#signal line diagram

[av-industry-blog]

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[cr4yolaas]

blue spring — something sweet

prev: monkey tie at the exhibit | masterlist | next: coping mechanism

"what prompted this?" she asks while taking a sip of the coffee he got her. it's filled to the brim with ice, much to her dismay, but the hints of lavender and cinnamon make up for the inconvenience. she's still dressed in her pajamas, lace-lined and adorned with ribbons, but she's wide awake.

"as thanks," he claims, but truthfully, it was a spur-of-the-moment decision. "for inviting me the other night. and for returning my jacket." she shakes her head at his reasoning. her hand motions to their spot on the floor, signaling him to situate himself while she prepares her materials, and as she does so, kageyama soaks in her room again, this time with more intent. the papers that were on her desk a few days prior have been neatly stacked up and stored in a container beneath her desk, and the clothes that once piled up on the floor are nowhere to be seen. most importantly, though, the canvas isn't bland anymore. there's a sketch of a girl with her arms wrapped around an unintelligible creature in the center, and the face vaguely reminds him of her. this time, he questions it. "what is that?"

her movements come to a swift halt, and her eyes dart towards the easel. he can see the tension settle in her bones at the realization that the unfinished piece is on full display. "it's nothing," she replies, and instead of leaving it alone, she moves quickly to hide it in her closet.

his head tilts at her actions. "it looks great, though."

"thank you, but-"

the call of her name from the living room cuts her short, and she's escaping through the door before he can say another word. his fist curls in on itself subconsciously while he waits, the hushed talks on the other side of the wall failing to reach his ears.

when she returns, the air around her is heavier. a soft sigh leaves her lips before she settles herself on the ground and delves into the lesson for today. he doesn’t fail to notice the slight stiffness about her.

the time slips through kageyama's hands, and unbeknownst to him, wisps of warm golden sunlight are peering through her window. his legs have fallen asleep a long time ago, and his posture is unsalvageable. regardless, he listens. he listens to the soft timber of her voice as she explains each diagram, and he listens to the enunciation of each syllable that falls from her tongue. he's entranced, to say the least, but he doesn't realize it. all he can feel is the thump, thump, thump of his heart against his chest and the airiness in his stomach.

his notes have grown cleaner, compared to the last session. she compliments his organization, and embarrassingly, a barrage of heat hits his face. the change in dynamic shakes his awareness back into place, and he realizes the sun is already disappearing into the horizon, the hue of the sunset long gone. seemingly, his awakening draws her attention to the time, and she breathes out a small apology for dragging on for too long.

he's rushing to pack his things, realizing he'd overstayed his welcome. he can't read her expression -- it's an amalgamation of emotions he can't put a name to, and it bothers him slightly. nevertheless, she bids him farewell, this time following out to the front door.

"thank you," she whispers, her arms crossed against her chest to fight against the breeze. "for the coffee and sweets. i'll have to pay you back sometime soon." the small smile on her lips almost makes him forget to respond.

"you don't have to," he replies hastily, his words tumbling out all too fast. "you're already doing me a huge favor. y'know, by tutoring me."

she shifts her weight to a different leg, her gaze attached to his face. "okay. just get home safe, alright?"

he nods, pivoting around to walk down the hallway, to the street, and back home. the trip is quiet, save for the whirring of cars on his right and the hum of evening owls on his left. when he returns, the thumping of his heart dissolves into a softer noise, and the airiness in his stomach disappears.

𝜗𝜚 incoming family trauma :3

𝜗𝜚 tsukki is very caring behind the scenes as u can see (he wants to look nonchalant and cool for his bf but i didnt tell u that)

𝜗𝜚 yachi may or may not have eaten half of the pastry box

𝜗𝜚 yn orders the same noodles every time tsukishima says he's getting takeout and he uses the add-ons as a mood indicator. no add-ons means she's doing fine, the more add-ons equate to how badly she's doing

𝜗𝜚 kageyama is like a cat exploring a new area every time he enters yn's room LOL she's noticed it she just hasn't cared enough to mention it

taglist: @mfcherry @eggyrocks

[rauchendesgnu]

Since I keep seeing people and fic mentioning Silco's lack of depth perception, I'm gonna spend a minute on writing this. Obviously, there are many, many different ways blind and visually impaired people experience the world, and my view (haha) is just one of them. However, I do think my disability comes close, at least in part, to what Silco likely experiences, which is why I decided to write this thing.

How does lack of depth perception work? The magic happens in the brain. It gets two images, one from each eye, and the brain makes them into one (simplified, I'm not a doctor). Lack of depth perception happens either if one image goes missing, e.g. because of blindness, or if the brain doesn't do the thing right.

People can adapt to it. I've been born with my disability, so it's all I've known, but people who experience trauma that leads to the lack of vision on one eye will still be able to adapt. This means that as long as the things we'd like to grab are on the stronger side of our vision, we will not have any issue in actually grabbing it. I'm not going to miss the glass and spill water everywhere because I live with my vision every day, and since neither I nor the glass are moving, I know roughly where it is and I can pick it up without issue. The problem is when things are either in the area of my weaker eye, or if they start moving.

Movement. This is where it gets tricky. It makes things like dodging, moving out of the way, jumping over obstacles, catching and throwing things, climbing, and almost all kinds of sports incredibly hard, especially if you play/train together with able-bodied people. It's easier when the movement is slow. I would probably be able to catch a ball if it was thrown at me slowly in a nice, high parabola. Anything with speed, such as all ball sports I know, is nigh impossible.

The weaker eye. Again, I'm not a doctor, so the way I define terms will not line up with what an oculist might call it, but my main visual input comes from one eye. That's what I use to navigate my life. The other eye is all periphery vision for me. The vision is very weak and the overlapping part (the part of the input of both eyes that overlap (think venn diagram)) of my weak eye mixes with that of my strong eye, but they don't quite align, plus I assume my brain works on eliminating as much the signals my weaker eye sends so as to not impair my vision even more, that if I close said weak eye, it feels like I'm losing periphery vision, not half my vision. Sometimes, I catch myself closing my weaker eye to concentrate better. This happens when the weaker eye's image interferes too much with my stronger eye. In addition, if you have a lazy eye, it's likely that its image moves around a bit (at least it does for me), while the stronger eye is steady, which adds to more confusion.

How do we apply all of this to Silco? I am going to assume that Silco's vision is somewhat similar to mine, based on the fact that his left eye follows the movements of his right eye, so he has some control over the muscles that move the left eye and a direction of where it needs to go, so it's unlikely that he doesn't have any vision at all in that eye. A) His eye is likely very dry and needs to be moisturised a lot. B) It seems like what is causing his impairment is the damage brought by the toxins. For his vision, we can assume this means that it eats away at e.g. his lens, which would mean that his vision on the left eye is blurry and the eye itself is highly sensitive to light to the point where the outside light of cloudy days can be painful. At the same time, we see that his pupil doesn't dilate, so the iris isn't working properly, which means that in case of head trauma, internal bleeding can't be checked. There could be more damage that affects his vision, but since I have no experience with other impairments, I won't include them here to avoid spreading misinformation. (If anyone has similar visual impairments or disabilities, feel free to add to the list.) C) He probably lacks depth perception. This will play out the way I have illustrated above. D) It will be easier to startle Silco when not announcing the approach from his left due to the weak vision of his eye. E) In addition to the pain from having toxins in his eye, he's likely to get headaches and eye strain.

I think that's all for now. I might add to this if I come across something else, but for now that's what my tired brain can come up with. I think what's most important to me personally is that we are more capable and independent than many people think (which is pretty universal to all people with disabilities), and also that we don't walk around as if the world was made out of egg shells. We're perfectly fine doing most domestic tasks. Some of us need a different system for it than able-bodied people, but that doesn't make us less capable.

[castdust]

⤷ wish that i could !

yn, a part-time barista, and daniela, a busy university student, have never crossed paths despite frequenting the same cafe. their schedules have always kept them apart--until finals season at ADMU forces daniela to adjust her routine. as late-night study sessions and caffeine cravings bring her to yn's shift.

⤷ playing disturbia by rihanna

07. ready, get set, go! + written (1057 words)

daniela stared at her notebook, the words swimming before her eyes. the diagrams, formulas, and highlighted paragraphs were supposed to help her ace her upcoming exam, but all she could think about was the tweet she’d seen minutes ago. her phone, face up on her desk, displayed the tweet from race radar: “live bike racing” It had been retweeted by one of her mutuals. daniela had stopped scrolling the moment she read it, her heart skipping a beat.

yn. the girl she’d been texting for 3 days now. the girl whose voice she’d never heard. the girl she danced with according to yoonchae. the girl that took her home safely. daniela wants to see who this yn is since manon and lara kept blabbering about her, so why not get a glimpse of that face. abandoning her reviewers, daniela shoved her books aside and grabbed her jacket and car keys. she knew exactly where the race would be—the abandoned park, where the ferris wheel lights cast long shadows. she tucked her phone into her pocket and headed out.

the sound of revving engines hit daniela the moment she turned onto the main road by the park. the area was alive with activity. bikes lined the edges of the street, their chrome gleaming under the faint moonlight. people milled about, some shouting bets, others clustered in groups, laughing and talking loudly. the energy was electric.

daniela’s eyes darted around, scanning faces. she didn’t know what yn looked like. they’d never exchanged photos, and daniela hadn’t dared to ask. daniela felt a pang of nervousness. what if she missed her? what if yn saw her and decided she wasn’t worth the trouble?

but she had come this far. she couldn’t turn back now.

yn adjusted her helmet, the snug fit comforting against her head. her bike roared beneath her, vibrating with barely-contained power. she glanced at her friends, who were lounging near the start line.

“you sure about this one, yn?” yunjin asked, arms crossed as she leaned against a parked car.

yn smirked. “when am I not sure?”

“alright, but I heard yeonjun’s been tuning his bike all week. he’s gunning for you this time,” jake added, twirling a set of keys around his finger.

“yeonjun can try,” yn said, her voice calm but laced with confidence. “he’ll still eat my dust.”

jungwon laughed, shaking his head. “cocky as ever. just don’t crash. you know we’re not carrying you home if you wreck.”

“you’d miss me too much if I did,” yn shot back, grinning.

minji snorted. “just focus, yn. everyone’s watching tonight.”

everyone. the word lingered in yn’s mind. she has a hunch that daniela might show up. she didn’t know why she felt so certain. and if she was here, yn wouldn’t know—not with the crowd this big.

she shook the thought away. 

first, she had a race to win.

daniela pushed through the crowd, her heart pounding. she caught sight of the racers lining up, their bikes sleek and dangerous. the engines roared louder, signaling that the race was about to begin. she craned her neck, trying to get a better view, but there were too many people.

“ready!” a voice called out, amplified by a megaphone. the crowd surged forward slightly, the excitement palpable.

“get set!” the bikes revved, crowds shouting.

“go!” daniela’s breath hitched as the flag dropped. the bikes shot forward, a blur of color and sound. the crowd erupted into cheers and shouts, the collective energy almost overwhelming.

she couldn’t tell which racer was yn. her eyes darted between the bikes, each one leaning into sharp turns, tires skidding dangerously close to the pavement. the race was brutal, with competitors jostling for position, but one bike stood out—a black and silver one, sleek and fast, cutting through the competition like a knife. whoever was riding it was incredible, taking risks that made daniela’s stomach twist but never losing control.

yn’s focus was absolute. the world narrowed down to the road ahead, the wind in her face, and the sound of her bike’s engine. she could feel the other racers on her heels, but she didn’t care. she leaned into a sharp turn, her knee almost grazing the ground. the crowd blurred past her, their cheers distant and muffled. all that mattered was the finish line.

she saw yeonjun in her peripheral vision, trying to overtake her on the inside. yn smirked and gunned the throttle, her bike surging forward. the finish line was just ahead, and she wasn’t about to let anyone steal her victory.

with a final burst of speed, yn crossed the line, the black and white flag waving in her peripheral vision. the crowd erupted into applause and cheers as she slowed her bike, pulling off to the side.

daniela watched as the race ended, her heart still racing from the intensity of it all. the black and silver bike had won, but she couldn’t see who the rider was. people swarmed around the racers, congratulating them and snapping photos. daniela hesitated. should she try to get closer?

before she could decide, the crowd shifted, and she lost sight of the black and silver bike. frustrated and overwhelmed, she turned and began weaving her way back through the throng of people. she didn’t want to stay too long; the longer she lingered, the more she felt like she didn’t belong.

yn pulled off her helmet, running a hand through her sweat-dampened hair. her friends were already making their way toward her, grins plastered on their faces.

“you’re insane,” jake said, slapping her on the back. “i thought yeonjun had you for a second.”

“not a chance,” yn replied, smirking. but her eyes scanned the crowd, searching for a familiar face. she didn’t see her.

“looking for someone?” hanni asked, raising an eyebrow.

yn shook her head. “nah. just thought i saw… never mind.”

daniela slipped away from the park, her thoughts swirling. she hadn’t seen yn, but she had felt her presence in the roar of the engines, the thrill of the race. she clutched her phone tightly, wondering if she should text her. but what would she say? that she had been there, somewhere in the crowd, cheering her on without even knowing it?

instead, she drove back to her dorm and called it a day.

.° ༘🎧⋆🖇₊˚ෆ masterlist next

a/n: so ateneo to boomland is 21km (49mins). damn dani, just to see yn race ?!

taglist: @gtfoiydlyj @saysirhc @artrizzler19 @jellaaa @taikabui @spongebobtentacles @hwonnrinji @sunshinez4

[quietwingsinthesky]

people are saying he « led her on » because he did. the fact that he kissed her in the first episode set the tone for the rest of the season and if you can’t perceive the flirting I’m sorry but how?? he didn’t make anything clear he sent the craziest mixed signals in the world. there’s nothing revolutionary about claiming that Martha was being pushy toward someone who was clearly not interested it’s 1) weird to claim in what it suggests about her 2) factually not true.

I wasn’t gonna respond to this at first because the top half of this ask is pretty much just individual interpretation and I don’t really care about it. Like, no, to me, the Doctor doesn’t seem especially flirty towards Martha. He’s just sort of Like That. That’s his damage, you know, Mr. I need to traumadump on anyone who tolerates being around me for more than five minutes. Mr. If I don’t develop an intensely codependent emotional bond with the companion I have currently I’ll die. It doesn’t read to me as him trying to lead her on because that bit’s honest, and he does it with damn near every companion he’s ever had.

And if nothing else, because we do see Ten when he tries to flirt intentionally and he’s a fuckin dork about it. Kind of guy who looked up romance in the dictionary and took notes. Kinda guy who draws diagrams to maximize kissing potential. It would have been obvious even to me (<- romance-blind as all fuck) if he was flirting with Martha on purpose because he’s not smooth at all; he flirts like he’s gotten lines in a play and he’s super excited to be the main star.

But anyway, as I was saying, that’s just how I see it. And if you see it different, no skin off my back, I just disagree.

But I take umbrage with you putting words in my mouth. I never said Martha was pushy towards him. Because yeah, she’s not. If I implied that she was, then it was a result of poor phrasing on my part. Martha’s not at fault for what she feels, for wanting there to come something of it. No more at fault than the Doctor is for not returning those feelings. It’s a bit weird that you’re assuming that I think one of them has to be the bad guy here when that was the opposite of what I was saying. My point was: When it comes to their romantic subtext of their relationship, it’s weird to pretend like either of them are to blame for them not being in a relationship at the end of s3, and even weirder to assert that as part of why Martha supposedly wouldn’t like the Doctor afterwards when they’re. friends. they continue to be friends into s4.

Martha’s not pushy. She has a crush on her friend. It happens. He doesn’t return it. This also happens. Both of these facts are pushed to the extreme because he’s a time-traveling alien with poor emotional skills and she’s put herself in the position of needing to help him from minute one of meeting each other. That’s why it’s fun to watch, because the Doctor is both so open and so unavailable in turns, because Martha’s feelings for him grow and change as she knows more about her Doctor until she decides to step back.

I don’t know, man. You seem to be coming at this as if one of them has to be The Problem™️. I don’t think either of them is, not so definitively. I think boiling their relationship down to that is reductive and an insult to the way they both grow over s3, to Martha’s choice to continue to be his friend while also establishing her own boundaries, to the fact that the Doctor is able to let her go without immediately trying to kill himself afterwards when she’s not there to catch him.

[andmaybegayer]

spliced my esp32c3 into the control line for this ws2812 string so I can now write whatever control program I want. Perfect. I'm using this crate for emitting ws2812 command pulses using the esp32's remote control signal processor which is a neat hack.

https://crates.io/crates/ws2812-esp32-rmt-driver/0.6.0

The plan is to string this up around the perimeter of my apartment so I want to use some kind of expression evaluation library so that I can write patterns mapped over n and t without recompiling. Not sure whether exprtk can cross-compile to riscv but I think there's a decent native rust based expression evaluator that I could use too.

Upon closer review I had misread the circuit diagram for this board (DFRobot ESP32-C3 Beetle) and it actually does pass the 5V in from the USB-in directly to a board pin so I can power the string right off the Vin pin if this is plugged into USB power. As a result I can pack it down super small very easily.

[sanddusted-wisteria]

A Builder, a Researcher, and a Rooftop, Ch. 29: Norepinephrine

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"I'm scared."

Also on AO3

------------

Whoops and cheers.

The beeping of the telegram.

“HQ, copy: switching to Plan Zeta. Jam all signals. Occupy Sandrock. Cut the rail links! Signal blackout NOW. Whale express in route!”

Silence.

Grace cursing under her breath.

Justice cursing rapid-fire.

Qi’s grip on the tracking device tightening.

An uncertain glance at Qi.

Qi’s uncertain glance in return.

The mayor’s plea.

A grin spreading across Qi’s face.

A plan.

A hint of unease lingering in Qi’s eyes.

Nervous murmurs in the town square.

Refueling the generator.

Watching the mailbox.

The clang of the forging machine.

Watching the mailbox.

Restless sleep.

A letter.

------------

Attached is the diagram for the air cannon and its ancillary power unit. Please set it up in front of City Hall when it’s finished. In a more peaceful time, I would be ecstatic to see my creation built (especially by your hand), but that is unfortunately not the case. I just can’t shake the dreaded feeling that this will be the last diagram I will ever be able to give you. No matter how many times I calculate our odds of survival, no matter how much I account for you as an anomalous factor, my blasted emotions keep telling me otherwise.

If one or both of us do not survive the events to come, I sincerely hope you know that it has been an honor to work with you. To know you. As your researcher, as your friend, and as your partner. You have my eternal gratitude for all of your time, care, and affection. I can only hope that I have managed to provide you with even a fraction of all that you’ve given me in return.

I love you.

Yours, now and always,

Qi

------------

It had appeared in their mailbox in the morning, significantly later than Qi had promised it. It took a mere minute to read, but it stayed burned into their mind for the whole day. Even as they kicked their machines into overdrive to produce the cannon parts, it burned a hole in their pocket. Even as they screwed and bolted and welded all the parts together, their mind would drift to the letter sitting innocently on their workbench nearby, secured in place with no fewer than three paperweights. Even when they finished setting the cannon up, and Justice told them that Qi had entrusted them as the sole operator, all they could think about was how he was nowhere in sight that day, and the quiet, resigned sorrow behind his words.

The builder circled their thumb absentmindedly around those last three words as they ate their dinner, careful not to brush over them and smudge the pencil. They were written so much neater and clearer than Qi’s usual scrawl that the builder couldn’t possibly miss them. It was as if he had to slowly force his hand to make each line. They imprinted themselves beyond the page and straight into their skull.

That was the first time he’d ever said it to them on his own. Not saying it back when they said it first. Not with a hug or a gentle touch instead of words. Not leaving the all-important L-word out and only implied.

It wasn’t that they were ever bothered by it. Qi had his own ways of expressing himself in everything, including his “I love you”s. His sentiments could always come through in the things he did. But those three words, plain as day, even only in writing, shook them to the core. As they read his letter over and over again, they could almost hear his voice murmuring it into their ear. They heard the idiosyncrasies of his accent, how the usual formality in his tone gave way to something softer, the resolve of the declaration in spite of the uncertainty.

They set their fork down on the now empty plate, feeling an ache building in their chest. They shoved themselves out of the chair and tossed the dishes into the sink. Then they ran to their bedroom, ripped the blanket off their bed, then turned tail and ran out the door.

Even though the night was still young, the town was completely blacked-out. Everyone was trying to salvage as much sleep as they could before tomorrow. Who knew when they’d next get any kind of restful slumber?

Nevertheless, the builder ran towards town, treading a path so familiar they could walk it in their sleep. All the way, Qi’s illusory voice echoed in their head.

If one or both of us do not survive the events to come…

They leapt over the tracks in a single bound.

It has been an honor…

They burst out of the pipe tunnel.

You have my eternal gratitude…

They slowed down and tip-toed across Mi-an’s deck, not wanting to rob her of sleep.

I love you.

They got to the base of the rooftop stairs and sprinted up, two steps at a time.

Yours, now and always…

“Qi.”

There he was, as they expected. He was sitting with his knees tucked to his chest and staring anxiously up into the sky, as if the Duvos airship would appear any moment and strike him down. At the sound of their voice, his gaze snapped back down to them, still just as anxious.

“Why…?”

“You know why.” The builder hiked the last several steps up to his side and sat down right up against him, wrapping the blanket around both of them and snuggling close. “You send me a letter like that and expect me to not try and find you?”

Qi had no answer. He just rested his chin on his knees and looked away.

The builder sighed. “Qi…please. Talk to me.”

He remained silent. The builder didn’t falter, their gaze gently prodding him. Finally, he spoke with a meekness they never thought he could have.

“…By all means, we should survive,” he whispered. “I’ve accumulated every possible variable that I could think of… I’ve run the numbers so many times in the past 12 hours alone… And that’s not even factoring in you and–and everything you are, but…”

He took a shaky breath. “I find myself completely unable to look at the odds of success for what they are. All I see are the inverse odds of failure…and all I can envision are scenarios where something goes horribly, irreversibly wrong and I—“ His breath hitched.

“I’m scared.”

Their heart wrenched. Just like it did when they saw him lying right here after they came back from the supposed dead, cold and alone. Just like it did when he collapsed into their arms. Just like it did when they heard him cry.

They gently laid a hand on top of his, giving it a reassuring squeeze. “I am too,” they breathed. “But I’ll protect you. I promise.”

Qi hugged his knees tighter to his chest. “That’s what I’m scared about.”

Another blow to the builder’s heart. For the briefest moment, they were tempted to leave it all behind. Gather some supplies, take Qi by the hand, and follow the railroad tracks out. Abandon Sandrock, the home they’d made there, and everyone they’d come to know. Head somewhere safe. Where? They didn’t know.

But they couldn’t do that. They knew that. Qi knew that.

He went on. “Even as we were formulating our plans in City Hall, it was already clear to me that you were the only one who could operate the cannon. None of the Civil Corps are competent enough. No other civilian could do it. And I…I do not trust myself. You are the only one with the intelligence and strength required to use it.”

He sighed. “I sent the diagram late because I needed to rerun my calculations and check for errors again. If an oversight on my part caused it to malfunction…I’d never forgive myself.”

“Even if it did, it wouldn’t be your fault, Qi.”

“It would,” he muttered, hands clenching the fabric of his pants. “I am a researcher. It is my job to produce accurate diagrams. My calculations are flawless. They…they have to be. Otherwise…y-you…”

He took a few haggard breaths. Then he swallowed and met the builder’s gaze. “The letter that accompanied the diagram…” he whispered. “N…nothing about that was hyperbolic. Even if the threat of war wasn’t upon us.”

The builder’s heart swelled and twisted and ached all at once. All they could do was give his hand another squeeze, and say the only words that they could conjure.

“I love you too.”

“I’ve never doubted that.” Qi turned back to the stars. “Not even for an instant.”

A quiet breeze rustled through their hair, its chill warded off by the enveloping warmth of Qi and the blanket.

“Can you…” Qi spoke up suddenly. “Can you stay here tonight? I…” He trailed off, looking down.

They didn’t hesitate. “Of course.”

Qi nuzzled closer to them without a word. They let out a long, quiet sigh, letting themselves melt into each other.

The builder stared up at the beautiful, yet indifferent cosmos, as if they could will the sky to stop turning. As if they could beg the stars to let them stay in this one last moment of solace forever. To just hold Qi tight against them until all the fear in both of them dissolved away into the morning light.

But they couldn’t. The stars still turned far above their head. Time still ticked forward.

And when the sun would rise tomorrow morning, so would Duvos.

------------

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[solexile]

A field study on Rixarans by Xenobiologist Dr. Galen Arcturus.

Plain text below the cut:

Rixarans limited anatomy diagram — study permitted by royal scientist “Munin Manokk” - Subject has prosthetic left arm - Subject may not reflect entire species

Kind of a handsome fellow...

Bones seem fairly light, though leg bones are dense from what I’m told.

Large breastbone.

Reminds me of Ratites...

Syrinx similar to that of a crow’s with the exception of curious striations found lining it vertically. Possible explanation for their psychic abilities?

I stumbled upon these curious people when my ship unexpectedly shut down. I’m an engineer, of course, but I wasn’t able to figure out what was wrong with it. Little did I know I was within range of the planet Rixaru, which is an incredibly isolationist society where science and magic are synonyms. They’re capable of space-fairing but have outlawed it beyond their moons. Munin Manokk happened upon my distress signal and took me in and repaired my ship. Most of them communicate via telepathy, though Manokk showed no signs of this quirk. They remind me of Corvids from our homeplanet of Earth, though he said he had no idea what that was and gave no note of recognition when I showed him an image.

[9w1ft]

Sweet Nothing is like high-key partially an elaboration on the "You are not like the regulars, the masquerade revelers, drunk as the watch my shattered edges glisten" line from mirrorball and yet some people really think that Taylor is doing things just to signal her queerness to fans who already think she's queer even though Midnights is like the 4th album in row where Taylor is like "This person in my private life is the ONLY person who actually understand me at all" in a song 💀

hmm i think that for a lot of gaylors the thesis is that she is signaling not just to us but also so that a wider audience can catch on because she has an ultimate goal of coming out or contributing to the queer community. the gaygenda, to use a throwback term.

i tend to agree with the explanation of mirrorball that taylor presents in that it’s a song (also) about her fans, and i think in particular the ones that ‘get’ her, and i think there’s probably a venn diagram we could draw that overlaps both swifties and gaylors. to me the line reads like: you are not like the regulars [who are] masquerade revellers [who are enjoying themselves] as they watch [me perform despite the shininess comes from the fact that im broken]. she performs to get people laughing but also to feel the love from people who can connect to what she’s trying to say, and not being able to tour was difficult because there’s a certain energy you can feel from a crowd, and i think that energy is important to her wellbeing.

i do agree with you that there is a growing collection of songs that highlight how her lover completes her in a way that the public cannot. i think it can be said that it’s a difficult relationship for her and that she deeply values and treasures having access to a love broad shouldered that is actually something and not just the idea of something.

[erindrifter]

I have a story to tell you. One of the VERY few college stories I have.

So, I took this math class, right? The teacher... Wasn't very good. He was much more interested in telling stories than actually teaching mathematical principles. I actually stopped attending his classes except for tests, and instead just sat in the cafeteria and studied the textbook on my own terms. I got a C. So, I passed.

Anyways. One of the classes, the teacher told a story. Of the Mars Climate Orbiter. My beloved.

NASA wanted to get some more info about Mars, so they teamed up with Lockheed Martin to build a probe designed to orbit Mars and gather information about the atmosphere and climate, and how it changes over time.

So NASA and Lockheed Martin spent the next several months communicating back and forth about this project.

There was actually some importance to this project, due to the loss of the Mars Observer probe. It was sent to Mars, and three days before it was scheduled to enter orbit the probe just vanished and stopped sending back signals. So, NASA kinda needed a win here.

Anyways. I don't know how long it took to construct the probe, but eventually it was completed and sent to Cape Canaveral for launch. As a side note of little importance to the story, NASA uses the SI unit of measurement (metric system) and so they design all of their equipment with that in mind. Lockheed Martin, on the other hand, uses United States Customary Units (which are NOT technically imperial units, though it's widely known as that) in all of their designs. So, someone had to specifically translate the measurements between the two systems for each of their correspondences.

Anyways. December 11th 1998. The price is launched. And nothing goes wrong. It actually goes quite well, and the probe is on its long journey to Mars. September 23rd, 1999. The probe arrives at Mars and begins the process of entering Mars orbit.

This process is automated, since a signal would take too long to transmit from Earth. So, EXTENSIVE math was done to ensure that the probe would do all the things at the correct time to enter orbit at the correct altitude. The general idea was to use the Mars atmosphere to help slow the probe down for each pass, so it was planned to arc into Mars's upper atmosphere. Here's a diagram of what I mean:

Anyways. The probe encounters Mars 49 seconds too early, and at a MUCH lower altitude than was planned. This may not seem like too much, but it is CATASTROPHIC in a mission like this. The probe then went behind Mars and the signal was lost. This happens, signals don't usually like going through planets.

The signal never came back. The Mars Climate Orbiter, much like the Mars Observer, was lost.

So, naturally, an investigation was launched.

Remember that anecdote about measurements that I said wasn't important? I lied. It's important.

Just about 2 weeks before the probe made it to Mars, the probe made a course correction. It was supposed to do that. The probe was just lining up to hit the atmosphere at an altitude of about 226 km, as planned.

Some more science jargon time! The Orbiter was planned to be at 226 km, but it had the potential ability to survive being as low as 80 km in atmosphere. The scientists keeping an eye on the probe noticed that the trajectory was seemingly going to be at about 150-170 km. Not good, but survivable. Right before the orbital insertion, it was estimated to be at 110 km. Starting to look bad, but maybe recoverable? Well, the investigation showed that the probe would have hit at 57 km of altitude. Which would have either destroyed the probe completely, or jettisoned it back out into space.

Why did this happen? Well, Lockheed Martin supplied a navigational software that calculated the thrust needed for the maneuvers. The LM system provided numbers in Pound-force seconds. The NASA supplied system designed to predict the location of the craft expected numbers to be in newton-seconds. Nobody performed the needed unit conversion between the two systems, so the course correction sent the probe to a completely different location than the probe thought it was at.

So. Basically, the world should just use a single unified unit system so this stuff doesn't happen.

[srfsteleinfradelhi]

Decoding the Wire Color Code: A Comprehensive Guide to Electrical Wiring

Wire color coding is a standardized system used in electrical installations to identify and differentiate various wires and their functions. This wire color code India provides essential information about the purpose and characteristics of each Wire, ensuring safe and efficient electrical connections. This article will delve into the wire color code, its significance, and its application in electrical wiring systems.

 

Understanding the Importance of Wire Color Code

The wire color code serves several vital purposes in electrical installations:

Identification of Wire Function Color coding enables easy identification of wires based on their specific functions, such as live wires, neutral wires, ground wires, or those carrying particular signals. It simplifies locating and working with clear cables during installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting.

Enhanced Safety By clearly distinguishing wires, the color code promotes Safety by minimizing the risk of errors and accidents during electrical work. It helps electricians, maintenance personnel, and homeowners make the correct connections and avoid potentially dangerous situations.

Standardization and Consistency The wire color code provides a standardized system that ensures Consistency across different electrical systems. This Consistency facilitates better understanding, improves communication among professionals, and simplifies the interpretation of wiring diagrams.

 

Common Wire Color Codes

While wire color codes may vary slightly depending on the region and specific electrical standards, certain color codes are commonly use worldwide:

Live Wire (Phase): The live Wire, also known as the phase wire, carries electrical current from the power source to the electrical load. In many countries, including the United States and Canada, the live Wire is coded in one of the following colors:

Black: Often used for single-phase systems.

Red: Frequently used for three-phase systems.

Neutral Wire: The Neutral Wire completes the electrical circuit and carries the returning current from the load back to the power source.

The standard color for the neutral Wire is:

Widely used for neutral wires in many countries.

Ground Wire (Earthing): The ground wire, also known as the earthing Wire, provides a safe path for electrical current in case of a fault or short circuit. The ground wire is typically coded in one of the following colors:

Green: Frequently used in many countries.

Green with Yellow Stripe: Commonly used in some regions.

It's important to note that wire color codes can vary in different countries and regions. It is advisable to consult local electrical codes and regulations to ensure compliance with the specific standards in your area.

 

Additional Wire Color Codes

In addition to the standard live, neutral, and ground wires, other wires may have specific color codes based on their functions:

Control and Communication Wires In systems where control or communication signals are transmitted, such as in telecommunications or home automation, specific color codes are often use to differentiate these wires from power wires. Standard color codes for control and communication wires include:

They are frequently used for low-voltage communication or control signals.

Orange: Sometimes used for telephone lines or other communication applications.

 

Safety Precautions and Best Practices

When working with electrical wiring systems, it is essential to follow safety precautions and

Always assume that wires are live until verified otherwise. When working on electrical installations, turn off the power supply and use appropriate safety equipment, such as insulated gloves.

[baymr11]

The Complete Guide to Network Cable Installation Best Practices

In today's digital age, proper network cable installation forms the backbone of any reliable networking infrastructure. Whether you're setting up a new office space or upgrading an existing network, following industry best practices ensures optimal performance and longevity of your network infrastructure. This comprehensive guide walks you through essential steps and considerations for professional cable installation.

Understanding Your Network Infrastructure Needs

Before beginning any cable installation project, it's crucial to assess your current and future networking requirements. This initial planning phase helps prevent costly modifications down the line and ensures your infrastructure can support future growth.

Consider these key factors:

Current bandwidth requirements

Anticipated network growth

Physical environment constraints

Budget considerations

Future technology adoption plans

Essential Equipment and Components

A successful network cable installation requires high-quality components. Modern networks often utilize a combination of different cable types, including traditional copper cables and advanced fiber optic solutions. Here's what you need to consider for a robust installation:

Cable Management Systems

Proper cable management is vital for maintaining organization and accessibility. A well-designed fiber optic patch panel system allows for efficient cable routing and easier troubleshooting. These panels serve as central connection points, making it simple to modify or upgrade network connections without disrupting the entire system.

Quality Cabling Solutions

The choice between different cable types significantly impacts network performance. High-quality fiber optic cable offers several advantages:

Superior bandwidth capacity

Longer transmission distances

Enhanced signal integrity

Greater resistance to electromagnetic interference

Installation Best Practices

1. Proper Planning and Documentation

Create detailed cable maps and labeling systems

Document all cable runs and termination points

Maintain updated network diagrams

Plan for future expansion points

2. Cable Routing and Protection

When installing network infrastructure, protect your investment by following these guidelines:

Maintain proper bend radius for all cables

Use appropriate cable support systems

Keep data cables away from power lines

Install cables above the ceiling grid to prevent damage

3. Termination and Testing

Proper termination is crucial for reliable network performance:

Use high-quality connectors and termination tools

Follow manufacturer specifications for termination

Test each connection thoroughly

Document test results for future reference

Advanced Considerations for Fiber Optic Installations

Modern networks increasingly rely on fiber optic technology for high-speed data transmission. When working with fiber optic patch cords and related components, consider these specialized practices:

Handling and Installation

Always use appropriate cleaning materials

Handle fiber cables with care to prevent damage

Maintain proper strain relief

Use appropriate fiber optic patch cord lengths to minimize signal loss

Testing and Certification

Perform end-to-end testing

Use calibrated test equipment

Document all test results

Verify performance meets industry standards

Common Installation Pitfalls to Avoid

Improper Cable Management

Avoid tight bundle ties

Don't exceed maximum pull tension

Prevent cable stress points

Maintain proper service loops

Environmental Considerations

Account for temperature variations

Protect against moisture

Consider UV exposure for outdoor installations

Plan for proper ventilation

Maintenance and Future-Proofing

Regular maintenance ensures long-term reliability of your network infrastructure:

Routine Inspections

Check for physical damage

Verify connection quality

Update documentation as needed

Monitor network performance

Upgrade Planning

Reserve space for future expansion

Document upgrade paths

Maintain compatibility with newer technologies

Plan for increasing bandwidth demands

Conclusion

Successful network cable installation requires careful planning, quality components, and adherence to industry best practices. By following these guidelines and investing in proper infrastructure components like high-quality fiber optic cables and patch panels, you can create a reliable and scalable network that serves your needs both now and in the future.

Remember that proper installation is an investment in your network's future. While it may require more time and resources upfront, following these best practices will result in a more reliable, manageable, and cost-effective network infrastructure in the long run.

For professional assistance with your network infrastructure needs or to learn more about our quality networking components, contact our experienced team of network specialists.

[sdm-magnetic]

New Energy Electric Drive Sensors Resolver: Self-Learning And Failure Mode Analysis

**1. Overview of Resolverin New Energy Electric Drive Systems 

A resolver is a common sensor in new energy electric drive systems, primarily converting the axial rotation's angular position and angular velocity into electrical signals. Its structure mainly includes the resolver stator and rotor, with the most commonly used type being the variable reluctance resolver.

**2. Working Principle of Resolver**

The core structure of a resolver lies in its winding design, primarily consisting of excitation windings R1 and R2 and two sets of orthogonal feedback windings S1, S3 and S2, S4, all meticulously arranged on the stator. In normal operating conditions, high-frequency excitation signals are applied to R1 and R2, generating a sinusoidal current. The signals induced in the feedback windings have a clear functional relationship with the motor's rotational speed. Therefore, by thoroughly analyzing these feedback signals, we can accurately determine the motor's rotational state.

**3. Determining the Zero Position of the Electric Drive Resolver**

Determining the motor's zero position is crucial as it affects the motor control precision. In the early stages of new energy electric drive development, software functionality was limited, and zero position calibration was typically done using a specific zero-setting instrument, followed by software adjustments. However, this method has a significant drawback: it cannot correct the zero position angle during use, leading to deteriorating control precision over time.

To address this issue, self-learning zero position angle technology for resolvers has emerged. This technology integrates a self-learning algorithm into the motor controller, allowing the controller to automatically detect and correct the zero position deviation between the resolver and the motor. During the self-learning process, the controller first obtains the actual deviation value through specific test procedures (e.g., static or dynamic tests). Once the deviation value is acquired, the controller stores this information and automatically compensates during subsequent motor control operations. This enables the controller to more accurately control the motor's operational state based on the calibrated resolver signals, thereby improving control precision and performance.

A common self-learning algorithm is based on back electromotive force (EMF) learning, with a zero position angle PI regulator as the core. The diagram below illustrates the self-learning process of the zero position in a hybrid system. It sets the current control by setting iq to 0 and assigning a value to id, then calculates Vd (d-axis voltage) and uses it as the reference input for the zero position angle. The Vd output from the controller's current loop serves as feedback, and the zero position angle regulator outputs the converged zero position angle.

**4. Common Failure Modes of Resolvers**

- **Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)**

In new energy electric drive systems, the motor, controller, and other electrical components can generate electromagnetic interference. If the resolver's anti-interference capability is weak, these interference signals may affect its normal operation, leading to signal distortion or loss. Previously, shielding was used around resolvers to prevent EMI. However, this practice has largely been discontinued because the resolver operates at a higher frequency than the motor’s electromagnetic frequency, and as long as it is not too close to high-voltage lines, EMI is generally not an issue.

- **Asymmetry in Sine and Cosine Windings**

Misalignment in the assembly of the resolver stator and rotor can cause an uneven distribution of the magnetic field gap. This uneven distribution can lead to asymmetry in the sine and cosine windings, resulting in unequal amplitudes of the sine and cosine signals.

- **Impedance Mismatch Leading to System Instability**

Impedance is a critical factor affecting signal transmission. If the impedance of the resolver does not match that of other parts of the control system, it may cause signal reflection, attenuation, or distortion, thereby affecting the stability and performance of the entire system.

**Conclusion**

As a crucial sensor in new energy electric drive systems, the resolver is essential for precise motor control. We must also pay attention to potential failure modes in practical applications and take appropriate measures for prevention and handling. Only then can we ensure the stable operation and high efficiency of new energy electric drive systems.

[ranabayarea]

New Post has been published on RANA Rajasthan Alliance of North America

New Post has been published on https://ranabayarea.org/xor-neural-network-diagram/

Xor Neural Network Diagram

The scheme of the connections is also feasible, given the intrinsic complexity observed in the connectomes even of simplest organisms, like it is the case for C.Elegans. However, we may doubt that the specific, although not unique, strengths used for the synaptic connections are natural. Inference complexity refers to the computational demands during the online processing of optical signals.

Linear separability of points

Created by the Google Brain team, TensorFlow presents calculations in the form of stateful dataflow graphs. The library allows you to implement calculations on a wide range of hardware, from consumer devices running Android to large heterogeneous systems with multiple GPUs. Here, the model predicted output for each of the test inputs are exactly matched with the XOR logic gate conventional output () according to the truth table and the cost function is also continuously converging. Hence, it signifies that the Artificial Neural Network for the XOR logic gate is correctly implemented. Training XOR-gate compressed models can be challenging due to the discrete nature of the binary weights. Implementing efficient training algorithms that accommodate the unique characteristics of binary weights is essential.

Large values on the diagonal indicate accurate predictions for the corresponding class. Large values on the off-diagonal indicate strong confusion between the corresponding classes. Here, the confusion chart shows very small errors in classifying the test data.

A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2024 IEEE – All rights reserved.

Hence, it signifies that the Artificial Neural Network for the XOR logic gate is correctly implemented.

Neural networks have the potential to solve a wide range of complex problems, and understanding the XOR problem is a crucial step towards harnessing their full power.

Neurons, as other cells, have an evolutionary story, and as long as their internal model is realistic, we do not need additional arguments.

This requires a multi-layer architecture, typically involving at least one hidden layer.

Without these functions, the network would behave like a simple linear model, which is insufficient for solving XOR. A single-layer perceptron can solve problems that are linearly separable by learning a linear decision boundary. However, many of the artificial neural networks in use today still derive from the early advances of the McCulloch-Pitts neuron and the Rosenblatt perceptron.

Challenges and Solutions in XOR-Gate Compression for Transformer Models

One neuron with two inputs can form a decisive surface in the form of an arbitrary line. In order for the network to implement the XOR function specified in the table above, you need to position the line so that the four points are divided into two sets. Trying to draw such a straight line, we are convinced that this is impossible. This means that no matter what values are assigned to weights and thresholds, a single-layer neural network is unable to reproduce the relationship between input and output required to represent the XOR function.

In common implementations of ANNs, the signal for coupling between artificial neurons is a real number, and the output of each artificial neuron is calculated by a nonlinear function of the sum of its inputs.

The first step in backpropagation involves calculating the gradient of the loss function with respect to each weight in the network.

This is done using the chain rule, which allows us to compute the derivative of the loss function layer by layer, starting from the output layer and moving backward to the input layer.

Even more impressive, a neural network with one hidden layer can apparently learn any function, though I’ve yet to see a proof on that one.

The gradients indicate how much each weight contributes to the overall error, guiding the adjustments needed to minimize it.

It allows the model to learn by adjusting the weights of the connections based on the error of the output compared to the expected result.

The error function is calculated as the difference between the output vector from the neural network with certain weights and the training output vector for the given training inputs. A large number of methods are used to train neural networks, and gradient descent is one of the main and important training methods. It consists of finding the gradient, or the fastest descent along the surface of the function and choosing the next solution point. An iterative gradient descent finds the value of the coefficients for the parameters of the neural network to solve a specific problem.

What is the XOR instruction?

XOR operation between two binary numbers of same length works likewise on a bit-by-bit basis. XOR two numbers you get a number with bits set to 1 where corresponding bits of the two operands differ, 0 when corresponding bits are same.

Even with pretty good hyperparameters, I observed that the learned XOR model is trapped in a local minimum about 15% of the time. Your example of a more complicated network solving it faster shows the power that comes from combining more neurons and more layers. Its absolutely unnecessary to use 2-3 hidden layers to solve it, but it sure helps speed up the process. Binary weights can lead to quantization errors, especially when dealing with floating-point operations.

To test the plasticity, or expressivity, of this simple neural XOR motif, we have implemented it using a computational recurrent neural network. I’ve got analog problem, when I was looking for the minimal neuron network architecture required to learn XOR which should be a (2,2,1) network. In fact, maths shows that the (2,2,1) network (2 entries, 2 neurons in the hidden layer, 1 output neuron) can solve the XOR problem, but maths doesn’t show that the (2,2,1) network is easy to train. That said, I’ve got easily good results with (2,3,1) or (2,4,1) network architectures.

XOR Problem with Neural Networks: An Explanation for Beginners

The data flow graph as a whole is a complete description of the calculations that are implemented within the session and performed on CPU or GPU devices. We have tested how the switch operates as expected when it asynchronously processes two signals, with similar amplitudes, an example is shown in Figure 3. Tutorials Point is a leading Ed Tech company striving to provide the best learning material on technical and non-technical subjects. We can see that when NAND and OR gates are combined, we can implement the XOR function. Used to store information about the time a sync with the lms_analytics cookie took place for users in the Designated Countries. Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit.

Test the classification accuracy of the network by comparing the predictions on the test data with the true labels. Define the layers in the QNN that you train to https://traderoom.info/neural-network-for-xor/ solve the XOR problem. As a result, networks were able to solve more complex problems, but they became significantly more complex. Master MS Excel for data analysis with key formulas, functions, and LookUp tools in this comprehensive course.

Learning from Data

By systematically adjusting weights based on the calculated gradients, neural networks can improve their accuracy over time. Understanding this algorithm is crucial for anyone looking to implement deep learning models effectively. This example shows how to solve the XOR problem using a trained quantum neural network (QNN). You use the network to classify the classical data of 2-D coordinates. A QNN is a machine learning model that combines quantum computing layers and classical layers. This example shows how to train such a hybrid network for a classification problem that is nonlinearly separable, such as the exclusive-OR (XOR) problem.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are a cornerstone of machine learning, simulating how a human brain analyzes and processes information. They are also the foundation of deep learning and can be applied to a wide range of tasks, from image recognition and natural language processing to more complex decision-making systems. In this article, we will explore how to implement a simple ANN in Java to solve the XOR problem — a classic problem that serves as a stepping stone for understanding neural network concepts. The XOR, or “exclusive OR”, problem is a classic problem in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. It is a problem that cannot be solved by a single layer perceptron, and therefore requires a multi-layer perceptron or a deep learning model. Backpropagation is a powerful technique that enables neural networks to learn from their mistakes.

Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions. In the above illustration, the circle is drawn when both x and y are the same, and the diamond is for when they are different. But as shown in the figure, we can not separate the circles and diamonds by drawing a line. Let’s look at a simple example of using gradient descent to solve an equation with a quadratic function.

The XOR function is not linearly separable, which means we cannot draw a single straight line to separate the inputs that yield different outputs. The XOR function is a binary function that takes two binary inputs and returns a binary output. The output is true if the number of true inputs is odd, and false otherwise. In other words, it returns true if exactly one of the inputs is true, and false otherwise. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), or connectivist systems are computing systems inspired by biological neural networks that make up the brains of animals. Such systems learn tasks (progressively improving their performance on them) by examining examples, generally without special task programming.

What is the XOR gate in ML?

The XOR gate is a digital logic gate that takes in two binary inputs and produces an output based on their logical relationship. It returns a HIGH output (usually represented as 1) if the number of HIGH inputs is odd, and a LOW output (usually represented as 0) if the number of HIGH inputs is even.

[slyandthefamilybook]

okay okay okay. I'm gonna try to represent this as best I can, but I don't have access to my EWDs so I'm gonna have to do it from memory

this is an example of a very simple circuit. it has:

A power source (the horizontal lines on the left represent a battery)

A protection device (the 20 amp fuse, represented by a box with a diagonal line)

A control device (the switch, currently open, represented by a line between two dots)

A load (the thing doing the actual work, in this case a light bulb represented by a circle with a swirl)

And a ground path (represented by the horizontal lines on the right. The ground returns to the negative side of the battery but for the purposes of compactness wiring diagrams are usually drawn with them terminating at the bottom)

If you want to power multiple loads from the same power source, you can run the circuit in either series or parallel. In a series circuit, loads are placed one after another on the same wire. This reduces wire length, but the loads have to share the same voltage, and so the output of each is reduced. We're gonna focus on parallel for right now because that's what most wiring harnesses are

This is a parallel circuit. The wires from the battery go to two separate bulbs. The benefit of a parallel circuit is that both bulbs will get the same amount of power (it has to do with voltages and amperage and some annoying math so it doesn't violate conservation of energy). These are good because it means a break in one of the sub-circuits won't affect the operation of the other bulb. But a break in the master circuit will take out both bulbs

This is a basic overview of how wiring harnesses work in a vehicle. You can see that all the modules are wired in parallel, so if one goes down it doesn't take out the rest of them

If we zoom in on, say, the BCM, we can see that it controls a number of different actuators, motors, and sensors

If we zoom in further, we can see that the seatbelt ECU (Electronics Control Unit) is connected to the actual sensor itself with 3 wires: Power (red), Signal (green), and Ground (white). Many circuits are much more complicated than this (for example, the starter circuit), but this is the basic layout of the circuit heirarchy found in every harness in your vehicle.

This is what the geniuses at Tesla are trying to do. As you can see, a break anywhere on this big loop will knock out power to every single system on it, because they'll all simultaneously lose their ground. The reason they need 48 volts instead of the typical 12 is because running everything in series means each bulb, motor, sensor, whatever, is going to run at reduced power. it's a disaster of electrical wiring and is the sign of someone who wants to be different for the sake of being different. There's a reason we structure vehicle electronics the way we do

[teardownit]

A simple DIY guitar tremolo pedal

Have you ever thought of making your guitar sound differently or just livening things up a bit? In addition to reverb and chorus, a subtle tremolo can help. Today, I will build a very simple tremolo pedal using three transistors.

Of all the time-based effects, electronic tremolo is the easiest to get.

The important thing is that one does not need to alter amplifier bandwidth for tremolo, like in wah pedals and phasers, by electronically reconfiguring frequency-dependent circuits containing active and reactive resistances—resistors, coils, and capacitors.

There is no need to implement, much less modulate, the signal time delay. This is done in delays, reverbs, flangers, and choruses using mechanical, analog (bucket brigade devices, BBD), and digital delay lines.

Moreover, there is no need to process the frequency of the input signal. Raising the frequency by an octave is relatively simple; it takes a full-wave rectifier, similar to those used in power supply units.

A full-wave rectifier folds the wave. It turns the lower half-wave up, and now there is a whole period of the output signal for each half-cycle of the original signal.

We have doubled the fundamental frequency and added some harmonics. After all, the output signal is no longer sine. The upper half-wave is smooth, and the lower half-wave is pointy.

The first octave did not use a bridge rectifier with four diodes but a half-bridge rectifier with two diodes and a transformer with the winding having a midpoint.

Such a transformer was easy to find. For example, a phase-inverter matching transformer from a pocket transistor radio could do. We've put together a receiver of this kind in a post about the Regency TR-1.

It is unnecessary to use a transformer if you build a full-wave rectifier using operational amplifiers.

And finally, when making a phase inverter for a full-wave rectifier, you can do it without operational amplifiers. One transistor is enough. After all, the output signal at its emitter has the same polarity as the input signal at the base, and at the collector, it has inverted polarity.

Suppose the signal frequency needs to be decreased by half, not increased. In that case, that is, by one octave, then synchronous D-flip-flops, which we've discussed in previous articles, will be helpful.

A circuit divides the oscillator frequency on a 555 timer by 2, 4, 8, and 16. That is, by two to the first, second, third, and fourth powers. And if we speak musical terminology, we lower the tone by one, two, three, and four octaves.

However, electric guitar pickups do not produce digital pulses or even a sine wave but an analog signal of a complex shape with many harmonics. So, to divide the frequency with flip-flops, the guitar signal must be preprocessed by converting it into rectangular pulses.

One possible circuitry answer to this problem is in the diagram of this old Japanese pedal. Here, the signal on its way to the latches passes through a compressor and a Schmitt trigger.

The compressor is needed to process both loud and quiet notes effectively. Interestingly, the CMOS NAND gate circled in green on the diagram, is used as an analog signal amplifier.

This is doable. The ratio of the resistor value between the output and the inverting input of the CMOS inverter to the impedance in series with the input determines the gain, just like in an operational amplifier.

An excellent example of a pedal that uses CMOS inverters rather than transistors, op-amps, or tubes to amplify the guitar signal is the Tube Sound Fuzz circuit, designed by Craig Anderton and published in his 1975 book "Electronic Projects for Musicians."

Frequency dividers on flip-flops work well with a single note. And for a chord or pitch shifting at an interval of a non-integer octave number, a digital signal processor is almost always required.

Perhaps the only exception is the perfect fifth. The original frequency must be divided by three and multiplied by two to obtain it. Frequency division into three is possible using a single CD4013 chip containing two synchronous D-flip-flops with asynchronous setup and reset.

At each of the points of the circuit, marked with numbers 2, 3, and 4, there is a frequency from point 1, divided by 3, in the form of a PWM signal with a duty cycle of 2/3 or 1/3. For music, this sounds even better than a duty cycle of 1/2.

The phases of the signals at these points are shifted between each other, which can also be used for interesting sound effects. But there is one problem.

Modern music uses not natural but evenly tempered tuning. Therefore, our electronic fifth, played by flip-flops, will be slightly out of tune relative to the fifth on the guitar frets.

The frequency of this equal-tempered fifth is not equal to two-thirds the frequency of the original note but to the frequency of the original note divided by the 12th root of 128. This system allows one to freely transpose melodies and chord progressions from one key to another. That is why it became universally recognized.

And to get a tremolo, you don’t need all these tricks. Two functional blocks are enough: LFO and VCA, a low-frequency oscillator, and a voltage controller amplifier.

Each of them can be implemented literally on one transistor. This is precisely what the developers of the Univox/Unicord U65RN combo amplifier, produced since 1971, did.

Frequency dividers on flip-flops work well with a single note. And for a chord or pitch shifting at an interval of a non-integer octave number, a digital signal processor is almost always required.

Perhaps the only exception is the perfect fifth. The original frequency must be divided by three and multiplied by two to obtain it. Frequency division into three is possible using a single CD4013 chip containing two synchronous D-flip-flops with asynchronous setup and reset.

At each of the points of the circuit, marked with numbers 2, 3, and 4, there is a frequency from point 1, divided by 3, in the form of a PWM signal with a duty cycle of 2/3 or 1/3. For music, this sounds even better than a duty cycle of 1/2.

The phases of the signals at these points are shifted between each other, which can also be used for interesting sound effects. But there is one problem.

Modern music uses not natural but evenly tempered tuning. Therefore, our electronic fifth, played by flip-flops, will be slightly out of tune relative to the fifth on the guitar frets.

The frequency of this equal-tempered fifth is not equal to two-thirds the frequency of the original note but to the frequency of the original note divided by the 12th root of 128. This system allows one to freely transpose melodies and chord progressions from one key to another. That is why it became universally recognized.

And to get a tremolo, you don’t need all these tricks. Two functional blocks are enough: LFO and VCA, a low-frequency oscillator, and a voltage controller amplifier.

Each of them can be implemented literally on one transistor. This is precisely what the developers of the Univox/Unicord U65RN combo amplifier, produced since 1971, did.

It had 15 watts of power, a 12-inch loudspeaker, and a spring reverb. It was assembled according to a relatively simple circuit by today's standards. However, at that time, it was considered quite complex.

Our attention should be drawn to the lower left corner, which shows the tremolo diagram. The leftmost transistor is used in the phase-shifting RC LFO. This generator produces harmonic sine waves, the frequency of which is controlled by the SPEED potentiometer.

Oscillations from the LFO output go to the modulation intensity control INT and to the second transistor's base. This transistor simply bypasses all input signals from the microphone, guitar, and organ. This is how the VCA is made.

And the tremolo pedal jack simply shorts the LFO signal to the ground, and the VCA transistor is completely turned off. This allows one to turn the tremolo on and off using a pedal with just a latching SPST button inside.

The diagram published by Anthony Leo in the November 1968 issue of Electronic Australia Magazine, 3 years before the Univox/Unicord U65RN, differs slightly from the tremolo found in this combo amp.

Since then, the circuit has been called the Electronic Australia tremolo or EA tremolo for short. It's a beloved one among pedal enthusiasts.

Here, the VCA comprises a common-emitter bipolar transistor Q1 and a JFET Q2 that bypasses most of Q1's AC bias resistance, thereby modulating the stage's gain.

I've assembled this DIY pedal kit from Landtone using just this scheme. In the video below, you can hear the resulting sound.

Due to such an exciting circuit design, the effect turned out to be very beautiful. This is the best tremolo I have ever encountered.

As we can see and hear with our own eyes and ears, excellent results can be achieved using simple means if you approach the project thoughtfully and with love.