · 4 years ago

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On the second week of March 2020, we were greeted by a sudden class suspension and mandatory quarantining because of the Covid 19. During those times, I assumed that quarantine will only last for three to four weeks. Little did I know, this vicious cycle of nihilism and depersonalization will continue until who-knows-when.

I must say, before quarantine started, I was a completely different person. My outlooks in life were somehow unparalleled with everything I am doing. My viewpoint is focused only on the betterment of the future. And I know, it seems like an optimistic perspective, but somehow, somewhat it is also selfish. If I care too much for the future, what happens to the “now”?

Twelve months ago, I was aching to get my life together—urging myself to be the best for everyone, even though I can’t even be the best for myself. I have always been pushing forward despite the thought that I am falling behind. I set a standard for myself in a very perfectionist way because I don’t know how to be anything other than intense. And to that extent, I didn’t realize I was already abusing myself in an unnoticed way.

#i've been stuck in my house for more than a yeaarrr nowww #no shit but we rlly need to oust whoever needs to be ousted :3 #ngl i miss the comfort of human connection #even though crowds are draining my social battery #HAHA WAYAMENT EUNIE ://#just dont mind meeee cuz im a whack-a-doodle o_O

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postsofbabel · 1 year ago

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#posts of babel #screenreader unfriendly #HTML posts of babel

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raxmonddiderotduneharp · 5 years ago

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michaelkihl · 5 years ago

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clearfilesrepository8la-blog · 5 years ago

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anastaziasylvie · 5 years ago

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Cela ne vous aura pas échappé, cet hiver est incroyablement doux. C’est même, pour l’instant, le plus chaud jamais observé en France. En cause, plusieurs phénomènes météorologiques dont les eﬀets se cumulent depuis décembre dernier. Et le réchauﬀement climatique dans tout cela ? La question reste posée. Anomalie des températures pour le mois de février 2020 en Europe. © Copernicus Janvier 2020 a été le mois de janvier le plus chaud enregistré par la N a tio n al O c e a nic a n d A t m o s p h e ric A d minis t r a tio n (NOAA - États-Unis) depuis 1880. Dans le nord-ouest de la Russie, les anomalies de température ont même atteint les +5 à +7 °C ! Et en février, les pics de douceur se sont multipliés. À Oloron-Sainte-Marie, dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques (France), le mercure est monté jusqu'à plus de 28 °C le week-end dernier. Un record battu de plus. À tel point que l'on se demande aujourd'hui si l'hiver 2019-2020 détrônera l'hiver 2015-2016 en tête des hivers les plus chauds enregistrés depuis le début du siècle dernier. Pour expliquer cette douceur, plusieurs phénomènes dont les eﬀets semblent se cumuler. Il y a d'abord ce que les scientiﬁques appellent l'oscillation nord-atlantique (NAO). Elle se mesure généralement par un indice qui fait la diﬀérence entre les pressions atmosphériques des Açores et celles de l'Islande. Lorsque cet indice apparaît positif, les vents d'ouest apportent un air doux. Et les relevés de la NOAA montrent que l'indice d'oscillation nord-atlantique a été positif durant la quasi-totalité de cet hiver météorologique, c'est-à-dire, depuis le 1er décembre 2019. Même observation du côté de l'oscillation arctique (AO). Celle-ci indique à quel point l'air froid du nord peut facilement parvenir à pénétrer les latitudes moyennes. Lorsque l'indice d'oscillation arctique se révèle positif, le froid reste comme prisonnier du cercle arctique. Cet hiver, cet indice semble vouloir battre tous les records. Le 10 février dernier, il a culminé à Actualité > Pourquoi cet hiver est-il si doux ? Futura Source : https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/actualites/meteorologie-cet-hiver-il-si-doux-79692/ Page 2 / 3 6,34 contre un précédent record établi le 26 février 1990 à 5,91. Et les scientiﬁques s'attendent à le voir grimper à nouveau à un niveau compris entre 6 et 6,5 ce week-end. Cet #hiver (météo) est bien parti pour devenir l'hiver le plus doux depuis plusieurs décennies, dans le graphe ci-dessous, depuis au moins 1940. Et cette douceur hivernale 2020 n'a épargné aucun département sur le pays comme le montre la carte. https://t.co/bSd9BDIiqx pic.twitter.com/VDteBqVxbM — Météo-France (@meteofrance) February 17, 2020 Oscillations, jet-stream et vortex polaire Ces chiﬀres s'expliquent au moins partiellement par un vortex polaire arctique particulièrement stable et concentré sur les hautes latitudes. Cela peut sembler surprenant, car le vortex polaire correspond à une vaste dépression d'altitude alors que les oscillations nord-atlantique et arctique se jouent plus au niveau du sol. Mais les experts sont formels, les interconnexions sont bien réelles. Et d'autant plus palpables cet hiver. Un vortex polaire calme et c'est donc un jet-stream -- le fameux courant d'ouest en altitude -- qui peut circuler sans perturbations autour de l'hémisphère nord et installer de puissants vents d'ouest aux moyennes latitudes. Le tout favorisant des indices d'oscillation nord-atlantique et d'oscillation arctique positifs. Depuis quelques semaines, le vortex polaire est tellement puissant que, selon les scientiﬁques, même s'il devait subir une perturbation, celle-ci n'aurait pour seul eﬀet que de nous ramener à une situation hivernale normale. Et rien ne laisse présager qu'une telle situation se produise avant la ﬁn de l'hiver. Cependant, la nature nous réserve toujours des surprises. La perte de puissance naturelle du vortex polaire au début du printemps pourrait bien, par exemple, se produire plus brutalement qu'à l'accoutumée et mener à quelques périodes instables à ce moment-là. Sometimes nature is in such a perfect balance ! The ﬁgure below illustrates the #stratospheric #PolarVortex being in a perfect strong state with uniform zonal #winds according to #GFS analysis from February 17, 2020.#wxtwitter #winter #stratosphere pic.twitter.com/kpsyEuCXqr — Georgios Papavasileiou (@PapavasileiouWX) February 19, 2020 Et le réchauffement climatique dans tout ça ? Cet hiver si doux n'aurait donc pas de rapport avec le réchauffement climatique global ? Serait-il plutôt une conséquence de la variabilité du climat qui nous a déjà amené des hivers plutôt chauds en 1995, en 1990 et même en 1975 ? Les chercheurs se posent la question. Certains aﬃrment que la fonte de la glace de mer en Arctique et les températures de l'air plus chaudes enregistrées ces dernières années sur la région sont susceptibles de perturber le vortex polaire. Des perturbations qui, semble-t-il, mèneraient toutefois plus vers des vagues de froid que vers des hivers plus doux. D'autres supposent que le fait que l'Arctique se réchauﬀe deux à trois fois plus vite que le reste de la planète -- les chercheurs parlent d'ampliﬁcation arctique -- aﬀaiblit le gradient de température nord-sud. Et produit un jet-stream plus ondulant, responsable d'un plus grand nombre de décrochages de températures. Aucune preuve de changement à long terme Mais des travaux de chercheurs de l'université d'Exeter (Royaume-Uni) pourraient remettre cette hypothèse en question. Alors que le jet-stream semblait en effet vouloir se faire plus ondulant, ils ont observé que cette tendance s'est inversée ces dernières années, malgré la poursuite de l'ampliﬁcation arctique. Une observation en accord avec les simulations des modèles climatiques. « L'id é e q u e le je t- s t r e a m s e fe r ait plu s o n d ula n t s o u s l'e ﬀ e t d u r é c h a u ﬀ e m e n t d e l'A r c tiq u e n e r é sis t e t o u t sim ple m e n t p a s à l'o b s e r v a tio n. Il n'e xis t e a u c u n e p r e u v e d e c h a n g e m e n t à lo n g t e r m e e n la m a tiè r e » , aﬃrme James Actualité > Pourquoi cet hiver est-il si doux ? Futura Source : https://www.futura-sciences.com/planete/actualites/meteorologie-cet-hiver-il-si-doux-79692/ Page 3 / 3 Screen, chercheur, dans un communiqué de l’université d’Exeter. La question de l'inﬂuence du réchauﬀement climatique sur le vortex polaire et, en cascade, sur les oscillations arctique et nord-atlantique, reste donc pour l'heure encore entière. U n e vid é o e s t p r é s e n t e à c e t e m pla c e m e n t d a n s la v e r sio n w e b d e l'a rticle p u blié s u r F u t u r a ; elle a é t é r e tir é e d e c e d o c u m e n t P D F p o u r d e s r ais o n s t e c h niq u e s.

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artifacts-and-beyond · 5 years ago

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***Best Albums of 2019*** Music gives me life and these albums helped me live in 2019...

Aldous Harding ∞ Designer : This album excites me like when I first heard Kate Bush. She sounds nothing like Kate Bush. Just as unique and sure as shit. A really solid album. From the writing, to the the sound production, singing, presentation, etc.... a sonic gem! A true, creative artist working at her best.

Lisa Coleman ∞ Collage : A stunning, very long overdue debut by Prince & the Revolution’s Lisa. Honest and Beautiful from start to finish. It’s perfect and I can’t wait for the next.

Michael Kiwanuka ∞ KIWANUKA : Quietly and deftly blends the Future and Present of music with the Past. I mean take a listen - sounds like retro soul but really, there is an organic future and present underlying throughout. Pretty damn cool and runs deep.

Solange ∞ When I Get Home : This album really surprised me. So impressed! I absolutely LOVE the sonic journey from beginning to end that Solange takes us on. Tonnes waaaaaay more free, creative energy expressed on When I Get Home than expected.

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SIO ∞ sbtxts : Poetic, honest, heart on sleeve. Tender, immediate, passionate expression. Delicate and Confidant. Stunning. Repeat. Repeat. Repeat. You know her.

Helado Negro ∞ This Is How You Smile ...by listening to this album, that’s how! Helado’s voice is sooooo soothing to my soul. His music, without a doubt, is as well (been a fan from the start). However, now that he’s full on singing... I’m in love! There is something really special going on and whole(complete) and healing and beautiful.

Heather Woods Broderick ∞ Invitation : This album is Magic. Nature. It is West Coast. Quiet. Night. Powerful. Reminds me of carefully walking with my best friend Zonya (who has since passed away from Evil Cancer), down the big rocks to the swirling Ocean on a stormy moonlit night in British Columbia. I feel like I’m next to her when listening to this beautiful Coastal Faerie.

Raphael Saadiq ∞ Jimmy Lee : Wow! What an amazing, super album. It’s sooooo fucking good. Yes, there’s a concept - but it’s so deeply personal it gives the narrative spine-tingling truth. It so connected to the human condition and how crazy humanity is, the music brings you to tears. Cathartic Soul.

Nona ∞ Nona : A newbie from the Netherlands. I love Nona’s voice! And I love this album. Definite references to Amy Winehouse and all of the bad girl vocalists. A quietly timeless and solid debut. I want more!

DIIV ∞ Deceiver : Beauty in discord. Purge Grunge Release. Pretty/Ugly.

Karen O and Danger Mouse ∞ Lux Prima : Twinges of Ennio Morricone. An amazing movie score of the soul. Twin Peaks. Tarintino. Late night searches. Beautiful Dark. Revelations and secrets revealed. I’m a disciple.

DJ Shadow ∞ Our Pathetic Age : ...Isn’t it though? We are supposed to be enlightened beings but what the fuck are we doing? Challenging. Current. Creative. Bring it on! I love DJ Shadow and how he pushes the genre forward, The social commentary. His expression and presentation. His art. Excellent.

Sampa the Great ∞ the Return : From where, you ask? You’ll have to listen to find out! A deep, personal journey to rediscover the Soul. Sampa the Great’s soul. A journey for your musical soul. New perspectives and discoveries. Fresh.

Kaytranada ∞ Bubba : Montréal Congestion Fluide. Party Lah. Merci Beaucoup mon ami. xoxo Très, très bien.

Jenny Lewis ∞ On The Line : This album will last forever. Such well crafted songs. Intelligent lyrics. Infallible sound. Jenny’s voice is amazing.... the lower she goes is seemingly effortless. Talented to the max. So consistently good.

Ropert Glasper ∞ Fuck Yo Feelings : I love how Glasper mixes jazz with hiphop, soul and other influences to create such wonderful modern sounds. “Endangered Black Woman” is worth the price of admission. Glasper and guest crew (Herbie Hancock, Bilal, Andra Day + more!) produce a super album that makes you think and feel.

Lana Del Rey ∞ NFR! Norman Fucking Rockwell : Very impressive album. Cinematic. Clear Heart. Solid Direction. Honest. Emotional. Dramatic. Fuck, cut my wrists and make me bleed Biker Bitch. All kidding aside, there are many moments so tender and so honest it’s scary. It’s like the best movie ever. The best Lana Del Rey.

Chaka Khan ∞ Hello Happiness : So much Joy. Life. Love. Passion. !DANCE! Smoldering HOT. Yes it’s Chaka, but it’s Chaka with a super clear vision and consistent presentation. Solid.

Jayda G ∞ Significant Changes : Former Vancouverite debuting and serving up a fabulous Electronic palette. Pure dancefloor bliss. Super impressed. Vancouver shades and Fraser Valley sparkles.

Prince and the Revolution ∞ 1999 Deluxe : Stellar reissue of Prince’s 1999. The 2 discs of extra music produced at the same time is mind blowing. Purple Music Genius. Unbelievable. He is greatly missed.

And I really can’t forget about the following...

Angel Olsen ∞ All Mirrors : Intense, important & immediate.

Mavis Staples ∞ We Get By : Mavis is 80 years old. This disc is amazing. And so is she. We Get By has helped ME get by.

the Cinematic Orchestra ∞ To Believe : I have always loved the Cinematic Orchestra - so happy to get a full release this year. Always stunning.

Apollo Brown ∞ Sincerely, Detroit : Up close, free expressions of current Detroit. Over 50 local Detroit artists contribute to Apollo Brown’s social neighborhood love letter project.

Floating Points ∞ Crush : A superb creative-created sonic journey. It glistens, hiccups and loops as you get crushed. It’s really beautiful.

#bestalbums2019 #best music 2019 #best of list #lovemusic #albums #vinyl #music #album #newmusic #records #artifactsandbeyond

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